1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.26 2008/09/06 14:24:44 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd September 2, 2008 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.It Pa kernel 57pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 58at boot time). 59.It Pa modules/ 60loadable kernel modules; 61see 62.Xr kldstat 8 63.El 64.It Pa /dev/ 65block and character device files 66.Pp 67.Bl -tag -width ".Pa MAKEDEV" -compact 68.It Pa MAKEDEV 69script for creating device files; 70see 71.Xr MAKEDEV 8 72.It Pa fd/ 73file descriptor files; 74see 75.Xr \&fd 4 76.El 77.It Pa /etc/ 78system configuration files and scripts 79.Pp 80.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 81.It Pa bluetooth/ 82bluetooth configuration files 83.It Pa defaults/ 84default system configuration files; 85see 86.Xr rc 8 87.It Pa dma/ 88.Xr dma 8 89configuration files 90.It Pa firmware/ 91Firmware image files; 92see 93.Xr firmware 9 94.It Pa isdn/ 95isdn4bsd configuration files; 96see 97.Xr isdnd 8 98.It Pa localtime 99local timezone information; 100see 101.Xr ctime 3 102.It Pa mail/ 103Sendmail control files 104.It Pa mtree/ 105mtree configuration files; 106see 107.Xr mtree 8 108.It Pa namedb/ 109named configuration files; 110see 111.Xr named 8 112.It Pa pam.d/ 113configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 114library 115.It Pa periodic/ 116scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 117.Xr cron 8 ; 118see 119.Xr periodic 8 120.It Pa ppp/ 121ppp configuration files; 122see 123.Xr ppp 8 124.It Pa rc.d/ 125System and daemon startup/control scripts; 126see 127.Xr rc 8 128.It Pa ssh/ 129OpenSSH configuration files; 130see 131.Xr ssh 1 132.It Pa ssl/ 133OpenSSL configuration files 134.It Pa upgrade/ 135Files relevant to system upgrades 136.It Pa uucp/ 137uucp configuration files; 138see 139.Xr uucp 1 140.El 141.It Pa /home/ 142HOME directories of non-root users 143.It Pa /mnt/ 144empty directory commonly used by 145system administrators as a temporary mount point 146.It Pa /proc/ 147process file system; 148see 149.Xr procfs 5 , 150.Xr mount_procfs 8 151.It Pa /root/ 152root's HOME directory 153.It Pa /sbin/ 154system programs and administration utilities 155fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 156.It Pa /sys/ 157the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 158.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 159.It Pa /tmp/ 160temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 161.It Pa /usr/ 162contains the majority of user utilities and applications 163.Pp 164.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 165.It Pa bin/ 166common utilities, programming tools, and applications 167.It Pa games/ 168useful and semi-frivolous programs 169.It Pa include/ 170standard C include files 171.Pp 172.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 173.It Pa arpa/ 174C include files for Internet service protocols 175.It Pa c++/ 176C++ include files 177.It Pa cam/ 178C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 179.Pp 180.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 181.It Pa scsi/ 182The SCSI device on top of CAM 183.El 184.Pp 185.It Pa dev/ 186C include files for programming various 187.Dx 188devices 189.It Pa emulation/ 190Include Files for various emulation layers 191.It Pa fs/ 192.Pp 193.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 194.It Pa smbfs/ 195SMB/CIFS filesystem 196.El 197.Pp 198.It Pa isc/ 199ISC utility library libisc include files 200.It Pa isofs/ 201.Pp 202.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 203.It Pa cd9660/ 204iso9660 filesystem 205.El 206.Pp 207.It Pa libmilter/ 208C include files for libmilter, 209the sendmail mail filter API 210.It Pa machine/ 211machine-specific C include files 212.It Pa msdosfs/ 213MS-DOS file system 214.It Pa net/ 215misc network C include files 216.It Pa netatalk/ 217Appletalk protocol 218.It Pa netatm/ 219ATM include files; 220see 221.Xr atm 8 222.It Pa netinet/ 223C include files for Internet standard protocols; 224see 225.Xr inet 4 226.It Pa netinet6/ 227C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 228see 229.Xr inet6 4 230.It Pa netipx/ 231IPX/SPX protocol stacks 232.It Pa netkey/ 233kernel key-management service 234.It Pa netnatm/ 235NATM include files; 236see 237.Xr natm 4 238.It Pa netns/ 239Xerox NS protocols 240.It Pa netsmb/ 241SMB/CIFS requester 242.It Pa nfs/ 243C include files for NFS (Network File System) 244.It Pa objc/ 245Objective C include files 246.It Pa openssl/ 247OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 248.It Pa pccard/ 249PC-CARD controllers 250.It Pa protocols/ 251C include files for Berkeley service protocols 252.It Pa readline/ 253get a line from a user, with editing; 254see 255.Xr readline 3 256.It Pa rpc/ 257remote procedure calls; 258see 259.Xr rpc 3 260.It Pa rpcsvc/ 261definition of RPC service structures; see 262.Xr rpc 3 263.It Pa security/ 264PAM; see 265.Xr pam 8 266.It Pa sys/ 267system C include files (kernel data structures) 268.It Pa ufs/ 269C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 270.Pp 271.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 272.It Pa ffs/ 273Fast filesystem 274.It Pa mfs/ 275memory file system; 276see 277.Xr mount_mfs 8 278.It Pa ufs/ 279UFS filesystem 280.El 281.Pp 282.It Pa vm/ 283virtual memory; 284see 285.Xr vmstat 8 286.El 287.Pp 288.It Pa lib/ 289archive libraries 290.Pp 291.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 292.It Pa aout/ 293a.out archive libraries 294.It Pa compat/ 295shared libraries for compatibility 296.Pp 297.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 298.It Pa aout/ 299a.out backward compatibility libraries 300.El 301.El 302.Pp 303.It Pa libdata/ 304misc. utility data files 305.Pp 306.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact 307.It Pa doscmd/ 308files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 309see 310.Xr doscmd 1 311.Pp 312.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact 313.It Pa fonts/ 314fonts used by doscmd 315.El 316.Pp 317.It Pa lint/ 318various prebuilt lint libraries; 319see 320.Xr lint 1 321.It Pa msdosfs/ 322Character set conversion tables 323.It Pa stallion/ 324holds the download firmware images 325.El 326.Pp 327.It Pa libexec/ 328system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 329.Pp 330.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact 331.It Pa binutils217/ 332.Pp 333.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 334.It Pa ldscripts/ 335linker scripts; 336see 337.Xr ld 1 338.El 339.Pp 340.It Pa lpr/ 341utilities and filters for LP print system; 342see 343.Xr lpr 1 344.It Pa sendmail/ 345the sendmail binary; 346see 347.Xr mailwrapper 8 348and 349.Xr sendmail 8 350.It Pa sm.bin/ 351restricted shell for sendmail; 352see 353.Xr smrsh 8 354.It Pa uucp/ 355uucp utilities; 356see 357.Xr uucp 1 358.El 359.Pp 360.It Pa local/ 361local executables, libraries, etc. 362Within 363.Pa local/ , 364the general layout sketched out by 365.Xr hier 7 366for 367.Pa /usr 368should be used. 369Exceptions are the 370.Pa man/ 371directory (directly under 372.Pa local/ 373rather than under 374.Pa local/share/ ) , 375documentation (in 376.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 377and 378.Pa /usr/local/etc 379.Pf ( mimics 380.Pa /etc ) . 381.It Pa obj/ 382architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 383.Pa /usr/src 384tree 385.It Pa pkg/ 386default destination directory for the 387.Xr pkgsrc 7 388collection. 389Within 390.Pa pkg/ , 391the general layout sketched out by 392.Xr hier 7 393for 394.Pa /usr 395should be used. 396Exceptions are the 397.Pa man/ 398directory (directly under 399.Pa pkg/ 400rather than under 401.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 402documentation (in 403.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 404and 405.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 406.Pf ( mimics 407.Pa /etc ) . 408.It Pa pkgsrc/ 409The 410.Xr pkgsrc 7 411collection (optional). 412.It Pa sbin/ 413system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 414.It Pa share/ 415architecture-independent files 416.Pp 417.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 418.It Pa calendar/ 419a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 420see 421.Xr calendar 1 422.It Pa dict/ 423word lists; 424see 425.Xr look 1 426.Pp 427.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 428.It Pa web2 429words from Webster's 2nd International 430.It Pa words 431common words 432.It Pa papers/ 433reference databases; 434see 435.Xr refer 1 436.El 437.Pp 438.It Pa examples/ 439various examples for users and programmers 440.It Pa games/ 441ASCII text files used by various games 442.It Pa groff_font/ 443device description file for device name 444.It Pa i18n/ 445internationalization databases; see 446.Xr iconv 3 447.It Pa info/ 448GNU Info hypertext system 449.It Pa isdn/ 450ISDN 451.It Pa libg++/ 452libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 453.It Pa locale/ 454localization files; 455see 456.Xr setlocale 3 457.It Pa man/ 458manual pages 459.It Pa me/ 460macros for use with the me macro package; 461see 462.Xr me 7 463.It Pa misc/ 464misc system-wide ASCII text files 465.Pp 466.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 467.It Pa termcap 468terminal characteristics database; 469see 470.Xr termcap 5 471.El 472.Pp 473.It Pa mk/ 474templates for make; 475see 476.Xr make 1 477.It Pa nls/ 478national language support files; 479see 480.Xr mklocale 1 481.It Pa openssl/ 482.Pp 483.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 484.It Pa man/ 485OpenSSL manual pages 486.El 487.Pp 488.It Pa sendmail/ 489sendmail configuration files; 490see 491.Xr sendmail 8 492.It Pa skel/ 493example . (dot) files for new accounts 494.It Pa syscons/ 495files used by 496.Xr syscons 4 497.Pp 498.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 499.It Pa fonts/ 500console fonts; 501see 502.Xr vidcontrol 1 503and 504.Xr vidfont 1 505.It Pa keymaps/ 506console keyboard maps; 507see 508.Xr kbdcontrol 1 509and 510.Xr kbdmap 1 511.It Pa scrnmaps/ 512console screen maps 513.El 514.Pp 515.It Pa tabset/ 516tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 517the termcap file; 518see 519.Xr termcap 5 520.It Pa tmac/ 521text processing macros; 522see 523.Xr nroff 1 524and 525.Xr troff 1 526.It Pa vi/ 527localization support and utilities for 528.Xr vi 1 529.It Pa zoneinfo/ 530timezone configuration information; 531see 532.Xr tzfile 5 533.El 534.Pp 535.It Pa src/ 536.Bx , 537third-party, and/or local source files 538.Pp 539.Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact 540.It Pa bin/ 541source code for files in 542.Pa /bin 543.It Pa contrib/ 544source code for contributed software 545.It Pa crypto/ 546source code for contributed cryptography software 547.It Pa etc/ 548source code for files in 549.Pa /etc 550.It Pa games/ 551source code for files in 552.Pa /usr/games 553.It Pa gnu/ 554Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 555.It Pa include/ 556source code for files in 557.Pa /usr/include 558.It Pa kerberos5/ 559source code for kerberos version 5 560.It Pa lib/ 561source code for files in 562.Pa /usr/lib 563.It Pa libexec/ 564source code for files in 565.Pa /usr/libexec 566.It Pa nrelease/ 567files required to produce a 568.Dx 569release 570.It Pa sbin/ 571source code for files in 572.Pa /sbin 573.It Pa secure/ 574build directory for files in 575.Pa /usr/src/crypto 576.It Pa share/ 577source for files in 578.Pa /usr/share 579.It Pa sys/ 580kernel source code 581.It Pa tools/ 582tools used for maintenance and testing of 583.Dx 584.It Pa usr.bin/ 585source code for files in 586.Pa /usr/bin 587.It Pa usr.sbin/ 588source code for files in 589.Pa /usr/sbin 590.El 591.El 592.It Pa /var/ 593multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 594.Pp 595.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 596.It Pa account/ 597system accounting files 598.Pp 599.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 600.It Pa acct 601execution accounting file; 602see 603.Xr acct 5 604.El 605.Pp 606.It Pa at/ 607timed command scheduling files; 608see 609.Xr \&at 1 610.Pp 611.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 612.It Pa jobs/ 613directory containing job files 614.It Pa spool/ 615directory containing output spool files 616.El 617.Pp 618.It Pa backups/ 619misc. backup files 620.It Pa crash/ 621default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 622.Xr crash 8 623and 624.Xr savecore 8 625.It Pa cron/ 626files used by cron; 627see 628.Xr cron 8 629.Pp 630.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 631.It Pa tabs/ 632crontab files; 633see 634.Xr crontab 5 635.El 636.Pp 637.It Pa db/ 638misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 639.It Pa empty/ 640empty directory used by 641.Xr sshd 8 642for privilege separation 643.It Pa games/ 644misc. game status and score files 645.It Pa heimdal/ 646kerberos server databases; see 647.Xr kdc 8 648.It Pa log/ 649misc. system log files 650.Pp 651.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 652.It Pa wtmp 653login/logout log; 654see 655.Xr wtmp 5 656.El 657.Pp 658.It Pa mail/ 659user mailbox files 660.It Pa msgs/ 661system messages database; 662see 663.Xr msgs 1 664.It Pa preserve/ 665temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 666of an editor; 667see 668.Xr \&ex 1 669.It Pa quotas/ 670filesystem quota information files 671.It Pa run/ 672system information files describing various info about 673system since it was booted 674.Pp 675.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 676.It Pa ppp/ 677writable by the 678.Dq network 679group for command connection sockets; see 680.Xr ppp 8 681.It Pa utmp 682database of current users; 683see 684.Xr utmp 5 685.El 686.Pp 687.It Pa rwho/ 688rwho data files; 689see 690.Xr rwhod 8 , 691.Xr rwho 1 , 692and 693.Xr ruptime 1 694.It Pa spool/ 695misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 696.Pp 697.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 698.It Pa clientmqueue/ 699undelivered submission mail queue; 700see 701.Xr sendmail 8 702.It Pa dma/ 703undelivered mail queue; 704see 705.Xr dma 8 706.It Pa ftp/ 707commonly 708.Pa ~ftp ; 709the anonymous ftp root directory 710.It Pa mqueue/ 711undelivered mail queue; 712see 713.Xr sendmail 8 714.It Pa output/ 715line printer spooling directories 716.It Pa uucp/ 717uucp spool directory 718.It Pa uucppublic/ 719commonly 720.Pa ~uucp ; 721public uucp temporary directory 722.El 723.Pp 724.It Pa tmp/ 725temporary files that are kept between system reboots 726.Pp 727.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 728.It Pa vi.recover/ 729the directory where recovery files are stored 730.El 731.Pp 732.It Pa yp/ 733the NIS maps 734.El 735.El 736.Sh NOTES 737This manual page documents the default 738.Dx 739filesystem layout, but 740the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 741administrator's discretion. 742A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 743this document. 744.Sh SEE ALSO 745.Xr apropos 1 , 746.Xr find 1 , 747.Xr finger 1 , 748.Xr grep 1 , 749.Xr ls 1 , 750.Xr whatis 1 , 751.Xr whereis 1 , 752.Xr which 1 , 753.Xr fsck 8 754.Sh HISTORY 755A 756.Nm 757manual page appeared in 758.At v7 . 759