1# @(#)europe 7.92 2 3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 6 7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition), 10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999). 11# 12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 16# of the IATA's data after 1990. 17# 18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991, 19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 20# 21# Other sources occasionally used include: 22# 23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 25# which I found in the UCLA library. 26# 27# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf"> 28# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 29# </a> (1914-03) 30# 31# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 32# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 33# History of Summer Time 34# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 35 36# 37# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 38# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 39# Corrections are welcome! 40# std dst 2dst 41# LMT Local Mean Time 42# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 43# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 44# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 45# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 46# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 47# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 48# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 49# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 50# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 51# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 52# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 53# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 54# 55# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 56# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 57 58# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 59# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 60# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 61# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 62# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 63# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 64# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 65# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 66# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 67# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 68# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 69# ... 70# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 71# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 72# ... 73# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 74# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 75# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 76# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 77# in the Directive. 78 79 80############################################################################### 81 82# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 83 84# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 85# 86# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 87# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 88# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 89# of the text said: 90# 91# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 92# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 93# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 94# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 95# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 96# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 97# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 98# 99# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 100# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 101# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 102# 103# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 104 105# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 106# 107# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 108# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 109# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 110# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 111# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 112# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 113# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 114# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 115# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 116# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 117# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 118# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 119# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 120# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 121# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 122# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 123# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 124# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 125# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 126# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 127# 128# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 129# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 130# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 131 132# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27): 133# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 134# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 135# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 136# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 137# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 138# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 139# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 140# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 141# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 142# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 143# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 144# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 145# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 146# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial, 147# which is permanently set to Summer Time. 148 149# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 150# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 151# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 152# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 153# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 154# foundations of civilization throughout the world. 155# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm"> 156# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly 157# </a> 158 159# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 160# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 161# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 162# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 163# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 164 165# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 166# 167# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 168# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 169 170# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 171# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 172# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 173# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 174# politics making a fortune, not computing. 175 176# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 177# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 178# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 179# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 180# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 181 182# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 183# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 184# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 185# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 186 187# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 188# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 189# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 190# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 191# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 192# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 193# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 195 196# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 197# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 198# which is to be introduced in May.... 199# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 200# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 201 202# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 203# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 204# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 205# so we use `BDST'. 206 207# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length 208# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 209# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating 210# and extending this list, which can be found in 211# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 212# History of legal time in Britain 213# </a> 214 215# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 216# 217# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 218# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 219# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 220# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 221# </a>. 222 223# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18): 224# 225# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 226# 227# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 228# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 229# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 230# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 231# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 232# It actually just had one transition. 233# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 234# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 235# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 236# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 237# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 238# 239# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks: 240# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 241# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 242# conform with Great Britain. 243# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 244# 245# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; 246# we'll ignore it for now. 247# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 248# 249# 250# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 251# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 252# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 253# to London. For example: 254# 255# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 256# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 257 258# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26): 259# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include 260# various relating to legal time, for example: 261# 262# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html 263# 264# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html 265# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html 266# 267# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html 268# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html 269# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html 270# 271# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html 272# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html 273# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html 274# 275# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is 276# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.] 277# 278# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these 279# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 280# the laws applicable in Ireland.) 281# 282# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 283# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 284# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 285# being GMT+1.) 286 287# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 288# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 289# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 290# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 291# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 292# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 293# and Frethun run in CT. 294# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 295# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 296# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 297# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 298# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 299# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 300 301# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 302# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 303# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 304# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 305# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 306# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 307# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 308 309# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 310# Summer Time Act, 1916 311Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 312Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 313# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 314Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 315Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 316# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 317Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 318Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 319# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 320Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 321Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 322# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 323Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 324# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 325Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 326# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 327Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 328Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 329# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 330Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 331Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 332# The Summer Time Act, 1922 333Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 334Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 335Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 336Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 337# The Summer Time Act, 1925 338Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 339Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 340Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 341Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 342Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 343Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 344Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 345Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 346Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 347Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 348Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 349# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 350Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 351# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 352Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 353# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 354Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 355Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 356# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 357Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 358# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 359Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 360# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 361Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 362Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 363# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 364Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 365Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 366# The Summer Time Act, 1947 367Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 368Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 369Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 371# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 372Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 373Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 374# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 375Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 376Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 377# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 378# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 379# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 380Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 381Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 382# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 383Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 384Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 385Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 386Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 387Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 388Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 389Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 390# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 391# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 392# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 393Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 394Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 395# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 396# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 397# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 398Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 399# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 400Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 401# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 402# (no summer time) 403# The Summer Time Act, 1972 404Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 405Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 406# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 407# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 408# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 409# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 410Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 411Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 412# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 413# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 414# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 415Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 416# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 417# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 418 419# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 420Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 421 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 422 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 423 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 424 0:00 EU GMT/BST 425Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 426 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT 427 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 428 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 429 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 430 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 431 0:00 EU GMT/BST 432Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 433 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 434 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 435 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 436 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 437 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 438 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 439 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 440 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 441 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 442 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 443 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 444 0:00 EU GMT/IST 445 446############################################################################### 447 448# Continental Europe 449 450# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 451# Common Market, etc. 452 453# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 454Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 455Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 456Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 457Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 458Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 459Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 460# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 461# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html" 462# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 463# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 464# </a> 465 466# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 467Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 468Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 469Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 470Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 471Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 472Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 473 474# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 475# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 476Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 477Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 478Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 479Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 480Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 481Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 482Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 483Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 484Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 485# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 486Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 487Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 488Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 489Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 490Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 491Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 492Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 493 494# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 495Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 496Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 497Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 498Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 499Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 500Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 501 502# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 503Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 504Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 505Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 506Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 507Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 508Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 509Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 510Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 511Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 512Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 513Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 514# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 515Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 516Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 517# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 518# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 519Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 520Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 521# 522Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 523Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 524Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 525Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 526Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 527 528# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 529 530# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 531Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 532Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 533Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 534Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 535 536# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 537# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 538 539# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 540# The official German names ... are 541# 542# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 543# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 544# 545# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 546# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 547# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 548# 549# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 550# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 551# Postfach 3345 552# D-38023 Braunschweig 553# phone: +49 531 592-0 554# 555# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 556# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 557# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 558# 559# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 560# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 561 562 563# Albania 564# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 565Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 566Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 567Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 568Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 569Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 570Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 571Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 572Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 573Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 574Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 575Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 576Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 577Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 578Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 579Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 580Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 581Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 582Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 583Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 584Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 585Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 586Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 587Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 588Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 589Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 590# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 591Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 592 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 593 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 594 1:00 EU CE%sT 595 596# Andorra 597# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 598Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 599 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 600 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 601 1:00 EU CE%sT 602 603# Austria 604 605# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and 606# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 607# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 608# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 609# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00 610# for 1945-04-12. 611 612# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 613Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 614Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 615Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 616Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 617Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 618Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 619Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 620Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 621# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 622Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 623 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 624 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 625 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 626 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 627 1:00 - CET 1946 628 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 629 1:00 EU CE%sT 630 631# Belarus 632# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 633Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 634 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 635 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 636 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 637 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 638 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 639 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 640 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 641 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 642 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 643 2:00 Russia EE%sT 644 645# Belgium 646# 647# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 648# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 649# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 650# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 651# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 652# pp 8-9. 653# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 654# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 655# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 656# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 657# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 658# 659# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 660Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 661Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 662Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 663Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 664Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 665Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 666Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 667Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 668Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 669Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 670Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 671Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 672# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 673# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 674# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 675# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 676Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 677Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 678Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 679Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 680Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 681Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 682Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 683Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 684Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 685Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 686Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 687Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 688Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 689Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 690Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 691Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 692Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 693Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 694Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 695Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 696Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 697Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 698# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 699Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 700 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 701 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 702 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 703 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 704 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 705 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 706 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 707 1:00 EU CE%sT 708 709# Bosnia and Herzegovina 710# see Serbia and Montenegro 711 712# Bulgaria 713# 714# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 715# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 716# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 717# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 718# 719# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 720Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 721Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 722Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 723Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 724Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 725# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 726Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 727 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 728 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 729 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 730 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 731 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 732 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 733 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 734 2:00 EU EE%sT 735 736# Croatia 737# see Serbia and Montenegro 738 739# Cyprus 740# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia. 741 742# Czech Republic 743# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 744Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 745Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 746Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 747Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 748Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 749Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 750Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 751# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 752Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 753 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 754 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 755 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 756 1:00 EU CE%sT 757 758# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 759# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 760Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 761Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 762Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 763Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 764Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 765Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 766Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 767Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 768Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 769Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 770Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 771# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 772# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 773# 774# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 775# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 776Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 777 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 778 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 779 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 780 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 781 1:00 EU CE%sT 782Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 783 0:00 - WET 1981 784 0:00 EU WE%sT 785# 786# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31): 787# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in 788# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones. 789# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard. 790# 791# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 792# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 793# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 794# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 795# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 796# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 797 798# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 799# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 800# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 801# 802# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 803# is according to the following time line: 804# 805# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 806# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 807# Scoresbysund UTC-1 808# Danmarkshavn UTC 809# 810# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 811# introduced. 812 813# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 814# 815# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 816# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 817# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 818# info from earlier correspondence.] 819# 820# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 821# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 822# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 823# 824# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 825# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 826# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 827# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 828# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 829# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 830# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 831# 832# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 833# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 834# 835# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 836# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 837# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 838# 839# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 840# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 841# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 842# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 843# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 844 845# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 846# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 847# there at 2:00 AM. 848 849# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19): 850# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab. 851# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 852# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 853# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions. 854# 855# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 856Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 857Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 858Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 859Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 860# 861# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 862Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 863 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 864 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 865 0:00 - GMT 866Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 867 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 868 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 869 -1:00 EU EG%sT 870Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 871 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 872 -3:00 EU WG%sT 873Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 874 -4:00 Thule A%sT 875 876# Estonia 877# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 878# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 879# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 880# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 881# 882# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 883# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 884# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 885# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 886# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 887# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 888# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 889# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 890# summer time next spring.'' 891 892# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 893# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 894# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 895# </a> 896# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 897# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 898# 899# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 900# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 901# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 902 903# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 904# via Steffen Thorsen: 905# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 906# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 907# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 908# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 909# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 910# after that. 911 912# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 913# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 914# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 915# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 916 917# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 918# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 919# Now we are using again EU rules. 920# 921# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 922# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 923 924# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 925Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 926 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 927 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 928 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 929 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 930 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 931 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 932 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 933 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 934 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 935 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 936 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 937 2:00 EU EE%sT 938 939# Finland 940# 941# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 942# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 943# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 944# 945# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 946# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 947# Go with Strang instead. 948# 949# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 950Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 951Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 952# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 953Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 954 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 955 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 956 2:00 EU EE%sT 957 958# Aaland Is 959Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 960 961 962# France 963 964# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 965# 966# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 967# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 968# 969# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 970# Paris, 1991 971# 972# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 973# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 974 975 976# 977# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 978# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 979Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 980Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 981Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 982Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 983Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 984Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 985Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 986Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 987Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 988Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 989# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 990# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 991# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. 992Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 993Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 994Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 995Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 996Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 997Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 998Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 999Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1000Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 1001Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1002Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1003Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1004Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1005Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1006Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1007Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1008Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1009Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1010Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1011Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1012# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes 1013# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 1014# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 1015# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 1016# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 1017# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 1018# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 1019# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 1020Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1021# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1022# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 1023# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 1024# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 1025Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 1026Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 1027Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 1028Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 1029Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 1030Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 1031Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 1032Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 1033Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1034# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 1035# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 1036Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 1037Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1038# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 1039# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 1040# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1041# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1042# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1043Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1044 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 1045# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 1046 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 1047# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 1048# go with Shanks. 1049 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 1050 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1051 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1052 1:00 EU CE%sT 1053 1054# Germany 1055 1056# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 1057# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 1058# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1059# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 1060 1061# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1062# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a 1063# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/"> 1064# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>. 1065 1066# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1067# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf"> 1068# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1069# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1070# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1071 1072 1073# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1074Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1075Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1076Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 1077Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1078Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1079Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1080Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1081Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1082Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1083Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1084Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1085Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1086# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1087Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1088 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1089 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1090 1:00 EU CE%sT 1091 1092# Georgia 1093# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi. 1094# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni) 1095# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part. 1096 1097# Gibraltar 1098# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1099Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 1100 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1101 1:00 - CET 1982 1102 1:00 EU CE%sT 1103 1104# Greece 1105# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1106# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 1107Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1108Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1109# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 1110Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1111# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 1112Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1113Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1114Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1115# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1116Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1117Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1118Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1119Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1120Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1121Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1122Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1123Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1124Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1125Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1126Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1127Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1128Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1129# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1130Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1131 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1132 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1133 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1134 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1135 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1136 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1137 2:00 EU EE%sT 1138 1139# Hungary 1140# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1141Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1142Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1143Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1144Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1145Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1146Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1147Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1148Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1149Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1150Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1151Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1152Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1153Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1154Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1155Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1156Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1157Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1158Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1159Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1160Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1161# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1162Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1164 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1165 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 1166 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1167 1:00 EU CE%sT 1168 1169# Iceland 1170# 1171# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 1172# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1173# 1174# (1993-12-05): 1175# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1176# Iceland Almanak. 1177# 1178# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1179# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1180# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1181# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1182# 1183# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1184# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1185# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1186# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1187# 1188# (1993-12-10): 1189# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1190# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1191# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1192# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1193# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1194# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1195# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1196# might mean something else (???). 1197# 1198# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 1199# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 1200# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 1201# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1202# 1203# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1204Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1205Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1206Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1207Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1208Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1209Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1210Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1211Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1212Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1213Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1214Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1215# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1216Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1217Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1218# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1219Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1220# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1221Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1222Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1223Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1224# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1225Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1226 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1227 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1228 0:00 - GMT 1229 1230# Italy 1231# 1232# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1233# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1234# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1235# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1236# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1237# so record only the time in Rome. 1238# 1239# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 1240# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 1241# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1242# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 1243# </a> 1244# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1245# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1246# 1247# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1248# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1249# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1250# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1251# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1252# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1253# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1254# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1255# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1256# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1257# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1258# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1259# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1260# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1261# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1262# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1263# 1264# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1265Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1266Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1267Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1268Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1269Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1270Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1271Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1272Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1273Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1274Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1275Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1276Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1277Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1278Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1279Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1280Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1281Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1282Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1283Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1284Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1285Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1286Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1287Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1288Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1289Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1290Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1291Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1292Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1293Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1294Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1295Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1296Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1297Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1298Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1299Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1300Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1301# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1302Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1303 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1304 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1305 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1306 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1307 1:00 EU CE%sT 1308 1309Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1310Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1311 1312# Latvia 1313 1314# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 1315 1316# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1317# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1318# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1319# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1320# 1321# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1322# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1323# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1324# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1325# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1326# 1327# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1328# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1329# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1330# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1331# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1332# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1333# 1334# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1335# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1336# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1337# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1338# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1339# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1340# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1341# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1342# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1343# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1344# 1345# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1346# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1347# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1348 1349# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1350# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1351# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 1352# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1353# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 1354 1355# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 1356# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1357# </a> 1358# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1359# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1360# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1361# clocks one hour in the spring.... 1362# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 1363# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1364# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1365# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1366# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1367# appears that they will not do so.... 1368 1369# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1370Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1371Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1372# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1373Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1374 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1375 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1376 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1377 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1378 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1379 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1380 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1381 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1382 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1383 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1384 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1385 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1386 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 1387 2:00 EU EE%sT 1388 1389# Liechtenstein 1390# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1391Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1392 1:00 - CET 1981 1393 1:00 EU CE%sT 1394 1395# Lithuania 1396 1397# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1398# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1399# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1400 1401# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 1402# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1403# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1404 1405# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 1406# via Steffen Thorsen: 1407# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1408# to be valid here starting from October 31, 1409# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1410# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1411# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1412# already done by Estonia. 1413 1414# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 1415# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1416# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1417 1418# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1419# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1420# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1421# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1422# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1423# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1424# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1425 1426 1427# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1428Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1429 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1430 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1431 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1432 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1433 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1434 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1435 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1436 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1437 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1438 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1439 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1440 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1441 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1442 2:00 EU EE%sT 1443 1444# Luxembourg 1445# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 1446# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1447Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1448Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1449Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1450Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1451Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1452Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1453Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1454Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1455Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1456Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1457Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1458Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1459Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1460Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1461Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1462Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1463Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1464Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1465Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1466Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1467Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1468Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1469Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1470# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1471Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1472 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1473 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1474 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1475 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1476 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1477 1:00 EU CE%sT 1478 1479# Macedonia 1480# see Serbia and Montenegro 1481 1482# Malta 1483# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1484Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1485Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1486Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1487Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1488Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1489Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1490Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1491# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1492Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1493 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1494 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1495 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1496 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1497 1:00 EU CE%sT 1498 1499# Moldova 1500 1501# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11): 1502# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that 1503# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 1504# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 1505# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 1506# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 1507# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1508# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via 1509# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 1510# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 1511 1512# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1513Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1514 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1515 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1516 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 1517 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1518 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 1519 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 1520 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 1521 2:00 - EET 1991 1522 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 1523 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1524# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 1525 2:00 EU EE%sT 1526 1527# Monaco 1528# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 1529# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1530Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1531 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1532 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1533 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1534 1:00 EU CE%sT 1535 1536# Netherlands 1537 1538# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1539# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1540 1541# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 1542# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 1543# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 1544# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 1545# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 1546# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 1547# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 1548# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 1549# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 1550# 1551# (2001-04-08): 1552# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 1553# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 1554# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 1555# 1556# (2001-04-09): 1557# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 1558# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 1559# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 1560# actually followed. 1561# 1562# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 1563# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 1564# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 1565# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 1566# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 1567# 1568# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 1569# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 1570# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 1571# Amsterdam mean time. 1572 1573# The data before 1945 are taken from 1574# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 1575 1576# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1577Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1578Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1579Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1580Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1581Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1582Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 1583Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1584Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1585Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1586Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1587Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1588# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 1589# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 1590Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1591Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1592Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1593Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1594Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1595Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1596Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1597Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1598Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1599# 1600# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 1601# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 1602# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1603Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 1604 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 1605 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1606 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1607 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1608 1:00 EU CE%sT 1609 1610# Norway 1611# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1612# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 1613Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1614Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1615# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04, 1616# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks. 1617Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1618Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1619Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1620Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1621Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1622# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1623Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1624 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1625 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1626 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1627 1:00 EU CE%sT 1628 1629# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1630 1631# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1632# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1633# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1634# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1635# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1636# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1637# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 1638# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 1639# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1640# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1641# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1642# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 1643# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1644# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 1645# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1646# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1647# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1648# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1649 1650# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 1651# 1652# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1653# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was 1654# keeping Berlin time. 1655# 1656# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1657# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1658# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1659# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1660# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1661# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1662# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1663# 1664# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1665# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1666# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1667# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1668# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1669# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1670# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html> 1671# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1672# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1673# 1674# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 1675# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 1676# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 1677Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1678Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen 1679 1680# Poland 1681# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1682Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1683Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1684# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 1685Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1686# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 1687Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1688Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1689Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 1690Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 1691Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 1692Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1693Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 1694# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1695Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1696Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1697Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1698Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1699Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1700Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1701Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 1702Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1703# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1704Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1705 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1706 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1707 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1708 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1709 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1710 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1711 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999 1712# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 1713# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 1714# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 1715# </a> 1716# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 1717# Stick with W-Eur for now. 1718# 1719# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10): 1720# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would 1721# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not 1722# worth further discussion. 1723# 1724# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10): 1725# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997 1726# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to 1727# EU rules in 1999. 1728 1:00 EU CE%sT 1729 1730# Portugal 1731# 1732# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 1733# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1734# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1735# 1736# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1737# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1738# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1739# 1740# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1741# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1742# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1743# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1744# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1745# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1746# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1747# 1748# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1749# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1750# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1751# Go with Shanks. 1752Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1753# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1754Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1755Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1756Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1757Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1758Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1759Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1760Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1761Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1762Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1763Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1764Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1765Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1766Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1767Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1768Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1769# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 1770Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1771Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1772# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 1773Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1774# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 1775Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1776# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1777Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1778Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1779# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 1780Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1781Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1782Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1783# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 1784Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1785Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1786# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1787Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1788Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1789Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 1790Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1791Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 1792Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1793Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 1794Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 1795Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 1796Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 1797Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1798Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1799Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1800# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1801# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 1802Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1803Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1804Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 1805Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1806Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 1807Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1808Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1809Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1810Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1811Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1812# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1813# Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24; 1814# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett. 1815Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1816 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 1817 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1818 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1819 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1820 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1821 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1822 0:00 EU WE%sT 1823Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1824 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1825 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 1826 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1827 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1828 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 1829 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 1830Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1831 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1832 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 1833 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1834 0:00 EU WE%sT 1835 1836# Romania 1837# 1838# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 1839# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 1840# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 1841# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 1842# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 1843# the same year as Bulgaria. 1844# 1845# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1846Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1847Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1848Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 1849Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 1850Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1851Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1852Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1853Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1854Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1855# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1856Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1857 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1858 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1859 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1860 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 1861 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1862 2:00 EU EE%sT 1863 1864# Russia 1865 1866# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 1867# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 1868# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1869# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow 1870# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 1871# 1872# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 1873# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 1874# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 1875# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 1876# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 1877# 1878# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 1879# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1880# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 1881# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 1882# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 1883# 1884# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 1885# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 1886# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 1887# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 1888# 1889# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 1890# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 1891# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 1892# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 1893# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 1894# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 1895# 1896# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 1897# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 1898# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 1899# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 1900# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 1901# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 1902# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 1903# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 1904# 1905# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1906# 1907# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 1908Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1909 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1910 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 1911 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1912 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1913# 1914# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1915# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast', 1916# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 1917# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 1918# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 1919# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 1920# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 1921# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi, 1922# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 1923# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 1924# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 1925# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 1926# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 1927# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 1928# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast', 1929# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 1930# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 1931# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 1932# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 1933# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 1934Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 1935 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 1936 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1937 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 1938 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1939 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1940 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1941 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1942# 1943# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1944# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 1945Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1946 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev 1947 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1948 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1949 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1950 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 1951 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 1952# 1953# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1954# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 1955# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 1956# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 1957# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 1958# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1959Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 1960 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 1961 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1962 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1963 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 1964# 1965# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1966# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 1967Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 1968 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 1969 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1970 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1971 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1972# 1973# Novosibirskaya oblast'. 1974Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 1975 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 1976 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1977 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1978 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks 1979 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1980# 1981# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1982# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 1983# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast', 1984# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1985Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 1986 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 1987 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1988 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1989 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1990# 1991# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1992# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 1993# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1994Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 1995 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 1996 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 1997 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1998 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1999 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2000# 2001# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2002# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 2003# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 2004# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij, 2005# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj, 2006# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij, 2007# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij, 2008# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij, 2009# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij. 2010Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2011 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2012 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2013 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2014 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2015# 2016# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2017# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 2018# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2019# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij, 2020# Ust'-Yanskij. 2021Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 2022 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 2023 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2024 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2025 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2026# 2027# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 2028# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 2029Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 2030 9:00 - CJT 1938 2031 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 2032 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 2033 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2034 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 2035 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2036# 2037# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2038# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2039# Probably also: Kuril Islands. 2040# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij, 2041# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij. 2042Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 2043 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 2044 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2045 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2046 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2047# 2048# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2049# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2050# 2051# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 2052Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 2053 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 2054 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2055 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2056 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2057# 2058# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 2059Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 2060 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 2061 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 2062 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2063 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2064 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2065 2066# Serbia and Montenegro 2067# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2068Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2069 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2070 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2071 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2072# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 2073# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2074# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2075 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2076 1:00 EU CE%sT 2077Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2078Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2079Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2080Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2081 2082# Slovakia 2083Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 2084 2085# Slovenia 2086# see Serbia and Montenegro 2087 2088# Spain 2089# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2090# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 2091Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2092Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 2093Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2094Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2095# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 2096Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2097# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 2098Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 2099Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2100# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 2101Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2102Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2103Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2104Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2105# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 2106Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2107Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2108Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2109Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2110Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2111# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 2112Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2113Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 2114Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 2115Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 2116Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 2117Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 2118Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2119Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 2120Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 2121Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 2122Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 2123Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 2124Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2125Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 2126Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2127# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 2128Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 2129Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2130Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 2131Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 2132Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2133Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 2134Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2135Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2136Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 2137# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2138Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 2139 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 2140 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 2141 1:00 EU CE%sT 2142Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 2143 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2144 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2145 0:00 - WET 1924 2146 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2147 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2148 1:00 - CET 1986 2149 1:00 EU CE%sT 2150Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2151 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2152 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2153 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2154 0:00 EU WE%sT 2155# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2156# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2157 2158# Sweden 2159 2160# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks: 2161# 2162# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 2163# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 2164# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 2165# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 2166# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 2167# 2168# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 2169# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 2170# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 2171# 2172# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 2173# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 2174# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 2175# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 2176# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 2177# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 2178# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 2179# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 2180# 2181# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 2182# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 2183# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 2184# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 2185# 2186# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 2187# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 2188# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 2189# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 2190# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 2191# the Sok-button). 2192# 2193# (2001-05-13): 2194# 2195# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 2196# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 2197# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 2198# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 2199# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 2200# hour before the event took place. 2201# 2202# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 2203 2204# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2205Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 2206 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 2207 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 2208 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 2209 1:00 - CET 1980 2210 1:00 EU CE%sT 2211 2212# Switzerland 2213# From Howse: 2214# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2215# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2216# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2217# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2218# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2219Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2220Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2221# From Shanks: 2222Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2223Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2224# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2225Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2226 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2227 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2228 1:00 EU CE%sT 2229 2230# Turkey 2231# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2232Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2233Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2234Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 2235Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 2236Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 2237Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 2238Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 2239Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2240# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 2241Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 2242Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2243Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2244Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 2245Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 2246Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 2247Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 2248Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 2249# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 2250Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2251Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 2252Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2253Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2254Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2255Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 2256Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2257Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 2258Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 2259Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 2260Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2261Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 2262Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2263Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 2264Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2265Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 2266Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2267Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 2268Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 2269Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 2270Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 2271Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 2272Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 2273Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2274Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 2275Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 2276Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 2277Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 2278Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 2279Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 2280Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 2281Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 2282Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2283# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2284Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 2285 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2286 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 2287 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2288 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 2289 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2290 2:00 EU EE%sT 2291Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 2292 2293# Ukraine 2294# 2295# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice, 2296# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27): 2297# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment 2298# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says: 2299# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday 2300# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of 2301# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am" 2302 2303# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2304# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 2305Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2306 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 2307 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2308 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 2309 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 2310 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2311 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2312 2:00 - EET 1992 2313 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2314 2:00 EU EE%sT 2315# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 2316Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 2317 1:00 - CET 1940 2318 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 2319 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 2320 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 2321 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2322 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2323 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 2324 2:00 - EET 1992 2325 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2326 2:00 EU EE%sT 2327# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 2328# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. 2329Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 2330 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 2331 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2332 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 2333 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 2334 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 2335 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2336 2:00 EU EE%sT 2337# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 2338Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2339 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2340 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2341 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 2342 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 2343 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2344 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2345 2:00 - EET 1992 2346# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 2347# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 2348# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2349# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened 2350# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May. 2351 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 2352# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 2353 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 2354 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 2355# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2356# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2357 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 2358 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2359 2:00 EU EE%sT 2360 2361############################################################################### 2362 2363# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 2364# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 2365# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 2366# 2367# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 2368# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 2369# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 2370# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 2371# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 2372# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 2373 2374# ... 2375# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2376# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 2377# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 2378# ... 2379# 2380# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 2381# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 2382# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 2383# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 2384# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 2385# years... 2386# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 2387# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 2388# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 2389# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 2390# 2391# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 2392# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 2393# 2394# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 2395# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2396# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 2397 2398# ... 2399# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2400# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 2401# ... 2402# 2403# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 2404# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 2405# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 2406# 2407# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 2408# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 2409# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 2410# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 2411# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 2412# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 2413# dates... 2414# 2415# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 2416# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 2417# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 2418# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 2419# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 2420# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 2421# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 2422# in advance of normal time. 2423# 2424# ... 2425# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2426# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 2427# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 2428 2429# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 2430# ... 2431# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 2432# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 2433# ... 2434# Monaco: has same DST as France. 2435# ... 2436