man/man7/hier.7

.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"	@(#)hier.7	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
.\"
.Dd November 26, 2011
.Dt HIER 7
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm hier
.Nd layout of filesystems
.Sh DESCRIPTION
A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
.It Pa /
root directory of the filesystem
.It Pa /bin/
user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
.It Pa /boot/
programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
.It Pa defaults/
default bootstrapping configuration files; see
.Xr loader.conf 5
.It Pa kernel
pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
at boot time).
.It Pa modules/
loadable kernel modules;
see
.Xr kldstat 8
.El
.It Pa /dev/
block and character device files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
.It Pa fd/
file descriptor files;
see
.Xr \&fd 4
.El
.It Pa /etc/
system configuration files and scripts
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
.It Pa bluetooth/
bluetooth configuration files
.It Pa defaults/
default system configuration files;
see
.Xr rc 8
.It Pa dma/
.Xr dma 8
configuration files
.\".It Pa firmware/
.\"Firmware image files;
.\"see
.\".Xr firmware 9
.It Pa isdn/
isdn4bsd configuration files;
see
.Xr isdnd 8
.It Pa localtime
local timezone information;
see
.Xr ctime 3
.It Pa mail/
Sendmail control files
.It Pa mtree/
mtree configuration files;
see
.Xr mtree 8
.It Pa pam.d/
configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
library
.It Pa periodic/
scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
.Xr cron 8 ;
see
.Xr periodic 8
.It Pa ppp/
ppp configuration files;
see
.Xr ppp 8
.It Pa rc.d/
System and daemon startup/control scripts;
see
.Xr rc 8
.It Pa ssh/
OpenSSH configuration files;
see
.Xr ssh 1
.It Pa ssl/
OpenSSL configuration files
.It Pa upgrade/
Files relevant to system upgrades
.It Pa uucp/
uucp configuration files;
see
.Xr uucp 1
.El
.It Pa /home/
HOME directories of non-root users
.It Pa /mnt/
empty directory commonly used by
system administrators as a temporary mount point
.It Pa /pfs/
pseudo file system directory (on
.Xr hammer 5
root file systems)
.It Pa /proc/
process file system;
see
.Xr procfs 5 ,
.Xr mount_procfs 8
.It Pa /root/
root's HOME directory
.It Pa /sbin/
system programs and administration utilities
fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
.It Pa /sys/
the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
.Pa /usr/src/sys )
.It Pa /tmp/
temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
.It Pa /usr/
contains the majority of user utilities and applications
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
.It Pa bin/
common utilities, programming tools, and applications
.It Pa games/
useful and semi-frivolous programs
.It Pa include/
standard C include files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
.It Pa arpa/
C include files for Internet service protocols
.It Pa c++/
C++ include files
.It Pa cam/
C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
.It Pa scsi/
The SCSI device on top of CAM
.El
.Pp
.It Pa dev/
C include files for programming various
.Dx
devices
.It Pa emulation/
Include Files for various emulation layers
.It Pa fs/
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
.It Pa smbfs/
SMB/CIFS filesystem
.El
.Pp
.It Pa isofs/
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
.It Pa cd9660/
iso9660 filesystem
.El
.Pp
.It Pa libmilter/
C include files for libmilter,
the sendmail mail filter API
.It Pa libprop/
C include files for libprop
.It Pa machine/
machine-specific C include files
.It Pa msdosfs/
MS-DOS file system
.It Pa net/
misc network C include files
.It Pa netatm/
ATM include files;
see
.Xr atm 8
.It Pa netinet/
C include files for Internet standard protocols;
see
.Xr inet 4
.It Pa netinet6/
C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
see
.Xr inet6 4
.It Pa netipx/
IPX/SPX protocol stacks
.It Pa netkey/
kernel key-management service
.It Pa netnatm/
NATM include files;
see
.Xr natm 4
.It Pa netsmb/
SMB/CIFS requester
.It Pa nfs/
C include files for NFS (Network File System)
.It Pa objc/
Objective C include files
.It Pa openssl/
OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
.It Pa pcap/
Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
see
.Xr pcap 3
.It Pa pccard/
PC-CARD controllers
.It Pa protocols/
C include files for Berkeley service protocols
.It Pa readline/
get a line from a user, with editing;
see
.Xr readline 3
.It Pa rpc/
remote procedure calls;
see
.Xr rpc 3
.It Pa rpcsvc/
definition of RPC service structures; see
.Xr rpc 3
.It Pa security/
PAM; see
.Xr pam 8
.It Pa sys/
system C include files (kernel data structures)
.It Pa ufs/
C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
.It Pa ffs/
Fast filesystem
.It Pa mfs/
memory file system;
see
.Xr mount_mfs 8
.It Pa ufs/
UFS filesystem
.El
.Pp
.It Pa vm/
virtual memory;
see
.Xr vmstat 8
.El
.Pp
.It Pa lib/
archive libraries
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
.It Pa aout/
a.out archive libraries
.It Pa compat/
shared libraries for compatibility
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
.It Pa aout/
a.out backward compatibility libraries
.El
.It Pa engines/
OpenSSL dynamic engines
.El
.Pp
.It Pa libdata/
misc. utility data files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact
.It Pa doscmd/
files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
see
.Xr doscmd 1
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact
.It Pa fonts/
fonts used by doscmd
.El
.Pp
.It Pa lint/
various prebuilt lint libraries;
see
.Xr lint 1
.It Pa stallion/
holds the download firmware images
.El
.Pp
.It Pa libexec/
system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
.Pp
.It Pa binutils221/
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
.It Pa ldscripts/
linker scripts;
see
.Xr ld 1
.El
.Pp
.It Pa binutils222/
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
.It Pa ldscripts/
linker scripts;
see
.Xr ld 1
.El
.Pp
.It Pa lpr/
utilities and filters for LP print system;
see
.Xr lpr 1
.It Pa sendmail/
the sendmail binary;
see
.Xr mailwrapper 8
and
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Pa sm.bin/
restricted shell for sendmail;
see
.Xr smrsh 8
.It Pa uucp/
uucp utilities;
see
.Xr uucp 1
.El
.Pp
.It Pa local/
local executables, libraries, etc.
Within
.Pa local/ ,
the general layout sketched out by
.Xr hier 7
for
.Pa /usr
should be used.
Exceptions are the
.Pa man/
directory (directly under
.Pa local/
rather than under
.Pa local/share/ ) ,
documentation (in
.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
and
.Pa /usr/local/etc
.Pf ( mimics
.Pa /etc ) .
.It Pa obj/
architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
.Pa /usr/src
tree
.It Pa pkg/
default destination directory for the
.Xr pkgsrc 7
collection.
Within
.Pa pkg/ ,
the general layout sketched out by
.Xr hier 7
for
.Pa /usr
should be used.
Exceptions are the
.Pa man/
directory (directly under
.Pa pkg/
rather than under
.Pa pkg/share/ ) ,
documentation (in
.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
and
.Pa /usr/pkg/etc
.Pf ( mimics
.Pa /etc ) .
.It Pa pkgsrc/
The
.Xr pkgsrc 7
collection (optional).
.It Pa sbin/
system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
.It Pa share/
architecture-independent files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
.It Pa calendar/
a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
see
.Xr calendar 1
.It Pa dict/
word lists;
see
.Xr look 1
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
.It Pa web2
words from Webster's 2nd International
.It Pa words
common words
.It Pa papers/
reference databases;
see
.Xr refer 1
.El
.Pp
.It Pa doc/
miscellaneous documentation
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact
.It Pa legal/
License files for vendor supplied firmwares
.El
.Pp
.It Pa examples/
various examples for users and programmers
.It Pa games/
ASCII text files used by various games
.It Pa groff_font/
device description file for device name
.It Pa i18n/
internationalization databases; see
.Xr iconv 3
.It Pa info/
GNU Info hypertext system
.It Pa isdn/
ISDN
.It Pa libg++/
libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
.It Pa locale/
localization files;
see
.Xr setlocale 3
.It Pa man/
manual pages
.It Pa me/
macros for use with the me macro package;
see
.Xr me 7
.It Pa misc/
misc system-wide ASCII text files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
.It Pa termcap
terminal characteristics database;
see
.Xr termcap 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa mk/
templates for make;
see
.Xr make 1
.It Pa nls/
national language support files;
see
.Xr mklocale 1
.It Pa openssl/
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
.It Pa man/
OpenSSL manual pages
.El
.Pp
.It Pa sendmail/
sendmail configuration files;
see
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Pa skel/
example . (dot) files for new accounts
.It Pa syscons/
files used by
.Xr syscons 4
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
.It Pa fonts/
console fonts;
see
.Xr vidcontrol 1
and
.Xr vidfont 1
.It Pa keymaps/
console keyboard maps;
see
.Xr kbdcontrol 1
and
.Xr kbdmap 1
.It Pa scrnmaps/
console screen maps
.El
.Pp
.It Pa tabset/
tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
the termcap file;
see
.Xr termcap 5
.It Pa tmac/
text processing macros;
see
.Xr nroff 1
and
.Xr troff 1
.It Pa vi/
localization support and utilities for
.Xr vi 1
.It Pa zoneinfo/
timezone configuration information;
see
.Xr tzfile 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa src/
.Bx ,
third-party, and/or local source files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
.It Pa bin/
source code for files in
.Pa /bin
.It Pa contrib/
source code for contributed software
.It Pa crypto/
source code for contributed cryptography software
.It Pa etc/
source code for files in
.Pa /etc
.It Pa games/
source code for files in
.Pa /usr/games
.It Pa gnu/
Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
.It Pa include/
source code for files in
.Pa /usr/include
.It Pa lib/
source code for files in
.Pa /usr/lib
.It Pa libexec/
source code for files in
.Pa /usr/libexec
.It Pa nrelease/
files required to produce a
.Dx
release
.It Pa sbin/
source code for files in
.Pa /sbin
.It Pa secure/
build directory for files in
.Pa /usr/src/crypto
.It Pa share/
source for files in
.Pa /usr/share
.It Pa sys/
kernel source code
.It Pa tools/
tools used for maintenance and testing of
.Dx
.It Pa usr.bin/
source code for files in
.Pa /usr/bin
.It Pa usr.sbin/
source code for files in
.Pa /usr/sbin
.El
.El
.It Pa /var/
multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
.It Pa account/
system accounting files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
.It Pa acct
execution accounting file;
see
.Xr acct 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa at/
timed command scheduling files;
see
.Xr \&at 1
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
.It Pa jobs/
directory containing job files
.It Pa spool/
directory containing output spool files
.El
.Pp
.It Pa backups/
misc. backup files
.It Pa crash/
default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
.Xr crash 8
and
.Xr savecore 8
.It Pa cron/
files used by cron;
see
.Xr cron 8
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
.It Pa tabs/
crontab files;
see
.Xr crontab 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa db/
misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
.It Pa empty/
empty directory used by
.Xr sshd 8
for privilege separation
.It Pa games/
misc. game status and score files
.It Pa hammer/
per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for
.Xr hammer 5
file systems
.It Pa log/
misc. system log files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
.It Pa wtmp
login/logout log;
see
.Xr wtmp 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa mail/
user mailbox files
.It Pa msgs/
system messages database;
see
.Xr msgs 1
.It Pa preserve/
temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
of an editor;
see
.Xr \&ex 1
.It Pa quotas/
filesystem quota information files
.It Pa run/
system information files describing various info about
system since it was booted
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
.It Pa ppp/
writable by the
.Dq network
group for command connection sockets; see
.Xr ppp 8
.It Pa utmp
database of current users;
see
.Xr utmp 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa rwho/
rwho data files;
see
.Xr rwhod 8 ,
.Xr rwho 1 ,
and
.Xr ruptime 1
.It Pa spool/
misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
.It Pa clientmqueue/
undelivered submission mail queue;
see
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Pa dma/
undelivered mail queue;
see
.Xr dma 8
.It Pa ftp/
commonly
.Pa ~ftp ;
the anonymous ftp root directory
.It Pa mqueue/
undelivered mail queue;
see
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Pa output/
line printer spooling directories
.It Pa uucp/
uucp spool directory
.It Pa uucppublic/
commonly
.Pa ~uucp ;
public uucp temporary directory
.El
.Pp
.It Pa tmp/
temporary files that are kept between system reboots
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
.It Pa vi.recover/
the directory where recovery files are stored
.El
.Pp
.It Pa yp/
the NIS maps
.El
.El
.Sh NOTES
This manual page documents the default
.Dx
filesystem layout, but
the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
administrator's discretion.
A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
this document.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr apropos 1 ,
.Xr find 1 ,
.Xr finger 1 ,
.Xr grep 1 ,
.Xr ls 1 ,
.Xr whatis 1 ,
.Xr whereis 1 ,
.Xr which 1 ,
.Xr fsck 8
.Sh HISTORY
A
.Nm
manual page appeared in
.At v7 .