1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.26 2008/09/06 14:24:44 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd August 6, 2009 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.It Pa kernel 57pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 58at boot time). 59.It Pa modules/ 60loadable kernel modules; 61see 62.Xr kldstat 8 63.El 64.It Pa /dev/ 65block and character device files 66.Pp 67.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 68.It Pa fd/ 69file descriptor files; 70see 71.Xr \&fd 4 72.El 73.It Pa /etc/ 74system configuration files and scripts 75.Pp 76.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 77.It Pa bluetooth/ 78bluetooth configuration files 79.It Pa defaults/ 80default system configuration files; 81see 82.Xr rc 8 83.It Pa dma/ 84.Xr dma 8 85configuration files 86.It Pa firmware/ 87Firmware image files; 88see 89.Xr firmware 9 90.It Pa isdn/ 91isdn4bsd configuration files; 92see 93.Xr isdnd 8 94.It Pa localtime 95local timezone information; 96see 97.Xr ctime 3 98.It Pa mail/ 99Sendmail control files 100.It Pa mtree/ 101mtree configuration files; 102see 103.Xr mtree 8 104.It Pa namedb/ 105named configuration files; 106see 107.Xr named 8 108.It Pa pam.d/ 109configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 110library 111.It Pa periodic/ 112scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 113.Xr cron 8 ; 114see 115.Xr periodic 8 116.It Pa ppp/ 117ppp configuration files; 118see 119.Xr ppp 8 120.It Pa rc.d/ 121System and daemon startup/control scripts; 122see 123.Xr rc 8 124.It Pa ssh/ 125OpenSSH configuration files; 126see 127.Xr ssh 1 128.It Pa ssl/ 129OpenSSL configuration files 130.It Pa upgrade/ 131Files relevant to system upgrades 132.It Pa uucp/ 133uucp configuration files; 134see 135.Xr uucp 1 136.El 137.It Pa /home/ 138HOME directories of non-root users 139.It Pa /mnt/ 140empty directory commonly used by 141system administrators as a temporary mount point 142.It Pa /proc/ 143process file system; 144see 145.Xr procfs 5 , 146.Xr mount_procfs 8 147.It Pa /root/ 148root's HOME directory 149.It Pa /sbin/ 150system programs and administration utilities 151fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 152.It Pa /sys/ 153the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 154.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 155.It Pa /tmp/ 156temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 157.It Pa /usr/ 158contains the majority of user utilities and applications 159.Pp 160.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 161.It Pa bin/ 162common utilities, programming tools, and applications 163.It Pa games/ 164useful and semi-frivolous programs 165.It Pa include/ 166standard C include files 167.Pp 168.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 169.It Pa arpa/ 170C include files for Internet service protocols 171.It Pa c++/ 172C++ include files 173.It Pa cam/ 174C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 175.Pp 176.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 177.It Pa scsi/ 178The SCSI device on top of CAM 179.El 180.Pp 181.It Pa dev/ 182C include files for programming various 183.Dx 184devices 185.It Pa emulation/ 186Include Files for various emulation layers 187.It Pa fs/ 188.Pp 189.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 190.It Pa smbfs/ 191SMB/CIFS filesystem 192.El 193.Pp 194.It Pa isc/ 195ISC utility library libisc include files 196.It Pa isofs/ 197.Pp 198.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 199.It Pa cd9660/ 200iso9660 filesystem 201.El 202.Pp 203.It Pa libmilter/ 204C include files for libmilter, 205the sendmail mail filter API 206.It Pa machine/ 207machine-specific C include files 208.It Pa msdosfs/ 209MS-DOS file system 210.It Pa net/ 211misc network C include files 212.It Pa netatalk/ 213Appletalk protocol 214.It Pa netatm/ 215ATM include files; 216see 217.Xr atm 8 218.It Pa netinet/ 219C include files for Internet standard protocols; 220see 221.Xr inet 4 222.It Pa netinet6/ 223C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 224see 225.Xr inet6 4 226.It Pa netipx/ 227IPX/SPX protocol stacks 228.It Pa netkey/ 229kernel key-management service 230.It Pa netnatm/ 231NATM include files; 232see 233.Xr natm 4 234.It Pa netns/ 235Xerox NS protocols 236.It Pa netsmb/ 237SMB/CIFS requester 238.It Pa nfs/ 239C include files for NFS (Network File System) 240.It Pa objc/ 241Objective C include files 242.It Pa openssl/ 243OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 244.It Pa pcap/ 245Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 246see 247.Xr pcap 3 248.It Pa pccard/ 249PC-CARD controllers 250.It Pa protocols/ 251C include files for Berkeley service protocols 252.It Pa readline/ 253get a line from a user, with editing; 254see 255.Xr readline 3 256.It Pa rpc/ 257remote procedure calls; 258see 259.Xr rpc 3 260.It Pa rpcsvc/ 261definition of RPC service structures; see 262.Xr rpc 3 263.It Pa security/ 264PAM; see 265.Xr pam 8 266.It Pa sys/ 267system C include files (kernel data structures) 268.It Pa ufs/ 269C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 270.Pp 271.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 272.It Pa ffs/ 273Fast filesystem 274.It Pa mfs/ 275memory file system; 276see 277.Xr mount_mfs 8 278.It Pa ufs/ 279UFS filesystem 280.El 281.Pp 282.It Pa vm/ 283virtual memory; 284see 285.Xr vmstat 8 286.El 287.Pp 288.It Pa lib/ 289archive libraries 290.Pp 291.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 292.It Pa aout/ 293a.out archive libraries 294.It Pa compat/ 295shared libraries for compatibility 296.Pp 297.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 298.It Pa aout/ 299a.out backward compatibility libraries 300.El 301.El 302.Pp 303.It Pa libdata/ 304misc. utility data files 305.Pp 306.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact 307.It Pa doscmd/ 308files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 309see 310.Xr doscmd 1 311.Pp 312.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact 313.It Pa fonts/ 314fonts used by doscmd 315.El 316.Pp 317.It Pa lint/ 318various prebuilt lint libraries; 319see 320.Xr lint 1 321.It Pa msdosfs/ 322Character set conversion tables 323.It Pa stallion/ 324holds the download firmware images 325.El 326.Pp 327.It Pa libexec/ 328system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 329.Pp 330.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact 331.It Pa binutils217/ 332.Pp 333.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 334.It Pa ldscripts/ 335linker scripts; 336see 337.Xr ld 1 338.El 339.Pp 340.It Pa lpr/ 341utilities and filters for LP print system; 342see 343.Xr lpr 1 344.It Pa sendmail/ 345the sendmail binary; 346see 347.Xr mailwrapper 8 348and 349.Xr sendmail 8 350.It Pa sm.bin/ 351restricted shell for sendmail; 352see 353.Xr smrsh 8 354.It Pa uucp/ 355uucp utilities; 356see 357.Xr uucp 1 358.El 359.Pp 360.It Pa local/ 361local executables, libraries, etc. 362Within 363.Pa local/ , 364the general layout sketched out by 365.Xr hier 7 366for 367.Pa /usr 368should be used. 369Exceptions are the 370.Pa man/ 371directory (directly under 372.Pa local/ 373rather than under 374.Pa local/share/ ) , 375documentation (in 376.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 377and 378.Pa /usr/local/etc 379.Pf ( mimics 380.Pa /etc ) . 381.It Pa obj/ 382architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 383.Pa /usr/src 384tree 385.It Pa pkg/ 386default destination directory for the 387.Xr pkgsrc 7 388collection. 389Within 390.Pa pkg/ , 391the general layout sketched out by 392.Xr hier 7 393for 394.Pa /usr 395should be used. 396Exceptions are the 397.Pa man/ 398directory (directly under 399.Pa pkg/ 400rather than under 401.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 402documentation (in 403.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 404and 405.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 406.Pf ( mimics 407.Pa /etc ) . 408.It Pa pkgsrc/ 409The 410.Xr pkgsrc 7 411collection (optional). 412.It Pa sbin/ 413system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 414.It Pa share/ 415architecture-independent files 416.Pp 417.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 418.It Pa calendar/ 419a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 420see 421.Xr calendar 1 422.It Pa dict/ 423word lists; 424see 425.Xr look 1 426.Pp 427.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 428.It Pa web2 429words from Webster's 2nd International 430.It Pa words 431common words 432.It Pa papers/ 433reference databases; 434see 435.Xr refer 1 436.El 437.Pp 438.It Pa examples/ 439various examples for users and programmers 440.It Pa games/ 441ASCII text files used by various games 442.It Pa groff_font/ 443device description file for device name 444.It Pa i18n/ 445internationalization databases; see 446.Xr iconv 3 447.It Pa info/ 448GNU Info hypertext system 449.It Pa isdn/ 450ISDN 451.It Pa libg++/ 452libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 453.It Pa locale/ 454localization files; 455see 456.Xr setlocale 3 457.It Pa man/ 458manual pages 459.It Pa me/ 460macros for use with the me macro package; 461see 462.Xr me 7 463.It Pa misc/ 464misc system-wide ASCII text files 465.Pp 466.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 467.It Pa termcap 468terminal characteristics database; 469see 470.Xr termcap 5 471.El 472.Pp 473.It Pa mk/ 474templates for make; 475see 476.Xr make 1 477.It Pa nls/ 478national language support files; 479see 480.Xr mklocale 1 481.It Pa openssl/ 482.Pp 483.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 484.It Pa man/ 485OpenSSL manual pages 486.El 487.Pp 488.It Pa sendmail/ 489sendmail configuration files; 490see 491.Xr sendmail 8 492.It Pa skel/ 493example . (dot) files for new accounts 494.It Pa syscons/ 495files used by 496.Xr syscons 4 497.Pp 498.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 499.It Pa fonts/ 500console fonts; 501see 502.Xr vidcontrol 1 503and 504.Xr vidfont 1 505.It Pa keymaps/ 506console keyboard maps; 507see 508.Xr kbdcontrol 1 509and 510.Xr kbdmap 1 511.It Pa scrnmaps/ 512console screen maps 513.El 514.Pp 515.It Pa tabset/ 516tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 517the termcap file; 518see 519.Xr termcap 5 520.It Pa tmac/ 521text processing macros; 522see 523.Xr nroff 1 524and 525.Xr troff 1 526.It Pa vi/ 527localization support and utilities for 528.Xr vi 1 529.It Pa zoneinfo/ 530timezone configuration information; 531see 532.Xr tzfile 5 533.El 534.Pp 535.It Pa src/ 536.Bx , 537third-party, and/or local source files 538.Pp 539.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 540.It Pa bin/ 541source code for files in 542.Pa /bin 543.It Pa contrib/ 544source code for contributed software 545.It Pa crypto/ 546source code for contributed cryptography software 547.It Pa etc/ 548source code for files in 549.Pa /etc 550.It Pa games/ 551source code for files in 552.Pa /usr/games 553.It Pa gnu/ 554Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 555.It Pa include/ 556source code for files in 557.Pa /usr/include 558.It Pa lib/ 559source code for files in 560.Pa /usr/lib 561.It Pa libexec/ 562source code for files in 563.Pa /usr/libexec 564.It Pa nrelease/ 565files required to produce a 566.Dx 567release 568.It Pa sbin/ 569source code for files in 570.Pa /sbin 571.It Pa secure/ 572build directory for files in 573.Pa /usr/src/crypto 574.It Pa share/ 575source for files in 576.Pa /usr/share 577.It Pa sys/ 578kernel source code 579.It Pa tools/ 580tools used for maintenance and testing of 581.Dx 582.It Pa usr.bin/ 583source code for files in 584.Pa /usr/bin 585.It Pa usr.sbin/ 586source code for files in 587.Pa /usr/sbin 588.El 589.El 590.It Pa /var/ 591multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 592.Pp 593.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 594.It Pa account/ 595system accounting files 596.Pp 597.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 598.It Pa acct 599execution accounting file; 600see 601.Xr acct 5 602.El 603.Pp 604.It Pa at/ 605timed command scheduling files; 606see 607.Xr \&at 1 608.Pp 609.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 610.It Pa jobs/ 611directory containing job files 612.It Pa spool/ 613directory containing output spool files 614.El 615.Pp 616.It Pa backups/ 617misc. backup files 618.It Pa crash/ 619default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 620.Xr crash 8 621and 622.Xr savecore 8 623.It Pa cron/ 624files used by cron; 625see 626.Xr cron 8 627.Pp 628.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 629.It Pa tabs/ 630crontab files; 631see 632.Xr crontab 5 633.El 634.Pp 635.It Pa db/ 636misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 637.It Pa empty/ 638empty directory used by 639.Xr sshd 8 640for privilege separation 641.It Pa games/ 642misc. game status and score files 643.It Pa log/ 644misc. system log files 645.Pp 646.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 647.It Pa wtmp 648login/logout log; 649see 650.Xr wtmp 5 651.El 652.Pp 653.It Pa mail/ 654user mailbox files 655.It Pa msgs/ 656system messages database; 657see 658.Xr msgs 1 659.It Pa preserve/ 660temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 661of an editor; 662see 663.Xr \&ex 1 664.It Pa quotas/ 665filesystem quota information files 666.It Pa run/ 667system information files describing various info about 668system since it was booted 669.Pp 670.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 671.It Pa ppp/ 672writable by the 673.Dq network 674group for command connection sockets; see 675.Xr ppp 8 676.It Pa utmp 677database of current users; 678see 679.Xr utmp 5 680.El 681.Pp 682.It Pa rwho/ 683rwho data files; 684see 685.Xr rwhod 8 , 686.Xr rwho 1 , 687and 688.Xr ruptime 1 689.It Pa spool/ 690misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 691.Pp 692.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 693.It Pa clientmqueue/ 694undelivered submission mail queue; 695see 696.Xr sendmail 8 697.It Pa dma/ 698undelivered mail queue; 699see 700.Xr dma 8 701.It Pa ftp/ 702commonly 703.Pa ~ftp ; 704the anonymous ftp root directory 705.It Pa mqueue/ 706undelivered mail queue; 707see 708.Xr sendmail 8 709.It Pa output/ 710line printer spooling directories 711.It Pa uucp/ 712uucp spool directory 713.It Pa uucppublic/ 714commonly 715.Pa ~uucp ; 716public uucp temporary directory 717.El 718.Pp 719.It Pa tmp/ 720temporary files that are kept between system reboots 721.Pp 722.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 723.It Pa vi.recover/ 724the directory where recovery files are stored 725.El 726.Pp 727.It Pa yp/ 728the NIS maps 729.El 730.El 731.Sh NOTES 732This manual page documents the default 733.Dx 734filesystem layout, but 735the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 736administrator's discretion. 737A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 738this document. 739.Sh SEE ALSO 740.Xr apropos 1 , 741.Xr find 1 , 742.Xr finger 1 , 743.Xr grep 1 , 744.Xr ls 1 , 745.Xr whatis 1 , 746.Xr whereis 1 , 747.Xr which 1 , 748.Xr fsck 8 749.Sh HISTORY 750A 751.Nm 752manual page appeared in 753.At v7 . 754