1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.5 2005/05/07 17:38:33 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd June 5, 1993 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.El 57.It Pa /dev/ 58block and character device files 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 61.It Pa MAKEDEV 62script for creating device files; 63see 64.Xr MAKEDEV 8 65.It Pa fd/ 66file descriptor files; 67see 68.Xr \&fd 4 69.El 70.It Pa /etc/ 71system configuration files and scripts 72.Pp 73.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 74.It Pa defaults/ 75default system configuration files; 76see 77.Xr rc 8 78.It Pa gnats/ 79gnats configuration files; 80see 81.Xr send-pr 1 82.It Pa isdn/ 83isdn4bsd configuration files; 84see 85.Xr isdnd 8 86.It Pa localtime 87local timezone information; 88see 89.Xr ctime 3 90.It Pa mail/ 91Sendmail control files 92.It Pa mtree/ 93mtree configuration files; 94see 95.Xr mtree 8 96.It Pa namedb/ 97named configuration files; 98see 99.Xr named 8 100.It Pa periodic/ 101scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 102.Xr cron 8 ; 103see 104.Xr periodic 8 105.It Pa ppp/ 106ppp configuration files; 107see 108.Xr ppp 8 109.It Pa ssl/ 110OpenSSL configuration files 111.It Pa uucp/ 112uucp configuration files; 113see 114.Xr uucp 1 115.El 116.It Pa /kernel 117pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 118at boot time). 119.It Pa /modules/ 120loadable kernel modules; 121see 122.Xr kldstat 8 123.It Pa /mnt/ 124empty directory commonly used by 125system administrators as a temporary mount point 126.It Pa /proc/ 127process file system; 128see 129.Xr procfs 5 , 130.Xr mount_procfs 8 131.It Pa /root/ 132root's HOME directory 133.It Pa /sbin/ 134system programs and administration utilities 135fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 136.It Pa /stand/ 137programs used in a standalone environment 138.It Pa /tmp/ 139temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 140.It Pa /usr/ 141contains the majority of user utilities and applications 142.Pp 143.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 144.It Pa bin/ 145common utilities, programming tools, and applications 146.It Pa games/ 147useful and semi-frivolous programs 148.It Pa include/ 149standard C include files 150.Pp 151.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 152.It Pa arpa/ 153C include files for Internet service protocols 154.It Pa cam/ 155C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 156.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 157.It Pa scsi/ 158The SCSI device on top of CAM 159.El 160.It Pa dev/ 161C include files for programming various 162.Dx 163devices 164.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 165.It Pa ppbus/ 166The parallel port bus; 167see 168.Xr ppbus 4 169.It Pa usb/ 170The USB subsystem 171.El 172.It Pa fs/ 173.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 174.It Pa smbfs/ 175SMB/CIFS filesystem 176.El 177.It Pa g++/ 178GNU C++ include files 179.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 180.It Pa std/ 181GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 182.El 183.It Pa isc/ 184ISC utility library libisc include files 185.It Pa isofs/ 186.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 187.It Pa cd9660/ 188iso9660 filesystem 189.El 190.It Pa libmilter/ 191C include files for libmilter, 192the sendmail mail filter API 193.It Pa machine/ 194machine-specific C include files 195.It Pa msdosfs/ 196MS-DOS file system 197.It Pa net/ 198misc network C include files 199.It Pa netatalk/ 200Appletalk protocol 201.It Pa netatm/ 202ATM include files; 203see 204.Xr atm 8 205.It Pa netinet/ 206C include files for Internet standard protocols; 207see 208.Xr inet 4 209.It Pa netinet6/ 210C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 211see 212.Xr inet6 4 213.It Pa netipx/ 214IPX/SPX protocol stacks 215.It Pa netkey/ 216kernel key-management service 217.It Pa netnatm/ 218NATM include files; 219see 220.Xr natm 4 221.It Pa netns/ 222Xerox NS protocols 223.It Pa netsmb/ 224SMB/CIFS requester 225.It Pa nfs/ 226C include files for NFS (Network File System) 227.It Pa objc/ 228Objective C include files 229.It Pa openssl/ 230OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 231.It Pa pccard/ 232PC-CARD controllers 233.It Pa posix4/ 234POSIX real-time extensions includes; 235see 236.Xr p1003_1b 9 237.It Pa protocols/ 238C include files for Berkeley service protocols 239.It Pa readline/ 240get a line from a user, with editing; 241see 242.Xr readline 3 243.It Pa rpc/ 244remote procedure calls; 245see 246.Xr rpc 3 247.It Pa rpcsvc/ 248definition of RPC service structures; see 249.Xr rpc 3 250.It Pa security/ 251PAM; see 252.Xr pam 8 253.It Pa ss/ 254MIT SIPB 255.Sq subsystem 256library, part of Kerberos IV. 257.It Pa sys/ 258system C include files (kernel data structures) 259.\" .It Pa tcl/ 260.\" Tcl language; 261.\" see 262.\" .Xr Tcl n 263.\" .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 264.\" .It Pa generic/ 265.\" ??? 266.\" .It Pa unix/ 267.\" ??? 268.\" .El 269.It Pa ufs/ 270C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 271.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 272.It Pa ffs/ 273Fast filesystem 274.It Pa mfs/ 275memory file system; 276see 277.Xr mount_mfs 8 278.It Pa ufs/ 279UFS filesystem 280.El 281.It Pa vm/ 282virtual memory; 283see 284.Xr vmstat 8 285.El 286.Pp 287.It Pa lib/ 288archive libraries 289.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 290.It Pa aout/ 291a.out archive libraries 292.It Pa compat/ 293shared libraries for compatibility 294.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 295.It Pa aout/ 296a.out backward compatibility libraries 297.El 298.El 299.Pp 300.It Pa libdata/ 301misc. utility data files 302.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 303.It Pa doscmd/ 304files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 305see 306.Xr doscmd 1 307.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 308.It Pa fonts/ 309fonts used by doscmd 310.El 311.It Pa gcc/ 312??? 313.It Pa ldscripts/ 314linker scripts; 315see 316.Xr ld 1 317.It Pa lint/ 318various prebuilt lint libraries; 319see 320.Xr lint 1 321.It Pa msdosfs/ 322Character set conversion tables 323.It Pa perl/ 324.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 325.It Pa 5.00503/ 326contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 327see 328.Xr perl 1 329.El 330.It Pa stallion/ 331holds the download firmware images 332.El 333.Pp 334.It Pa libexec/ 335system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 336.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 337.It Pa aout/ 338utilities to manipulate a.out executables 339.It Pa elf/ 340utilities to manipulate ELF executables 341.It Pa lpr/ 342utilities and filters for LP print system; 343see 344.Xr lpr 1 345.It Pa sendmail/ 346the sendmail binary; 347see 348.Xr mailwrapper 8 349and 350.Xr sendmail 8 351.It Pa sm.bin/ 352restricted shell for sendmail; 353see 354.Xr smrsh 8 355.It Pa uucp/ 356uucp utilities; 357see 358.Xr uucp 1 359.El 360.Pp 361.It Pa local/ 362local executables, libraries, etc. 363Also used as the default destination for the 364.Fx 365ports framework. 366Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 367.Xr hier 7 368for /usr 369should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 370rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 371and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 372.It Pa obj/ 373architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 374.It Pa ports/ 375The 376.Fx 377ports collection (optional). 378.It Pa sbin/ 379system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 380.It Pa share/ 381architecture-independent files 382.Pp 383.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 384.It Pa calendar/ 385a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 386see 387.Xr calendar 1 388.It Pa dict/ 389word lists; 390see 391.Xr look 1 392.Pp 393.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 394.It Pa web2 395words from Webster's 2nd International 396.It Pa words 397common words 398.It Pa papers/ 399reference databases; 400see 401.Xr refer 1 402.El 403.Pp 404.It Pa doc/ 405miscellaneous documentation; 406source for most of the printed 407.Bx 408manuals (available 409from the 410.Tn USENIX 411association) 412.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 413.It Pa FAQ/ 414Frequently Asked Questions 415.It Pa IPv6/ 416implementation notes for IPv6 417.It Pa bind/ 418documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 419.It Pa es/ 420Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 421.It Pa handbook/ 422.Fx 423Handbook 424.It Pa ja/ 425Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 426.It Pa ncurses/ 427HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 428see 429.Xr ncurses 3X 430.It Pa ntp/ 431HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 432.It Pa papers/ 433UNIX Papers 434.It Pa psd/ 435UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 436.It Pa ru/ 437Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 438.It Pa smm/ 439UNIX System Manager's Manual 440.It Pa tutorials/ 441.Fx 442tutorials 443.It Pa usd/ 444UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 445.It Pa zh/ 446Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 447.El 448.Pp 449.It Pa examples/ 450various examples for users and programmers 451.It Pa games/ 452ASCII text files used by various games 453.It Pa groff_font/ 454device description file for device name 455.It Pa info/ 456GNU Info hypertext system 457.It Pa isdn/ 458ISDN 459.It Pa libg++/ 460libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 461.It Pa locale/ 462localization files; 463see 464.Xr setlocale 3 465.It Pa man/ 466manual pages 467.It Pa me/ 468macros for use with the me macro package; 469see 470.Xr me 7 471.It Pa misc/ 472misc system-wide ASCII text files 473.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 474.It Pa termcap 475terminal characteristics database; 476see 477.Xr termcap 5 478.El 479.It Pa mk/ 480templates for make; 481see 482.Xr make 1 483.It Pa nls/ 484national language support files; 485see 486.Xr mklocale 1 487.It Pa perl/ 488perl library files; 489see 490.Xr perl 1 491.It Pa sendmail/ 492sendmail configuration files; 493see 494.Xr sendmail 8 495.It Pa skel/ 496example . (dot) files for new accounts 497.It Pa syscons/ 498files used by syscons; 499see 500.Xr syscons 4 501.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 502.It Pa fonts/ 503console fonts; 504see 505.Xr vidcontrol 1 506and 507.Xr vidfont 1 508.It Pa keymaps/ 509console keyboard maps; 510see 511.Xr kbdcontrol 1 512and 513.Xr kbdmap 1 514.It Pa scrnmaps/ 515console screen maps 516.El 517.It Pa tabset/ 518tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 519the termcap file; 520see 521.Xr termcap 5 522.It Pa tmac/ 523text processing macros; 524see 525.Xr nroff 1 526and 527.Xr troff 1 528.It Pa vi/ 529localization support and utilities for 530.Xr vi 1 531.It Pa zoneinfo/ 532timezone configuration information; 533see 534.Xr tzfile 5 535.El 536.It Pa src/ 537.Bx , 538third-party, and/or local source files 539.Pp 540.Bl -tag -width "contrib/" -compact 541.It Pa bin/ 542source code for files in /bin 543.It Pa contrib/ 544source code for contributed software 545.It Pa crypto/ 546source code for contributed cryptography software 547.It Pa etc/ 548source code for files in /etc 549.It Pa games/ 550source code for files in /usr/games 551.It Pa gnu/ 552Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 553.It Pa include/ 554source code for files in /usr/include 555.It Pa contrib/ 556source code for kerberos version IV 557.It Pa lib/ 558source code for files in /usr/lib 559.It Pa libexec/ 560source code for files in /usr/libexec 561.It Pa release/ 562files required to produce a 563.Dx 564release 565.It Pa sbin/ 566source code for files in /sbin 567.It Pa secure/ 568build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 569.It Pa share/ 570source for files in /usr/share 571.It Pa sys/ 572kernel source code 573.It Pa tools/ 574tools used for maintenance and testing of 575.Dx 576.It Pa usr.bin/ 577source code for files in /usr/bin 578.It Pa usr.sbin/ 579source code for files in /usr/sbin 580.El 581.Pp 582.It Pa X11R6/ 583X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 584.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 585.It Pa bin/ 586X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 587.It Pa etc/ 588X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 589.It Pa include/ 590X11R6 include files. 591.It Pa lib/ 592X11R6 libraries. 593.It Pa man/ 594X11R6 manual pages. 595.It Pa share/ 596architecture-independent files. 597.El 598.El 599.It Pa /var/ 600multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 601.Pp 602.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 603.It Pa account/ 604system accounting files 605.Pp 606.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 607.It Pa acct 608execution accounting file; 609see 610.Xr acct 5 611.El 612.Pp 613.It Pa at/ 614timed command scheduling files; 615see 616.Xr \&at 1 617.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 618.It Pa jobs/ 619directory containing job files 620.It Pa spool/ 621directory containing output spool files 622.El 623.Pp 624.It Pa backups/ 625misc. backup files 626.It Pa crash/ 627default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 628.Xr crash 8 629and 630.Xr savecore 8 631.It Pa cron/ 632files used by cron; 633see 634.Xr cron 8 635.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 636.It Pa tabs/ 637crontab files; 638see 639.Xr crontab 5 640.El 641.Pp 642.It Pa db/ 643misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 644.It Pa empty/ 645empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege separation; 646see 647.Xr sshd 8 648.It Pa games/ 649misc. game status and score files 650.It Pa heimdal/ 651kerberos server databases; see 652.Xr kdc 8 653.It Pa log/ 654misc. system log files 655.Pp 656.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 657.It Pa wtmp 658login/logout log; 659see 660.Xr wtmp 5 661.El 662.Pp 663.It Pa mail/ 664user mailbox files 665.It Pa msgs/ 666system messages database; 667see 668.Xr msgs 1 669.It Pa preserve/ 670temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 671of an editor; 672see 673.Xr \&ex 1 674.It Pa quotas/ 675filesystem quota information files 676.It Pa run/ 677system information files describing various info about 678system since it was booted 679.Pp 680.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 681.It Pa ppp/ 682writable by the 683.Dq network 684group for command connection sockets; see 685.Xr ppp 8 686.It Pa utmp 687database of current users; 688see 689.Xr utmp 5 690.El 691.Pp 692.It Pa rwho/ 693rwho data files; 694see 695.Xr rwhod 8 , 696.Xr rwho 1 , 697and 698.Xr ruptime 1 699.It Pa spool/ 700misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 701.Pp 702.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 703.It Pa clientmqueue/ 704undelivered submission mail queue; 705see 706.Xr sendmail 8 707.It Pa ftp/ 708commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 709.It Pa mqueue/ 710undelivered mail queue; 711see 712.Xr sendmail 8 713.It Pa output/ 714line printer spooling directories 715.It Pa uucp/ 716uucp spool directory 717.It Pa uucppublic/ 718commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 719.El 720.Pp 721.It Pa tmp/ 722temporary files that are kept between system reboots 723.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 724.It Pa vi.recover/ 725the directory where recovery files are stored 726.El 727.It Pa yp/ 728the NIS maps 729.El 730.El 731.Sh NOTES 732This manual page documents the default 733.Dx 734filesystem layout, but 735the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 736administrator's discretion. 737A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 738this document. 739.Sh SEE ALSO 740.Xr apropos 1 , 741.Xr find 1 , 742.Xr finger 1 , 743.Xr grep 1 , 744.Xr ls 1 , 745.Xr whatis 1 , 746.Xr whereis 1 , 747.Xr which 1 , 748.Xr fsck 8 749.Sh HISTORY 750A 751.Nm 752manual page appeared in 753.At v7 . 754