1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 29.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 30.\" 31.Dd March 6, 2014 32.Dt HIER 7 33.Os 34.Sh NAME 35.Nm hier 36.Nd layout of filesystems 37.Sh DESCRIPTION 38A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 39.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 40.It Pa / 41root directory of the filesystem 42.It Pa /bin/ 43user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 44.It Pa /boot/ 45programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 46.Pp 47.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 48.It Pa defaults/ 49default bootstrapping configuration files; see 50.Xr loader.conf 5 51.It Pa kernel/ 52pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 53at boot time) and loadable kernel modules; 54see 55.Xr kldstat 8 56.El 57.It Pa /compat/ 58files related to compatibility layers 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ndis/" -compact 61.It Pa ndis/ 62firmware for 63.Xr ndis 4 64drivers 65.El 66.It Pa /dev/ 67block and character device files 68.Pp 69.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 70.It Pa fd/ 71file descriptor files; 72see 73.Xr \&fd 4 74.El 75.It Pa /etc/ 76system configuration files and scripts 77.Pp 78.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 79.It Pa bluetooth/ 80bluetooth configuration files 81.It Pa defaults/ 82default system configuration files; 83see 84.Xr rc 8 85.It Pa dma/ 86.Xr dma 8 87configuration files 88.It Pa localtime 89local timezone information; 90see 91.Xr ctime 3 92.It Pa mail/ 93Sendmail control files 94.It Pa mtree/ 95mtree configuration files; 96see 97.Xr mtree 8 98.It Pa pam.d/ 99configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 100library 101.It Pa periodic/ 102scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 103.Xr cron 8 ; 104see 105.Xr periodic 8 106.It Pa ppp/ 107ppp configuration files; 108see 109.Xr ppp 8 110.It Pa rc.d/ 111System and daemon startup/control scripts; 112see 113.Xr rc 8 114.It Pa ssh/ 115OpenSSH configuration files; 116see 117.Xr ssh 1 118.It Pa ssl/ 119OpenSSL configuration files 120.It Pa upgrade/ 121Files relevant to system upgrades 122.It Pa uucp/ 123uucp configuration files; 124see 125.Xr uucp 1 126.El 127.It Pa /home/ 128HOME directories of non-root users 129.It Pa /mnt/ 130empty directory commonly used by 131system administrators as a temporary mount point 132.It Pa /pfs/ 133pseudo file system directory (on 134.Xr hammer 5 135root file systems) 136.It Pa /proc/ 137process file system; 138see 139.Xr procfs 5 , 140.Xr mount_procfs 8 141.It Pa /root/ 142root's HOME directory 143.It Pa /sbin/ 144system programs and administration utilities 145fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 146.It Pa /sys/ 147the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 148.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 149.It Pa /tmp/ 150temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 151.It Pa /usr/ 152contains the majority of user utilities and applications 153.Pp 154.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 155.It Pa bin/ 156common utilities, programming tools, and applications 157.It Pa dports/ 158The 159.Dx 160.Xr dports 7 161collection (optional). 162.It Pa games/ 163useful and semi-frivolous programs 164.It Pa include/ 165standard C include files 166.Pp 167.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 168.It Pa arpa/ 169C include files for Internet service protocols 170.It Pa c++/ 171C++ include files 172.It Pa cam/ 173C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 174.Pp 175.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 176.It Pa scsi/ 177The SCSI device on top of CAM 178.El 179.Pp 180.It Pa dev/ 181C include files for programming various 182.Dx 183devices 184.It Pa emulation/ 185Include Files for various emulation layers 186.It Pa fs/ 187.Pp 188.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 189.It Pa smbfs/ 190SMB/CIFS filesystem 191.El 192.Pp 193.It Pa isofs/ 194.Pp 195.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 196.It Pa cd9660/ 197iso9660 filesystem 198.El 199.Pp 200.It Pa libmilter/ 201C include files for libmilter, 202the sendmail mail filter API 203.It Pa libprop/ 204C include files for libprop 205.It Pa machine/ 206machine-specific C include files 207.It Pa msdosfs/ 208MS-DOS file system 209.It Pa net/ 210misc network C include files 211.It Pa netinet/ 212C include files for Internet standard protocols; 213see 214.Xr inet 4 215.It Pa netinet6/ 216C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 217see 218.Xr inet6 4 219.It Pa netkey/ 220kernel key-management service 221.It Pa netsmb/ 222SMB/CIFS requester 223.It Pa nfs/ 224C include files for NFS (Network File System) 225.It Pa openssl/ 226OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 227.It Pa pcap/ 228Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 229see 230.Xr pcap 3 231.It Pa pccard/ 232PC-CARD controllers 233.It Pa protocols/ 234C include files for Berkeley service protocols 235.It Pa readline/ 236get a line from a user, with editing; 237see 238.Xr readline 3 239.It Pa rpc/ 240remote procedure calls; 241see 242.Xr rpc 3 243.It Pa rpcsvc/ 244definition of RPC service structures; see 245.Xr rpc 3 246.It Pa security/ 247PAM; see 248.Xr pam 8 249.It Pa sys/ 250system C include files (kernel data structures) 251.It Pa ufs/ 252C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 253.Pp 254.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 255.It Pa ffs/ 256Fast filesystem 257.It Pa mfs/ 258memory file system; 259see 260.Xr mount_mfs 8 261.It Pa ufs/ 262UFS filesystem 263.El 264.Pp 265.It Pa vm/ 266virtual memory; 267see 268.Xr vmstat 8 269.El 270.Pp 271.It Pa lib/ 272archive libraries 273.Pp 274.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 275.It Pa aout/ 276a.out archive libraries 277.It Pa compat/ 278shared libraries for compatibility 279.Pp 280.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 281.It Pa aout/ 282a.out backward compatibility libraries 283.El 284.It Pa engines/ 285OpenSSL dynamic engines 286.El 287.Pp 288.It Pa libdata/ 289misc. utility data files 290.It Pa libexec/ 291system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 292.Pp 293.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils222/" -compact 294.It Pa binutils222/ 295.Pp 296.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 297.It Pa ldscripts/ 298linker scripts; 299see 300.Xr ld 1 301.El 302.Pp 303.It Pa binutils224/ 304.Pp 305.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 306.It Pa ldscripts/ 307linker scripts; 308see 309.Xr ld 1 310.El 311.Pp 312.It Pa lpr/ 313utilities and filters for LP print system; 314see 315.Xr lpr 1 316.It Pa sendmail/ 317the sendmail binary; 318see 319.Xr mailwrapper 8 320and 321.Xr sendmail 8 322.It Pa sm.bin/ 323restricted shell for sendmail; 324see 325.Xr smrsh 8 326.It Pa uucp/ 327uucp utilities; 328see 329.Xr uucp 1 330.El 331.Pp 332.It Pa local/ 333local executables, libraries, etc. 334Also used as the default destination for the 335.Dx 336.Xr dports 7 337framework. 338Within 339.Pa local/ , 340the general layout sketched out by 341.Nm 342for 343.Pa /usr 344should be used. 345Exceptions are the 346.Pa man 347directory 348.Po directly under 349.Pa local/ 350rather than under 351.Pa local/share/ Ns Pc , 352ports documentation 353.Po in 354.Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc , 355and 356.Pa /usr/local/etc 357.Po mimics 358.Pa /etc Ns Pc . 359.It Pa obj/ 360architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 361.Pa /usr/src 362tree 363.It Pa pkg/ 364default destination directory for the 365.Xr pkgsrc 7 366collection. 367Within 368.Pa pkg/ , 369the general layout sketched out by 370.Xr hier 7 371for 372.Pa /usr 373should be used. 374Exceptions are the 375.Pa man/ 376directory (directly under 377.Pa pkg/ 378rather than under 379.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 380documentation (in 381.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 382and 383.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 384.Pf ( mimics 385.Pa /etc ) . 386.It Pa pkgsrc/ 387The 388.Xr pkgsrc 7 389collection (optional). 390.It Pa sbin/ 391system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 392.It Pa share/ 393architecture-independent files 394.Pp 395.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 396.It Pa calendar/ 397a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 398see 399.Xr calendar 1 400.It Pa dict/ 401word lists; 402see 403.Xr look 1 404.Pp 405.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 406.It Pa web2 407words from Webster's 2nd International 408.It Pa words 409common words 410.It Pa papers/ 411reference databases; 412see 413.Xr refer 1 414.El 415.Pp 416.It Pa doc/ 417miscellaneous documentation 418.Pp 419.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact 420.It Pa legal/ 421License files for vendor supplied firmware 422.El 423.Pp 424.It Pa examples/ 425various examples for users and programmers 426.It Pa games/ 427ASCII text files used by various games 428.It Pa groff_font/ 429device description file for device name 430.It Pa i18n/ 431internationalization databases; see 432.Xr iconv 3 433.It Pa info/ 434GNU Info hypertext system 435.It Pa libg++/ 436libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 437.It Pa locale/ 438localization files; 439see 440.Xr setlocale 3 441.It Pa man/ 442manual pages 443.It Pa me/ 444macros for use with the me macro package; 445see 446.Xr me 7 447.It Pa misc/ 448misc system-wide ASCII text files 449.Pp 450.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 451.It Pa termcap 452terminal characteristics database; 453see 454.Xr termcap 5 455.El 456.Pp 457.It Pa mk/ 458templates for make; 459see 460.Xr make 1 461.It Pa nls/ 462national language support files; 463see 464.Xr mklocale 1 465.It Pa openssl/ 466.Pp 467.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 468.It Pa man/ 469OpenSSL manual pages 470.El 471.Pp 472.It Pa sendmail/ 473sendmail configuration files; 474see 475.Xr sendmail 8 476.It Pa skel/ 477example . (dot) files for new accounts 478.It Pa syscons/ 479files used by 480.Xr syscons 4 481.Pp 482.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 483.It Pa fonts/ 484console fonts; 485see 486.Xr vidcontrol 1 487and 488.Xr vidfont 1 489.It Pa keymaps/ 490console keyboard maps; 491see 492.Xr kbdcontrol 1 493and 494.Xr kbdmap 1 495.It Pa scrnmaps/ 496console screen maps 497.El 498.Pp 499.It Pa tabset/ 500tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 501the termcap file; 502see 503.Xr termcap 5 504.It Pa terminfo/ 505compiled 506.Xr terminfo 5 507database files 508.It Pa tmac/ 509text processing macros; 510see 511.Xr nroff 1 512and 513.Xr troff 1 514.It Pa vi/ 515localization support and utilities for 516.Xr vi 1 517.It Pa zoneinfo/ 518timezone configuration information; 519see 520.Xr tzfile 5 521.El 522.Pp 523.It Pa src/ 524.Bx , 525third-party, and/or local source files 526.Pp 527.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 528.It Pa bin/ 529source code for files in 530.Pa /bin 531.It Pa contrib/ 532source code for contributed software 533.It Pa crypto/ 534source code for contributed cryptography software 535.It Pa etc/ 536source code for files in 537.Pa /etc 538.It Pa games/ 539source code for files in 540.Pa /usr/games 541.It Pa gnu/ 542Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 543.It Pa include/ 544source code for files in 545.Pa /usr/include 546.It Pa lib/ 547source code for files in 548.Pa /usr/lib 549.It Pa libexec/ 550source code for files in 551.Pa /usr/libexec 552.It Pa nrelease/ 553files required to produce a 554.Dx 555release 556.It Pa sbin/ 557source code for files in 558.Pa /sbin 559.It Pa secure/ 560build directory for files in 561.Pa /usr/src/crypto 562.It Pa share/ 563source for files in 564.Pa /usr/share 565.It Pa sys/ 566kernel source code 567.It Pa tools/ 568tools used for maintenance and testing of 569.Dx 570.It Pa usr.bin/ 571source code for files in 572.Pa /usr/bin 573.It Pa usr.sbin/ 574source code for files in 575.Pa /usr/sbin 576.El 577.El 578.It Pa /var/ 579multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 580.Pp 581.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 582.It Pa account/ 583system accounting files 584.Pp 585.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 586.It Pa acct 587execution accounting file; 588see 589.Xr acct 5 590.El 591.Pp 592.It Pa at/ 593timed command scheduling files; 594see 595.Xr \&at 1 596.Pp 597.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 598.It Pa jobs/ 599directory containing job files 600.It Pa spool/ 601directory containing output spool files 602.El 603.Pp 604.It Pa backups/ 605misc. backup files 606.It Pa crash/ 607default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 608.Xr crash 8 609and 610.Xr savecore 8 611.It Pa cron/ 612files used by cron; 613see 614.Xr cron 8 615.Pp 616.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 617.It Pa tabs/ 618crontab files; 619see 620.Xr crontab 5 621.El 622.Pp 623.It Pa db/ 624misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 625.It Pa empty/ 626empty directory used by 627.Xr sshd 8 628for privilege separation 629.It Pa games/ 630misc. game status and score files 631.It Pa hammer/ 632per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for 633.Xr hammer 5 634file systems 635.It Pa log/ 636misc. system log files 637.Pp 638.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 639.It Pa wtmp 640login/logout log; 641see 642.Xr wtmp 5 643.El 644.Pp 645.It Pa mail/ 646user mailbox files 647.It Pa msgs/ 648system messages database; 649see 650.Xr msgs 1 651.It Pa preserve/ 652temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 653of an editor; 654see 655.Xr \&ex 1 656.It Pa quotas/ 657filesystem quota information files 658.It Pa run/ 659system information files describing various info about 660system since it was booted 661.Pp 662.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 663.It Pa ppp/ 664writable by the 665.Dq network 666group for command connection sockets; see 667.Xr ppp 8 668.It Pa utmp 669database of current users; 670see 671.Xr utmp 5 672.El 673.Pp 674.It Pa rwho/ 675rwho data files; 676see 677.Xr rwhod 8 , 678.Xr rwho 1 , 679and 680.Xr ruptime 1 681.It Pa spool/ 682misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 683.Pp 684.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 685.It Pa clientmqueue/ 686undelivered submission mail queue; 687see 688.Xr sendmail 8 689.It Pa dma/ 690undelivered mail queue; 691see 692.Xr dma 8 693.It Pa ftp/ 694commonly 695.Pa ~ftp ; 696the anonymous ftp root directory 697.It Pa mqueue/ 698undelivered mail queue; 699see 700.Xr sendmail 8 701.It Pa output/ 702line printer spooling directories 703.It Pa uucp/ 704uucp spool directory 705.It Pa uucppublic/ 706commonly 707.Pa ~uucp ; 708public uucp temporary directory 709.El 710.Pp 711.It Pa tmp/ 712temporary files that are kept between system reboots 713.Pp 714.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 715.It Pa vi.recover/ 716the directory where recovery files are stored 717.El 718.Pp 719.It Pa yp/ 720the NIS maps 721.El 722.El 723.Sh NOTES 724This manual page documents the default 725.Dx 726filesystem layout, but 727the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 728administrator's discretion. 729A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 730this document. 731.Sh SEE ALSO 732.Xr apropos 1 , 733.Xr find 1 , 734.Xr finger 1 , 735.Xr grep 1 , 736.Xr ls 1 , 737.Xr whatis 1 , 738.Xr whereis 1 , 739.Xr which 1 , 740.Xr fsck 8 741.Sh HISTORY 742A 743.Nm 744manual page appeared in 745.At v7 . 746