1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 29.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 30.\" 31.Dd November 24, 2016 32.Dt HIER 7 33.Os 34.Sh NAME 35.Nm hier 36.Nd layout of filesystems 37.Sh DESCRIPTION 38A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 39.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 40.It Pa / 41root directory of the filesystem 42.It Pa /bin/ 43user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 44.It Pa /boot/ 45programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 46.Pp 47.Bl -tag -width ".Pa modules.local/" -compact 48.It Pa defaults/ 49default bootstrapping configuration files; see 50.Xr loader.conf 5 51.It Pa kernel/ 52pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 53at boot time) and loadable kernel modules; 54see 55.Xr kldstat 8 56.It Pa modules.local/ 57local loadable kernel modules and wrapped external firmware images; see 58.Xr firmware 9 59.El 60.It Pa /compat/ 61files related to compatibility layers 62.Pp 63.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ndis/" -compact 64.It Pa ndis/ 65firmware for 66.Xr ndis 4 67drivers 68.El 69.It Pa /dev/ 70block and character device files 71.Pp 72.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 73.It Pa fd/ 74file descriptor files; 75see 76.Xr \&fd 4 77.El 78.It Pa /etc/ 79system configuration files and scripts 80.Pp 81.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 82.It Pa bluetooth/ 83bluetooth configuration files 84.It Pa defaults/ 85default system configuration files; 86see 87.Xr rc 8 88.It Pa devd/ 89hardware specific 90.Xr devd 8 91configuration files 92.It Pa dma/ 93.Xr dma 8 94configuration files 95.It Pa localtime 96local timezone information; 97see 98.Xr ctime 3 99.It Pa mail/ 100Sendmail control files 101.It Pa mtree/ 102mtree configuration files; 103see 104.Xr mtree 8 105.It Pa pam.d/ 106configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 107library 108.It Pa periodic/ 109scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 110.Xr cron 8 ; 111see 112.Xr periodic 8 113.It Pa ppp/ 114ppp configuration files; 115see 116.Xr ppp 8 117.It Pa rc.d/ 118System and daemon startup/control scripts; 119see 120.Xr rc 8 121.It Pa ssh/ 122OpenSSH configuration files; 123see 124.Xr ssh 1 125.It Pa ssl/ 126OpenSSL configuration files 127.It Pa upgrade/ 128Files relevant to system upgrades 129.It Pa uucp/ 130uucp configuration files; 131see 132.Xr uucp 1 133.El 134.It Pa /home/ 135HOME directories of non-root users 136.It Pa /lib/ 137critical system libraries needed for binaries in 138.Pa /bin 139and 140.Pa /sbin 141.It Pa /libexec/ 142critical system utilities needed for binaries in 143.Pa /bin 144and 145.Pa /sbin 146.It Pa /mnt/ 147empty directory commonly used by 148system administrators as a temporary mount point 149.It Pa /net/ 150automounted NFS shares; 151see 152.Xr auto_master 5 153.It Pa /pfs/ 154pseudo file system directory (on 155.Xr hammer 5 156root file systems) 157.It Pa /proc/ 158process file system; 159see 160.Xr procfs 5 , 161.Xr mount_procfs 8 162.It Pa /root/ 163root's HOME directory 164.It Pa /sbin/ 165system programs and administration utilities 166fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 167.It Pa /sys/ 168the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 169.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 170.It Pa /tmp/ 171temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 172.It Pa /usr/ 173contains the majority of user utilities and applications 174.Pp 175.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 176.It Pa bin/ 177common utilities, programming tools, and applications 178.It Pa dports/ 179The 180.Dx 181.Xr dports 7 182collection (optional). 183.It Pa games/ 184useful and semi-frivolous programs 185.It Pa include/ 186standard C include files 187.Pp 188.Bl -tag -width ".Pa protocols/" -compact 189.It Pa arpa/ 190C include files for Internet service protocols 191.It Pa c++/ 192C++ include files 193.It Pa cam/ 194C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 195.Pp 196.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 197.It Pa scsi/ 198The SCSI device on top of CAM 199.El 200.Pp 201.It Pa dev/ 202C include files for programming various 203.Dx 204devices 205.It Pa emulation/ 206Include Files for various emulation layers 207.It Pa fs/ 208.Pp 209.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 210.It Pa smbfs/ 211SMB/CIFS filesystem 212.El 213.Pp 214.It Pa isofs/ 215.Pp 216.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 217.It Pa cd9660/ 218iso9660 filesystem 219.El 220.Pp 221.It Pa libprop/ 222C include files for libprop 223.It Pa machine/ 224machine-specific C include files 225.It Pa msdosfs/ 226MS-DOS file system 227.It Pa net/ 228misc network C include files 229.It Pa netinet/ 230C include files for Internet standard protocols; 231see 232.Xr inet 4 233.It Pa netinet6/ 234C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 235see 236.Xr inet6 4 237.It Pa netkey/ 238kernel key-management service 239.It Pa netsmb/ 240SMB/CIFS requester 241.It Pa nfs/ 242C include files for NFS (Network File System) 243.It Pa openssl/ 244OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 245.It Pa pcap/ 246Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 247see 248.Xr pcap 3 249.It Pa pccard/ 250PC-CARD controllers 251.It Pa protocols/ 252C include files for Berkeley service protocols 253.It Pa readline/ 254get a line from a user, with editing; 255see 256.Xr readline 3 257.It Pa rpc/ 258remote procedure calls; 259see 260.Xr rpc 3 261.It Pa rpcsvc/ 262definition of RPC service structures; see 263.Xr rpc 3 264.It Pa security/ 265PAM; see 266.Xr pam 8 267.It Pa sys/ 268system C include files (kernel data structures) 269.It Pa ufs/ 270C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 271.Pp 272.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 273.It Pa ffs/ 274Fast filesystem 275.It Pa mfs/ 276memory file system; 277see 278.Xr mount_mfs 8 279.It Pa ufs/ 280UFS filesystem 281.El 282.Pp 283.It Pa vm/ 284virtual memory; 285see 286.Xr vmstat 8 287.El 288.Pp 289.It Pa lib/ 290archive libraries 291.Pp 292.Bl -tag -width ".Pa engines/" -compact 293.It Pa aout/ 294a.out archive libraries 295.It Pa engines/ 296OpenSSL dynamic engines 297.El 298.Pp 299.It Pa libdata/ 300misc. utility data files 301.It Pa libexec/ 302system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 303.Pp 304.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils225/" -compact 305.It Pa binutils225/ 306.Pp 307.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bfd-plugins/" -compact 308.It Pa bfd-plugins/ 309linker plugins 310.It Pa ldscripts/ 311linker scripts; 312see 313.Xr ld 1 314.El 315.Pp 316.It Pa binutils227/ 317.Pp 318.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bfd-plugins/" -compact 319.It Pa bfd-plugins/ 320linker plugins 321.It Pa ldscripts/ 322linker scripts; 323see 324.Xr ld 1 325.El 326.Pp 327.It Pa lpr/ 328utilities and filters for LP print system; 329see 330.Xr lpr 1 331.It Pa sm.bin/ 332restricted shell for sendmail; 333see 334.Xr smrsh 8 335.It Pa uucp/ 336uucp utilities; 337see 338.Xr uucp 1 339.El 340.Pp 341.It Pa local/ 342local executables, libraries, etc. 343Also used as the default destination for the 344.Dx 345.Xr dports 7 346framework. 347Within 348.Pa local/ , 349the general layout sketched out by 350.Nm 351for 352.Pa /usr 353should be used. 354Exceptions are the 355.Pa man 356directory 357.Po directly under 358.Pa local/ 359rather than under 360.Pa local/share/ Ns Pc , 361ports documentation 362.Po in 363.Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc , 364and 365.Pa /usr/local/etc 366.Po mimics 367.Pa /etc Ns Pc . 368.It Pa obj/ 369architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 370.Pa /usr/src 371tree 372.It Pa sbin/ 373system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 374.It Pa share/ 375architecture-independent files 376.Pp 377.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 378.It Pa calendar/ 379a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 380see 381.Xr calendar 1 382.It Pa dict/ 383word lists; 384see 385.Xr look 1 386.Pp 387.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 388.It Pa web2 389words from Webster's 2nd International 390.It Pa words 391common words 392.It Pa papers/ 393reference databases; 394see 395.Xr refer 1 396.El 397.Pp 398.It Pa doc/ 399miscellaneous documentation 400.Pp 401.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact 402.It Pa legal/ 403License files for vendor supplied firmware 404.El 405.Pp 406.It Pa examples/ 407various examples for users and programmers 408.It Pa games/ 409ASCII text files used by various games 410.It Pa groff_font/ 411device description file for device name 412.It Pa i18n/ 413internationalization databases; see 414.Xr iconv 3 415.It Pa info/ 416GNU Info hypertext system 417.It Pa libg++/ 418libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 419.It Pa locale/ 420localization files; 421see 422.Xr setlocale 3 423.It Pa man/ 424manual pages 425.It Pa me/ 426macros for use with the me macro package; 427see 428.Xr me 7 429.It Pa misc/ 430misc system-wide ASCII text files 431.Pp 432.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 433.It Pa termcap 434terminal characteristics database; 435see 436.Xr termcap 5 437.El 438.Pp 439.It Pa mk/ 440templates for make; 441see 442.Xr make 1 443.It Pa nls/ 444national language support files; 445see 446.Xr nls 7 447.It Pa openssl/ 448.Pp 449.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 450.It Pa man/ 451OpenSSL manual pages 452.El 453.Pp 454.It Pa sendmail/ 455sendmail configuration files; 456see 457.Xr sendmail 8 458.It Pa skel/ 459example . (dot) files for new accounts 460.It Pa syscons/ 461files used by 462.Xr syscons 4 463.Pp 464.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 465.It Pa fonts/ 466console fonts; 467see 468.Xr vidcontrol 1 469and 470.Xr vidfont 1 471.It Pa keymaps/ 472console keyboard maps; 473see 474.Xr kbdcontrol 1 475and 476.Xr kbdmap 1 477.It Pa scrnmaps/ 478console screen maps 479.El 480.Pp 481.It Pa tabset/ 482tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 483the termcap file; 484see 485.Xr termcap 5 486.It Pa terminfo/ 487compiled 488.Xr terminfo 5 489database files 490.It Pa tmac/ 491text processing macros; 492see 493.Xr nroff 1 494and 495.Xr troff 1 496.It Pa vi/ 497localization support and utilities for 498.Xr vi 1 499.It Pa zoneinfo/ 500timezone configuration information; 501see 502.Xr tzfile 5 503.El 504.Pp 505.It Pa src/ 506.Bx , 507third-party, and/or local source files 508.Pp 509.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 510.It Pa bin/ 511source code for files in 512.Pa /bin 513.It Pa contrib/ 514source code for contributed software 515.It Pa crypto/ 516source code for contributed cryptography software 517.It Pa etc/ 518source code for files in 519.Pa /etc 520.It Pa games/ 521source code for files in 522.Pa /usr/games 523.It Pa gnu/ 524Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 525.It Pa include/ 526source code for files in 527.Pa /usr/include 528.It Pa lib/ 529source code for files in 530.Pa /usr/lib 531.It Pa libexec/ 532source code for files in 533.Pa /usr/libexec 534.It Pa nrelease/ 535files required to produce a 536.Dx 537release 538.It Pa sbin/ 539source code for files in 540.Pa /sbin 541.It Pa share/ 542source for files in 543.Pa /usr/share 544.It Pa sys/ 545kernel source code 546.It Pa tools/ 547tools used for maintenance and testing of 548.Dx 549.It Pa usr.bin/ 550source code for files in 551.Pa /usr/bin 552.It Pa usr.sbin/ 553source code for files in 554.Pa /usr/sbin 555.El 556.El 557.It Pa /var/ 558multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 559.Pp 560.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 561.It Pa account/ 562system accounting files 563.Pp 564.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 565.It Pa acct 566execution accounting file; 567see 568.Xr acct 5 569.El 570.Pp 571.It Pa at/ 572timed command scheduling files; 573see 574.Xr \&at 1 575.Pp 576.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 577.It Pa jobs/ 578directory containing job files 579.It Pa spool/ 580directory containing output spool files 581.El 582.Pp 583.It Pa backups/ 584misc. backup files 585.It Pa crash/ 586default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 587.Xr crash 8 588and 589.Xr savecore 8 590.It Pa cron/ 591files used by cron; 592see 593.Xr cron 8 594.Pp 595.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 596.It Pa tabs/ 597crontab files; 598see 599.Xr crontab 5 600.El 601.Pp 602.It Pa db/ 603misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 604.It Pa empty/ 605empty directory used by 606.Xr sshd 8 607for privilege separation 608.It Pa games/ 609misc. game status and score files 610.It Pa hammer/ 611per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for 612.Xr hammer 5 613file systems 614.It Pa log/ 615misc. system log files 616.Pp 617.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 618.It Pa wtmp 619login/logout log; 620see 621.Xr wtmp 5 622.El 623.Pp 624.It Pa mail/ 625user mailbox files 626.It Pa msgs/ 627system messages database; 628see 629.Xr msgs 1 630.It Pa preserve/ 631temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 632of an editor; 633see 634.Xr \&ex 1 635.It Pa quotas/ 636filesystem quota information files 637.It Pa run/ 638system information files describing various info about 639system since it was booted 640.Pp 641.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 642.It Pa ppp/ 643writable by the 644.Dq network 645group for command connection sockets; see 646.Xr ppp 8 647.It Pa utmp 648database of current users; 649see 650.Xr utmp 5 651.It Pa sem/ 652rendez-vous files for posix named semaphores; 653see 654.Xr sem_open 3 655.El 656.Pp 657.It Pa rwho/ 658rwho data files; 659see 660.Xr rwhod 8 , 661.Xr rwho 1 , 662and 663.Xr ruptime 1 664.It Pa spool/ 665misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 666.Pp 667.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 668.It Pa clientmqueue/ 669undelivered submission mail queue; 670see 671.Xr sendmail 8 672.It Pa dma/ 673undelivered mail queue; 674see 675.Xr dma 8 676.It Pa ftp/ 677commonly 678.Pa ~ftp ; 679the anonymous ftp root directory 680.It Pa mqueue/ 681undelivered mail queue; 682see 683.Xr sendmail 8 684.It Pa output/ 685line printer spooling directories 686.It Pa uucp/ 687uucp spool directory 688.It Pa uucppublic/ 689commonly 690.Pa ~uucp ; 691public uucp temporary directory 692.El 693.Pp 694.It Pa tmp/ 695temporary files that are kept between system reboots 696.Pp 697.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 698.It Pa vi.recover/ 699the directory where recovery files are stored 700.El 701.Pp 702.It Pa yp/ 703the NIS maps 704.El 705.El 706.Sh NOTES 707This manual page documents the default 708.Dx 709filesystem layout, but 710the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 711administrator's discretion. 712A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 713this document. 714.Sh SEE ALSO 715.Xr apropos 1 , 716.Xr find 1 , 717.Xr finger 1 , 718.Xr grep 1 , 719.Xr ls 1 , 720.Xr whatis 1 , 721.Xr whereis 1 , 722.Xr which 1 , 723.Xr fsck 8 724.Sh HISTORY 725A 726.Nm 727manual page appeared in 728.At v7 . 729