1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.12 2007/08/09 22:39:21 corecode Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd August 23, 2006 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa /modules/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa defaults/" -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.El 57.It Pa /dev/ 58block and character device files 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa MAKEDEV" -compact 61.It Pa MAKEDEV 62script for creating device files; 63see 64.Xr MAKEDEV 8 65.It Pa fd/ 66file descriptor files; 67see 68.Xr \&fd 4 69.El 70.It Pa /etc/ 71system configuration files and scripts 72.Pp 73.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa defaults/" -compact 74.It Pa defaults/ 75default system configuration files; 76see 77.Xr rc 8 78.It Pa isdn/ 79isdn4bsd configuration files; 80see 81.Xr isdnd 8 82.It Pa localtime 83local timezone information; 84see 85.Xr ctime 3 86.It Pa mail/ 87Sendmail control files 88.It Pa mtree/ 89mtree configuration files; 90see 91.Xr mtree 8 92.It Pa namedb/ 93named configuration files; 94see 95.Xr named 8 96.It Pa periodic/ 97scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 98.Xr cron 8 ; 99see 100.Xr periodic 8 101.It Pa ppp/ 102ppp configuration files; 103see 104.Xr ppp 8 105.It Pa ssl/ 106OpenSSL configuration files 107.It Pa uucp/ 108uucp configuration files; 109see 110.Xr uucp 1 111.El 112.It Pa /home/ 113HOME directories of non-root users 114.It Pa /kernel 115pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 116at boot time). 117.It Pa /mnt/ 118empty directory commonly used by 119system administrators as a temporary mount point 120.It Pa /modules/ 121loadable kernel modules; 122see 123.Xr kldstat 8 124.It Pa /proc/ 125process file system; 126see 127.Xr procfs 5 , 128.Xr mount_procfs 8 129.It Pa /root/ 130root's HOME directory 131.It Pa /sbin/ 132system programs and administration utilities 133fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 134.It Pa /sys/ 135the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 136.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 137.It Pa /tmp/ 138temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 139.It Pa /usr/ 140contains the majority of user utilities and applications 141.Pp 142.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa libdata/" -compact 143.It Pa bin/ 144common utilities, programming tools, and applications 145.It Pa games/ 146useful and semi-frivolous programs 147.It Pa include/ 148standard C include files 149.Pp 150.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa libmilter/" -compact 151.It Pa arpa/ 152C include files for Internet service protocols 153.It Pa c++/ 154C++ include files 155.It Pa cam/ 156C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 157.Pp 158.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa scsi/" -compact 159.It Pa scsi/ 160The SCSI device on top of CAM 161.El 162.Pp 163.It Pa dev/ 164C include files for programming various 165.Dx 166devices 167.It Pa emulation/ 168Include Files for various emulation layers 169.It Pa fs/ 170.Pp 171.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa smbfs/" -compact 172.It Pa smbfs/ 173SMB/CIFS filesystem 174.El 175.Pp 176.It Pa isc/ 177ISC utility library libisc include files 178.It Pa isofs/ 179.Pp 180.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa cd9660/" -compact 181.It Pa cd9660/ 182iso9660 filesystem 183.El 184.Pp 185.It Pa libmilter/ 186C include files for libmilter, 187the sendmail mail filter API 188.It Pa machine/ 189machine-specific C include files 190.It Pa msdosfs/ 191MS-DOS file system 192.It Pa net/ 193misc network C include files 194.It Pa netatalk/ 195Appletalk protocol 196.It Pa netatm/ 197ATM include files; 198see 199.Xr atm 8 200.It Pa netinet/ 201C include files for Internet standard protocols; 202see 203.Xr inet 4 204.It Pa netinet6/ 205C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 206see 207.Xr inet6 4 208.It Pa netipx/ 209IPX/SPX protocol stacks 210.It Pa netkey/ 211kernel key-management service 212.It Pa netnatm/ 213NATM include files; 214see 215.Xr natm 4 216.It Pa netns/ 217Xerox NS protocols 218.It Pa netsmb/ 219SMB/CIFS requester 220.It Pa nfs/ 221C include files for NFS (Network File System) 222.It Pa objc/ 223Objective C include files 224.It Pa openssl/ 225OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 226.It Pa pccard/ 227PC-CARD controllers 228.It Pa protocols/ 229C include files for Berkeley service protocols 230.It Pa readline/ 231get a line from a user, with editing; 232see 233.Xr readline 3 234.It Pa rpc/ 235remote procedure calls; 236see 237.Xr rpc 3 238.It Pa rpcsvc/ 239definition of RPC service structures; see 240.Xr rpc 3 241.It Pa security/ 242PAM; see 243.Xr pam 8 244.It Pa sys/ 245system C include files (kernel data structures) 246.It Pa ufs/ 247C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 248.Pp 249.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ffs/" -compact 250.It Pa ffs/ 251Fast filesystem 252.It Pa mfs/ 253memory file system; 254see 255.Xr mount_mfs 8 256.It Pa ufs/ 257UFS filesystem 258.El 259.Pp 260.It Pa vm/ 261virtual memory; 262see 263.Xr vmstat 8 264.El 265.Pp 266.It Pa lib/ 267archive libraries 268.Pp 269.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa compat/" -compact 270.It Pa aout/ 271a.out archive libraries 272.It Pa compat/ 273shared libraries for compatibility 274.Pp 275.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa aout/" -compact 276.It Pa aout/ 277a.out backward compatibility libraries 278.El 279.El 280.Pp 281.It Pa libdata/ 282misc. utility data files 283.Pp 284.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa stallion/" -compact 285.It Pa doscmd/ 286files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 287see 288.Xr doscmd 1 289.Pp 290.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa fonts/" -compact 291.It Pa fonts/ 292fonts used by doscmd 293.El 294.Pp 295.It Pa lint/ 296various prebuilt lint libraries; 297see 298.Xr lint 1 299.It Pa msdosfs/ 300Character set conversion tables 301.It Pa stallion/ 302holds the download firmware images 303.El 304.Pp 305.It Pa libexec/ 306system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 307.Pp 308.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa binutils217/" -compact 309.It Pa lpr/ 310utilities and filters for LP print system; 311see 312.Xr lpr 1 313.It Pa binutils217/ 314.Pp 315.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ldscripts/" -compact 316.It Pa ldscripts/ 317linker scripts; 318see 319.Xr ld 1 320.El 321.Pp 322.It Pa sendmail/ 323the sendmail binary; 324see 325.Xr mailwrapper 8 326and 327.Xr sendmail 8 328.It Pa sm.bin/ 329restricted shell for sendmail; 330see 331.Xr smrsh 8 332.It Pa uucp/ 333uucp utilities; 334see 335.Xr uucp 1 336.El 337.Pp 338.It Pa local/ 339local executables, libraries, etc. 340Within 341.Pa local/ , 342the general layout sketched out by 343.Xr hier 7 344for 345.Pa /usr 346should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under 347.Pa local/ 348rather than under 349.Pa local/share/ ) , 350documentation (in 351.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 352and 353.Pa /usr/local/etc 354.Pf ( mimics 355.Pa /etc ) . 356.It Pa obj/ 357architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 358.Pa /usr/src 359tree 360.It Pa pkg/ 361default destination directory for the 362.Xr pkgsrc 7 363collection. 364Within 365.Pa pkg/ , 366the general layout sketched out by 367.Xr hier 7 368for 369.Pa /usr 370should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under 371.Pa pkg/ 372rather than under 373.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 374documentation (in 375.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 376and 377.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 378.Pf ( mimics 379.Pa /etc ) . 380.It Pa pkgsrc/ 381The 382.Xr pkgsrc 7 383collection (optional). 384.It Pa sbin/ 385system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 386.It Pa share/ 387architecture-independent files 388.Pp 389.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa groff_font/" -compact 390.It Pa calendar/ 391a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 392see 393.Xr calendar 1 394.It Pa dict/ 395word lists; 396see 397.Xr look 1 398.Pp 399.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa papers/" -compact 400.It Pa web2 401words from Webster's 2nd International 402.It Pa words 403common words 404.It Pa papers/ 405reference databases; 406see 407.Xr refer 1 408.El 409.Pp 410.It Pa doc/ 411miscellaneous documentation; 412.Pp 413.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa handbook/" -compact 414.It Pa handbook/ 415A copy of the handbook 416.El 417.Pp 418.It Pa examples/ 419various examples for users and programmers 420.It Pa games/ 421ASCII text files used by various games 422.It Pa groff_font/ 423device description file for device name 424.It Pa info/ 425GNU Info hypertext system 426.It Pa isdn/ 427ISDN 428.It Pa libg++/ 429libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 430.It Pa locale/ 431localization files; 432see 433.Xr setlocale 3 434.It Pa man/ 435manual pages 436.It Pa me/ 437macros for use with the me macro package; 438see 439.Xr me 7 440.It Pa misc/ 441misc system-wide ASCII text files 442.Pp 443.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa termcap" -compact 444.It Pa termcap 445terminal characteristics database; 446see 447.Xr termcap 5 448.El 449.Pp 450.It Pa mk/ 451templates for make; 452see 453.Xr make 1 454.It Pa nls/ 455national language support files; 456see 457.Xr mklocale 1 458.It Pa sendmail/ 459sendmail configuration files; 460see 461.Xr sendmail 8 462.It Pa skel/ 463example . (dot) files for new accounts 464.It Pa syscons/ 465files used by 466.Xr syscons 4 467.Pp 468.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 469.It Pa fonts/ 470console fonts; 471see 472.Xr vidcontrol 1 473and 474.Xr vidfont 1 475.It Pa keymaps/ 476console keyboard maps; 477see 478.Xr kbdcontrol 1 479and 480.Xr kbdmap 1 481.It Pa scrnmaps/ 482console screen maps 483.El 484.Pp 485.It Pa tabset/ 486tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 487the termcap file; 488see 489.Xr termcap 5 490.It Pa tmac/ 491text processing macros; 492see 493.Xr nroff 1 494and 495.Xr troff 1 496.It Pa vi/ 497localization support and utilities for 498.Xr vi 1 499.It Pa zoneinfo/ 500timezone configuration information; 501see 502.Xr tzfile 5 503.El 504.Pp 505.It Pa src/ 506.Bx , 507third-party, and/or local source files 508.Pp 509.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa kerberos5/" -compact 510.It Pa bin/ 511source code for files in 512.Pa /bin 513.It Pa contrib/ 514source code for contributed software 515.It Pa crypto/ 516source code for contributed cryptography software 517.It Pa etc/ 518source code for files in 519.Pa /etc 520.It Pa games/ 521source code for files in 522.Pa /usr/games 523.It Pa gnu/ 524Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 525.It Pa include/ 526source code for files in 527.Pa /usr/include 528.It Pa kerberos5/ 529source code for kerberos version 5 530.It Pa lib/ 531source code for files in 532.Pa /usr/lib 533.It Pa libexec/ 534source code for files in 535.Pa /usr/libexec 536.It Pa nrelease/ 537files required to produce a 538.Dx 539release 540.It Pa sbin/ 541source code for files in 542.Pa /sbin 543.It Pa secure/ 544build directory for files in 545.Pa /usr/src/crypto 546.It Pa share/ 547source for files in 548.Pa /usr/share 549.It Pa sys/ 550kernel source code 551.It Pa tools/ 552tools used for maintenance and testing of 553.Dx 554.It Pa usr.bin/ 555source code for files in 556.Pa /usr/bin 557.It Pa usr.sbin/ 558source code for files in 559.Pa /usr/sbin 560.El 561.El 562.It Pa /var/ 563multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 564.Pp 565.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa preserve/" -compact 566.It Pa account/ 567system accounting files 568.Pp 569.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa acct" -compact 570.It Pa acct 571execution accounting file; 572see 573.Xr acct 5 574.El 575.Pp 576.It Pa at/ 577timed command scheduling files; 578see 579.Xr \&at 1 580.Pp 581.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa spool/" -compact 582.It Pa jobs/ 583directory containing job files 584.It Pa spool/ 585directory containing output spool files 586.El 587.Pp 588.It Pa backups/ 589misc. backup files 590.It Pa crash/ 591default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 592.Xr crash 8 593and 594.Xr savecore 8 595.It Pa cron/ 596files used by cron; 597see 598.Xr cron 8 599.Pp 600.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa tabs/" -compact 601.It Pa tabs/ 602crontab files; 603see 604.Xr crontab 5 605.El 606.Pp 607.It Pa db/ 608misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 609.It Pa empty/ 610empty directory used by 611.Xr sshd 8 612for privilege separation 613.It Pa games/ 614misc. game status and score files 615.It Pa heimdal/ 616kerberos server databases; see 617.Xr kdc 8 618.It Pa log/ 619misc. system log files 620.Pp 621.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa wtmp" -compact 622.It Pa wtmp 623login/logout log; 624see 625.Xr wtmp 5 626.El 627.Pp 628.It Pa mail/ 629user mailbox files 630.It Pa msgs/ 631system messages database; 632see 633.Xr msgs 1 634.It Pa preserve/ 635temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 636of an editor; 637see 638.Xr \&ex 1 639.It Pa quotas/ 640filesystem quota information files 641.It Pa run/ 642system information files describing various info about 643system since it was booted 644.Pp 645.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ppp/" -compact 646.It Pa ppp/ 647writable by the 648.Dq network 649group for command connection sockets; see 650.Xr ppp 8 651.It Pa utmp 652database of current users; 653see 654.Xr utmp 5 655.El 656.Pp 657.It Pa rwho/ 658rwho data files; 659see 660.Xr rwhod 8 , 661.Xr rwho 1 , 662and 663.Xr ruptime 1 664.It Pa spool/ 665misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 666.Pp 667.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 668.It Pa clientmqueue/ 669undelivered submission mail queue; 670see 671.Xr sendmail 8 672.It Pa ftp/ 673commonly 674.Pa ~ftp ; 675the anonymous ftp root directory 676.It Pa mqueue/ 677undelivered mail queue; 678see 679.Xr sendmail 8 680.It Pa output/ 681line printer spooling directories 682.It Pa uucp/ 683uucp spool directory 684.It Pa uucppublic/ 685commonly 686.Pa ~uucp ; 687public uucp temporary directory 688.El 689.Pp 690.It Pa tmp/ 691temporary files that are kept between system reboots 692.Pp 693.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa vi.recover/" -compact 694.It Pa vi.recover/ 695the directory where recovery files are stored 696.El 697.Pp 698.It Pa yp/ 699the NIS maps 700.El 701.El 702.Sh NOTES 703This manual page documents the default 704.Dx 705filesystem layout, but 706the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 707administrator's discretion. 708A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 709this document. 710.Sh SEE ALSO 711.Xr apropos 1 , 712.Xr find 1 , 713.Xr finger 1 , 714.Xr grep 1 , 715.Xr ls 1 , 716.Xr whatis 1 , 717.Xr whereis 1 , 718.Xr which 1 , 719.Xr fsck 8 720.Sh HISTORY 721A 722.Nm 723manual page appeared in 724.At v7 . 725