1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.10 2007/05/12 21:27:31 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd August 23, 2006 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa /modules/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa defaults/" -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.El 57.It Pa /dev/ 58block and character device files 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa MAKEDEV" -compact 61.It Pa MAKEDEV 62script for creating device files; 63see 64.Xr MAKEDEV 8 65.It Pa fd/ 66file descriptor files; 67see 68.Xr \&fd 4 69.El 70.It Pa /etc/ 71system configuration files and scripts 72.Pp 73.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa defaults/" -compact 74.It Pa defaults/ 75default system configuration files; 76see 77.Xr rc 8 78.It Pa isdn/ 79isdn4bsd configuration files; 80see 81.Xr isdnd 8 82.It Pa localtime 83local timezone information; 84see 85.Xr ctime 3 86.It Pa mail/ 87Sendmail control files 88.It Pa mtree/ 89mtree configuration files; 90see 91.Xr mtree 8 92.It Pa namedb/ 93named configuration files; 94see 95.Xr named 8 96.It Pa periodic/ 97scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 98.Xr cron 8 ; 99see 100.Xr periodic 8 101.It Pa ppp/ 102ppp configuration files; 103see 104.Xr ppp 8 105.It Pa ssl/ 106OpenSSL configuration files 107.It Pa uucp/ 108uucp configuration files; 109see 110.Xr uucp 1 111.El 112.It Pa /home/ 113HOME directories of non-root users 114.It Pa /kernel 115pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 116at boot time). 117.It Pa /mnt/ 118empty directory commonly used by 119system administrators as a temporary mount point 120.It Pa /modules/ 121loadable kernel modules; 122see 123.Xr kldstat 8 124.It Pa /proc/ 125process file system; 126see 127.Xr procfs 5 , 128.Xr mount_procfs 8 129.It Pa /root/ 130root's HOME directory 131.It Pa /sbin/ 132system programs and administration utilities 133fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 134.It Pa /sys/ 135the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 136.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 137.It Pa /tmp/ 138temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 139.It Pa /usr/ 140contains the majority of user utilities and applications 141.Pp 142.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa libdata/" -compact 143.It Pa bin/ 144common utilities, programming tools, and applications 145.It Pa games/ 146useful and semi-frivolous programs 147.It Pa include/ 148standard C include files 149.Pp 150.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa libmilter/" -compact 151.It Pa arpa/ 152C include files for Internet service protocols 153.It Pa c++/ 154C++ include files 155.It Pa cam/ 156C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 157.Pp 158.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa scsi/" -compact 159.It Pa scsi/ 160The SCSI device on top of CAM 161.El 162.Pp 163.It Pa dev/ 164C include files for programming various 165.Dx 166devices 167.It Pa emulation/ 168Include Files for various emulation layers 169.It Pa fs/ 170.Pp 171.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa smbfs/" -compact 172.It Pa smbfs/ 173SMB/CIFS filesystem 174.El 175.Pp 176.It Pa isc/ 177ISC utility library libisc include files 178.It Pa isofs/ 179.Pp 180.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa cd9660/" -compact 181.It Pa cd9660/ 182iso9660 filesystem 183.El 184.Pp 185.It Pa libmilter/ 186C include files for libmilter, 187the sendmail mail filter API 188.It Pa machine/ 189machine-specific C include files 190.It Pa msdosfs/ 191MS-DOS file system 192.It Pa net/ 193misc network C include files 194.It Pa netatalk/ 195Appletalk protocol 196.It Pa netatm/ 197ATM include files; 198see 199.Xr atm 8 200.It Pa netinet/ 201C include files for Internet standard protocols; 202see 203.Xr inet 4 204.It Pa netinet6/ 205C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 206see 207.Xr inet6 4 208.It Pa netipx/ 209IPX/SPX protocol stacks 210.It Pa netkey/ 211kernel key-management service 212.It Pa netnatm/ 213NATM include files; 214see 215.Xr natm 4 216.It Pa netns/ 217Xerox NS protocols 218.It Pa netsmb/ 219SMB/CIFS requester 220.It Pa nfs/ 221C include files for NFS (Network File System) 222.It Pa objc/ 223Objective C include files 224.It Pa openssl/ 225OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 226.It Pa pccard/ 227PC-CARD controllers 228.It Pa protocols/ 229C include files for Berkeley service protocols 230.It Pa readline/ 231get a line from a user, with editing; 232see 233.Xr readline 3 234.It Pa rpc/ 235remote procedure calls; 236see 237.Xr rpc 3 238.It Pa rpcsvc/ 239definition of RPC service structures; see 240.Xr rpc 3 241.It Pa security/ 242PAM; see 243.Xr pam 8 244.It Pa sys/ 245system C include files (kernel data structures) 246.It Pa ufs/ 247C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 248.Pp 249.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ffs/" -compact 250.It Pa ffs/ 251Fast filesystem 252.It Pa mfs/ 253memory file system; 254see 255.Xr mount_mfs 8 256.It Pa ufs/ 257UFS filesystem 258.El 259.Pp 260.It Pa vm/ 261virtual memory; 262see 263.Xr vmstat 8 264.El 265.Pp 266.It Pa lib/ 267archive libraries 268.Pp 269.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa compat/" -compact 270.It Pa aout/ 271a.out archive libraries 272.It Pa compat/ 273shared libraries for compatibility 274.Pp 275.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa aout/" -compact 276.It Pa aout/ 277a.out backward compatibility libraries 278.El 279.El 280.Pp 281.It Pa libdata/ 282misc. utility data files 283.Pp 284.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa stallion/" -compact 285.It Pa doscmd/ 286files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 287see 288.Xr doscmd 1 289.Pp 290.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa fonts/" -compact 291.It Pa fonts/ 292fonts used by doscmd 293.El 294.Pp 295.It Pa lint/ 296various prebuilt lint libraries; 297see 298.Xr lint 1 299.It Pa msdosfs/ 300Character set conversion tables 301.It Pa stallion/ 302holds the download firmware images 303.El 304.Pp 305.It Pa libexec/ 306system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 307.Pp 308.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa binutils215/" -compact 309.It Pa lpr/ 310utilities and filters for LP print system; 311see 312.Xr lpr 1 313.It Pa binutils215/ 314.Pp 315.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ldscripts/" -compact 316.It Pa ldscripts/ 317linker scripts; 318see 319.Xr ld 1 320.El 321.Pp 322.It Pa sendmail/ 323the sendmail binary; 324see 325.Xr mailwrapper 8 326and 327.Xr sendmail 8 328.It Pa sm.bin/ 329restricted shell for sendmail; 330see 331.Xr smrsh 8 332.It Pa uucp/ 333uucp utilities; 334see 335.Xr uucp 1 336.El 337.Pp 338.It Pa local/ 339local executables, libraries, etc. 340Within 341.Pa local/ , 342the general layout sketched out by 343.Xr hier 7 344for 345.Pa /usr 346should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under 347.Pa local/ 348rather than under 349.Pa local/share/ ) , 350documentation (in 351.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 352and 353.Pa /usr/local/etc 354.Pf ( mimics 355.Pa /etc ) . 356.It Pa obj/ 357architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 358.Pa /usr/src 359tree 360.It Pa pkg/ 361default destination directory for the pkgsrc collection. 362Within 363.Pa pkg/ , 364the general layout sketched out by 365.Xr hier 7 366for 367.Pa /usr 368should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under 369.Pa pkg/ 370rather than under 371.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 372documentation (in 373.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 374and 375.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 376.Pf ( mimics 377.Pa /etc ) . 378.It Pa pkgsrc/ 379The 380.Nx 381pkgsrc collection (optional). 382.It Pa sbin/ 383system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 384.It Pa share/ 385architecture-independent files 386.Pp 387.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa groff_font/" -compact 388.It Pa calendar/ 389a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 390see 391.Xr calendar 1 392.It Pa dict/ 393word lists; 394see 395.Xr look 1 396.Pp 397.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa papers/" -compact 398.It Pa web2 399words from Webster's 2nd International 400.It Pa words 401common words 402.It Pa papers/ 403reference databases; 404see 405.Xr refer 1 406.El 407.Pp 408.It Pa doc/ 409miscellaneous documentation; 410.Pp 411.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa handbook/" -compact 412.It Pa handbook/ 413A copy of the handbook 414.El 415.Pp 416.It Pa examples/ 417various examples for users and programmers 418.It Pa games/ 419ASCII text files used by various games 420.It Pa groff_font/ 421device description file for device name 422.It Pa info/ 423GNU Info hypertext system 424.It Pa isdn/ 425ISDN 426.It Pa libg++/ 427libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 428.It Pa locale/ 429localization files; 430see 431.Xr setlocale 3 432.It Pa man/ 433manual pages 434.It Pa me/ 435macros for use with the me macro package; 436see 437.Xr me 7 438.It Pa misc/ 439misc system-wide ASCII text files 440.Pp 441.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa termcap" -compact 442.It Pa termcap 443terminal characteristics database; 444see 445.Xr termcap 5 446.El 447.Pp 448.It Pa mk/ 449templates for make; 450see 451.Xr make 1 452.It Pa nls/ 453national language support files; 454see 455.Xr mklocale 1 456.It Pa sendmail/ 457sendmail configuration files; 458see 459.Xr sendmail 8 460.It Pa skel/ 461example . (dot) files for new accounts 462.It Pa syscons/ 463files used by syscons; 464see 465.Xr syscons 4 466.Pp 467.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 468.It Pa fonts/ 469console fonts; 470see 471.Xr vidcontrol 1 472and 473.Xr vidfont 1 474.It Pa keymaps/ 475console keyboard maps; 476see 477.Xr kbdcontrol 1 478and 479.Xr kbdmap 1 480.It Pa scrnmaps/ 481console screen maps 482.El 483.Pp 484.It Pa tabset/ 485tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 486the termcap file; 487see 488.Xr termcap 5 489.It Pa tmac/ 490text processing macros; 491see 492.Xr nroff 1 493and 494.Xr troff 1 495.It Pa vi/ 496localization support and utilities for 497.Xr vi 1 498.It Pa zoneinfo/ 499timezone configuration information; 500see 501.Xr tzfile 5 502.El 503.Pp 504.It Pa src/ 505.Bx , 506third-party, and/or local source files 507.Pp 508.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa kerberos5/" -compact 509.It Pa bin/ 510source code for files in 511.Pa /bin 512.It Pa contrib/ 513source code for contributed software 514.It Pa crypto/ 515source code for contributed cryptography software 516.It Pa etc/ 517source code for files in 518.Pa /etc 519.It Pa games/ 520source code for files in 521.Pa /usr/games 522.It Pa gnu/ 523Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 524.It Pa include/ 525source code for files in 526.Pa /usr/include 527.It Pa kerberos5/ 528source code for kerberos version 5 529.It Pa lib/ 530source code for files in 531.Pa /usr/lib 532.It Pa libexec/ 533source code for files in 534.Pa /usr/libexec 535.It Pa nrelease/ 536files required to produce a 537.Dx 538release 539.It Pa sbin/ 540source code for files in 541.Pa /sbin 542.It Pa secure/ 543build directory for files in 544.Pa /usr/src/crypto 545.It Pa share/ 546source for files in 547.Pa /usr/share 548.It Pa sys/ 549kernel source code 550.It Pa tools/ 551tools used for maintenance and testing of 552.Dx 553.It Pa usr.bin/ 554source code for files in 555.Pa /usr/bin 556.It Pa usr.sbin/ 557source code for files in 558.Pa /usr/sbin 559.El 560.El 561.It Pa /var/ 562multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 563.Pp 564.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa preserve/" -compact 565.It Pa account/ 566system accounting files 567.Pp 568.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa acct" -compact 569.It Pa acct 570execution accounting file; 571see 572.Xr acct 5 573.El 574.Pp 575.It Pa at/ 576timed command scheduling files; 577see 578.Xr \&at 1 579.Pp 580.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa spool/" -compact 581.It Pa jobs/ 582directory containing job files 583.It Pa spool/ 584directory containing output spool files 585.El 586.Pp 587.It Pa backups/ 588misc. backup files 589.It Pa crash/ 590default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 591.Xr crash 8 592and 593.Xr savecore 8 594.It Pa cron/ 595files used by cron; 596see 597.Xr cron 8 598.Pp 599.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa tabs/" -compact 600.It Pa tabs/ 601crontab files; 602see 603.Xr crontab 5 604.El 605.Pp 606.It Pa db/ 607misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 608.It Pa empty/ 609empty directory used by 610.Xr sshd 8 611for privilege separation 612.It Pa games/ 613misc. game status and score files 614.It Pa heimdal/ 615kerberos server databases; see 616.Xr kdc 8 617.It Pa log/ 618misc. system log files 619.Pp 620.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa wtmp" -compact 621.It Pa wtmp 622login/logout log; 623see 624.Xr wtmp 5 625.El 626.Pp 627.It Pa mail/ 628user mailbox files 629.It Pa msgs/ 630system messages database; 631see 632.Xr msgs 1 633.It Pa preserve/ 634temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 635of an editor; 636see 637.Xr \&ex 1 638.It Pa quotas/ 639filesystem quota information files 640.It Pa run/ 641system information files describing various info about 642system since it was booted 643.Pp 644.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ppp/" -compact 645.It Pa ppp/ 646writable by the 647.Dq network 648group for command connection sockets; see 649.Xr ppp 8 650.It Pa utmp 651database of current users; 652see 653.Xr utmp 5 654.El 655.Pp 656.It Pa rwho/ 657rwho data files; 658see 659.Xr rwhod 8 , 660.Xr rwho 1 , 661and 662.Xr ruptime 1 663.It Pa spool/ 664misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 665.Pp 666.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 667.It Pa clientmqueue/ 668undelivered submission mail queue; 669see 670.Xr sendmail 8 671.It Pa ftp/ 672commonly 673.Pa ~ftp ; 674the anonymous ftp root directory 675.It Pa mqueue/ 676undelivered mail queue; 677see 678.Xr sendmail 8 679.It Pa output/ 680line printer spooling directories 681.It Pa uucp/ 682uucp spool directory 683.It Pa uucppublic/ 684commonly 685.Pa ~uucp ; 686public uucp temporary directory 687.El 688.Pp 689.It Pa tmp/ 690temporary files that are kept between system reboots 691.Pp 692.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa vi.recover/" -compact 693.It Pa vi.recover/ 694the directory where recovery files are stored 695.El 696.Pp 697.It Pa yp/ 698the NIS maps 699.El 700.El 701.Sh NOTES 702This manual page documents the default 703.Dx 704filesystem layout, but 705the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 706administrator's discretion. 707A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 708this document. 709.Sh SEE ALSO 710.Xr apropos 1 , 711.Xr find 1 , 712.Xr finger 1 , 713.Xr grep 1 , 714.Xr ls 1 , 715.Xr whatis 1 , 716.Xr whereis 1 , 717.Xr which 1 , 718.Xr fsck 8 719.Sh HISTORY 720A 721.Nm 722manual page appeared in 723.At v7 . 724