1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.4 2004/03/11 12:28:56 hmp Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd June 5, 1993 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.El 57.It Pa /dev/ 58block and character device files 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 61.It Pa MAKEDEV 62script for creating device files; 63see 64.Xr MAKEDEV 8 65.It Pa fd/ 66file descriptor files; 67see 68.Xr \&fd 4 69.El 70.It Pa /etc/ 71system configuration files and scripts 72.Pp 73.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 74.It Pa defaults/ 75default system configuration files; 76see 77.Xr rc 8 78.It Pa gnats/ 79gnats configuration files; 80see 81.Xr send-pr 1 82.It Pa isdn/ 83isdn4bsd configuration files; 84see 85.Xr isdnd 8 86.It Pa localtime 87local timezone information; 88see 89.Xr ctime 3 90.It Pa mail/ 91Sendmail control files 92.It Pa mtree/ 93mtree configuration files; 94see 95.Xr mtree 8 96.It Pa namedb/ 97named configuration files; 98see 99.Xr named 8 100.It Pa periodic/ 101scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 102.Xr cron 8 ; 103see 104.Xr periodic 8 105.It Pa ppp/ 106ppp configuration files; 107see 108.Xr ppp 8 109.It Pa ssl/ 110OpenSSL configuration files 111.It Pa uucp/ 112uucp configuration files; 113see 114.Xr uucp 1 115.El 116.It Pa /kernel 117pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 118at boot time). 119.It Pa /modules/ 120loadable kernel modules; 121see 122.Xr kldstat 8 123.It Pa /mnt/ 124empty directory commonly used by 125system administrators as a temporary mount point 126.It Pa /proc/ 127process file system; 128see 129.Xr procfs 5 , 130.Xr mount_procfs 8 131.It Pa /root/ 132root's HOME directory 133.It Pa /sbin/ 134system programs and administration utilities 135fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 136.It Pa /stand/ 137programs used in a standalone environment 138.It Pa /tmp/ 139temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 140.It Pa /usr/ 141contains the majority of user utilities and applications 142.Pp 143.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 144.It Pa bin/ 145common utilities, programming tools, and applications 146.It Pa games/ 147useful and semi-frivolous programs 148.It Pa include/ 149standard C include files 150.Pp 151.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 152.It Pa arpa/ 153C include files for Internet service protocols 154.It Pa cam/ 155C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 156.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 157.It Pa scsi/ 158The SCSI device on top of CAM 159.El 160.It Pa dev/ 161C include files for programming various 162.Dx 163devices 164.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 165.It Pa ppbus/ 166The parallel port bus; 167see 168.Xr ppbus 4 169.It Pa usb/ 170The USB subsystem 171.El 172.It Pa fs/ 173.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 174.It Pa smbfs/ 175SMB/CIFS filesystem 176.El 177.It Pa g++/ 178GNU C++ include files 179.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 180.It Pa std/ 181GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 182.El 183.It Pa isc/ 184ISC utility library libisc include files 185.It Pa isofs/ 186.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 187.It Pa cd9660/ 188iso9660 filesystem 189.El 190.It Pa libmilter/ 191C include files for libmilter, 192the sendmail mail filter API 193.It Pa machine/ 194machine-specific C include files 195.It Pa msdosfs/ 196MS-DOS file system 197.It Pa net/ 198misc network C include files 199.It Pa netatalk/ 200Appletalk protocol 201.It Pa netatm/ 202ATM include files; 203see 204.Xr atm 8 205.It Pa netinet/ 206C include files for Internet standard protocols; 207see 208.Xr inet 4 209.It Pa netinet6/ 210C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 211see 212.Xr inet6 4 213.It Pa netipx/ 214IPX/SPX protocol stacks 215.It Pa netkey/ 216kernel key-management service 217.It Pa netnatm/ 218NATM include files; 219see 220.Xr natm 4 221.It Pa netns/ 222Xerox NS protocols 223.It Pa netsmb/ 224SMB/CIFS requester 225.It Pa nfs/ 226C include files for NFS (Network File System) 227.It Pa objc/ 228Objective C include files 229.It Pa openssl/ 230OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 231.It Pa pccard/ 232PC-CARD controllers 233.It Pa posix4/ 234POSIX real-time extensions includes; 235see 236.Xr p1003_1b 9 237.It Pa protocols/ 238C include files for Berkeley service protocols 239.It Pa readline/ 240get a line from a user, with editing; 241see 242.Xr readline 3 243.It Pa rpc/ 244remote procedure calls; 245see 246.Xr rpc 3 247.It Pa rpcsvc/ 248definition of RPC service structures; see 249.Xr rpc 3 250.It Pa security/ 251PAM; see 252.Xr pam 8 253.It Pa ss/ 254MIT SIPB 255.Sq subsystem 256library, part of Kerberos IV. 257.It Pa sys/ 258system C include files (kernel data structures) 259.\" .It Pa tcl/ 260.\" Tcl language; 261.\" see 262.\" .Xr Tcl n 263.\" .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 264.\" .It Pa generic/ 265.\" ??? 266.\" .It Pa unix/ 267.\" ??? 268.\" .El 269.It Pa ufs/ 270C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 271.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 272.It Pa ffs/ 273Fast filesystem 274.It Pa mfs/ 275memory file system; 276see 277.Xr mount_mfs 8 278.It Pa ufs/ 279UFS filesystem 280.El 281.It Pa vm/ 282virtual memory; 283see 284.Xr vmstat 8 285.El 286.Pp 287.It Pa lib/ 288archive libraries 289.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 290.It Pa aout/ 291a.out archive libraries 292.It Pa compat/ 293shared libraries for compatibility 294.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 295.It Pa aout/ 296a.out backward compatibility libraries 297.El 298.El 299.Pp 300.It Pa libdata/ 301misc. utility data files 302.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 303.It Pa doscmd/ 304files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 305see 306.Xr doscmd 1 307.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 308.It Pa fonts/ 309fonts used by doscmd 310.El 311.It Pa gcc/ 312??? 313.It Pa ldscripts/ 314linker scripts; 315see 316.Xr ld 1 317.It Pa lint/ 318various prebuilt lint libraries; 319see 320.Xr lint 1 321.It Pa msdosfs/ 322Character set conversion tables 323.It Pa perl/ 324.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 325.It Pa 5.00503/ 326contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 327see 328.Xr perl 1 329.El 330.It Pa stallion/ 331holds the download firmware images 332.El 333.Pp 334.It Pa libexec/ 335system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 336.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 337.It Pa aout/ 338utilities to manipulate a.out executables 339.It Pa elf/ 340utilities to manipulate ELF executables 341.It Pa lpr/ 342utilities and filters for LP print system; 343see 344.Xr lpr 1 345.It Pa sendmail/ 346the sendmail binary; 347see 348.Xr mailwrapper 8 349and 350.Xr sendmail 8 351.It Pa sm.bin/ 352restricted shell for sendmail; 353see 354.Xr smrsh 8 355.It Pa uucp/ 356uucp utilities; 357see 358.Xr uucp 1 359.El 360.Pp 361.It Pa local/ 362local executables, libraries, etc. 363Also used as the default destination for the 364.Fx 365ports framework. 366Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 367.Xr hier 7 368for /usr 369should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 370rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 371and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 372.It Pa obj/ 373architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 374.It Pa ports/ 375The 376.Fx 377ports collection (optional). 378.It Pa sbin/ 379system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 380.It Pa share/ 381architecture-independent files 382.Pp 383.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 384.It Pa calendar/ 385a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 386see 387.Xr calendar 1 388.It Pa dict/ 389word lists; 390see 391.Xr look 1 392.Pp 393.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 394.It Pa web2 395words from Webster's 2nd International 396.It Pa words 397common words 398.It Pa papers/ 399reference databases; 400see 401.Xr refer 1 402.El 403.Pp 404.It Pa doc/ 405miscellaneous documentation; 406source for most of the printed 407.Bx 408manuals (available 409from the 410.Tn USENIX 411association) 412.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 413.It Pa FAQ/ 414Frequently Asked Questions 415.It Pa IPv6/ 416implementation notes for IPv6 417.It Pa bind/ 418documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 419.It Pa es/ 420Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 421.It Pa handbook/ 422.Fx 423Handbook 424.It Pa ja/ 425Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 426.It Pa ncurses/ 427HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 428see 429.Xr ncurses 3X 430.It Pa ntp/ 431HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 432.It Pa papers/ 433UNIX Papers 434.It Pa psd/ 435UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 436.It Pa ru/ 437Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 438.It Pa smm/ 439UNIX System Manager's Manual 440.It Pa tutorials/ 441.Fx 442tutorials 443.It Pa usd/ 444UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 445.It Pa zh/ 446Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 447.El 448.Pp 449.It Pa examples/ 450various examples for users and programmers 451.It Pa games/ 452ASCII text files used by various games 453.It Pa groff_font/ 454device description file for device name 455.It Pa info/ 456GNU Info hypertext system 457.It Pa isdn/ 458ISDN 459.It Pa libg++/ 460libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 461.It Pa locale/ 462localization files; 463see 464.Xr setlocale 3 465.It Pa man/ 466manual pages 467.It Pa me/ 468macros for use with the me macro package; 469see 470.Xr me 7 471.It Pa misc/ 472misc system-wide ASCII text files 473.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 474.It Pa fonts/ 475??? 476.It Pa pcvtfonts/ 477pcvt fonts; 478see 479.Xr pcvt 4 480.It Pa termcap 481terminal characteristics database; 482see 483.Xr termcap 5 484.El 485.It Pa mk/ 486templates for make; 487see 488.Xr make 1 489.It Pa nls/ 490national language support files; 491see 492.Xr mklocale 1 493.It Pa pcvt/ 494pcvt documentation and etc examples; 495see 496.Xr pcvt 4 497.It Pa perl/ 498perl library files; 499see 500.Xr perl 1 501.It Pa sendmail/ 502sendmail configuration files; 503see 504.Xr sendmail 8 505.It Pa skel/ 506example . (dot) files for new accounts 507.It Pa syscons/ 508files used by syscons; 509see 510.Xr syscons 4 511.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 512.It Pa fonts/ 513console fonts; 514see 515.Xr vidcontrol 1 516and 517.Xr vidfont 1 518.It Pa keymaps/ 519console keyboard maps; 520see 521.Xr kbdcontrol 1 522and 523.Xr kbdmap 1 524.It Pa scrnmaps/ 525console screen maps 526.El 527.It Pa tabset/ 528tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 529the termcap file; 530see 531.Xr termcap 5 532.It Pa tmac/ 533text processing macros; 534see 535.Xr nroff 1 536and 537.Xr troff 1 538.It Pa vi/ 539localization support and utilities for 540.Xr vi 1 541.It Pa zoneinfo/ 542timezone configuration information; 543see 544.Xr tzfile 5 545.El 546.It Pa src/ 547.Bx , 548third-party, and/or local source files 549.Pp 550.Bl -tag -width "contrib/" -compact 551.It Pa bin/ 552source code for files in /bin 553.It Pa contrib/ 554source code for contributed software 555.It Pa crypto/ 556source code for contributed cryptography software 557.It Pa etc/ 558source code for files in /etc 559.It Pa games/ 560source code for files in /usr/games 561.It Pa gnu/ 562Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 563.It Pa include/ 564source code for files in /usr/include 565.It Pa contrib/ 566source code for kerberos version IV 567.It Pa lib/ 568source code for files in /usr/lib 569.It Pa libexec/ 570source code for files in /usr/libexec 571.It Pa release/ 572files required to produce a 573.Dx 574release 575.It Pa sbin/ 576source code for files in /sbin 577.It Pa secure/ 578build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 579.It Pa share/ 580source for files in /usr/share 581.It Pa sys/ 582kernel source code 583.It Pa tools/ 584tools used for maintenance and testing of 585.Dx 586.It Pa usr.bin/ 587source code for files in /usr/bin 588.It Pa usr.sbin/ 589source code for files in /usr/sbin 590.El 591.Pp 592.It Pa X11R6/ 593X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 594.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 595.It Pa bin/ 596X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 597.It Pa etc/ 598X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 599.It Pa include/ 600X11R6 include files. 601.It Pa lib/ 602X11R6 libraries. 603.It Pa man/ 604X11R6 manual pages. 605.It Pa share/ 606architecture-independent files. 607.El 608.El 609.It Pa /var/ 610multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 611.Pp 612.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 613.It Pa account/ 614system accounting files 615.Pp 616.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 617.It Pa acct 618execution accounting file; 619see 620.Xr acct 5 621.El 622.Pp 623.It Pa at/ 624timed command scheduling files; 625see 626.Xr \&at 1 627.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 628.It Pa jobs/ 629directory containing job files 630.It Pa spool/ 631directory containing output spool files 632.El 633.Pp 634.It Pa backups/ 635misc. backup files 636.It Pa crash/ 637default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 638.Xr crash 8 639and 640.Xr savecore 8 641.It Pa cron/ 642files used by cron; 643see 644.Xr cron 8 645.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 646.It Pa tabs/ 647crontab files; 648see 649.Xr crontab 5 650.El 651.Pp 652.It Pa db/ 653misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 654.It Pa empty/ 655empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege separation; 656see 657.Xr sshd 8 658.It Pa games/ 659misc. game status and score files 660.It Pa heimdal/ 661kerberos server databases; see 662.Xr kdc 8 663.It Pa log/ 664misc. system log files 665.Pp 666.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 667.It Pa wtmp 668login/logout log; 669see 670.Xr wtmp 5 671.El 672.Pp 673.It Pa mail/ 674user mailbox files 675.It Pa msgs/ 676system messages database; 677see 678.Xr msgs 1 679.It Pa preserve/ 680temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 681of an editor; 682see 683.Xr \&ex 1 684.It Pa quotas/ 685filesystem quota information files 686.It Pa run/ 687system information files describing various info about 688system since it was booted 689.Pp 690.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 691.It Pa ppp/ 692writable by the 693.Dq network 694group for command connection sockets; see 695.Xr ppp 8 696.It Pa utmp 697database of current users; 698see 699.Xr utmp 5 700.El 701.Pp 702.It Pa rwho/ 703rwho data files; 704see 705.Xr rwhod 8 , 706.Xr rwho 1 , 707and 708.Xr ruptime 1 709.It Pa spool/ 710misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 711.Pp 712.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 713.It Pa clientmqueue/ 714undelivered submission mail queue; 715see 716.Xr sendmail 8 717.It Pa ftp/ 718commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 719.It Pa mqueue/ 720undelivered mail queue; 721see 722.Xr sendmail 8 723.It Pa output/ 724line printer spooling directories 725.It Pa uucp/ 726uucp spool directory 727.It Pa uucppublic/ 728commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 729.El 730.Pp 731.It Pa tmp/ 732temporary files that are kept between system reboots 733.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 734.It Pa vi.recover/ 735the directory where recovery files are stored 736.El 737.It Pa yp/ 738the NIS maps 739.El 740.El 741.Sh NOTES 742This manual page documents the default 743.Dx 744filesystem layout, but 745the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 746administrator's discretion. 747A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 748this document. 749.Sh SEE ALSO 750.Xr apropos 1 , 751.Xr find 1 , 752.Xr finger 1 , 753.Xr grep 1 , 754.Xr ls 1 , 755.Xr whatis 1 , 756.Xr whereis 1 , 757.Xr which 1 , 758.Xr fsck 8 759.Sh HISTORY 760A 761.Nm 762manual page appeared in 763.At v7 . 764