1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 29.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 30.\" 31.Dd June 22, 2015 32.Dt HIER 7 33.Os 34.Sh NAME 35.Nm hier 36.Nd layout of filesystems 37.Sh DESCRIPTION 38A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 39.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 40.It Pa / 41root directory of the filesystem 42.It Pa /bin/ 43user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 44.It Pa /boot/ 45programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 46.Pp 47.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 48.It Pa defaults/ 49default bootstrapping configuration files; see 50.Xr loader.conf 5 51.It Pa kernel/ 52pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 53at boot time) and loadable kernel modules; 54see 55.Xr kldstat 8 56.El 57.It Pa /compat/ 58files related to compatibility layers 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ndis/" -compact 61.It Pa ndis/ 62firmware for 63.Xr ndis 4 64drivers 65.El 66.It Pa /dev/ 67block and character device files 68.Pp 69.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 70.It Pa fd/ 71file descriptor files; 72see 73.Xr \&fd 4 74.El 75.It Pa /etc/ 76system configuration files and scripts 77.Pp 78.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 79.It Pa bluetooth/ 80bluetooth configuration files 81.It Pa defaults/ 82default system configuration files; 83see 84.Xr rc 8 85.It Pa dma/ 86.Xr dma 8 87configuration files 88.It Pa localtime 89local timezone information; 90see 91.Xr ctime 3 92.It Pa mail/ 93Sendmail control files 94.It Pa mtree/ 95mtree configuration files; 96see 97.Xr mtree 8 98.It Pa pam.d/ 99configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 100library 101.It Pa periodic/ 102scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 103.Xr cron 8 ; 104see 105.Xr periodic 8 106.It Pa ppp/ 107ppp configuration files; 108see 109.Xr ppp 8 110.It Pa rc.d/ 111System and daemon startup/control scripts; 112see 113.Xr rc 8 114.It Pa ssh/ 115OpenSSH configuration files; 116see 117.Xr ssh 1 118.It Pa ssl/ 119OpenSSL configuration files 120.It Pa upgrade/ 121Files relevant to system upgrades 122.It Pa uucp/ 123uucp configuration files; 124see 125.Xr uucp 1 126.El 127.It Pa /home/ 128HOME directories of non-root users 129.It Pa /mnt/ 130empty directory commonly used by 131system administrators as a temporary mount point 132.It Pa /pfs/ 133pseudo file system directory (on 134.Xr hammer 5 135root file systems) 136.It Pa /proc/ 137process file system; 138see 139.Xr procfs 5 , 140.Xr mount_procfs 8 141.It Pa /root/ 142root's HOME directory 143.It Pa /sbin/ 144system programs and administration utilities 145fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 146.It Pa /sys/ 147the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 148.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 149.It Pa /tmp/ 150temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 151.It Pa /usr/ 152contains the majority of user utilities and applications 153.Pp 154.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 155.It Pa bin/ 156common utilities, programming tools, and applications 157.It Pa dports/ 158The 159.Dx 160.Xr dports 7 161collection (optional). 162.It Pa games/ 163useful and semi-frivolous programs 164.It Pa include/ 165standard C include files 166.Pp 167.Bl -tag -width ".Pa protocols/" -compact 168.It Pa arpa/ 169C include files for Internet service protocols 170.It Pa c++/ 171C++ include files 172.It Pa cam/ 173C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 174.Pp 175.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 176.It Pa scsi/ 177The SCSI device on top of CAM 178.El 179.Pp 180.It Pa dev/ 181C include files for programming various 182.Dx 183devices 184.It Pa emulation/ 185Include Files for various emulation layers 186.It Pa fs/ 187.Pp 188.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 189.It Pa smbfs/ 190SMB/CIFS filesystem 191.El 192.Pp 193.It Pa isofs/ 194.Pp 195.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 196.It Pa cd9660/ 197iso9660 filesystem 198.El 199.Pp 200.It Pa libprop/ 201C include files for libprop 202.It Pa machine/ 203machine-specific C include files 204.It Pa msdosfs/ 205MS-DOS file system 206.It Pa net/ 207misc network C include files 208.It Pa netinet/ 209C include files for Internet standard protocols; 210see 211.Xr inet 4 212.It Pa netinet6/ 213C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 214see 215.Xr inet6 4 216.It Pa netkey/ 217kernel key-management service 218.It Pa netsmb/ 219SMB/CIFS requester 220.It Pa nfs/ 221C include files for NFS (Network File System) 222.It Pa openssl/ 223OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 224.It Pa pcap/ 225Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 226see 227.Xr pcap 3 228.It Pa pccard/ 229PC-CARD controllers 230.It Pa protocols/ 231C include files for Berkeley service protocols 232.It Pa readline/ 233get a line from a user, with editing; 234see 235.Xr readline 3 236.It Pa rpc/ 237remote procedure calls; 238see 239.Xr rpc 3 240.It Pa rpcsvc/ 241definition of RPC service structures; see 242.Xr rpc 3 243.It Pa security/ 244PAM; see 245.Xr pam 8 246.It Pa sys/ 247system C include files (kernel data structures) 248.It Pa ufs/ 249C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 250.Pp 251.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 252.It Pa ffs/ 253Fast filesystem 254.It Pa mfs/ 255memory file system; 256see 257.Xr mount_mfs 8 258.It Pa ufs/ 259UFS filesystem 260.El 261.Pp 262.It Pa vm/ 263virtual memory; 264see 265.Xr vmstat 8 266.El 267.Pp 268.It Pa lib/ 269archive libraries 270.Pp 271.Bl -tag -width ".Pa engines/" -compact 272.It Pa aout/ 273a.out archive libraries 274.It Pa engines/ 275OpenSSL dynamic engines 276.El 277.Pp 278.It Pa libdata/ 279misc. utility data files 280.It Pa libexec/ 281system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 282.Pp 283.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils224/" -compact 284.It Pa binutils224/ 285.Pp 286.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 287.It Pa ldscripts/ 288linker scripts; 289see 290.Xr ld 1 291.El 292.Pp 293.It Pa binutils225/ 294.Pp 295.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 296.It Pa ldscripts/ 297linker scripts; 298see 299.Xr ld 1 300.El 301.Pp 302.It Pa lpr/ 303utilities and filters for LP print system; 304see 305.Xr lpr 1 306.It Pa sendmail/ 307the sendmail binary; 308see 309.Xr mailwrapper 8 310and 311.Xr sendmail 8 312.It Pa sm.bin/ 313restricted shell for sendmail; 314see 315.Xr smrsh 8 316.It Pa uucp/ 317uucp utilities; 318see 319.Xr uucp 1 320.El 321.Pp 322.It Pa local/ 323local executables, libraries, etc. 324Also used as the default destination for the 325.Dx 326.Xr dports 7 327framework. 328Within 329.Pa local/ , 330the general layout sketched out by 331.Nm 332for 333.Pa /usr 334should be used. 335Exceptions are the 336.Pa man 337directory 338.Po directly under 339.Pa local/ 340rather than under 341.Pa local/share/ Ns Pc , 342ports documentation 343.Po in 344.Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc , 345and 346.Pa /usr/local/etc 347.Po mimics 348.Pa /etc Ns Pc . 349.It Pa obj/ 350architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 351.Pa /usr/src 352tree 353.It Pa sbin/ 354system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 355.It Pa share/ 356architecture-independent files 357.Pp 358.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 359.It Pa calendar/ 360a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 361see 362.Xr calendar 1 363.It Pa dict/ 364word lists; 365see 366.Xr look 1 367.Pp 368.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 369.It Pa web2 370words from Webster's 2nd International 371.It Pa words 372common words 373.It Pa papers/ 374reference databases; 375see 376.Xr refer 1 377.El 378.Pp 379.It Pa doc/ 380miscellaneous documentation 381.Pp 382.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact 383.It Pa legal/ 384License files for vendor supplied firmware 385.El 386.Pp 387.It Pa examples/ 388various examples for users and programmers 389.It Pa games/ 390ASCII text files used by various games 391.It Pa groff_font/ 392device description file for device name 393.It Pa i18n/ 394internationalization databases; see 395.Xr iconv 3 396.It Pa info/ 397GNU Info hypertext system 398.It Pa libg++/ 399libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 400.It Pa locale/ 401localization files; 402see 403.Xr setlocale 3 404.It Pa man/ 405manual pages 406.It Pa me/ 407macros for use with the me macro package; 408see 409.Xr me 7 410.It Pa misc/ 411misc system-wide ASCII text files 412.Pp 413.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 414.It Pa termcap 415terminal characteristics database; 416see 417.Xr termcap 5 418.El 419.Pp 420.It Pa mk/ 421templates for make; 422see 423.Xr make 1 424.It Pa nls/ 425national language support files; 426see 427.Xr mklocale 1 428.It Pa openssl/ 429.Pp 430.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 431.It Pa man/ 432OpenSSL manual pages 433.El 434.Pp 435.It Pa sendmail/ 436sendmail configuration files; 437see 438.Xr sendmail 8 439.It Pa skel/ 440example . (dot) files for new accounts 441.It Pa syscons/ 442files used by 443.Xr syscons 4 444.Pp 445.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 446.It Pa fonts/ 447console fonts; 448see 449.Xr vidcontrol 1 450and 451.Xr vidfont 1 452.It Pa keymaps/ 453console keyboard maps; 454see 455.Xr kbdcontrol 1 456and 457.Xr kbdmap 1 458.It Pa scrnmaps/ 459console screen maps 460.El 461.Pp 462.It Pa tabset/ 463tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 464the termcap file; 465see 466.Xr termcap 5 467.It Pa terminfo/ 468compiled 469.Xr terminfo 5 470database files 471.It Pa tmac/ 472text processing macros; 473see 474.Xr nroff 1 475and 476.Xr troff 1 477.It Pa vi/ 478localization support and utilities for 479.Xr vi 1 480.It Pa zoneinfo/ 481timezone configuration information; 482see 483.Xr tzfile 5 484.El 485.Pp 486.It Pa src/ 487.Bx , 488third-party, and/or local source files 489.Pp 490.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 491.It Pa bin/ 492source code for files in 493.Pa /bin 494.It Pa contrib/ 495source code for contributed software 496.It Pa crypto/ 497source code for contributed cryptography software 498.It Pa etc/ 499source code for files in 500.Pa /etc 501.It Pa games/ 502source code for files in 503.Pa /usr/games 504.It Pa gnu/ 505Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 506.It Pa include/ 507source code for files in 508.Pa /usr/include 509.It Pa lib/ 510source code for files in 511.Pa /usr/lib 512.It Pa libexec/ 513source code for files in 514.Pa /usr/libexec 515.It Pa nrelease/ 516files required to produce a 517.Dx 518release 519.It Pa sbin/ 520source code for files in 521.Pa /sbin 522.It Pa secure/ 523build directory for files in 524.Pa /usr/src/crypto 525.It Pa share/ 526source for files in 527.Pa /usr/share 528.It Pa sys/ 529kernel source code 530.It Pa tools/ 531tools used for maintenance and testing of 532.Dx 533.It Pa usr.bin/ 534source code for files in 535.Pa /usr/bin 536.It Pa usr.sbin/ 537source code for files in 538.Pa /usr/sbin 539.El 540.El 541.It Pa /var/ 542multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 543.Pp 544.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 545.It Pa account/ 546system accounting files 547.Pp 548.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 549.It Pa acct 550execution accounting file; 551see 552.Xr acct 5 553.El 554.Pp 555.It Pa at/ 556timed command scheduling files; 557see 558.Xr \&at 1 559.Pp 560.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 561.It Pa jobs/ 562directory containing job files 563.It Pa spool/ 564directory containing output spool files 565.El 566.Pp 567.It Pa backups/ 568misc. backup files 569.It Pa crash/ 570default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 571.Xr crash 8 572and 573.Xr savecore 8 574.It Pa cron/ 575files used by cron; 576see 577.Xr cron 8 578.Pp 579.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 580.It Pa tabs/ 581crontab files; 582see 583.Xr crontab 5 584.El 585.Pp 586.It Pa db/ 587misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 588.It Pa empty/ 589empty directory used by 590.Xr sshd 8 591for privilege separation 592.It Pa games/ 593misc. game status and score files 594.It Pa hammer/ 595per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for 596.Xr hammer 5 597file systems 598.It Pa log/ 599misc. system log files 600.Pp 601.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 602.It Pa wtmp 603login/logout log; 604see 605.Xr wtmp 5 606.El 607.Pp 608.It Pa mail/ 609user mailbox files 610.It Pa msgs/ 611system messages database; 612see 613.Xr msgs 1 614.It Pa preserve/ 615temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 616of an editor; 617see 618.Xr \&ex 1 619.It Pa quotas/ 620filesystem quota information files 621.It Pa run/ 622system information files describing various info about 623system since it was booted 624.Pp 625.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 626.It Pa ppp/ 627writable by the 628.Dq network 629group for command connection sockets; see 630.Xr ppp 8 631.It Pa utmp 632database of current users; 633see 634.Xr utmp 5 635.It Pa sem/ 636rendez-vous files for posix named semaphores; 637see 638.Xr sem_open 3 639.El 640.Pp 641.It Pa rwho/ 642rwho data files; 643see 644.Xr rwhod 8 , 645.Xr rwho 1 , 646and 647.Xr ruptime 1 648.It Pa spool/ 649misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 650.Pp 651.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 652.It Pa clientmqueue/ 653undelivered submission mail queue; 654see 655.Xr sendmail 8 656.It Pa dma/ 657undelivered mail queue; 658see 659.Xr dma 8 660.It Pa ftp/ 661commonly 662.Pa ~ftp ; 663the anonymous ftp root directory 664.It Pa mqueue/ 665undelivered mail queue; 666see 667.Xr sendmail 8 668.It Pa output/ 669line printer spooling directories 670.It Pa uucp/ 671uucp spool directory 672.It Pa uucppublic/ 673commonly 674.Pa ~uucp ; 675public uucp temporary directory 676.El 677.Pp 678.It Pa tmp/ 679temporary files that are kept between system reboots 680.Pp 681.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 682.It Pa vi.recover/ 683the directory where recovery files are stored 684.El 685.Pp 686.It Pa yp/ 687the NIS maps 688.El 689.El 690.Sh NOTES 691This manual page documents the default 692.Dx 693filesystem layout, but 694the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 695administrator's discretion. 696A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 697this document. 698.Sh SEE ALSO 699.Xr apropos 1 , 700.Xr find 1 , 701.Xr finger 1 , 702.Xr grep 1 , 703.Xr ls 1 , 704.Xr whatis 1 , 705.Xr whereis 1 , 706.Xr which 1 , 707.Xr fsck 8 708.Sh HISTORY 709A 710.Nm 711manual page appeared in 712.At v7 . 713