1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" 35.Dd September 9, 2010 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Pa kernel 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Pa modules/ 59loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Pa /dev/ 64block and character device files 65.Pp 66.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 67.It Pa fd/ 68file descriptor files; 69see 70.Xr \&fd 4 71.El 72.It Pa /etc/ 73system configuration files and scripts 74.Pp 75.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 76.It Pa bluetooth/ 77bluetooth configuration files 78.It Pa defaults/ 79default system configuration files; 80see 81.Xr rc 8 82.It Pa dma/ 83.Xr dma 8 84configuration files 85.\".It Pa firmware/ 86.\"Firmware image files; 87.\"see 88.\".Xr firmware 9 89.It Pa isdn/ 90isdn4bsd configuration files; 91see 92.Xr isdnd 8 93.It Pa localtime 94local timezone information; 95see 96.Xr ctime 3 97.It Pa mail/ 98Sendmail control files 99.It Pa mtree/ 100mtree configuration files; 101see 102.Xr mtree 8 103.It Pa pam.d/ 104configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 105library 106.It Pa periodic/ 107scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 108.Xr cron 8 ; 109see 110.Xr periodic 8 111.It Pa ppp/ 112ppp configuration files; 113see 114.Xr ppp 8 115.It Pa rc.d/ 116System and daemon startup/control scripts; 117see 118.Xr rc 8 119.It Pa ssh/ 120OpenSSH configuration files; 121see 122.Xr ssh 1 123.It Pa ssl/ 124OpenSSL configuration files 125.It Pa upgrade/ 126Files relevant to system upgrades 127.It Pa uucp/ 128uucp configuration files; 129see 130.Xr uucp 1 131.El 132.It Pa /home/ 133HOME directories of non-root users 134.It Pa /mnt/ 135empty directory commonly used by 136system administrators as a temporary mount point 137.It Pa /pfs/ 138pseudo file system directory (on 139.Xr hammer 5 140root file systems) 141.It Pa /proc/ 142process file system; 143see 144.Xr procfs 5 , 145.Xr mount_procfs 8 146.It Pa /root/ 147root's HOME directory 148.It Pa /sbin/ 149system programs and administration utilities 150fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 151.It Pa /sys/ 152the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 153.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 154.It Pa /tmp/ 155temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 156.It Pa /usr/ 157contains the majority of user utilities and applications 158.Pp 159.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 160.It Pa bin/ 161common utilities, programming tools, and applications 162.It Pa games/ 163useful and semi-frivolous programs 164.It Pa include/ 165standard C include files 166.Pp 167.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 168.It Pa arpa/ 169C include files for Internet service protocols 170.It Pa c++/ 171C++ include files 172.It Pa cam/ 173C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 174.Pp 175.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 176.It Pa scsi/ 177The SCSI device on top of CAM 178.El 179.Pp 180.It Pa dev/ 181C include files for programming various 182.Dx 183devices 184.It Pa emulation/ 185Include Files for various emulation layers 186.It Pa fs/ 187.Pp 188.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 189.It Pa smbfs/ 190SMB/CIFS filesystem 191.El 192.Pp 193.It Pa isofs/ 194.Pp 195.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 196.It Pa cd9660/ 197iso9660 filesystem 198.El 199.Pp 200.It Pa libmilter/ 201C include files for libmilter, 202the sendmail mail filter API 203.It Pa libprop/ 204C include files for libprop 205.It Pa machine/ 206machine-specific C include files 207.It Pa msdosfs/ 208MS-DOS file system 209.It Pa net/ 210misc network C include files 211.It Pa netatalk/ 212Appletalk protocol 213.It Pa netatm/ 214ATM include files; 215see 216.Xr atm 8 217.It Pa netinet/ 218C include files for Internet standard protocols; 219see 220.Xr inet 4 221.It Pa netinet6/ 222C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 223see 224.Xr inet6 4 225.It Pa netipx/ 226IPX/SPX protocol stacks 227.It Pa netkey/ 228kernel key-management service 229.It Pa netnatm/ 230NATM include files; 231see 232.Xr natm 4 233.It Pa netsmb/ 234SMB/CIFS requester 235.It Pa nfs/ 236C include files for NFS (Network File System) 237.It Pa objc/ 238Objective C include files 239.It Pa openssl/ 240OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 241.It Pa pcap/ 242Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 243see 244.Xr pcap 3 245.It Pa pccard/ 246PC-CARD controllers 247.It Pa protocols/ 248C include files for Berkeley service protocols 249.It Pa readline/ 250get a line from a user, with editing; 251see 252.Xr readline 3 253.It Pa rpc/ 254remote procedure calls; 255see 256.Xr rpc 3 257.It Pa rpcsvc/ 258definition of RPC service structures; see 259.Xr rpc 3 260.It Pa security/ 261PAM; see 262.Xr pam 8 263.It Pa sys/ 264system C include files (kernel data structures) 265.It Pa ufs/ 266C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 267.Pp 268.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 269.It Pa ffs/ 270Fast filesystem 271.It Pa mfs/ 272memory file system; 273see 274.Xr mount_mfs 8 275.It Pa ufs/ 276UFS filesystem 277.El 278.Pp 279.It Pa vm/ 280virtual memory; 281see 282.Xr vmstat 8 283.El 284.Pp 285.It Pa lib/ 286archive libraries 287.Pp 288.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 289.It Pa aout/ 290a.out archive libraries 291.It Pa compat/ 292shared libraries for compatibility 293.Pp 294.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 295.It Pa aout/ 296a.out backward compatibility libraries 297.El 298.It Pa engines/ 299OpenSSL dynamic engines 300.El 301.Pp 302.It Pa libdata/ 303misc. utility data files 304.Pp 305.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact 306.It Pa doscmd/ 307files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 308see 309.Xr doscmd 1 310.Pp 311.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact 312.It Pa fonts/ 313fonts used by doscmd 314.El 315.Pp 316.It Pa lint/ 317various prebuilt lint libraries; 318see 319.Xr lint 1 320.It Pa stallion/ 321holds the download firmware images 322.El 323.Pp 324.It Pa libexec/ 325system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 326.Pp 327.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact 328.It Pa binutils217/ 329.Pp 330.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 331.It Pa ldscripts/ 332linker scripts; 333see 334.Xr ld 1 335.El 336.Pp 337.It Pa lpr/ 338utilities and filters for LP print system; 339see 340.Xr lpr 1 341.It Pa sendmail/ 342the sendmail binary; 343see 344.Xr mailwrapper 8 345and 346.Xr sendmail 8 347.It Pa sm.bin/ 348restricted shell for sendmail; 349see 350.Xr smrsh 8 351.It Pa uucp/ 352uucp utilities; 353see 354.Xr uucp 1 355.El 356.Pp 357.It Pa local/ 358local executables, libraries, etc. 359Within 360.Pa local/ , 361the general layout sketched out by 362.Xr hier 7 363for 364.Pa /usr 365should be used. 366Exceptions are the 367.Pa man/ 368directory (directly under 369.Pa local/ 370rather than under 371.Pa local/share/ ) , 372documentation (in 373.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 374and 375.Pa /usr/local/etc 376.Pf ( mimics 377.Pa /etc ) . 378.It Pa obj/ 379architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 380.Pa /usr/src 381tree 382.It Pa pkg/ 383default destination directory for the 384.Xr pkgsrc 7 385collection. 386Within 387.Pa pkg/ , 388the general layout sketched out by 389.Xr hier 7 390for 391.Pa /usr 392should be used. 393Exceptions are the 394.Pa man/ 395directory (directly under 396.Pa pkg/ 397rather than under 398.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 399documentation (in 400.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 401and 402.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 403.Pf ( mimics 404.Pa /etc ) . 405.It Pa pkgsrc/ 406The 407.Xr pkgsrc 7 408collection (optional). 409.It Pa sbin/ 410system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 411.It Pa share/ 412architecture-independent files 413.Pp 414.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 415.It Pa calendar/ 416a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 417see 418.Xr calendar 1 419.It Pa dict/ 420word lists; 421see 422.Xr look 1 423.Pp 424.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 425.It Pa web2 426words from Webster's 2nd International 427.It Pa words 428common words 429.It Pa papers/ 430reference databases; 431see 432.Xr refer 1 433.El 434.Pp 435.It Pa doc/ 436miscellaneous documentation 437.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact 438.It Pa legal/ 439License files for vendor supplied firmwares 440.El 441.Pp 442.It Pa examples/ 443various examples for users and programmers 444.It Pa games/ 445ASCII text files used by various games 446.It Pa groff_font/ 447device description file for device name 448.It Pa i18n/ 449internationalization databases; see 450.Xr iconv 3 451.It Pa info/ 452GNU Info hypertext system 453.It Pa isdn/ 454ISDN 455.It Pa libg++/ 456libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 457.It Pa locale/ 458localization files; 459see 460.Xr setlocale 3 461.It Pa man/ 462manual pages 463.It Pa me/ 464macros for use with the me macro package; 465see 466.Xr me 7 467.It Pa misc/ 468misc system-wide ASCII text files 469.Pp 470.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 471.It Pa termcap 472terminal characteristics database; 473see 474.Xr termcap 5 475.El 476.Pp 477.It Pa mk/ 478templates for make; 479see 480.Xr make 1 481.It Pa nls/ 482national language support files; 483see 484.Xr mklocale 1 485.It Pa openssl/ 486.Pp 487.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 488.It Pa man/ 489OpenSSL manual pages 490.El 491.Pp 492.It Pa sendmail/ 493sendmail configuration files; 494see 495.Xr sendmail 8 496.It Pa skel/ 497example . (dot) files for new accounts 498.It Pa syscons/ 499files used by 500.Xr syscons 4 501.Pp 502.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 503.It Pa fonts/ 504console fonts; 505see 506.Xr vidcontrol 1 507and 508.Xr vidfont 1 509.It Pa keymaps/ 510console keyboard maps; 511see 512.Xr kbdcontrol 1 513and 514.Xr kbdmap 1 515.It Pa scrnmaps/ 516console screen maps 517.El 518.Pp 519.It Pa tabset/ 520tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 521the termcap file; 522see 523.Xr termcap 5 524.It Pa tmac/ 525text processing macros; 526see 527.Xr nroff 1 528and 529.Xr troff 1 530.It Pa vi/ 531localization support and utilities for 532.Xr vi 1 533.It Pa zoneinfo/ 534timezone configuration information; 535see 536.Xr tzfile 5 537.El 538.Pp 539.It Pa src/ 540.Bx , 541third-party, and/or local source files 542.Pp 543.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 544.It Pa bin/ 545source code for files in 546.Pa /bin 547.It Pa contrib/ 548source code for contributed software 549.It Pa crypto/ 550source code for contributed cryptography software 551.It Pa etc/ 552source code for files in 553.Pa /etc 554.It Pa games/ 555source code for files in 556.Pa /usr/games 557.It Pa gnu/ 558Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 559.It Pa include/ 560source code for files in 561.Pa /usr/include 562.It Pa lib/ 563source code for files in 564.Pa /usr/lib 565.It Pa libexec/ 566source code for files in 567.Pa /usr/libexec 568.It Pa nrelease/ 569files required to produce a 570.Dx 571release 572.It Pa sbin/ 573source code for files in 574.Pa /sbin 575.It Pa secure/ 576build directory for files in 577.Pa /usr/src/crypto 578.It Pa share/ 579source for files in 580.Pa /usr/share 581.It Pa sys/ 582kernel source code 583.It Pa tools/ 584tools used for maintenance and testing of 585.Dx 586.It Pa usr.bin/ 587source code for files in 588.Pa /usr/bin 589.It Pa usr.sbin/ 590source code for files in 591.Pa /usr/sbin 592.El 593.El 594.It Pa /var/ 595multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 596.Pp 597.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 598.It Pa account/ 599system accounting files 600.Pp 601.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 602.It Pa acct 603execution accounting file; 604see 605.Xr acct 5 606.El 607.Pp 608.It Pa at/ 609timed command scheduling files; 610see 611.Xr \&at 1 612.Pp 613.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 614.It Pa jobs/ 615directory containing job files 616.It Pa spool/ 617directory containing output spool files 618.El 619.Pp 620.It Pa backups/ 621misc. backup files 622.It Pa crash/ 623default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 624.Xr crash 8 625and 626.Xr savecore 8 627.It Pa cron/ 628files used by cron; 629see 630.Xr cron 8 631.Pp 632.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 633.It Pa tabs/ 634crontab files; 635see 636.Xr crontab 5 637.El 638.Pp 639.It Pa db/ 640misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 641.It Pa empty/ 642empty directory used by 643.Xr sshd 8 644for privilege separation 645.It Pa games/ 646misc. game status and score files 647.It Pa hammer/ 648per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for 649.Xr hammer 5 650file systems 651.It Pa log/ 652misc. system log files 653.Pp 654.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 655.It Pa wtmp 656login/logout log; 657see 658.Xr wtmp 5 659.El 660.Pp 661.It Pa mail/ 662user mailbox files 663.It Pa msgs/ 664system messages database; 665see 666.Xr msgs 1 667.It Pa preserve/ 668temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 669of an editor; 670see 671.Xr \&ex 1 672.It Pa quotas/ 673filesystem quota information files 674.It Pa run/ 675system information files describing various info about 676system since it was booted 677.Pp 678.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 679.It Pa ppp/ 680writable by the 681.Dq network 682group for command connection sockets; see 683.Xr ppp 8 684.It Pa utmp 685database of current users; 686see 687.Xr utmp 5 688.El 689.Pp 690.It Pa rwho/ 691rwho data files; 692see 693.Xr rwhod 8 , 694.Xr rwho 1 , 695and 696.Xr ruptime 1 697.It Pa spool/ 698misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 699.Pp 700.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 701.It Pa clientmqueue/ 702undelivered submission mail queue; 703see 704.Xr sendmail 8 705.It Pa dma/ 706undelivered mail queue; 707see 708.Xr dma 8 709.It Pa ftp/ 710commonly 711.Pa ~ftp ; 712the anonymous ftp root directory 713.It Pa mqueue/ 714undelivered mail queue; 715see 716.Xr sendmail 8 717.It Pa output/ 718line printer spooling directories 719.It Pa uucp/ 720uucp spool directory 721.It Pa uucppublic/ 722commonly 723.Pa ~uucp ; 724public uucp temporary directory 725.El 726.Pp 727.It Pa tmp/ 728temporary files that are kept between system reboots 729.Pp 730.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 731.It Pa vi.recover/ 732the directory where recovery files are stored 733.El 734.Pp 735.It Pa yp/ 736the NIS maps 737.El 738.El 739.Sh NOTES 740This manual page documents the default 741.Dx 742filesystem layout, but 743the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 744administrator's discretion. 745A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 746this document. 747.Sh SEE ALSO 748.Xr apropos 1 , 749.Xr find 1 , 750.Xr finger 1 , 751.Xr grep 1 , 752.Xr ls 1 , 753.Xr whatis 1 , 754.Xr whereis 1 , 755.Xr which 1 , 756.Xr fsck 8 757.Sh HISTORY 758A 759.Nm 760manual page appeared in 761.At v7 . 762