1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 29.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 30.\" 31.Dd October 10, 2014 32.Dt HIER 7 33.Os 34.Sh NAME 35.Nm hier 36.Nd layout of filesystems 37.Sh DESCRIPTION 38A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 39.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 40.It Pa / 41root directory of the filesystem 42.It Pa /bin/ 43user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 44.It Pa /boot/ 45programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 46.Pp 47.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 48.It Pa defaults/ 49default bootstrapping configuration files; see 50.Xr loader.conf 5 51.It Pa kernel/ 52pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 53at boot time) and loadable kernel modules; 54see 55.Xr kldstat 8 56.El 57.It Pa /compat/ 58files related to compatibility layers 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ndis/" -compact 61.It Pa ndis/ 62firmware for 63.Xr ndis 4 64drivers 65.El 66.It Pa /dev/ 67block and character device files 68.Pp 69.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 70.It Pa fd/ 71file descriptor files; 72see 73.Xr \&fd 4 74.El 75.It Pa /etc/ 76system configuration files and scripts 77.Pp 78.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 79.It Pa bluetooth/ 80bluetooth configuration files 81.It Pa defaults/ 82default system configuration files; 83see 84.Xr rc 8 85.It Pa dma/ 86.Xr dma 8 87configuration files 88.It Pa localtime 89local timezone information; 90see 91.Xr ctime 3 92.It Pa mail/ 93Sendmail control files 94.It Pa mtree/ 95mtree configuration files; 96see 97.Xr mtree 8 98.It Pa pam.d/ 99configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 100library 101.It Pa periodic/ 102scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 103.Xr cron 8 ; 104see 105.Xr periodic 8 106.It Pa ppp/ 107ppp configuration files; 108see 109.Xr ppp 8 110.It Pa rc.d/ 111System and daemon startup/control scripts; 112see 113.Xr rc 8 114.It Pa ssh/ 115OpenSSH configuration files; 116see 117.Xr ssh 1 118.It Pa ssl/ 119OpenSSL configuration files 120.It Pa upgrade/ 121Files relevant to system upgrades 122.It Pa uucp/ 123uucp configuration files; 124see 125.Xr uucp 1 126.El 127.It Pa /home/ 128HOME directories of non-root users 129.It Pa /mnt/ 130empty directory commonly used by 131system administrators as a temporary mount point 132.It Pa /pfs/ 133pseudo file system directory (on 134.Xr hammer 5 135root file systems) 136.It Pa /proc/ 137process file system; 138see 139.Xr procfs 5 , 140.Xr mount_procfs 8 141.It Pa /root/ 142root's HOME directory 143.It Pa /sbin/ 144system programs and administration utilities 145fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 146.It Pa /sys/ 147the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 148.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 149.It Pa /tmp/ 150temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 151.It Pa /usr/ 152contains the majority of user utilities and applications 153.Pp 154.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 155.It Pa bin/ 156common utilities, programming tools, and applications 157.It Pa dports/ 158The 159.Dx 160.Xr dports 7 161collection (optional). 162.It Pa games/ 163useful and semi-frivolous programs 164.It Pa include/ 165standard C include files 166.Pp 167.Bl -tag -width ".Pa protocols/" -compact 168.It Pa arpa/ 169C include files for Internet service protocols 170.It Pa c++/ 171C++ include files 172.It Pa cam/ 173C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 174.Pp 175.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 176.It Pa scsi/ 177The SCSI device on top of CAM 178.El 179.Pp 180.It Pa dev/ 181C include files for programming various 182.Dx 183devices 184.It Pa emulation/ 185Include Files for various emulation layers 186.It Pa fs/ 187.Pp 188.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 189.It Pa smbfs/ 190SMB/CIFS filesystem 191.El 192.Pp 193.It Pa isofs/ 194.Pp 195.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 196.It Pa cd9660/ 197iso9660 filesystem 198.El 199.Pp 200.It Pa libprop/ 201C include files for libprop 202.It Pa machine/ 203machine-specific C include files 204.It Pa msdosfs/ 205MS-DOS file system 206.It Pa net/ 207misc network C include files 208.It Pa netinet/ 209C include files for Internet standard protocols; 210see 211.Xr inet 4 212.It Pa netinet6/ 213C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 214see 215.Xr inet6 4 216.It Pa netkey/ 217kernel key-management service 218.It Pa netsmb/ 219SMB/CIFS requester 220.It Pa nfs/ 221C include files for NFS (Network File System) 222.It Pa openssl/ 223OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 224.It Pa pcap/ 225Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 226see 227.Xr pcap 3 228.It Pa pccard/ 229PC-CARD controllers 230.It Pa protocols/ 231C include files for Berkeley service protocols 232.It Pa readline/ 233get a line from a user, with editing; 234see 235.Xr readline 3 236.It Pa rpc/ 237remote procedure calls; 238see 239.Xr rpc 3 240.It Pa rpcsvc/ 241definition of RPC service structures; see 242.Xr rpc 3 243.It Pa security/ 244PAM; see 245.Xr pam 8 246.It Pa sys/ 247system C include files (kernel data structures) 248.It Pa ufs/ 249C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 250.Pp 251.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 252.It Pa ffs/ 253Fast filesystem 254.It Pa mfs/ 255memory file system; 256see 257.Xr mount_mfs 8 258.It Pa ufs/ 259UFS filesystem 260.El 261.Pp 262.It Pa vm/ 263virtual memory; 264see 265.Xr vmstat 8 266.El 267.Pp 268.It Pa lib/ 269archive libraries 270.Pp 271.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 272.It Pa aout/ 273a.out archive libraries 274.It Pa compat/ 275shared libraries for compatibility 276.Pp 277.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 278.It Pa aout/ 279a.out backward compatibility libraries 280.El 281.It Pa engines/ 282OpenSSL dynamic engines 283.El 284.Pp 285.It Pa libdata/ 286misc. utility data files 287.It Pa libexec/ 288system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 289.Pp 290.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils224/" -compact 291.It Pa binutils224/ 292.Pp 293.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 294.It Pa ldscripts/ 295linker scripts; 296see 297.Xr ld 1 298.El 299.Pp 300.It Pa binutils225/ 301.Pp 302.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 303.It Pa ldscripts/ 304linker scripts; 305see 306.Xr ld 1 307.El 308.Pp 309.It Pa lpr/ 310utilities and filters for LP print system; 311see 312.Xr lpr 1 313.It Pa sendmail/ 314the sendmail binary; 315see 316.Xr mailwrapper 8 317and 318.Xr sendmail 8 319.It Pa sm.bin/ 320restricted shell for sendmail; 321see 322.Xr smrsh 8 323.It Pa uucp/ 324uucp utilities; 325see 326.Xr uucp 1 327.El 328.Pp 329.It Pa local/ 330local executables, libraries, etc. 331Also used as the default destination for the 332.Dx 333.Xr dports 7 334framework. 335Within 336.Pa local/ , 337the general layout sketched out by 338.Nm 339for 340.Pa /usr 341should be used. 342Exceptions are the 343.Pa man 344directory 345.Po directly under 346.Pa local/ 347rather than under 348.Pa local/share/ Ns Pc , 349ports documentation 350.Po in 351.Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc , 352and 353.Pa /usr/local/etc 354.Po mimics 355.Pa /etc Ns Pc . 356.It Pa obj/ 357architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 358.Pa /usr/src 359tree 360.It Pa sbin/ 361system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 362.It Pa share/ 363architecture-independent files 364.Pp 365.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 366.It Pa calendar/ 367a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 368see 369.Xr calendar 1 370.It Pa dict/ 371word lists; 372see 373.Xr look 1 374.Pp 375.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 376.It Pa web2 377words from Webster's 2nd International 378.It Pa words 379common words 380.It Pa papers/ 381reference databases; 382see 383.Xr refer 1 384.El 385.Pp 386.It Pa doc/ 387miscellaneous documentation 388.Pp 389.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact 390.It Pa legal/ 391License files for vendor supplied firmware 392.El 393.Pp 394.It Pa examples/ 395various examples for users and programmers 396.It Pa games/ 397ASCII text files used by various games 398.It Pa groff_font/ 399device description file for device name 400.It Pa i18n/ 401internationalization databases; see 402.Xr iconv 3 403.It Pa info/ 404GNU Info hypertext system 405.It Pa libg++/ 406libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 407.It Pa locale/ 408localization files; 409see 410.Xr setlocale 3 411.It Pa man/ 412manual pages 413.It Pa me/ 414macros for use with the me macro package; 415see 416.Xr me 7 417.It Pa misc/ 418misc system-wide ASCII text files 419.Pp 420.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 421.It Pa termcap 422terminal characteristics database; 423see 424.Xr termcap 5 425.El 426.Pp 427.It Pa mk/ 428templates for make; 429see 430.Xr make 1 431.It Pa nls/ 432national language support files; 433see 434.Xr mklocale 1 435.It Pa openssl/ 436.Pp 437.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 438.It Pa man/ 439OpenSSL manual pages 440.El 441.Pp 442.It Pa sendmail/ 443sendmail configuration files; 444see 445.Xr sendmail 8 446.It Pa skel/ 447example . (dot) files for new accounts 448.It Pa syscons/ 449files used by 450.Xr syscons 4 451.Pp 452.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 453.It Pa fonts/ 454console fonts; 455see 456.Xr vidcontrol 1 457and 458.Xr vidfont 1 459.It Pa keymaps/ 460console keyboard maps; 461see 462.Xr kbdcontrol 1 463and 464.Xr kbdmap 1 465.It Pa scrnmaps/ 466console screen maps 467.El 468.Pp 469.It Pa tabset/ 470tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 471the termcap file; 472see 473.Xr termcap 5 474.It Pa terminfo/ 475compiled 476.Xr terminfo 5 477database files 478.It Pa tmac/ 479text processing macros; 480see 481.Xr nroff 1 482and 483.Xr troff 1 484.It Pa vi/ 485localization support and utilities for 486.Xr vi 1 487.It Pa zoneinfo/ 488timezone configuration information; 489see 490.Xr tzfile 5 491.El 492.Pp 493.It Pa src/ 494.Bx , 495third-party, and/or local source files 496.Pp 497.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 498.It Pa bin/ 499source code for files in 500.Pa /bin 501.It Pa contrib/ 502source code for contributed software 503.It Pa crypto/ 504source code for contributed cryptography software 505.It Pa etc/ 506source code for files in 507.Pa /etc 508.It Pa games/ 509source code for files in 510.Pa /usr/games 511.It Pa gnu/ 512Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 513.It Pa include/ 514source code for files in 515.Pa /usr/include 516.It Pa lib/ 517source code for files in 518.Pa /usr/lib 519.It Pa libexec/ 520source code for files in 521.Pa /usr/libexec 522.It Pa nrelease/ 523files required to produce a 524.Dx 525release 526.It Pa sbin/ 527source code for files in 528.Pa /sbin 529.It Pa secure/ 530build directory for files in 531.Pa /usr/src/crypto 532.It Pa share/ 533source for files in 534.Pa /usr/share 535.It Pa sys/ 536kernel source code 537.It Pa tools/ 538tools used for maintenance and testing of 539.Dx 540.It Pa usr.bin/ 541source code for files in 542.Pa /usr/bin 543.It Pa usr.sbin/ 544source code for files in 545.Pa /usr/sbin 546.El 547.El 548.It Pa /var/ 549multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 550.Pp 551.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 552.It Pa account/ 553system accounting files 554.Pp 555.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 556.It Pa acct 557execution accounting file; 558see 559.Xr acct 5 560.El 561.Pp 562.It Pa at/ 563timed command scheduling files; 564see 565.Xr \&at 1 566.Pp 567.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 568.It Pa jobs/ 569directory containing job files 570.It Pa spool/ 571directory containing output spool files 572.El 573.Pp 574.It Pa backups/ 575misc. backup files 576.It Pa crash/ 577default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 578.Xr crash 8 579and 580.Xr savecore 8 581.It Pa cron/ 582files used by cron; 583see 584.Xr cron 8 585.Pp 586.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 587.It Pa tabs/ 588crontab files; 589see 590.Xr crontab 5 591.El 592.Pp 593.It Pa db/ 594misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 595.It Pa empty/ 596empty directory used by 597.Xr sshd 8 598for privilege separation 599.It Pa games/ 600misc. game status and score files 601.It Pa hammer/ 602per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for 603.Xr hammer 5 604file systems 605.It Pa log/ 606misc. system log files 607.Pp 608.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 609.It Pa wtmp 610login/logout log; 611see 612.Xr wtmp 5 613.El 614.Pp 615.It Pa mail/ 616user mailbox files 617.It Pa msgs/ 618system messages database; 619see 620.Xr msgs 1 621.It Pa preserve/ 622temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 623of an editor; 624see 625.Xr \&ex 1 626.It Pa quotas/ 627filesystem quota information files 628.It Pa run/ 629system information files describing various info about 630system since it was booted 631.Pp 632.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 633.It Pa ppp/ 634writable by the 635.Dq network 636group for command connection sockets; see 637.Xr ppp 8 638.It Pa utmp 639database of current users; 640see 641.Xr utmp 5 642.It Pa sem/ 643rendez-vous files for posix named semaphores; 644see 645.Xr sem_open 3 646.El 647.Pp 648.It Pa rwho/ 649rwho data files; 650see 651.Xr rwhod 8 , 652.Xr rwho 1 , 653and 654.Xr ruptime 1 655.It Pa spool/ 656misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 657.Pp 658.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 659.It Pa clientmqueue/ 660undelivered submission mail queue; 661see 662.Xr sendmail 8 663.It Pa dma/ 664undelivered mail queue; 665see 666.Xr dma 8 667.It Pa ftp/ 668commonly 669.Pa ~ftp ; 670the anonymous ftp root directory 671.It Pa mqueue/ 672undelivered mail queue; 673see 674.Xr sendmail 8 675.It Pa output/ 676line printer spooling directories 677.It Pa uucp/ 678uucp spool directory 679.It Pa uucppublic/ 680commonly 681.Pa ~uucp ; 682public uucp temporary directory 683.El 684.Pp 685.It Pa tmp/ 686temporary files that are kept between system reboots 687.Pp 688.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 689.It Pa vi.recover/ 690the directory where recovery files are stored 691.El 692.Pp 693.It Pa yp/ 694the NIS maps 695.El 696.El 697.Sh NOTES 698This manual page documents the default 699.Dx 700filesystem layout, but 701the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 702administrator's discretion. 703A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 704this document. 705.Sh SEE ALSO 706.Xr apropos 1 , 707.Xr find 1 , 708.Xr finger 1 , 709.Xr grep 1 , 710.Xr ls 1 , 711.Xr whatis 1 , 712.Xr whereis 1 , 713.Xr which 1 , 714.Xr fsck 8 715.Sh HISTORY 716A 717.Nm 718manual page appeared in 719.At v7 . 720