xref: /dragonfly/share/zoneinfo/australasia (revision 110def69)
1# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4# This file also includes Pacific islands.
5
6# Notes are at the end of this file
7
8###############################################################################
9
10# Australia
11
12# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
13
14# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
15Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
16Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
17Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
18Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
19Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
20Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
21Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
22# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
24# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
25
26# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
27# Northern Territory
28Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
29			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
30			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
31# Western Australia
32#
33# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
34Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
35Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
36Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
37Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
38Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
39Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
40Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
41Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
42Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
43Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
44			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
45			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
46Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
47			 8:45	Aus +0845/+0945	1943 Jul
48			 8:45	AW  +0845/+0945
49
50# Queensland
51#
52# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55# Queensland ceased to.
56#
57# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
61# so use Lindeman.
62#
63# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
64# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
65# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
66# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
67# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
68# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
69# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
70#
71# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
72Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
73Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
74Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
75Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
76Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
77Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
78Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
79			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
80			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
81Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
82			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
83			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
84			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
85
86# South Australia
87# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
88Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
89Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
90Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
91Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
92Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
93Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
94Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
95Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
96Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
97Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
98Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
99Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
100Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
101Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
102Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
103# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
104Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
105			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
106			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
107			9:30	AS	AC%sT
108
109# Tasmania
110#
111# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
112# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
113# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
114#
115# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
116Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
117Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
118Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
119Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
120Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
121Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
122Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
123Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
124Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
125Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
126Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
127Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
128Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
129Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
130Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
131Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
132Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
133Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
134Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
135# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
136Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
137			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
138			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
139			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
140			10:00	AT	AE%sT
141Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
142			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
143			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
144			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
145			10:00	AT	AE%sT
146
147# Victoria
148# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
149Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
150Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
151Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
152Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
153Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
154Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
155Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
156Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
157Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
158Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
159Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
160Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
161Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
162Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
163# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
164Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
165			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
166			10:00	AV	AE%sT
167
168# New South Wales
169# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
170Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
171Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
172Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
173Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
174Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
175Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
176Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
177Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
178Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
179Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
180Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
181Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
182Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
183Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
184Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
185Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
186# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
187Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
188			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
189			10:00	AN	AE%sT
190Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
191			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
192			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
193			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
194			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
195			9:30	AS	AC%sT
196
197# Lord Howe Island
198# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
199Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
200Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
201Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
202Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
203Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	D
204Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
205Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
206Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
207Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
208Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
209Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
210Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
211Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
212Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	D
213Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
214			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
215			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul
216			10:30	LH	+1030/+11
217
218# Australian miscellany
219#
220# Ashmore Is, Cartier
221# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
222# no times are set
223#
224# Coral Sea Is
225# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
226# no times are set
227#
228# Macquarie
229# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
230# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
231# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
232# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
233# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
234# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
235#
236# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
237# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
238# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
239# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
240# on 4 April.
241#
242# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
243# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
244# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
245# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
246# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
247Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
248			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
249			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
250			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
251			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
252			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
253			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr  4  3:00
254			11:00	-	+11
255
256# Christmas
257# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
258Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
259			7:00	-	+07
260
261# Cocos (Keeling) Is
262# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
263# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
264# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
265Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
266			6:30	-	+0630
267
268
269# Fiji
270
271# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
272
273# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
274# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
275# from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
276#
277# "Daylight savings to commence this month"
278# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
279# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
280
281# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
282# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
283# amendments:
284# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
285
286# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
287# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
288# 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
289# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
290# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
291#
292# Official source:
293# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
294#
295# A bit more background info here:
296# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
297
298# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
299# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
300# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
301# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
302# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
303# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
304# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
305
306# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
307# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
308# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
309#
310# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
311# which says
312# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
313# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
314# 2am on February 26 next year.
315
316# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
317# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
318# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
319#
320# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
321# states:
322#
323# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
324# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
325# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
326# on the  23rd of October, 2011.
327
328# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
329# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
330# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
331# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
332# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
333
334# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
335# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
336# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
337# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
338
339# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
340# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
341# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
342
343# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
344# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
345# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
346
347# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
348# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
349# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
350# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
351# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
352# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
353
354# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
355# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
356# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
357# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
358# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
359
360# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
361# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
362# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
363# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
364# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
365# the first Sunday on or after January 14.  Although ad hoc, it matches
366# transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
367# practice than guessing no DST.
368
369# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
370Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
371Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
372Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	S
373Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
374Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	S
375Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
376Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
377Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
378Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
379Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=14	3:00	0	-
380# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
381Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
382			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13
383
384# French Polynesia
385# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
386Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea
387			 -9:00	-	-09
388Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
389			 -9:30	-	-0930
390Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
391			-10:00	-	-10
392# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
393# it is uninhabited.
394
395# Guam
396# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
397Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
398			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
399			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23 # Guam
400			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
401Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
402
403# Kiribati
404# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
405Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
406			 12:00	-	+12
407Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
408			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
409			-11:00	-	-11	1995
410			 13:00	-	+13
411Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
412			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
413			-10:00	-	-10	1995
414			 14:00	-	+14
415
416# N Mariana Is
417# See Pacific/Guam.
418
419# Marshall Is
420# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
421Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
422			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
423			12:00	-	+12
424Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
425			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
426			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20
427			12:00	-	+12
428
429# Micronesia
430# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
431Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
432			10:00	-	+10
433Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kolonia
434			11:00	-	+11
435Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
436			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
437			12:00	-	+12	1999
438			11:00	-	+11
439
440# Nauru
441# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
442Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
443			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Mar 15
444			9:00	-	+09	1944 Aug 15
445			11:30	-	+1130	1979 May
446			12:00	-	+12
447
448# New Caledonia
449# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
450Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
451Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
452Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
453# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
454Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
455# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
456Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
457			11:00	NC	+11/+12
458
459
460###############################################################################
461
462# New Zealand
463
464# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
465Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
466Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
467Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
468Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
469Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
470Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
471Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
472# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
473# convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
474# so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
475Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
476Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
477Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
478Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	S
479Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
480Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
481Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
482Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
483Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
484Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	D
485Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
486Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
487Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
488Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
489Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
490Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
491Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
492Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
493# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
494Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
495			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
496			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
497Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
498			12:15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
499			12:45	Chatham	+1245/+1345
500
501Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
502
503# Auckland Is
504# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
505# and scientific personnel have wintered
506
507# Campbell I
508# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
509# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
510# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
511# was probably like Pacific/Auckland
512
513# Cook Is
514# From Shanks & Pottenger:
515# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
516Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
517Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
518Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
519# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
520Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
521			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
522			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930
523
524###############################################################################
525
526
527# Niue
528# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
529Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi
530			-11:20	-	-1120	1951
531			-11:30	-	-1130	1978 Oct  1
532			-11:00	-	-11
533
534# Norfolk
535# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
536Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
537			11:12	-	+1112	1951
538			11:30	-	+1130	1974 Oct 27 02:00
539			11:30	1:00	+1230	1975 Mar  2 02:00
540			11:30	-	+1130	2015 Oct  4 02:00
541			11:00	-	+11
542
543# Palau (Belau)
544# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
545Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901 # Koror
546			9:00	-	+09
547
548# Papua New Guinea
549# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
550Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
551			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
552			10:00	-	+10
553#
554# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
555# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
556# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
557#
558# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
559# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
560# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
561# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
562# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
563# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
564# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
565#
566# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
567# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
568# See:
569# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
570#
571Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
572			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
573			10:00	-	+10	1942 Jul
574			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 21
575			10:00	-	+10	2014 Dec 28  2:00
576			11:00	-	+11
577
578# Pitcairn
579# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
580Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
581			-8:30	-	-0830	1998 Apr 27  0:00
582			-8:00	-	-08
583
584# American Samoa
585Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
586			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
587			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
588Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
589
590# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
591
592# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
593# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
594# the following info:
595#
596# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
597# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
598# Sunday of April 2011."
599#
600# Background info:
601# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
602#
603# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
604# contain any dates:
605# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
606
607# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
608# Please see
609# http://www.mcil.gov.ws
610# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
611# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
612# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
613# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
614
615# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
616# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
617#
618# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
619# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
620# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
621# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
622
623# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
624# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
625#
626# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
627
628# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
629# The International Date Line Act 2011
630# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
631# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
632# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
633# accordingly.
634
635# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
636# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
637#
638# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
639#
640# DST
641# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
642# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
643# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
644#
645# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
646# Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
647# Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
648#
649# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
650# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
651# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
652# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
653#
654# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
655# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
656# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
657
658# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
659Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	D
660Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	S
661Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	D
662Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	S
663Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
664# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
665Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
666			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
667			-11:30	-	-1130	1950
668			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00
669			 13:00	WS	+13/+14
670
671# Solomon Is
672# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
673# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
674Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
675			11:00	-	+11
676
677# Tokelau
678#
679# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
680# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
681# December 31 this year ...
682#
683# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
684# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
685# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
686# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
687# actually was to UT-11 back then.
688#
689# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
690# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
691# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
692# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
693# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
694# are off by an hour starting in 1901.
695
696# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
697Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
698			-11:00	-	-11	2011 Dec 30
699			13:00	-	+13
700
701# Tonga
702# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
703Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	S
704Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
705Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
706Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
707Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
708Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
709# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
710Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
711			12:20	-	+1220	1941
712			13:00	-	+13	1999
713			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14
714
715# Tuvalu
716# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
717Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
718			12:00	-	+12
719
720
721# US minor outlying islands
722
723# Howland, Baker
724# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
725# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
726# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
727# uninhabited thereafter.
728# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
729# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
730# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
731# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
732# until they were abandoned after the war.
733
734# Jarvis
735# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
736# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
737# uninhabited thereafter.
738# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
739
740# Johnston
741#
742# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
743# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
744# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
745# treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
746# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
747#
748# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
749# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
750# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
751# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
752# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
753#
754# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
755# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
756# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
757# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
758# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
759# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
760# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
761# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
762# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
763# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
764# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
765# Minus One Hour".
766
767# Kingman
768# uninhabited
769
770# Midway
771# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
772
773# Palmyra
774# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
775
776# Wake
777# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
778Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
779			12:00	-	+12
780
781
782# Vanuatu
783# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
784Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	S
785Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
786Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	S
787Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
788Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
789Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
790# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
791Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
792			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12
793
794# Wallis and Futuna
795# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
796Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
797			12:00	-	+12
798
799###############################################################################
800
801# NOTES
802
803# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
804# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
805# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
806# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
807
808# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
809#
810# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
811# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
812# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
813# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
814#
815# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
816# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
817# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
818# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
819# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
820# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
821#
822# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
823# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
824# I found in the UCLA library.
825#
826# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
827# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
828# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
829#
830# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
831# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
832#
833# The following abbreviations are from other sources.
834# Corrections are welcome!
835#		std	dst
836#		LMT		Local Mean Time
837#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
838#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
839#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
840#	 10:00	GST		Guam through 2000
841#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
842#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
843#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
844#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
845#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
846#
847# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
848# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
849
850###############################################################################
851
852# Australia
853
854# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
855# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
856# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
857# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
858# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
859# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
860# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
861# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
862# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
863# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
864# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
865# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
866
867# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
868# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
869# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
870# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
871
872# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
873# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
874# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
875# covers New South Wales in particular.
876
877# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
878# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
879# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
880# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
881# abbreviation does _not_ change...
882# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
883# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
884# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
885# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
886# time'.
887# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
888# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
889# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
890# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
891# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
892# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
893# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
894
895# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
896#
897# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
898# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
899# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
900# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
901# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
902# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
903# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
904# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
905# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
906# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
907# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
908# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
909#
910#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
911#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
912#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
913#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
914#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
915#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
916#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
917#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
918#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
919#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
920#
921#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
922#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
923#
924# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
925# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
926# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
927# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
928#
929#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
930#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
931#
932# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
933# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
934# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
935# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
936# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
937# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
938# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
939#
940# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
941# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
942# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
943# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
944# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
945# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
946# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
947# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
948# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
949# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
950# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
951# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
952# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
953# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
954#
955# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
956#
957#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
958#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
959#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
960#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
961#
962#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
963#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
964#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
965#
966#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
967#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
968#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
969#
970#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
971#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
972#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
973#
974#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
975#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
976#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
977#
978#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
979#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
980#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
981#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
982#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
983#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
984#
985# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
986# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
987# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
988# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
989# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
990# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
991# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
992# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
993# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
994
995# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
996# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
997# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
998# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
999# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1000# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1001# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1002
1003# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1004#
1005# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1006# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1007# relevant entries in this database.
1008#
1009# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1010# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1011# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1012# ACT
1013# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1014# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1015# SA
1016# Standard Time Act, 1898
1017# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1018
1019# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1020# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1021# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1022# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1023# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1024#
1025# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1026# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1027# to extend DST together in 2006.
1028# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1029# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1030# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1031# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1032# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1033# allude to it.
1034# But not Queensland
1035# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1036
1037# Northern Territory
1038
1039# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1040# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1041# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
1042# #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1043# ...
1044# Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST
1045
1046# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1047# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1048# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1049
1050# Western Australia
1051
1052# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1053# #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1054# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
1055# #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1056# #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1057# #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1058# #	before reaching parliament.
1059# ...
1060# Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
1061# ...
1062# Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1063# Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
1064# Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1065# Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
1066
1067# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1068# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1069# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1070
1071# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1072# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1073# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1074# work at 9.00am.)
1075# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1076# everybody again.
1077
1078# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1079# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1080# it matches what was used in the past.
1081
1082# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1083# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1084# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1085# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1086
1087# Queensland
1088# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1089# #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1090# #						[ Dec 1990 ]
1091# ...
1092# Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
1093# ...
1094# Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1095# Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
1096# Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1097# Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
1098
1099# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1100# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1101# October 1989).
1102
1103# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1104# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1105# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1106# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1107
1108# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1109# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1110# end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
1111# me.)
1112
1113# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1114# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1115# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1116# ...
1117# Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1118# Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
1119# ...
1120
1121# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1122# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1123
1124# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1125# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1126# WA are trialing DST for three years.
1127# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1128
1129# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1130# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1131# southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1132# Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
1133# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1134# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1135# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1136# Australia and Western Australia....
1137#
1138# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1139# This is confirmed by the section entitled
1140# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1141# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1142#
1143# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1144# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1145# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1146# coast of the continent.
1147#
1148# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1149# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1150# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1151# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1152# the largest population centre in this zone....
1153#
1154# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1155# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1156# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1157# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1158#
1159# (2006-12-09):
1160# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1161# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1162# of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
1163# before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1164
1165# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1166# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1167# introduction of standard time in 1895.
1168
1169
1170# southeast Australia
1171#
1172# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1173# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1174# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1175# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1176
1177
1178# South Australia
1179
1180# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1181# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1182# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1183# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1184
1185# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1186# #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1187# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
1188# ...
1189# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
1190# ...
1191# Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1192# Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
1193# Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C
1194# Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
1195
1196# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1197# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1198# contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1199# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1200
1201# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1202# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1203# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1204# numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
1205# is on...
1206
1207# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1208# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1209# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1210# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1211
1212# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1213# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1214# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1215# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1216
1217# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1218# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1219# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1220# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1221
1222# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1223# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1224
1225# Tasmania
1226
1227# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1228# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1229# #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1230# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
1231
1232# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1233# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1234# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1235# (but nothing new about that).
1236
1237# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1238# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1239# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1240# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1241# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1242# instead of the first Sunday in October.
1243
1244# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1245# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1246
1247# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1248# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1249
1250# Victoria
1251
1252# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1253# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1254# #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1255# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
1256
1257# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1258# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1259# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
1260# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1261# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1262# in Melbourne, Australia.
1263#
1264# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1265# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1266# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1267# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1268# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1269# expected time.
1270#
1271# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1272# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1273# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
1274# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1275#
1276# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1277# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1278
1279# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1280# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1281
1282# New South Wales
1283
1284# From Arthur David Olson:
1285# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1286# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1287# who notes:
1288#	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1289#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1290#	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1291#	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1292#	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
1293#	I have researched New South Wales time only...
1294
1295# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1296# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1297# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
1298# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1299# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1300
1301# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1302# See the following official NSW source:
1303# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1304# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1305#
1306# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1307# daylight saving next year.  See:
1308# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1309# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1310# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1311#
1312# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
1313# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1314# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1315#
1316# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
1317# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1318# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1319#
1320# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
1321# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1322# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1323# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1324# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1325# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1326# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1327# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1328# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1329#
1330# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
1331# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1332# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1333
1334# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1335# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1336# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1337
1338# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1339# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1340# towns to use Queensland time.
1341
1342# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1343# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1344
1345# Yancowinna
1346
1347# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1348# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1349
1350# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1351# # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1352# #					[ Dec 1990 ]
1353# ...
1354# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1355# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1356# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1357# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1358# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1359# # presently available.
1360# Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
1361# ...
1362# Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1363# Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
1364# [followed by other Rules]
1365
1366# Lord Howe Island
1367
1368# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1369# LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1370#					[ Dec 1990 ]
1371# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1372# hour ahead of NSW time.
1373
1374# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1375# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1376# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
1377# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1378# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1379# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1380# instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1381# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1382# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1383# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1384
1385# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1386# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1387# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1388# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1389# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1390# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1391
1392# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1393# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1394# Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.
1395
1396# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1397# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1398
1399# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1400# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1401# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1402# summer (southern hemisphere).
1403#
1404# From
1405# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1406# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1407# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1408# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1409# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1410# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1411# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1412# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1413#
1414# We have a wrap-up here:
1415# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1416###############################################################################
1417
1418# New Zealand
1419
1420# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1421# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1422# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1423# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1424# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1425
1426# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1427# # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1428# #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1429# #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1430# #				[ Nov 1990 ]
1431# ...
1432# Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1433# Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
1434# Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
1435# Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
1436# ...
1437# Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
1438# Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1439
1440# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1441# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1442# rather than the October 1 value.
1443
1444# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1445# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1446# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1447# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1448# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1449# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1450#
1451# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1452# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1453# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
1454# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1455#
1456# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1457# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1458# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1459
1460# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1461# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1462# first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
1463# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1464# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1465
1466# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1467# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1468# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1469# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1470# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1471# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1472# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1473# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1474# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1475# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1476# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1477# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1478
1479###############################################################################
1480
1481
1482# Fiji
1483
1484# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1485# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1486# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1487
1488# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1489# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1490# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
1491# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1492
1493# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1494# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
1495
1496# From the BBC World Service in
1497# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1498# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1499# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1500# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1501# of the new millennium.
1502
1503# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1504# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1505
1506
1507# Kiribati
1508
1509# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1510# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1511# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1512# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1513
1514
1515# Kwajalein
1516
1517# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1518# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1519# 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1520# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1521# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1522
1523
1524# N Mariana Is, Guam
1525
1526# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1527# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1528# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1529# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1530# see Asia/Manila.
1531
1532# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1533# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
1534# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1535# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1536
1537
1538# Micronesia
1539
1540# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1541# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1542# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1543#
1544# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1545# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1546
1547# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1548# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1549# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1550# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1551# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1552# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1553
1554
1555# Midway
1556
1557# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1558# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1559# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1560# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1561# Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1562# your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
1563# we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
1564# air at 6am your time.
1565#
1566# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1567# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1568# started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
1569# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1570
1571# Norfolk
1572
1573# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1574# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1575# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1576# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1577# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1578
1579# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1580# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1581# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1582# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1583# other than in 1974/5.  See:
1584# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1585
1586# Pitcairn
1587
1588# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1589# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1590# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
1591#
1592#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1593#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1594#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1595#
1596# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1597# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1598# somehow in light of this proclamation.
1599
1600# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1601# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1602# ... at midnight.
1603
1604# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1605# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1606# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1607# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1608
1609
1610# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1611
1612# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
1613# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
1614# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1615# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1616# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1617# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
1618# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
1619
1620# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1621# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1622# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1623# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1624# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1625# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1626# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1627# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1628
1629
1630# Tonga
1631
1632# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1633# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1634# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1635# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1636
1637# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1638# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1639# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1640#
1641# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1642# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
1643# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1644# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1645# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1646# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1647#
1648# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1649# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1650# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1651#
1652# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1653# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1654# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1655# minutes we have lost?"
1656#
1657# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1658# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1659# to say your prayers in the morning."
1660
1661# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1662# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1663
1664# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1665# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1666# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1667# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1668# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1669# Government.
1670
1671# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1672# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1673#
1674# I was given this link by John Letts:
1675# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1676#
1677# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1678# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1679# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1680# (12 + 1 hour DST).
1681
1682# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1683# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1684# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1685# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1686# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1687# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1688# set back an hour on the closing date."
1689# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1690
1691# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1692# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1693# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1694
1695# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1696# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1697# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1698# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1699# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1700# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1701# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1702
1703# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1704# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1705
1706# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1707# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1708# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1709# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1710# hour to 1:00am.
1711
1712# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
1713# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
1714
1715# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
1716# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
1717# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
1718# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
1719#
1720# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
1721# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
1722# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
1723
1724# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
1725# In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister
1726# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
1727# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
1728#
1729# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1730# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
1731
1732
1733# Wake
1734
1735# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1736# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1737#
1738# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
1739# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1740# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
1741# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1742# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1743# impossible.
1744#
1745# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
1746
1747# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1748# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1749
1750###############################################################################
1751
1752# The International Date Line
1753
1754# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1755#
1756# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1757# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1758# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1759# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1760#
1761# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1762# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1763# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1764# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
1765# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1766# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1767# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1768# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1769# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
1770# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1771# correct date is ambiguous.
1772
1773# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1774# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1775# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1776# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1777# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon).  During 1917, at the
1778# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1779# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1780# on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1781# nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
1782# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1783# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
1784# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1785# independent merchant ships until World War II.
1786
1787# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1788# (2005-03-20):
1789#
1790# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1791# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1792# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1793# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
1794