1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.23 2008/02/03 18:02:42 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd February 2, 2008 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.El 57.It Pa /dev/ 58block and character device files 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width ".Pa MAKEDEV" -compact 61.It Pa MAKEDEV 62script for creating device files; 63see 64.Xr MAKEDEV 8 65.It Pa fd/ 66file descriptor files; 67see 68.Xr \&fd 4 69.El 70.It Pa /etc/ 71system configuration files and scripts 72.Pp 73.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 74.It Pa bluetooth/ 75bluetooth configuration files 76.It Pa defaults/ 77default system configuration files; 78see 79.Xr rc 8 80.It Pa dma/ 81.Xr dma 8 82configuration files 83.It Pa firmware/ 84Firmware image files; 85see 86.Xr firmware 9 87.It Pa isdn/ 88isdn4bsd configuration files; 89see 90.Xr isdnd 8 91.It Pa localtime 92local timezone information; 93see 94.Xr ctime 3 95.It Pa mail/ 96Sendmail control files 97.It Pa mtree/ 98mtree configuration files; 99see 100.Xr mtree 8 101.It Pa namedb/ 102named configuration files; 103see 104.Xr named 8 105.It Pa pam.d/ 106configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 107library 108.It Pa periodic/ 109scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 110.Xr cron 8 ; 111see 112.Xr periodic 8 113.It Pa ppp/ 114ppp configuration files; 115see 116.Xr ppp 8 117.It Pa rc.d/ 118System and daemon startup/control scripts; 119see 120.Xr rc 8 121.It Pa ssh/ 122OpenSSH configuration files; 123see 124.Xr ssh 1 125.It Pa ssl/ 126OpenSSL configuration files 127.It Pa upgrade/ 128Files relevant to system upgrades 129.It Pa uucp/ 130uucp configuration files; 131see 132.Xr uucp 1 133.El 134.It Pa /home/ 135HOME directories of non-root users 136.It Pa /kernel 137pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 138at boot time). 139.It Pa /mnt/ 140empty directory commonly used by 141system administrators as a temporary mount point 142.It Pa /modules/ 143loadable kernel modules; 144see 145.Xr kldstat 8 146.It Pa /proc/ 147process file system; 148see 149.Xr procfs 5 , 150.Xr mount_procfs 8 151.It Pa /root/ 152root's HOME directory 153.It Pa /sbin/ 154system programs and administration utilities 155fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 156.It Pa /sys/ 157the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 158.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 159.It Pa /tmp/ 160temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 161.It Pa /usr/ 162contains the majority of user utilities and applications 163.Pp 164.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 165.It Pa bin/ 166common utilities, programming tools, and applications 167.It Pa games/ 168useful and semi-frivolous programs 169.It Pa include/ 170standard C include files 171.Pp 172.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 173.It Pa arpa/ 174C include files for Internet service protocols 175.It Pa c++/ 176C++ include files 177.It Pa cam/ 178C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 179.Pp 180.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 181.It Pa scsi/ 182The SCSI device on top of CAM 183.El 184.Pp 185.It Pa dev/ 186C include files for programming various 187.Dx 188devices 189.It Pa emulation/ 190Include Files for various emulation layers 191.It Pa fs/ 192.Pp 193.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 194.It Pa smbfs/ 195SMB/CIFS filesystem 196.El 197.Pp 198.It Pa isc/ 199ISC utility library libisc include files 200.It Pa isofs/ 201.Pp 202.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 203.It Pa cd9660/ 204iso9660 filesystem 205.El 206.Pp 207.It Pa libmilter/ 208C include files for libmilter, 209the sendmail mail filter API 210.It Pa machine/ 211machine-specific C include files 212.It Pa msdosfs/ 213MS-DOS file system 214.It Pa net/ 215misc network C include files 216.It Pa netatalk/ 217Appletalk protocol 218.It Pa netatm/ 219ATM include files; 220see 221.Xr atm 8 222.It Pa netinet/ 223C include files for Internet standard protocols; 224see 225.Xr inet 4 226.It Pa netinet6/ 227C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 228see 229.Xr inet6 4 230.It Pa netipx/ 231IPX/SPX protocol stacks 232.It Pa netkey/ 233kernel key-management service 234.It Pa netnatm/ 235NATM include files; 236see 237.Xr natm 4 238.It Pa netns/ 239Xerox NS protocols 240.It Pa netsmb/ 241SMB/CIFS requester 242.It Pa nfs/ 243C include files for NFS (Network File System) 244.It Pa objc/ 245Objective C include files 246.It Pa openssl/ 247OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 248.It Pa pccard/ 249PC-CARD controllers 250.It Pa protocols/ 251C include files for Berkeley service protocols 252.It Pa readline/ 253get a line from a user, with editing; 254see 255.Xr readline 3 256.It Pa rpc/ 257remote procedure calls; 258see 259.Xr rpc 3 260.It Pa rpcsvc/ 261definition of RPC service structures; see 262.Xr rpc 3 263.It Pa security/ 264PAM; see 265.Xr pam 8 266.It Pa sys/ 267system C include files (kernel data structures) 268.It Pa ufs/ 269C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 270.Pp 271.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 272.It Pa ffs/ 273Fast filesystem 274.It Pa mfs/ 275memory file system; 276see 277.Xr mount_mfs 8 278.It Pa ufs/ 279UFS filesystem 280.El 281.Pp 282.It Pa vm/ 283virtual memory; 284see 285.Xr vmstat 8 286.El 287.Pp 288.It Pa lib/ 289archive libraries 290.Pp 291.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 292.It Pa aout/ 293a.out archive libraries 294.It Pa compat/ 295shared libraries for compatibility 296.Pp 297.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 298.It Pa aout/ 299a.out backward compatibility libraries 300.El 301.El 302.Pp 303.It Pa libdata/ 304misc. utility data files 305.Pp 306.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact 307.It Pa doscmd/ 308files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 309see 310.Xr doscmd 1 311.Pp 312.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact 313.It Pa fonts/ 314fonts used by doscmd 315.El 316.Pp 317.It Pa lint/ 318various prebuilt lint libraries; 319see 320.Xr lint 1 321.It Pa msdosfs/ 322Character set conversion tables 323.It Pa stallion/ 324holds the download firmware images 325.El 326.Pp 327.It Pa libexec/ 328system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 329.Pp 330.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact 331.It Pa binutils217/ 332.Pp 333.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 334.It Pa ldscripts/ 335linker scripts; 336see 337.Xr ld 1 338.El 339.Pp 340.It Pa lpr/ 341utilities and filters for LP print system; 342see 343.Xr lpr 1 344.It Pa sendmail/ 345the sendmail binary; 346see 347.Xr mailwrapper 8 348and 349.Xr sendmail 8 350.It Pa sm.bin/ 351restricted shell for sendmail; 352see 353.Xr smrsh 8 354.It Pa uucp/ 355uucp utilities; 356see 357.Xr uucp 1 358.El 359.Pp 360.It Pa local/ 361local executables, libraries, etc. 362Within 363.Pa local/ , 364the general layout sketched out by 365.Xr hier 7 366for 367.Pa /usr 368should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under 369.Pa local/ 370rather than under 371.Pa local/share/ ) , 372documentation (in 373.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 374and 375.Pa /usr/local/etc 376.Pf ( mimics 377.Pa /etc ) . 378.It Pa obj/ 379architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 380.Pa /usr/src 381tree 382.It Pa pkg/ 383default destination directory for the 384.Xr pkgsrc 7 385collection. 386Within 387.Pa pkg/ , 388the general layout sketched out by 389.Xr hier 7 390for 391.Pa /usr 392should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under 393.Pa pkg/ 394rather than under 395.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 396documentation (in 397.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 398and 399.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 400.Pf ( mimics 401.Pa /etc ) . 402.It Pa pkgsrc/ 403The 404.Xr pkgsrc 7 405collection (optional). 406.It Pa sbin/ 407system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 408.It Pa share/ 409architecture-independent files 410.Pp 411.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 412.It Pa calendar/ 413a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 414see 415.Xr calendar 1 416.It Pa dict/ 417word lists; 418see 419.Xr look 1 420.Pp 421.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 422.It Pa web2 423words from Webster's 2nd International 424.It Pa words 425common words 426.It Pa papers/ 427reference databases; 428see 429.Xr refer 1 430.El 431.Pp 432.It Pa examples/ 433various examples for users and programmers 434.It Pa games/ 435ASCII text files used by various games 436.It Pa groff_font/ 437device description file for device name 438.It Pa i18n/ 439internationalization databases; see 440.Xr iconv 3 441.It Pa info/ 442GNU Info hypertext system 443.It Pa isdn/ 444ISDN 445.It Pa libg++/ 446libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 447.It Pa locale/ 448localization files; 449see 450.Xr setlocale 3 451.It Pa man/ 452manual pages 453.It Pa me/ 454macros for use with the me macro package; 455see 456.Xr me 7 457.It Pa misc/ 458misc system-wide ASCII text files 459.Pp 460.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 461.It Pa termcap 462terminal characteristics database; 463see 464.Xr termcap 5 465.El 466.Pp 467.It Pa mk/ 468templates for make; 469see 470.Xr make 1 471.It Pa nls/ 472national language support files; 473see 474.Xr mklocale 1 475.It Pa openssl/ 476.Pp 477.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 478.It Pa man/ 479OpenSSL manual pages 480.El 481.Pp 482.It Pa sendmail/ 483sendmail configuration files; 484see 485.Xr sendmail 8 486.It Pa skel/ 487example . (dot) files for new accounts 488.It Pa syscons/ 489files used by 490.Xr syscons 4 491.Pp 492.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 493.It Pa fonts/ 494console fonts; 495see 496.Xr vidcontrol 1 497and 498.Xr vidfont 1 499.It Pa keymaps/ 500console keyboard maps; 501see 502.Xr kbdcontrol 1 503and 504.Xr kbdmap 1 505.It Pa scrnmaps/ 506console screen maps 507.El 508.Pp 509.It Pa tabset/ 510tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 511the termcap file; 512see 513.Xr termcap 5 514.It Pa tmac/ 515text processing macros; 516see 517.Xr nroff 1 518and 519.Xr troff 1 520.It Pa vi/ 521localization support and utilities for 522.Xr vi 1 523.It Pa zoneinfo/ 524timezone configuration information; 525see 526.Xr tzfile 5 527.El 528.Pp 529.It Pa src/ 530.Bx , 531third-party, and/or local source files 532.Pp 533.Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact 534.It Pa bin/ 535source code for files in 536.Pa /bin 537.It Pa contrib/ 538source code for contributed software 539.It Pa crypto/ 540source code for contributed cryptography software 541.It Pa etc/ 542source code for files in 543.Pa /etc 544.It Pa games/ 545source code for files in 546.Pa /usr/games 547.It Pa gnu/ 548Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 549.It Pa include/ 550source code for files in 551.Pa /usr/include 552.It Pa kerberos5/ 553source code for kerberos version 5 554.It Pa lib/ 555source code for files in 556.Pa /usr/lib 557.It Pa libexec/ 558source code for files in 559.Pa /usr/libexec 560.It Pa nrelease/ 561files required to produce a 562.Dx 563release 564.It Pa sbin/ 565source code for files in 566.Pa /sbin 567.It Pa secure/ 568build directory for files in 569.Pa /usr/src/crypto 570.It Pa share/ 571source for files in 572.Pa /usr/share 573.It Pa sys/ 574kernel source code 575.It Pa tools/ 576tools used for maintenance and testing of 577.Dx 578.It Pa usr.bin/ 579source code for files in 580.Pa /usr/bin 581.It Pa usr.sbin/ 582source code for files in 583.Pa /usr/sbin 584.El 585.El 586.It Pa /var/ 587multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 588.Pp 589.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 590.It Pa account/ 591system accounting files 592.Pp 593.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 594.It Pa acct 595execution accounting file; 596see 597.Xr acct 5 598.El 599.Pp 600.It Pa at/ 601timed command scheduling files; 602see 603.Xr \&at 1 604.Pp 605.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 606.It Pa jobs/ 607directory containing job files 608.It Pa spool/ 609directory containing output spool files 610.El 611.Pp 612.It Pa backups/ 613misc. backup files 614.It Pa crash/ 615default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 616.Xr crash 8 617and 618.Xr savecore 8 619.It Pa cron/ 620files used by cron; 621see 622.Xr cron 8 623.Pp 624.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 625.It Pa tabs/ 626crontab files; 627see 628.Xr crontab 5 629.El 630.Pp 631.It Pa db/ 632misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 633.It Pa empty/ 634empty directory used by 635.Xr sshd 8 636for privilege separation 637.It Pa games/ 638misc. game status and score files 639.It Pa heimdal/ 640kerberos server databases; see 641.Xr kdc 8 642.It Pa log/ 643misc. system log files 644.Pp 645.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 646.It Pa wtmp 647login/logout log; 648see 649.Xr wtmp 5 650.El 651.Pp 652.It Pa mail/ 653user mailbox files 654.It Pa msgs/ 655system messages database; 656see 657.Xr msgs 1 658.It Pa preserve/ 659temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 660of an editor; 661see 662.Xr \&ex 1 663.It Pa quotas/ 664filesystem quota information files 665.It Pa run/ 666system information files describing various info about 667system since it was booted 668.Pp 669.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 670.It Pa ppp/ 671writable by the 672.Dq network 673group for command connection sockets; see 674.Xr ppp 8 675.It Pa utmp 676database of current users; 677see 678.Xr utmp 5 679.El 680.Pp 681.It Pa rwho/ 682rwho data files; 683see 684.Xr rwhod 8 , 685.Xr rwho 1 , 686and 687.Xr ruptime 1 688.It Pa spool/ 689misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 690.Pp 691.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 692.It Pa clientmqueue/ 693undelivered submission mail queue; 694see 695.Xr sendmail 8 696.It Pa dma/ 697undelivered mail queue; 698see 699.Xr dma 8 700.It Pa ftp/ 701commonly 702.Pa ~ftp ; 703the anonymous ftp root directory 704.It Pa mqueue/ 705undelivered mail queue; 706see 707.Xr sendmail 8 708.It Pa output/ 709line printer spooling directories 710.It Pa uucp/ 711uucp spool directory 712.It Pa uucppublic/ 713commonly 714.Pa ~uucp ; 715public uucp temporary directory 716.El 717.Pp 718.It Pa tmp/ 719temporary files that are kept between system reboots 720.Pp 721.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 722.It Pa vi.recover/ 723the directory where recovery files are stored 724.El 725.Pp 726.It Pa yp/ 727the NIS maps 728.El 729.El 730.Sh NOTES 731This manual page documents the default 732.Dx 733filesystem layout, but 734the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 735administrator's discretion. 736A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 737this document. 738.Sh SEE ALSO 739.Xr apropos 1 , 740.Xr find 1 , 741.Xr finger 1 , 742.Xr grep 1 , 743.Xr ls 1 , 744.Xr whatis 1 , 745.Xr whereis 1 , 746.Xr which 1 , 747.Xr fsck 8 748.Sh HISTORY 749A 750.Nm 751manual page appeared in 752.At v7 . 753