1# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific 2 3# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 4# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 5 6# This file also includes Pacific islands. 7 8# Notes are at the end of this file 9 10############################################################################### 11 12# Australia 13 14# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. 15 16# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D 18Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S 19Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D 20Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S 21Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D 22Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S 23Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D 24# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which 25# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that 26# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944. 27 28# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 29# Northern Territory 30Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 31 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 32 9:30 Aus AC%sT 33# Western Australia 34# 35# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 36Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 37Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 38Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 39Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 40Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D 41Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 42Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D 43Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 44Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 45Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 46 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul 47 8:00 AW AW%sT 48Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 49 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul 50 8:45 AW +0845/+0945 51 52# Queensland 53# 54# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): 55# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast 56# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after 57# Queensland ceased to. 58# 59# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 60# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, 61# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. 62# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, 63# so use Lindeman. 64# 65# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20): 66# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday 67# islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the 68# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and 69# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone 70# applies to all of the Whitsundays. 71# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands 72# 73# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 74Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 75Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 76Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 77Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 78Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 79Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 80Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 81 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 82 10:00 AQ AE%sT 83Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 84 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 85 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul 86 10:00 Holiday AE%sT 87 88# South Australia 89# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 90Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 91Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 92Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 93Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 94Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 95Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 96Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S 97Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S 98Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S 99Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S 100Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 101Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S 102Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 103Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 104Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 105# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 106Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 107 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 108 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 109 9:30 AS AC%sT 110 111# Tasmania 112# 113# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): 114# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 115# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. 116# 117# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 118Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 119Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 120Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 121Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S 122Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 123Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 124Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 125Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 126Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 127Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 128Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D 129Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 130Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 131Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 132Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 133Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 134Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 135Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 136Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 137# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 138Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 139 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 140 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 141 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 142 10:00 AT AE%sT 143Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep 144 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 145 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 146 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul 147 10:00 AT AE%sT 148 149# Victoria 150# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 151Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 152Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 153Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 154Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 155Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 156Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 157Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 158Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 159Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 160Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 161Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 162Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 163Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 164Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 165# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 166Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 167 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 168 10:00 AV AE%sT 169 170# New South Wales 171# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 172Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 173Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 174Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 175Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 176Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 177Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 178Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 179Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 180Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 181Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 182Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 183Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 184Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 185Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 186Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 187Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 188# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 189Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 190 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 191 10:00 AN AE%sT 192Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 193 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23 194 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 195 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 196 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000 197 9:30 AS AC%sT 198 199# Lord Howe Island 200# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 201Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - 202Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 203Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 204Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 205Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - 206Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 207Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 208Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 209Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 210Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 211Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 212Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 213Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 214Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - 215Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 216 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar 217 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul 218 10:30 LH +1030/+11 219 220# Australian miscellany 221# 222# Ashmore Is, Cartier 223# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers 224# no times are set 225# 226# Coral Sea Is 227# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists 228# no times are set 229# 230# Macquarie 231# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948; 232# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the 233# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island 234# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828 235# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831 236# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010. 237# 238# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10): 239# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: 240# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not 241# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do 242# on 4 April. 243# 244# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23): 245# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics 246# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type; 247# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by 248# pre-2013 versions of localtime. 249Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov 250 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 251 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 252 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s 253 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25 254 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 255 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 256 10:00 1:00 AEDT 2011 257 10:00 AT AE%sT 258 259# Christmas 260# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 261Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 262 7:00 - +07 263 264# Cocos (Keeling) Is 265# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978. 266# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900. 267# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 268Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 269 6:30 - +0630 270 271 272# Fiji 273 274# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva. 275 276# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): 277# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST 278# from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. 279# 280# "Daylight savings to commence this month" 281# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 282# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html 283 284# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): 285# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved 286# amendments: 287# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml 288 289# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03): 290# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on 291# 2010-03-28 at 03:00. 292# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March 293# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?). 294# 295# Official source: 296# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166 297# 298# A bit more background info here: 299# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html 300 301# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24): 302# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 303# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011... 304# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, 305# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site: 306# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 307# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html 308 309# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03): 310# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date 311# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong). 312# 313# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 314# which says 315# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in 316# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to 317# 2am on February 26 next year. 318 319# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24) 320# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for 321# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22. 322# 323# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 324# states: 325# 326# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012 327# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012. 328# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start 329# on the 23rd of October, 2011. 330 331# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen: 332# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate 333# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st 334# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013. 335# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155 336 337# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler: 338# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ... 339# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am 340# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx 341 342# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10): 343# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00: 344# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx 345 346# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20): 347# DST will start Nov. 2 this year. 348# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx 349 350# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77 351# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28), 352# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02): 353# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time 354# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at 355# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016. 356 357# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04): 358# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx 359# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when 360# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will 361# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017." 362 363# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21): 364# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing 365# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27), 366# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate. 367 368# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13): 369# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/ 370# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019. 371 372# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06): 373# Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27 374# (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on 375# Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020." 376# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00 377# the first Sunday on or after January 12. January transitions reportedly 378# depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches 379# transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice 380# than guessing no DST. 381# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06): 382# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848 383 384# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 385Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 386Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - 387Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 - 388Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 - 389Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 - 390Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 - 391Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 - 392Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 - 393Rule Fiji 2014 2018 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 394Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 - 395Rule Fiji 2019 max - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 - 396# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 397Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 398 12:00 Fiji +12/+13 399 400# French Polynesia 401# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 402Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea 403 -9:00 - -09 404Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 405 -9:30 - -0930 406Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete 407 -10:00 - -10 408# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; 409# it is uninhabited. 410 411# Guam 412 413# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 414# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf 415# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf 416Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D 417# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf 418Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S 419# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 420Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D 421# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 422Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S 423# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 424Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D 425Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S 426# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 427# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 428# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 429Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 430Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 431# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf 432Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D 433# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf 434Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S 435# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 436Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D 437# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf 438Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S 439# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 440Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D 441# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf 442Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S 443 444# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 445Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 446 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 447 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam 448 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31 449 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23 450 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 451Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is 452 453# Kiribati 454# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 455Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 456 12:00 - +12 457Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901 458 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct 459 -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31 460 13:00 - +13 461Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 462 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct 463 -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31 464 14:00 - +14 465 466# N Mariana Is 467# See Pacific/Guam. 468 469# Marshall Is 470# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 471Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 472 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 473 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 474 11:00 - +11 1937 475 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 476 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30 477 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 478 12:00 - +12 479Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 480 11:00 - +11 1937 481 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 482 9:00 - +09 1944 Feb 6 483 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 484 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20 24:00 485 12:00 - +12 486 487# Micronesia 488# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 489Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 490 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 491 10:00 - +10 1914 Oct 492 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 493 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 494 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 495 10:00 - +10 496Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia 497 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 498 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 499 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 500 11:00 - +11 1937 501 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 502 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 503 11:00 - +11 504Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 505 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 506 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 507 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 508 11:00 - +11 1937 509 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 510 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 511 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 512 12:00 - +12 1999 513 11:00 - +11 514 515# Nauru 516# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 517Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 518 11:30 - +1130 1942 Aug 29 519 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 8 520 11:30 - +1130 1979 Feb 10 2:00 521 12:00 - +12 522 523# New Caledonia 524# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 525Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 - 526Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - 527Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 - 528# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. 529Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - 530# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 531Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa 532 11:00 NC +11/+12 533 534 535############################################################################### 536 537# New Zealand 538 539# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 540Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S 541Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M 542Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S 543Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M 544Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M 545Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S 546Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 547# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a 548# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this 549# transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change 550# time to percolate out. 551Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 552Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 553Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 554Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 - 555Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 556Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 557Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 558Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 559Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D 560Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 - 561Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 562Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 563Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 564Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 - 565Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 566Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 567Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 568Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 569# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 570Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 571 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 572 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 573Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 574 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1 575 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345 576 577Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo 578 579# Auckland Is 580# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, 581# and scientific personnel have wintered 582 583# Campbell I 584# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 585# scientific station operated 1941/1995; 586# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered 587# was probably like Pacific/Auckland 588 589# Cook Is 590# From Shanks & Pottenger: 591# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 592Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 - 593Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 594Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 - 595# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 596Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua 597 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12 598 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930 599 600############################################################################### 601 602 603# Niue 604# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 605Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi 606 -11:20 - -1120 1951 607 -11:30 - -1130 1978 Oct 1 608 -11:00 - -11 609 610# Norfolk 611# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 612Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 613 11:12 - +1112 1951 614 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00s 615 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00s 616 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00s 617 11:00 - +11 2019 Jul 618 11:00 AN +11/+12 619 620# Palau (Belau) 621# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 622Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror 623 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 624 9:00 - +09 625 626# Papua New Guinea 627# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 628Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 629 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 630 10:00 - +10 631# 632# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13): 633# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have 634# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War. 635# 636# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates 637# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns. 638# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta. 639# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942, 640# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia 641# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm 642# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender. 643# 644# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11 645# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time". 646# See: 647# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/ 648# 649Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880 650 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 651 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul 652 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21 653 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00 654 11:00 - +11 655 656# Pitcairn 657# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 658Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown 659 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00 660 -8:00 - -08 661 662# American Samoa 663Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 664 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 665 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 666Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands 667 668# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa) 669 670# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16): 671# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received 672# the following info: 673# 674# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year 675# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first 676# Sunday of April 2011." 677# 678# Background info: 679# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html 680# 681# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not 682# contain any dates: 683# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf 684 685# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07): 686# Please see 687# http://www.mcil.gov.ws 688# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday 689# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight 690# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks 691# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am" 692 693# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07): 694# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf] 695# 696# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am 697# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to 698# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock 699# (3:00am or 0300Hrs). 700 701# From David Zülke (2011-05-09): 702# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line 703# 704# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963 705 706# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27): 707# The International Date Line Act 2011 708# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf 709# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on 710# Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted 711# accordingly. 712 713# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02): 714# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 715# 716# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change 717# 718# DST 719# Year End Time Start Time 720# 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am 721# 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - - 722# 723# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011 724# Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours 725# Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours 726# 727# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10): 728# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and 729# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.... 730# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 731# 732# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): 733# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4. 734# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely. 735 736# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 737Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 - 738Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 - 739Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 - 740Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 - 741Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 - 742# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 743Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 744 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 745 -11:30 - -1130 1950 746 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00 747 13:00 WS +13/+14 748 749# Solomon Is 750# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 751# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 752Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 753 11:00 - +11 754 755# Tokelau 756# 757# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29) 758# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping 759# December 31 this year ... 760# 761# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25) 762# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking 763# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13.... 764# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change 765# actually was to UT-11 back then. 766# 767# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25) 768# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of 769# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948, 770# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau 771# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger 772# are off by an hour starting in 1901. 773 774# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 775Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 776 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30 777 13:00 - +13 778 779# Tonga 780# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 781Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 - 782Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 783Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 784Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 785Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 786Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 - 787# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 788Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 789 12:20 - +1220 1941 790 13:00 - +13 1999 791 13:00 Tonga +13/+14 792 793# Tuvalu 794# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 795Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 796 12:00 - +12 797 798 799# US minor outlying islands 800 801# Howland, Baker 802# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 803# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 804# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 805# uninhabited thereafter. 806# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937; 807# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 808# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 809# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 810# until they were abandoned after the war. 811 812# Jarvis 813# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 814# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 815# uninhabited thereafter. 816# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 817 818# Johnston 819# 820# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10): 821# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind. 822# Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so 823# treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited, 824# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file. 825# 826# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945 827# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes, 828# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM 829# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and 830# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945. 831# 832# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11): 833# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used 834# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships, 835# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the 836# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last 837# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin, 838# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the 839# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976. 840# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf 841# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a 842# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time 843# Minus One Hour". 844 845# Kingman 846# uninhabited 847 848# Midway 849# See Pacific/Pago_Pago. 850 851# Palmyra 852# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 853 854# Wake 855# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 856Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 857 12:00 - +12 858 859 860# Vanuatu 861# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 862Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 - 863Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 864Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 - 865Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 - 866Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 867Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 - 868# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 869Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 870 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12 871 872# Wallis and Futuna 873# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 874Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 875 12:00 - +12 876 877############################################################################### 878 879# NOTES 880 881# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 882# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 883# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see 884# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution. 885 886# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 887# 888# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: 889# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 890# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 891# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources. 892# 893# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source 894# for time zone data was the International Air Transport 895# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 896# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 897# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted, 898# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 899# 900# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 901# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 902# I found in the UCLA library. 903# 904# For data circa 1899, a common source is: 905# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94. 906# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359 907# 908# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 909# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 910# 911# I invented the abbreviation marked "*". 912# The following abbreviations are from other sources. 913# Corrections are welcome! 914# std dst 915# LMT Local Mean Time 916# 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia 917# 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia 918# 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia 919# 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000 920# 10:00 ChST Chamorro 921# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 922# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 923# -11:00 SST Samoa 924# -10:00 HST Hawaii 925# 926# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii. 927# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is. 928 929############################################################################### 930 931# Australia 932 933# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 934# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting 935# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global. 936# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving 937# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native 938# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was 939# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a 940# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded 941# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables 942# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals." 943# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03) 944# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm 945 946# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 947# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 948# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 949# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 950 951# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 952# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 953# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving 954# covers New South Wales in particular. 955 956# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 957# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time. 958# It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer' 959# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 960# abbreviation does _not_ change... 961# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 962# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 963# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 964# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight 965# time'. 966# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 967# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time' 968# or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 969# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 970# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 971# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times; 972# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 973 974# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 975# 976# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this 977# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer 978# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST". 979# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common 980# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints 981# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage. 982# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important; 983# what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web 984# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for 985# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an 986# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the 987# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries: 988# 989# 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits] 990# 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au 991# 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au 992# 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au 993# 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au 994# 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au 995# 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits] 996# 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits] 997# 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au 998# 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au 999# 1000# 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits] 1001# 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au 1002# 1003# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but 1004# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages 1005# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since 1006# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found: 1007# 1008# 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au 1009# 226 "western standard time" WST site:au 1010# 1011# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as 1012# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au" 1013# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results. 1014# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers 1015# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, 1016# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser, 1017# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle). 1018# 1019# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations 1020# like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/> 1021# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style 1022# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't 1023# fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations 1024# like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather 1025# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column 1026# (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not 1027# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..." 1028# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and 1029# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel 1030# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two 1031# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political 1032# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party." 1033# 1034# I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree: 1035# 1036# The Australian Government (2014-03-26) 1037# http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time 1038# (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.) 1039# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1040# 1041# Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08) 1042# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml 1043# EST CST WST EDT CDT 1044# 1045# Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated) 1046# http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml 1047# EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST) 1048# 1049# Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24) 1050# http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp 1051# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1052# 1053# Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10) 1054# https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf 1055# EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used 1056# 1057# The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports, 1058# and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like. 1059# Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits: 1060# 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT". 1061# "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to 1062# appear in reports of events with international implications. 1063# 1064# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in 1065# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although 1066# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in 1067# the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it 1068# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all 1069# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments, 1070# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current 1071# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and 1072# "AEDT" for Australian time zones. 1073 1074# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 1075# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1076# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 1077# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 1078# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 1079# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time. 1080# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 1081 1082# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 1083# 1084# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 1085# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 1086# relevant entries in this database. 1087# 1088# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 1089# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 1090# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html 1091# ACT 1092# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 1093# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html 1094# SA 1095# Standard Time Act, 1898 1096# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html 1097 1098# From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 1099# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 1100# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 1101# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 1102# in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 1103# 1104# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 1105# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 1106# to extend DST together in 2006. 1107# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 1108# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 1109# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 1110# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 1111# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 1112# allude to it. 1113# But not Queensland 1114# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html 1115 1116# Northern Territory 1117 1118# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1119# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 1120# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1121# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 1122# ... 1123# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 1124 1125# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1126# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1127# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 1128 1129# Western Australia 1130 1131# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1132# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 1133# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1134# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 1135# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 1136# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 1137# # before reaching parliament. 1138# ... 1139# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 1140# ... 1141# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1142# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1143# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1144# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1145 1146# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1147# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1148# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 1149 1150# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 1151# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 1152# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 1153# work at 9.00am.) 1154# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 1155# everybody again. 1156 1157# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1158# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 1159# it matches what was used in the past. 1160 1161# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 1162# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm 1163# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 1164# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 1165 1166# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01): 1167# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the 1168# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1, 1169# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption 1170# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing 1171# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See: 1172# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01. 1173# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/ 1174 1175# Queensland 1176 1177# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26): 1178# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST: 1179# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland. 1180# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403 1181# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS 1182 1183# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1184# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 1185# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1186# ... 1187# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 1188# ... 1189# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1190# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 1191# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1192# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 1193 1194# From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 1195# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 1196# October 1989). 1197 1198# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1199# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1200# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1201# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1202 1203# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 1204# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 1205# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 1206# me.) 1207 1208# From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 1209# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 1210# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 1211# ... 1212# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1213# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1214# ... 1215 1216# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1217# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 1218 1219# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 1220# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 1221# WA are trialing DST for three years. 1222# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf 1223 1224# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 1225# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 1226# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 1227# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 1228# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 1229# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 1230# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 1231# Australia and Western Australia.... 1232# 1233# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 1234# This is confirmed by the section entitled 1235# "What's the deal with time zones???" in 1236# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html 1237# 1238# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 1239# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 1240# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 1241# coast of the continent. 1242# 1243# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 1244# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 1245# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 1246# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 1247# the largest population centre in this zone.... 1248# 1249# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 1250# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 1251# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 1252# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 1253# 1254# (2006-12-09): 1255# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 1256# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 1257# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 1258# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 1259# 1260# From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08): 1261# https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000 1262# ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries... 1263# "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny 1264# roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village." 1265# ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence 1266# since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ... 1267# From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17): 1268# That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says: 1269# Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your 1270# phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which 1271# way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in 1272# Texta is the word: 'Why'? 1273# "Good question," Mr Pike said. 1274# "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years." 1275 1276# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 1277# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 1278# introduction of standard time in 1895. 1279 1280 1281# southeast Australia 1282# 1283# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1284# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 1285# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 1286# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 1287 1288 1289# South Australia 1290 1291# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1292# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1293# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1294# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1295 1296# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1297# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 1298# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1299# ... 1300# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 1301# ... 1302# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1303# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1304# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 1305# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1306 1307# From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 1308# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 1309# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 1310# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 1311 1312# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 1313# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 1314# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 1315# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 1316# is on... 1317 1318# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 1319# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 1320# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 1321# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 1322 1323# From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 1324# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 1325# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 1326# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 1327 1328# From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 1329# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 1330# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 1331# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 1332 1333# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1334# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1335 1336# Tasmania 1337 1338# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1339# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1340# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1341# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1342 1343# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 1344# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 1345# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 1346# (but nothing new about that). 1347 1348# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 1349# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 1350# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 1351# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 1352# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 1353# instead of the first Sunday in October. 1354 1355# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 1356# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 1357 1358# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1359# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1360 1361# Victoria 1362 1363# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1364# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1365# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1366# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1367 1368# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 1369# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 1370# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 1371# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 1372# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 1373# in Melbourne, Australia. 1374# 1375# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1376# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1377# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1378# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1379# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1380# expected time. 1381# 1382# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1383# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1384# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1385# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1386# 1387# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1388# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1389 1390# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1391# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1392 1393# New South Wales 1394 1395# From Arthur David Olson: 1396# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1397# Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1398# who notes: 1399# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1400# individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time" 1401# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1402# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1403# legislation. This is very important to understand. 1404# I have researched New South Wales time only... 1405 1406# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1407# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1408# October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore, 1409# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26). 1410# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html 1411 1412# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1413# See the following official NSW source: 1414# Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1415# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ 1416# 1417# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1418# daylight saving next year. See: 1419# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1420# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm 1421# (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1422# 1423# Victoria will follow NSW. See: 1424# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28) 1425# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm 1426# 1427# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1428# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19) 1429# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm 1430# 1431# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1432# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1433# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm 1434# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1435# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1436# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1437# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1438# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1439# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules." 1440# 1441# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1442# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21) 1443# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm 1444 1445# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1446# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1447# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1448 1449# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1450# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1451# towns to use Queensland time. 1452 1453# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1454# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1455 1456# Yancowinna 1457 1458# From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1459# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1460 1461# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1462# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1463# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1464# ... 1465# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1466# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1467# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1468# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1469# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1470# # presently available. 1471# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1472# ... 1473# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1474# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1475# [followed by other Rules] 1476 1477# Lord Howe Island 1478 1479# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1480# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1481# [ Dec 1990 ] 1482# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1483# hour ahead of NSW time. 1484 1485# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1486# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1487# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1488# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1489# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1490# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1491# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents 1492# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1493# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1494# however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1495 1496# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1497# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1498# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1499# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1500# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1501# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1502 1503# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1504# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1505# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1506 1507# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1508# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1509 1510# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): 1511# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 1512# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 1513# summer (southern hemisphere). 1514# 1515# From 1516# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf 1517# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 1518# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. 1519# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 1520# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. 1521# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 1522# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 1523# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... 1524# 1525# We have a wrap-up here: 1526# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html 1527############################################################################### 1528 1529# New Zealand 1530 1531# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1532# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1533# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1534# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1535# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1536 1537# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1538# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1539# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1540# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1541# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1542# ... 1543# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1544# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1545# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1546# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1547# ... 1548# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1549# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1550 1551# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1552# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1553# rather than the October 1 value. 1554 1555# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1556# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1557# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1558# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1559# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1560# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1561# 1562# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1563# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1564# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references. 1565# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1566# 1567# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1568# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1569# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1570 1571# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1572# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1573# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1574# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1575# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1576 1577# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14): 1578# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by 1579# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26). 1580# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf 1581# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand 1582# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard 1583# time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New 1584# Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow." 1585# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time 1586# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match 1587# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did 1588# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST. 1589 1590############################################################################### 1591 1592 1593# Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima) 1594 1595# From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick: 1596# National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government 1597# officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there. 1598# According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC 1599# + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan 1600# at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST. The exact periods of DST are still unknown. 1601# I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have 1602# synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own 1603# decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones.... 1604# 1605# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時 1606 1607# From Phake Nick (2019-02-12): 1608# Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned 1609# to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database 1610# rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin 1611# Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only. 1612# ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon 1613# regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese 1614# in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands. Many reports claim that 1615# the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own 1616# coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two 1617# hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island. Some 1618# sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be 1619# incorrect to be same as Guam. And then in a few Japanese governmental 1620# report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications 1621# Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus 1622# Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the 1623# island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time 1624# (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense 1625# Force). Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time 1626# and there are also no information on things like how the time was used. 1627 1628 1629# Fiji 1630 1631# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1632# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1633# instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1634 1635# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1636# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1637# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1638# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1639 1640# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1641# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1642 1643# From the BBC World Service in 1644# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC): 1645# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1646# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also 1647# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning 1648# of the new millennium. 1649 1650# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1651# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1652 1653 1654# Kiribati 1655 1656# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1657# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1658# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995" 1659# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1660 1661# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03): 1662# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition 1663# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995. 1664# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04): 1665# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All: 1666# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007). 1667 1668# Kwajalein 1669 1670# From an AP article (1993-08-22): 1671# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good 1672# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were 1673# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight 1674# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from 1675# one side of the international date line to the other." 1676# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22. 1677# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html 1678 1679# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1680# <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時> ... pointed out that 1681# currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in 1682# 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it 1683# synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch 1684# should occur at around 1950s instead. 1685# 1686# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1687# The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this. 1688# The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States 1689# Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test 1690# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was 1691# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground" 1692# <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>. 1693# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined 1694# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence. 1695 1696 1697# N Mariana Is, Guam 1698 1699# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1700# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ... 1701# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that 1702# period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during 1703# that period of time like the surrounding area. 1704 1705# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1706# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1707# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones 1708# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1709# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1710# see Asia/Manila. 1711# 1712# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start 1713# and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern 1714# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume 1715# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff. 1716# 1717# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time, 1718# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, 1719# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1720# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1721 1722# See also the commentary for Micronesia. 1723 1724 1725# Marshall Is 1726# See the commentary for Micronesia. 1727 1728 1729# Micronesia (and nearby) 1730 1731# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1732# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies 1733# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844. 1734 1735# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), 1736# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk' 1737# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10." 1738# 1739# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11 1740# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. 1741 1742# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1743# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1744# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26) 1745# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html 1746# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11. 1747# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now. 1748 1749# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1750# 1751# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時 1752# ... 1753# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of 1754# Micronesia + Marshall Islands): 1755# 1756# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands 1757# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like 1758# of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been 1759# implemented (yet). No further information after that were found. 1760# 1761# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were 1762# instructed to use JST at the time. 1763# 1764# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use 1765# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the 1766# longitude of the atoll. 1767# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until 1768# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST. 1769# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and 1770# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that 1771# is if they keep their own time back then) 1772# 1773# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area 1774# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1, 1775# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same 1776# year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying 1777# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard 1778# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such. 1779# * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area 1780# (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1781# * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil 1782# administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time) 1783# * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil 1784# administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time). 1785# * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been 1786# formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal 1787# governance structure have been established, these district [become 1788# subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard 1789# time of the area. 1790# * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was 1791# occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the 1792# Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape 1793# subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape 1794# subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E 1795# starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the 1796# Marshall Islands. 1797# 1798# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the 1799# area into 2 timezones: 1800# * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and 1801# Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1802# * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk), 1803# Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern 1804# Standard Time) 1805# 1806# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year, 1807# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian 1808# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area. 1809# 1810# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the 1811# island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this 1812# period of time.... 1813# 1814# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the 1815# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time 1816# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking 1817# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10. 1818# 1819# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands 1820# under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some 1821# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those 1822# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable 1823# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable 1824# information can be found. 1825# 1826# 1827# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1828# 1829# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that 1830# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information 1831# for Wake is too sketchy to act on. 1832# 1833# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been 1834# done, so omit it from the data for now. 1835# 1836# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein. 1837 1838 1839# Midway 1840 1841# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 1842# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 1843# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 1844# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 1845# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 1846# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 1847# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 1848# air at 6am your time. 1849# 1850# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1851# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 1852# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 1853# in Midway, but we have no record of it. 1854 1855# Nauru 1856 1857# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31): 1858# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then 1859# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades. 1860# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then 1861# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時 1862# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced. 1863# ... 1864# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 1865# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3 1866# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 1867# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru 1868# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb. 1869# 1870# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19): 1871# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in 1872# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935), 1873# page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by 1874# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to 1875# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from: 1876# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru 1877 1878# Norfolk 1879 1880# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23): 1881# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100: 1882# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text 1883# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015. 1884# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf 1885 1886# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28): 1887# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted 1888# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's 1889# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST 1890# other than in 1974/5. See: 1891# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html 1892# However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition; 1893# timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said 1894# (thanks to Michael Deckers). 1895 1896# Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019. 1897# From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13): 1898# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702 1899# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14): 1900# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010 1901 1902# Palau 1903# See commentary for Micronesia. 1904 1905# Pitcairn 1906 1907# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 1908# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 1909# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 1910# 1911# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 1912# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 1913# as Pitcairn Standard Time. 1914# 1915# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 1916# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 1917# somehow in light of this proclamation. 1918 1919# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 1920# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 1921# ... at midnight. 1922 1923# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 1924# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 1925# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in 1926# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 1927 1928 1929# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa 1930 1931# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean 1932# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change 1933# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 1934# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that 1935# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year." 1936# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20. 1937# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm 1938 1939# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30 1940# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11 1941# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards 1942# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932. 1943# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950, 1944# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a 1945# day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New 1946# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations. 1947 1948 1949# Tonga 1950 1951# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1952# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting 1953# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time." 1954# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 1955 1956# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 1957# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins': 1958# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm 1959# 1960# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 1961# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 1962# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 1963# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 1964# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13° 1965# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 1966# 1967# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 1968# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 1969# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 1970# 1971# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 1972# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 1973# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 1974# minutes we have lost?" 1975# 1976# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 1977# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 1978# to say your prayers in the morning." 1979 1980# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1981# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. 1982 1983# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 1984# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium 1985# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 1986# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 1987# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 1988# Government. 1989 1990# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 1991# * Tonga will introduce DST in November 1992# 1993# I was given this link by John Letts: 1994# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 1995# 1996# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 1997# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 1998# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 1999# (12 + 1 hour DST). 2000 2001# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 2002# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>: 2003# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 2004# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 2005# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 2006# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 2007# set back an hour on the closing date." 2008# Alas, no indication of the time of day. 2009 2010# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 2011# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 2012# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 2013 2014# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 2015# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 2016# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 2017# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 2018# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 2019# text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 2020# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>) 2021 2022# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 2023# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 2024 2025# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 2026# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 2027# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 2028# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 2029# hour to 1:00am. 2030 2031# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05): 2032# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 2033 2034# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27): 2035# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017 2036# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen 2037# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set. 2038# 2039# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26): 2040# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00 2041# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now. 2042 2043# From David Wade (2017-10-18): 2044# In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister 2045# continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few 2046# decisions will be made until elections 16th November. 2047# 2048# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18): 2049# For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing. 2050 2051 2052# Wake 2053 2054# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, 2055# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): 2056# 2057# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the 2058# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the 2059# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we 2060# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time 2061# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost 2062# impossible. 2063# 2064# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm 2065 2066# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 2067# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. 2068 2069# See also the commentary for Micronesia. 2070 2071 2072############################################################################### 2073 2074# The International Date Line 2075 2076# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 2077# 2078# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 2079# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 2080# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 2081# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 2082# 2083# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 2084# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 2085# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 2086# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 2087# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 2088# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 2089# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 2090# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 2091# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 2092# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 2093# correct date is ambiguous. 2094 2095# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): 2096# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting 2097# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's 2098# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's 2099# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the 2100# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all 2101# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones 2102# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any 2103# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted 2104# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's 2105# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were 2106# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many 2107# independent merchant ships until World War II. 2108 2109# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen 2110# (2005-03-20): 2111# 2112# The American Practical Navigator (2002) 2113# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187 2114# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in 2115# international waters; it ignores the international date line. 2116