1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.2 2003/06/17 04:37:00 dillon Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd June 5, 1993 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.El 57.It Pa /dev/ 58block and character device files 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 61.It Pa MAKEDEV 62script for creating device files; 63see 64.Xr MAKEDEV 8 65.It Pa fd/ 66file descriptor files; 67see 68.Xr \&fd 4 69.El 70.It Pa /etc/ 71system configuration files and scripts 72.Pp 73.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 74.It Pa defaults/ 75default system configuration files; 76see 77.Xr rc 8 78.It Pa gnats/ 79gnats configuration files; 80see 81.Xr send-pr 1 82.It Pa isdn/ 83isdn4bsd configuration files; 84see 85.Xr isdnd 8 86.It Pa kerberosIV/ 87configuration files for kerberos version IV; 88see 89.Xr kerberos 1 90.It Pa localtime 91local timezone information; 92see 93.Xr ctime 3 94.It Pa mail/ 95Sendmail control files 96.It Pa mtree/ 97mtree configuration files; 98see 99.Xr mtree 8 100.It Pa namedb/ 101named configuration files; 102see 103.Xr named 8 104.It Pa periodic/ 105scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 106.Xr cron 8 ; 107see 108.Xr periodic 8 109.It Pa ppp/ 110ppp configuration files; 111see 112.Xr ppp 8 113.It Pa ssl/ 114OpenSSL configuration files 115.It Pa uucp/ 116uucp configuration files; 117see 118.Xr uucp 1 119.El 120.It Pa /kernel 121pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 122at boot time). 123.It Pa /modules/ 124loadable kernel modules; 125see 126.Xr kldstat 8 127.It Pa /mnt/ 128empty directory commonly used by 129system administrators as a temporary mount point 130.It Pa /proc/ 131process file system; 132see 133.Xr procfs 5 , 134.Xr mount_procfs 8 135.It Pa /root/ 136root's HOME directory 137.It Pa /sbin/ 138system programs and administration utilities 139fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 140.It Pa /stand/ 141programs used in a standalone environment 142.It Pa /tmp/ 143temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 144.It Pa /usr/ 145contains the majority of user utilities and applications 146.Pp 147.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 148.It Pa bin/ 149common utilities, programming tools, and applications 150.It Pa games/ 151useful and semi-frivolous programs 152.It Pa include/ 153standard C include files 154.Pp 155.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 156.It Pa arpa/ 157C include files for Internet service protocols 158.It Pa cam/ 159C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 160.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 161.It Pa scsi/ 162The SCSI device on top of CAM 163.El 164.It Pa dev/ 165C include files for programming various 166.Fx 167devices 168.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 169.It Pa ppbus/ 170The parallel port bus; 171see 172.Xr ppbus 4 173.It Pa usb/ 174The USB subsystem 175.El 176.It Pa fs/ 177.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 178.It Pa smbfs/ 179SMB/CIFS filesystem 180.El 181.It Pa g++/ 182GNU C++ include files 183.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 184.It Pa std/ 185GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 186.El 187.It Pa isc/ 188ISC utility library libisc include files 189.It Pa isofs/ 190.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 191.It Pa cd9660/ 192iso9660 filesystem 193.El 194.It Pa kerberosIV/ 195C include files for kerberos authentication package; 196see 197.Xr kerberos 1 198.It Pa libmilter/ 199C include files for libmilter, 200the sendmail mail filter API 201.It Pa machine/ 202machine-specific C include files 203.It Pa msdosfs/ 204MS-DOS file system 205.It Pa net/ 206misc network C include files 207.It Pa netatalk/ 208Appletalk protocol 209.It Pa netatm/ 210ATM include files; 211see 212.Xr atm 8 213.It Pa netinet/ 214C include files for Internet standard protocols; 215see 216.Xr inet 4 217.It Pa netinet6/ 218C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 219see 220.Xr inet6 4 221.It Pa netipx/ 222IPX/SPX protocol stacks 223.It Pa netkey/ 224kernel key-management service 225.It Pa netnatm/ 226NATM include files; 227see 228.Xr natm 4 229.It Pa netns/ 230Xerox NS protocols 231.It Pa netsmb/ 232SMB/CIFS requester 233.It Pa nfs/ 234C include files for NFS (Network File System) 235.It Pa objc/ 236Objective C include files 237.It Pa openssl/ 238OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 239.It Pa pccard/ 240PC-CARD controllers 241.It Pa posix4/ 242POSIX real-time extensions includes; 243see 244.Xr p1003_1b 9 245.It Pa protocols/ 246C include files for Berkeley service protocols 247.It Pa readline/ 248get a line from a user, with editing; 249see 250.Xr readline 3 251.It Pa rpc/ 252remote procedure calls; 253see 254.Xr rpc 3 255.It Pa rpcsvc/ 256definition of RPC service structures; see 257.Xr rpc 3 258.It Pa security/ 259PAM; see 260.Xr pam 8 261.It Pa ss/ 262MIT SIPB 263.Sq subsystem 264library, part of Kerberos IV. 265.It Pa sys/ 266system C include files (kernel data structures) 267.\" .It Pa tcl/ 268.\" Tcl language; 269.\" see 270.\" .Xr Tcl n 271.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 272.\" .It Pa generic/ 273.\" ??? 274.\" .It Pa unix/ 275.\" ??? 276.\" .El 277.It Pa ufs/ 278C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 279.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 280.It Pa ffs/ 281Fast filesystem 282.It Pa mfs/ 283memory file system; 284see 285.Xr mount_mfs 8 286.It Pa ufs/ 287UFS filesystem 288.El 289.It Pa vm/ 290virtual memory; 291see 292.Xr vmstat 8 293.El 294.Pp 295.It Pa lib/ 296archive libraries 297.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 298.It Pa aout/ 299a.out archive libraries 300.It Pa compat/ 301shared libraries for compatibility 302.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 303.It Pa aout/ 304a.out backward compatibility libraries 305.El 306.El 307.Pp 308.It Pa libdata/ 309misc. utility data files 310.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 311.It Pa doscmd/ 312files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 313see 314.Xr doscmd 1 315.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 316.It Pa fonts/ 317fonts used by doscmd 318.El 319.It Pa gcc/ 320??? 321.It Pa ldscripts/ 322linker scripts; 323see 324.Xr ld 1 325.It Pa lint/ 326various prebuilt lint libraries; 327see 328.Xr lint 1 329.It Pa msdosfs/ 330Character set conversion tables 331.It Pa perl/ 332.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 333.It Pa 5.00503/ 334contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 335see 336.Xr perl 1 337.El 338.It Pa stallion/ 339holds the download firmware images 340.El 341.Pp 342.It Pa libexec/ 343system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 344.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 345.It Pa aout/ 346utilities to manipulate a.out executables 347.It Pa elf/ 348utilities to manipulate ELF executables 349.It Pa lpr/ 350utilities and filters for LP print system; 351see 352.Xr lpr 1 353.It Pa sendmail/ 354the sendmail binary; 355see 356.Xr mailwrapper 8 357and 358.Xr sendmail 8 359.It Pa sm.bin/ 360restricted shell for sendmail; 361see 362.Xr smrsh 8 363.It Pa uucp/ 364uucp utilities; 365see 366.Xr uucp 1 367.El 368.Pp 369.It Pa local/ 370local executables, libraries, etc. 371Also used as the default destination for the 372.Fx 373ports framework. 374Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 375.Xr hier 7 376for /usr 377should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 378rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 379and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 380.It Pa obj/ 381architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 382.It Pa ports/ 383The 384.Fx 385ports collection (optional). 386.It Pa sbin/ 387system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 388.It Pa share/ 389architecture-independent files 390.Pp 391.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 392.It Pa calendar/ 393a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 394see 395.Xr calendar 1 396.It Pa dict/ 397word lists; 398see 399.Xr look 1 400.Pp 401.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 402.It Pa web2 403words from Webster's 2nd International 404.It Pa words 405common words 406.It Pa papers/ 407reference databases; 408see 409.Xr refer 1 410.El 411.Pp 412.It Pa doc/ 413miscellaneous documentation; 414source for most of the printed 415.Bx 416manuals (available 417from the 418.Tn USENIX 419association) 420.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 421.It Pa FAQ/ 422Frequently Asked Questions 423.It Pa IPv6/ 424implementation notes for IPv6 425.It Pa bind/ 426documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 427.It Pa es/ 428Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 429.It Pa handbook/ 430.Fx 431Handbook 432.It Pa ja/ 433Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 434.It Pa ncurses/ 435HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 436see 437.Xr ncurses 3X 438.It Pa ntp/ 439HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 440.It Pa papers/ 441UNIX Papers 442.It Pa psd/ 443UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 444.It Pa ru/ 445Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 446.It Pa smm/ 447UNIX System Manager's Manual 448.It Pa tutorials/ 449.Fx 450tutorials 451.It Pa usd/ 452UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 453.It Pa zh/ 454Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 455.El 456.Pp 457.It Pa examples/ 458various examples for users and programmers 459.It Pa games/ 460ASCII text files used by various games 461.It Pa groff_font/ 462device description file for device name 463.It Pa info/ 464GNU Info hypertext system 465.It Pa isdn/ 466ISDN 467.It Pa libg++/ 468libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 469.It Pa locale/ 470localization files; 471see 472.Xr setlocale 3 473.It Pa man/ 474manual pages 475.It Pa me/ 476macros for use with the me macro package; 477see 478.Xr me 7 479.It Pa misc/ 480misc system-wide ASCII text files 481.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 482.It Pa fonts/ 483??? 484.It Pa pcvtfonts/ 485pcvt fonts; 486see 487.Xr pcvt 4 488.It Pa termcap 489terminal characteristics database; 490see 491.Xr termcap 5 492.El 493.It Pa mk/ 494templates for make; 495see 496.Xr make 1 497.It Pa nls/ 498national language support files; 499see 500.Xr mklocale 1 501.It Pa pcvt/ 502pcvt documentation and etc examples; 503see 504.Xr pcvt 4 505.It Pa perl/ 506perl library files; 507see 508.Xr perl 1 509.It Pa sendmail/ 510sendmail configuration files; 511see 512.Xr sendmail 8 513.It Pa skel/ 514example . (dot) files for new accounts 515.It Pa syscons/ 516files used by syscons; 517see 518.Xr syscons 4 519.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 520.It Pa fonts/ 521console fonts; 522see 523.Xr vidcontrol 1 524and 525.Xr vidfont 1 526.It Pa keymaps/ 527console keyboard maps; 528see 529.Xr kbdcontrol 1 530and 531.Xr kbdmap 1 532.It Pa scrnmaps/ 533console screen maps 534.El 535.It Pa tabset/ 536tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 537the termcap file; 538see 539.Xr termcap 5 540.It Pa tmac/ 541text processing macros; 542see 543.Xr nroff 1 544and 545.Xr troff 1 546.It Pa vi/ 547localization support and utilities for 548.Xr vi 1 549.It Pa zoneinfo/ 550timezone configuration information; 551see 552.Xr tzfile 5 553.El 554.It Pa src/ 555.Bx , 556third-party, and/or local source files 557.Pp 558.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 559.It Pa bin/ 560source code for files in /bin 561.It Pa contrib/ 562source code for contributed software 563.It Pa crypto/ 564source code for contributed cryptography software 565.It Pa etc/ 566source code for files in /etc 567.It Pa games/ 568source code for files in /usr/games 569.It Pa gnu/ 570Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 571.It Pa include/ 572source code for files in /usr/include 573.It Pa kerberosIV/ 574source code for kerberos version IV 575.It Pa lib/ 576source code for files in /usr/lib 577.It Pa libexec/ 578source code for files in /usr/libexec 579.It Pa release/ 580files required to produce a 581.Fx 582release 583.It Pa sbin/ 584source code for files in /sbin 585.It Pa secure/ 586build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 587.It Pa share/ 588source for files in /usr/share 589.It Pa sys/ 590kernel source code 591.It Pa tools/ 592tools used for maintenance and testing of 593.Fx 594.It Pa usr.bin/ 595source code for files in /usr/bin 596.It Pa usr.sbin/ 597source code for files in /usr/sbin 598.El 599.Pp 600.It Pa X11R6/ 601X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 602.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 603.It Pa bin/ 604X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 605.It Pa etc/ 606X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 607.It Pa include/ 608X11R6 include files. 609.It Pa lib/ 610X11R6 libraries. 611.It Pa man/ 612X11R6 manual pages. 613.It Pa share/ 614architecture-independent files. 615.El 616.El 617.It Pa /var/ 618multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 619.Pp 620.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 621.It Pa account/ 622system accounting files 623.Pp 624.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 625.It Pa acct 626execution accounting file; 627see 628.Xr acct 5 629.El 630.Pp 631.It Pa at/ 632timed command scheduling files; 633see 634.Xr \&at 1 635.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 636.It Pa jobs/ 637directory containing job files 638.It Pa spool/ 639directory containing output spool files 640.El 641.Pp 642.It Pa backups/ 643misc. backup files 644.It Pa crash/ 645default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 646.Xr crash 8 647and 648.Xr savecore 8 649.It Pa cron/ 650files used by cron; 651see 652.Xr cron 8 653.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 654.It Pa tabs/ 655crontab files; 656see 657.Xr crontab 5 658.El 659.Pp 660.It Pa db/ 661misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 662.It Pa empty/ 663empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege separation; 664see 665.Xr sshd 8 666.It Pa games/ 667misc. game status and score files 668.It Pa heimdal/ 669kerberos server databases; see 670.Xr kdc 8 671.It Pa log/ 672misc. system log files 673.Pp 674.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 675.It Pa wtmp 676login/logout log; 677see 678.Xr wtmp 5 679.El 680.Pp 681.It Pa mail/ 682user mailbox files 683.It Pa msgs/ 684system messages database; 685see 686.Xr msgs 1 687.It Pa preserve/ 688temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 689of an editor; 690see 691.Xr \&ex 1 692.It Pa quotas/ 693filesystem quota information files 694.It Pa run/ 695system information files describing various info about 696system since it was booted 697.Pp 698.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 699.It Pa ppp/ 700writable by the 701.Dq network 702group for command connection sockets; see 703.Xr ppp 8 704.It Pa utmp 705database of current users; 706see 707.Xr utmp 5 708.El 709.Pp 710.It Pa rwho/ 711rwho data files; 712see 713.Xr rwhod 8 , 714.Xr rwho 1 , 715and 716.Xr ruptime 1 717.It Pa spool/ 718misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 719.Pp 720.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 721.It Pa clientmqueue/ 722undelivered submission mail queue; 723see 724.Xr sendmail 8 725.It Pa ftp/ 726commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 727.It Pa mqueue/ 728undelivered mail queue; 729see 730.Xr sendmail 8 731.It Pa output/ 732line printer spooling directories 733.It Pa uucp/ 734uucp spool directory 735.It Pa uucppublic/ 736commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 737.El 738.Pp 739.It Pa tmp/ 740temporary files that are kept between system reboots 741.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 742.It Pa vi.recover/ 743the directory where recovery files are stored 744.El 745.It Pa yp/ 746the NIS maps 747.El 748.El 749.Sh NOTES 750This manual page documents the default 751.Fx 752filesystem layout, but 753the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 754administrator's discretion. 755A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 756this document. 757.Sh SEE ALSO 758.Xr apropos 1 , 759.Xr find 1 , 760.Xr finger 1 , 761.Xr grep 1 , 762.Xr ls 1 , 763.Xr whatis 1 , 764.Xr whereis 1 , 765.Xr which 1 , 766.Xr fsck 8 767.Sh HISTORY 768A 769.Nm 770manual page appeared in 771.At v7 . 772