sys/kern/vfs_bio.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994,1997 John S. Dyson
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice immediately at the beginning of the file, without modification,
 *    this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Absolutely no warranty of function or purpose is made by the author
 *		John S. Dyson.
 *
 * $FreeBSD: src/sys/kern/vfs_bio.c,v 1.242.2.20 2003/05/28 18:38:10 alc Exp $
 * $DragonFly: src/sys/kern/vfs_bio.c,v 1.89 2007/01/12 03:05:49 dillon Exp $
 */

/*
 * this file contains a new buffer I/O scheme implementing a coherent
 * VM object and buffer cache scheme.  Pains have been taken to make
 * sure that the performance degradation associated with schemes such
 * as this is not realized.
 *
 * Author:  John S. Dyson
 * Significant help during the development and debugging phases
 * had been provided by David Greenman, also of the FreeBSD core team.
 *
 * see man buf(9) for more info.
 */

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/buf.h>
#include <sys/conf.h>
#include <sys/eventhandler.h>
#include <sys/lock.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/kthread.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/reboot.h>
#include <sys/resourcevar.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/vmmeter.h>
#include <sys/vnode.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <vm/vm.h>
#include <vm/vm_param.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
#include <vm/vm_page.h>
#include <vm/vm_object.h>
#include <vm/vm_extern.h>
#include <vm/vm_map.h>

#include <sys/buf2.h>
#include <sys/thread2.h>
#include <sys/spinlock2.h>
#include <vm/vm_page2.h>

#include "opt_ddb.h"
#ifdef DDB
#include <ddb/ddb.h>
#endif

/*
 * Buffer queues.
 */
#define BUFFER_QUEUES	6
enum bufq_type {
	BQUEUE_NONE,    	/* not on any queue */
	BQUEUE_LOCKED,  	/* locked buffers */
	BQUEUE_CLEAN,   	/* non-B_DELWRI buffers */
	BQUEUE_DIRTY,   	/* B_DELWRI buffers */
	BQUEUE_EMPTYKVA, 	/* empty buffer headers with KVA assignment */
	BQUEUE_EMPTY    	/* empty buffer headers */
};
TAILQ_HEAD(bqueues, buf) bufqueues[BUFFER_QUEUES];

static MALLOC_DEFINE(M_BIOBUF, "BIO buffer", "BIO buffer");

struct	bio_ops bioops;		/* I/O operation notification */

struct buf *buf;		/* buffer header pool */

static void vm_hold_free_pages(struct buf *bp, vm_offset_t from,
		vm_offset_t to);
static void vm_hold_load_pages(struct buf *bp, vm_offset_t from,
		vm_offset_t to);
static void vfs_page_set_valid(struct buf *bp, vm_ooffset_t off,
			       int pageno, vm_page_t m);
static void vfs_clean_pages(struct buf *bp);
static void vfs_setdirty(struct buf *bp);
static void vfs_vmio_release(struct buf *bp);
static int flushbufqueues(void);

static void buf_daemon (void);
/*
 * bogus page -- for I/O to/from partially complete buffers
 * this is a temporary solution to the problem, but it is not
 * really that bad.  it would be better to split the buffer
 * for input in the case of buffers partially already in memory,
 * but the code is intricate enough already.
 */
vm_page_t bogus_page;
int runningbufspace;

/*
 * These are all static, but make the ones we export globals so we do
 * not need to use compiler magic.
 */
int bufspace, maxbufspace,
	bufmallocspace, maxbufmallocspace, lobufspace, hibufspace;
static int bufreusecnt, bufdefragcnt, buffreekvacnt;
static int lorunningspace, hirunningspace, runningbufreq;
int numdirtybuffers, lodirtybuffers, hidirtybuffers;
static int numfreebuffers, lofreebuffers, hifreebuffers;
static int getnewbufcalls;
static int getnewbufrestarts;

static int needsbuffer;		/* locked by needsbuffer_spin */
static int bd_request;		/* locked by needsbuffer_spin */
static struct spinlock needsbuffer_spin;

/*
 * Sysctls for operational control of the buffer cache.
 */
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, lodirtybuffers, CTLFLAG_RW, &lodirtybuffers, 0,
	"Number of dirty buffers to flush before bufdaemon becomes inactive");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, hidirtybuffers, CTLFLAG_RW, &hidirtybuffers, 0,
	"High watermark used to trigger explicit flushing of dirty buffers");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, lofreebuffers, CTLFLAG_RW, &lofreebuffers, 0,
	"Low watermark for special reserve in low-memory situations");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, hifreebuffers, CTLFLAG_RW, &hifreebuffers, 0,
	"High watermark for special reserve in low-memory situations");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, lorunningspace, CTLFLAG_RW, &lorunningspace, 0,
	"Minimum amount of buffer space required for active I/O");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, hirunningspace, CTLFLAG_RW, &hirunningspace, 0,
	"Maximum amount of buffer space to usable for active I/O");
/*
 * Sysctls determining current state of the buffer cache.
 */
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, numdirtybuffers, CTLFLAG_RD, &numdirtybuffers, 0,
	"Pending number of dirty buffers");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, numfreebuffers, CTLFLAG_RD, &numfreebuffers, 0,
	"Number of free buffers on the buffer cache free list");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, runningbufspace, CTLFLAG_RD, &runningbufspace, 0,
	"I/O bytes currently in progress due to asynchronous writes");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, maxbufspace, CTLFLAG_RD, &maxbufspace, 0,
	"Hard limit on maximum amount of memory usable for buffer space");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, hibufspace, CTLFLAG_RD, &hibufspace, 0,
	"Soft limit on maximum amount of memory usable for buffer space");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, lobufspace, CTLFLAG_RD, &lobufspace, 0,
	"Minimum amount of memory to reserve for system buffer space");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, bufspace, CTLFLAG_RD, &bufspace, 0,
	"Amount of memory available for buffers");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, maxmallocbufspace, CTLFLAG_RD, &maxbufmallocspace,
	0, "Maximum amount of memory reserved for buffers using malloc");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, bufmallocspace, CTLFLAG_RD, &bufmallocspace, 0,
	"Amount of memory left for buffers using malloc-scheme");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, getnewbufcalls, CTLFLAG_RD, &getnewbufcalls, 0,
	"New buffer header acquisition requests");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, getnewbufrestarts, CTLFLAG_RD, &getnewbufrestarts,
	0, "New buffer header acquisition restarts");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, bufdefragcnt, CTLFLAG_RD, &bufdefragcnt, 0,
	"Buffer acquisition restarts due to fragmented buffer map");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, buffreekvacnt, CTLFLAG_RD, &buffreekvacnt, 0,
	"Amount of time KVA space was deallocated in an arbitrary buffer");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs, OID_AUTO, bufreusecnt, CTLFLAG_RD, &bufreusecnt, 0,
	"Amount of time buffer re-use operations were successful");
SYSCTL_INT(_debug_sizeof, OID_AUTO, buf, CTLFLAG_RD, 0, sizeof(struct buf),
	"sizeof(struct buf)");

char *buf_wmesg = BUF_WMESG;

extern int vm_swap_size;

#define VFS_BIO_NEED_ANY	0x01	/* any freeable buffer */
#define VFS_BIO_NEED_DIRTYFLUSH	0x02	/* waiting for dirty buffer flush */
#define VFS_BIO_NEED_FREE	0x04	/* wait for free bufs, hi hysteresis */
#define VFS_BIO_NEED_BUFSPACE	0x08	/* wait for buf space, lo hysteresis */

/*
 * numdirtywakeup:
 *
 *	If someone is blocked due to there being too many dirty buffers,
 *	and numdirtybuffers is now reasonable, wake them up.
 */

static __inline void
numdirtywakeup(int level)
{
	if (numdirtybuffers <= level) {
		if (needsbuffer & VFS_BIO_NEED_DIRTYFLUSH) {
			spin_lock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
			needsbuffer &= ~VFS_BIO_NEED_DIRTYFLUSH;
			spin_unlock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
			wakeup(&needsbuffer);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * bufspacewakeup:
 *
 *	Called when buffer space is potentially available for recovery.
 *	getnewbuf() will block on this flag when it is unable to free
 *	sufficient buffer space.  Buffer space becomes recoverable when
 *	bp's get placed back in the queues.
 */

static __inline void
bufspacewakeup(void)
{
	/*
	 * If someone is waiting for BUF space, wake them up.  Even
	 * though we haven't freed the kva space yet, the waiting
	 * process will be able to now.
	 */
	if (needsbuffer & VFS_BIO_NEED_BUFSPACE) {
		spin_lock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
		needsbuffer &= ~VFS_BIO_NEED_BUFSPACE;
		spin_unlock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
		wakeup(&needsbuffer);
	}
}

/*
 * runningbufwakeup:
 *
 *	Accounting for I/O in progress.
 *
 */
static __inline void
runningbufwakeup(struct buf *bp)
{
	if (bp->b_runningbufspace) {
		runningbufspace -= bp->b_runningbufspace;
		bp->b_runningbufspace = 0;
		if (runningbufreq && runningbufspace <= lorunningspace) {
			runningbufreq = 0;
			wakeup(&runningbufreq);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * bufcountwakeup:
 *
 *	Called when a buffer has been added to one of the free queues to
 *	account for the buffer and to wakeup anyone waiting for free buffers.
 *	This typically occurs when large amounts of metadata are being handled
 *	by the buffer cache ( else buffer space runs out first, usually ).
 */

static __inline void
bufcountwakeup(void)
{
	++numfreebuffers;
	if (needsbuffer) {
		spin_lock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
		needsbuffer &= ~VFS_BIO_NEED_ANY;
		if (numfreebuffers >= hifreebuffers)
			needsbuffer &= ~VFS_BIO_NEED_FREE;
		spin_unlock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
		wakeup(&needsbuffer);
	}
}

/*
 * waitrunningbufspace()
 *
 *	runningbufspace is a measure of the amount of I/O currently
 *	running.  This routine is used in async-write situations to
 *	prevent creating huge backups of pending writes to a device.
 *	Only asynchronous writes are governed by this function.
 *
 *	Reads will adjust runningbufspace, but will not block based on it.
 *	The read load has a side effect of reducing the allowed write load.
 *
 *	This does NOT turn an async write into a sync write.  It waits
 *	for earlier writes to complete and generally returns before the
 *	caller's write has reached the device.
 */
static __inline void
waitrunningbufspace(void)
{
	if (runningbufspace > hirunningspace) {
		crit_enter();
		while (runningbufspace > hirunningspace) {
			++runningbufreq;
			tsleep(&runningbufreq, 0, "wdrain", 0);
		}
		crit_exit();
	}
}

/*
 * vfs_buf_test_cache:
 *
 *	Called when a buffer is extended.  This function clears the B_CACHE
 *	bit if the newly extended portion of the buffer does not contain
 *	valid data.
 */
static __inline__
void
vfs_buf_test_cache(struct buf *bp,
		  vm_ooffset_t foff, vm_offset_t off, vm_offset_t size,
		  vm_page_t m)
{
	if (bp->b_flags & B_CACHE) {
		int base = (foff + off) & PAGE_MASK;
		if (vm_page_is_valid(m, base, size) == 0)
			bp->b_flags &= ~B_CACHE;
	}
}

/*
 * bd_wakeup:
 *
 *	Wake up the buffer daemon if the number of outstanding dirty buffers
 *	is above specified threshold 'dirtybuflevel'.
 *
 *	The buffer daemon is explicitly woken up when (a) the pending number
 *	of dirty buffers exceeds the recovery and stall mid-point value,
 *	(b) during bwillwrite() or (c) buf freelist was exhausted.
 */
static __inline__
void
bd_wakeup(int dirtybuflevel)
{
	if (bd_request == 0 && numdirtybuffers >= dirtybuflevel) {
		spin_lock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
		bd_request = 1;
		spin_unlock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
		wakeup(&bd_request);
	}
}

/*
 * bd_speedup:
 *
 *	Speed up the buffer cache flushing process.
 */

static __inline__
void
bd_speedup(void)
{
	bd_wakeup(1);
}

/*
 * bufinit:
 *
 *	Load time initialisation of the buffer cache, called from machine
 *	dependant initialization code.
 */
void
bufinit(void)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	vm_offset_t bogus_offset;
	int i;

	spin_init(&needsbuffer_spin);

	/* next, make a null set of free lists */
	for (i = 0; i < BUFFER_QUEUES; i++)
		TAILQ_INIT(&bufqueues[i]);

	/* finally, initialize each buffer header and stick on empty q */
	for (i = 0; i < nbuf; i++) {
		bp = &buf[i];
		bzero(bp, sizeof *bp);
		bp->b_flags = B_INVAL;	/* we're just an empty header */
		bp->b_cmd = BUF_CMD_DONE;
		bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_EMPTY;
		initbufbio(bp);
		xio_init(&bp->b_xio);
		LIST_INIT(&bp->b_dep);
		BUF_LOCKINIT(bp);
		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_EMPTY], bp, b_freelist);
	}

	/*
	 * maxbufspace is the absolute maximum amount of buffer space we are
	 * allowed to reserve in KVM and in real terms.  The absolute maximum
	 * is nominally used by buf_daemon.  hibufspace is the nominal maximum
	 * used by most other processes.  The differential is required to
	 * ensure that buf_daemon is able to run when other processes might
	 * be blocked waiting for buffer space.
	 *
	 * maxbufspace is based on BKVASIZE.  Allocating buffers larger then
	 * this may result in KVM fragmentation which is not handled optimally
	 * by the system.
	 */
	maxbufspace = nbuf * BKVASIZE;
	hibufspace = imax(3 * maxbufspace / 4, maxbufspace - MAXBSIZE * 10);
	lobufspace = hibufspace - MAXBSIZE;

	lorunningspace = 512 * 1024;
	hirunningspace = 1024 * 1024;

/*
 * Limit the amount of malloc memory since it is wired permanently into
 * the kernel space.  Even though this is accounted for in the buffer
 * allocation, we don't want the malloced region to grow uncontrolled.
 * The malloc scheme improves memory utilization significantly on average
 * (small) directories.
 */
	maxbufmallocspace = hibufspace / 20;

/*
 * Reduce the chance of a deadlock occuring by limiting the number
 * of delayed-write dirty buffers we allow to stack up.
 */
	hidirtybuffers = nbuf / 4 + 20;
	numdirtybuffers = 0;
/*
 * To support extreme low-memory systems, make sure hidirtybuffers cannot
 * eat up all available buffer space.  This occurs when our minimum cannot
 * be met.  We try to size hidirtybuffers to 3/4 our buffer space assuming
 * BKVASIZE'd (8K) buffers.
 */
	while (hidirtybuffers * BKVASIZE > 3 * hibufspace / 4) {
		hidirtybuffers >>= 1;
	}
	lodirtybuffers = hidirtybuffers / 2;

/*
 * Try to keep the number of free buffers in the specified range,
 * and give special processes (e.g. like buf_daemon) access to an
 * emergency reserve.
 */
	lofreebuffers = nbuf / 18 + 5;
	hifreebuffers = 2 * lofreebuffers;
	numfreebuffers = nbuf;

/*
 * Maximum number of async ops initiated per buf_daemon loop.  This is
 * somewhat of a hack at the moment, we really need to limit ourselves
 * based on the number of bytes of I/O in-transit that were initiated
 * from buf_daemon.
 */

	bogus_offset = kmem_alloc_pageable(&kernel_map, PAGE_SIZE);
	bogus_page = vm_page_alloc(&kernel_object,
				   (bogus_offset >> PAGE_SHIFT),
				   VM_ALLOC_NORMAL);
	vmstats.v_wire_count++;

}

/*
 * Initialize the embedded bio structures
 */
void
initbufbio(struct buf *bp)
{
	bp->b_bio1.bio_buf = bp;
	bp->b_bio1.bio_prev = NULL;
	bp->b_bio1.bio_offset = NOOFFSET;
	bp->b_bio1.bio_next = &bp->b_bio2;
	bp->b_bio1.bio_done = NULL;

	bp->b_bio2.bio_buf = bp;
	bp->b_bio2.bio_prev = &bp->b_bio1;
	bp->b_bio2.bio_offset = NOOFFSET;
	bp->b_bio2.bio_next = NULL;
	bp->b_bio2.bio_done = NULL;
}

/*
 * Reinitialize the embedded bio structures as well as any additional
 * translation cache layers.
 */
void
reinitbufbio(struct buf *bp)
{
	struct bio *bio;

	for (bio = &bp->b_bio1; bio; bio = bio->bio_next) {
		bio->bio_done = NULL;
		bio->bio_offset = NOOFFSET;
	}
}

/*
 * Push another BIO layer onto an existing BIO and return it.  The new
 * BIO layer may already exist, holding cached translation data.
 */
struct bio *
push_bio(struct bio *bio)
{
	struct bio *nbio;

	if ((nbio = bio->bio_next) == NULL) {
		int index = bio - &bio->bio_buf->b_bio_array[0];
		if (index >= NBUF_BIO - 1) {
			panic("push_bio: too many layers bp %p\n",
				bio->bio_buf);
		}
		nbio = &bio->bio_buf->b_bio_array[index + 1];
		bio->bio_next = nbio;
		nbio->bio_prev = bio;
		nbio->bio_buf = bio->bio_buf;
		nbio->bio_offset = NOOFFSET;
		nbio->bio_done = NULL;
		nbio->bio_next = NULL;
	}
	KKASSERT(nbio->bio_done == NULL);
	return(nbio);
}

void
pop_bio(struct bio *bio)
{
	/* NOP */
}

void
clearbiocache(struct bio *bio)
{
	while (bio) {
		bio->bio_offset = NOOFFSET;
		bio = bio->bio_next;
	}
}

/*
 * bfreekva:
 *
 *	Free the KVA allocation for buffer 'bp'.
 *
 *	Must be called from a critical section as this is the only locking for
 *	buffer_map.
 *
 *	Since this call frees up buffer space, we call bufspacewakeup().
 */
static void
bfreekva(struct buf *bp)
{
	int count;

	if (bp->b_kvasize) {
		++buffreekvacnt;
		count = vm_map_entry_reserve(MAP_RESERVE_COUNT);
		vm_map_lock(&buffer_map);
		bufspace -= bp->b_kvasize;
		vm_map_delete(&buffer_map,
		    (vm_offset_t) bp->b_kvabase,
		    (vm_offset_t) bp->b_kvabase + bp->b_kvasize,
		    &count
		);
		vm_map_unlock(&buffer_map);
		vm_map_entry_release(count);
		bp->b_kvasize = 0;
		bufspacewakeup();
	}
}

/*
 * bremfree:
 *
 *	Remove the buffer from the appropriate free list.
 */
void
bremfree(struct buf *bp)
{
	int old_qindex;

	crit_enter();
	old_qindex = bp->b_qindex;

	if (bp->b_qindex != BQUEUE_NONE) {
		KASSERT(BUF_REFCNTNB(bp) == 1,
				("bremfree: bp %p not locked",bp));
		TAILQ_REMOVE(&bufqueues[bp->b_qindex], bp, b_freelist);
		bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_NONE;
	} else {
		if (BUF_REFCNTNB(bp) <= 1)
			panic("bremfree: removing a buffer not on a queue");
	}

	/*
	 * Fixup numfreebuffers count.  If the buffer is invalid or not
	 * delayed-write, and it was on the EMPTY, LRU, or AGE queues,
	 * the buffer was free and we must decrement numfreebuffers.
	 */
	if ((bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) || (bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) == 0) {
		switch(old_qindex) {
		case BQUEUE_DIRTY:
		case BQUEUE_CLEAN:
		case BQUEUE_EMPTY:
		case BQUEUE_EMPTYKVA:
			--numfreebuffers;
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}
	}
	crit_exit();
}


/*
 * bread:
 *
 *	Get a buffer with the specified data.  Look in the cache first.  We
 *	must clear B_ERROR and B_INVAL prior to initiating I/O.  If B_CACHE
 *	is set, the buffer is valid and we do not have to do anything ( see
 *	getblk() ).
 */
int
bread(struct vnode *vp, off_t loffset, int size, struct buf **bpp)
{
	struct buf *bp;

	bp = getblk(vp, loffset, size, 0, 0);
	*bpp = bp;

	/* if not found in cache, do some I/O */
	if ((bp->b_flags & B_CACHE) == 0) {
		KASSERT(!(bp->b_flags & B_ASYNC), ("bread: illegal async bp %p", bp));
		bp->b_flags &= ~(B_ERROR | B_INVAL);
		bp->b_cmd = BUF_CMD_READ;
		vfs_busy_pages(vp, bp);
		vn_strategy(vp, &bp->b_bio1);
		return (biowait(bp));
	}
	return (0);
}

/*
 * breadn:
 *
 *	Operates like bread, but also starts asynchronous I/O on
 *	read-ahead blocks.  We must clear B_ERROR and B_INVAL prior
 *	to initiating I/O . If B_CACHE is set, the buffer is valid
 *	and we do not have to do anything.
 */
int
breadn(struct vnode *vp, off_t loffset, int size, off_t *raoffset,
	int *rabsize, int cnt, struct buf **bpp)
{
	struct buf *bp, *rabp;
	int i;
	int rv = 0, readwait = 0;

	*bpp = bp = getblk(vp, loffset, size, 0, 0);

	/* if not found in cache, do some I/O */
	if ((bp->b_flags & B_CACHE) == 0) {
		bp->b_flags &= ~(B_ERROR | B_INVAL);
		bp->b_cmd = BUF_CMD_READ;
		vfs_busy_pages(vp, bp);
		vn_strategy(vp, &bp->b_bio1);
		++readwait;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++, raoffset++, rabsize++) {
		if (inmem(vp, *raoffset))
			continue;
		rabp = getblk(vp, *raoffset, *rabsize, 0, 0);

		if ((rabp->b_flags & B_CACHE) == 0) {
			rabp->b_flags |= B_ASYNC;
			rabp->b_flags &= ~(B_ERROR | B_INVAL);
			rabp->b_cmd = BUF_CMD_READ;
			vfs_busy_pages(vp, rabp);
			BUF_KERNPROC(rabp);
			vn_strategy(vp, &rabp->b_bio1);
		} else {
			brelse(rabp);
		}
	}

	if (readwait) {
		rv = biowait(bp);
	}
	return (rv);
}

/*
 * bwrite:
 *
 *	Write, release buffer on completion.  (Done by iodone
 *	if async).  Do not bother writing anything if the buffer
 *	is invalid.
 *
 *	Note that we set B_CACHE here, indicating that buffer is
 *	fully valid and thus cacheable.  This is true even of NFS
 *	now so we set it generally.  This could be set either here
 *	or in biodone() since the I/O is synchronous.  We put it
 *	here.
 */
int
bwrite(struct buf *bp)
{
	int oldflags;

	if (bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) {
		brelse(bp);
		return (0);
	}

	oldflags = bp->b_flags;

	if (BUF_REFCNTNB(bp) == 0)
		panic("bwrite: buffer is not busy???");
	crit_enter();

	/* Mark the buffer clean */
	bundirty(bp);

	bp->b_flags &= ~B_ERROR;
	bp->b_flags |= B_CACHE;
	bp->b_cmd = BUF_CMD_WRITE;
	vfs_busy_pages(bp->b_vp, bp);

	/*
	 * Normal bwrites pipeline writes.  NOTE: b_bufsize is only
	 * valid for vnode-backed buffers.
	 */
	bp->b_runningbufspace = bp->b_bufsize;
	runningbufspace += bp->b_runningbufspace;

	crit_exit();
	if (oldflags & B_ASYNC)
		BUF_KERNPROC(bp);
	vn_strategy(bp->b_vp, &bp->b_bio1);

	if ((oldflags & B_ASYNC) == 0) {
		int rtval = biowait(bp);
		brelse(bp);
		return (rtval);
	} else if ((oldflags & B_NOWDRAIN) == 0) {
		/*
		 * don't allow the async write to saturate the I/O
		 * system.  Deadlocks can occur only if a device strategy
		 * routine (like in VN) turns around and issues another
		 * high-level write, in which case B_NOWDRAIN is expected
		 * to be set.   Otherwise we will not deadlock here because
		 * we are blocking waiting for I/O that is already in-progress
		 * to complete.
		 */
		waitrunningbufspace();
	}

	return (0);
}

/*
 * bdwrite:
 *
 *	Delayed write. (Buffer is marked dirty).  Do not bother writing
 *	anything if the buffer is marked invalid.
 *
 *	Note that since the buffer must be completely valid, we can safely
 *	set B_CACHE.  In fact, we have to set B_CACHE here rather then in
 *	biodone() in order to prevent getblk from writing the buffer
 *	out synchronously.
 */
void
bdwrite(struct buf *bp)
{
	if (BUF_REFCNTNB(bp) == 0)
		panic("bdwrite: buffer is not busy");

	if (bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) {
		brelse(bp);
		return;
	}
	bdirty(bp);

	/*
	 * Set B_CACHE, indicating that the buffer is fully valid.  This is
	 * true even of NFS now.
	 */
	bp->b_flags |= B_CACHE;

	/*
	 * This bmap keeps the system from needing to do the bmap later,
	 * perhaps when the system is attempting to do a sync.  Since it
	 * is likely that the indirect block -- or whatever other datastructure
	 * that the filesystem needs is still in memory now, it is a good
	 * thing to do this.  Note also, that if the pageout daemon is
	 * requesting a sync -- there might not be enough memory to do
	 * the bmap then...  So, this is important to do.
	 */
	if (bp->b_bio2.bio_offset == NOOFFSET) {
		VOP_BMAP(bp->b_vp, bp->b_loffset, NULL, &bp->b_bio2.bio_offset,
			 NULL, NULL);
	}

	/*
	 * Set the *dirty* buffer range based upon the VM system dirty pages.
	 */
	vfs_setdirty(bp);

	/*
	 * We need to do this here to satisfy the vnode_pager and the
	 * pageout daemon, so that it thinks that the pages have been
	 * "cleaned".  Note that since the pages are in a delayed write
	 * buffer -- the VFS layer "will" see that the pages get written
	 * out on the next sync, or perhaps the cluster will be completed.
	 */
	vfs_clean_pages(bp);
	bqrelse(bp);

	/*
	 * Wakeup the buffer flushing daemon if we have a lot of dirty
	 * buffers (midpoint between our recovery point and our stall
	 * point).
	 */
	bd_wakeup((lodirtybuffers + hidirtybuffers) / 2);

	/*
	 * note: we cannot initiate I/O from a bdwrite even if we wanted to,
	 * due to the softdep code.
	 */
}

/*
 * bdirty:
 *
 *	Turn buffer into delayed write request by marking it B_DELWRI.
 *	B_RELBUF and B_NOCACHE must be cleared.
 *
 *	We reassign the buffer to itself to properly update it in the
 *	dirty/clean lists.
 *
 *	Since the buffer is not on a queue, we do not update the
 *	numfreebuffers count.
 *
 *	Must be called from a critical section.
 *	The buffer must be on BQUEUE_NONE.
 */
void
bdirty(struct buf *bp)
{
	KASSERT(bp->b_qindex == BQUEUE_NONE, ("bdirty: buffer %p still on queue %d", bp, bp->b_qindex));
	if (bp->b_flags & B_NOCACHE) {
		kprintf("bdirty: clearing B_NOCACHE on buf %p\n", bp);
		bp->b_flags &= ~B_NOCACHE;
	}
	if (bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) {
		kprintf("bdirty: warning, dirtying invalid buffer %p\n", bp);
	}
	bp->b_flags &= ~B_RELBUF;

	if ((bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) == 0) {
		bp->b_flags |= B_DELWRI;
		reassignbuf(bp);
		++numdirtybuffers;
		bd_wakeup((lodirtybuffers + hidirtybuffers) / 2);
	}
}

/*
 * bundirty:
 *
 *	Clear B_DELWRI for buffer.
 *
 *	Since the buffer is not on a queue, we do not update the numfreebuffers
 *	count.
 *
 *	Must be called from a critical section.
 *
 *	The buffer is typically on BQUEUE_NONE but there is one case in
 *	brelse() that calls this function after placing the buffer on
 *	a different queue.
 */

void
bundirty(struct buf *bp)
{
	if (bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) {
		bp->b_flags &= ~B_DELWRI;
		reassignbuf(bp);
		--numdirtybuffers;
		numdirtywakeup(lodirtybuffers);
	}
	/*
	 * Since it is now being written, we can clear its deferred write flag.
	 */
	bp->b_flags &= ~B_DEFERRED;
}

/*
 * bawrite:
 *
 *	Asynchronous write.  Start output on a buffer, but do not wait for
 *	it to complete.  The buffer is released when the output completes.
 *
 *	bwrite() ( or the VOP routine anyway ) is responsible for handling
 *	B_INVAL buffers.  Not us.
 */
void
bawrite(struct buf *bp)
{
	bp->b_flags |= B_ASYNC;
	bwrite(bp);
}

/*
 * bowrite:
 *
 *	Ordered write.  Start output on a buffer, and flag it so that the
 *	device will write it in the order it was queued.  The buffer is
 *	released when the output completes.  bwrite() ( or the VOP routine
 *	anyway ) is responsible for handling B_INVAL buffers.
 */
int
bowrite(struct buf *bp)
{
	bp->b_flags |= B_ORDERED | B_ASYNC;
	return (bwrite(bp));
}

/*
 * bwillwrite:
 *
 *	Called prior to the locking of any vnodes when we are expecting to
 *	write.  We do not want to starve the buffer cache with too many
 *	dirty buffers so we block here.  By blocking prior to the locking
 *	of any vnodes we attempt to avoid the situation where a locked vnode
 *	prevents the various system daemons from flushing related buffers.
 */

void
bwillwrite(void)
{
	if (numdirtybuffers >= hidirtybuffers) {
		while (numdirtybuffers >= hidirtybuffers) {
			bd_wakeup(1);
			spin_lock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
			if (numdirtybuffers >= hidirtybuffers) {
				needsbuffer |= VFS_BIO_NEED_DIRTYFLUSH;
				msleep(&needsbuffer, &needsbuffer_spin, 0,
				       "flswai", 0);
			}
			spin_unlock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * buf_dirty_count_severe:
 *
 *	Return true if we have too many dirty buffers.
 */
int
buf_dirty_count_severe(void)
{
	return(numdirtybuffers >= hidirtybuffers);
}

/*
 * brelse:
 *
 *	Release a busy buffer and, if requested, free its resources.  The
 *	buffer will be stashed in the appropriate bufqueue[] allowing it
 *	to be accessed later as a cache entity or reused for other purposes.
 */
void
brelse(struct buf *bp)
{
#ifdef INVARIANTS
	int saved_flags = bp->b_flags;
#endif

	KASSERT(!(bp->b_flags & (B_CLUSTER|B_PAGING)), ("brelse: inappropriate B_PAGING or B_CLUSTER bp %p", bp));

	crit_enter();

	/*
	 * If B_NOCACHE is set we are being asked to destroy the buffer and
	 * its backing store.  Clear B_DELWRI.
	 *
	 * B_NOCACHE is set in two cases: (1) when the caller really wants
	 * to destroy the buffer and backing store and (2) when the caller
	 * wants to destroy the buffer and backing store after a write
	 * completes.
	 */
	if ((bp->b_flags & (B_NOCACHE|B_DELWRI)) == (B_NOCACHE|B_DELWRI)) {
		bundirty(bp);
	}

	if (bp->b_flags & B_LOCKED)
		bp->b_flags &= ~B_ERROR;

	/*
	 * If a write error occurs and the caller does not want to throw
	 * away the buffer, redirty the buffer.  This will also clear
	 * B_NOCACHE.
	 */
	if (bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_WRITE &&
	    (bp->b_flags & (B_ERROR | B_INVAL)) == B_ERROR) {
		/*
		 * Failed write, redirty.  Must clear B_ERROR to prevent
		 * pages from being scrapped.  If B_INVAL is set then
		 * this case is not run and the next case is run to
		 * destroy the buffer.  B_INVAL can occur if the buffer
		 * is outside the range supported by the underlying device.
		 */
		bp->b_flags &= ~B_ERROR;
		bdirty(bp);
	} else if ((bp->b_flags & (B_NOCACHE | B_INVAL | B_ERROR)) ||
		   (bp->b_bufsize <= 0) || bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_FREEBLKS) {
		/*
		 * Either a failed I/O or we were asked to free or not
		 * cache the buffer.
		 */
		bp->b_flags |= B_INVAL;
		if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep) != NULL && bioops.io_deallocate)
			(*bioops.io_deallocate)(bp);
		if (bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) {
			--numdirtybuffers;
			numdirtywakeup(lodirtybuffers);
		}
		bp->b_flags &= ~(B_DELWRI | B_CACHE);
	}

	/*
	 * We must clear B_RELBUF if B_DELWRI is set.  If vfs_vmio_release()
	 * is called with B_DELWRI set, the underlying pages may wind up
	 * getting freed causing a previous write (bdwrite()) to get 'lost'
	 * because pages associated with a B_DELWRI bp are marked clean.
	 *
	 * We still allow the B_INVAL case to call vfs_vmio_release(), even
	 * if B_DELWRI is set.
	 *
	 * If B_DELWRI is not set we may have to set B_RELBUF if we are low
	 * on pages to return pages to the VM page queues.
	 */
	if (bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI)
		bp->b_flags &= ~B_RELBUF;
	else if (vm_page_count_severe())
		bp->b_flags |= B_RELBUF;

	/*
	 * At this point destroying the buffer is governed by the B_INVAL
	 * or B_RELBUF flags.
	 */
	bp->b_cmd = BUF_CMD_DONE;

	/*
	 * VMIO buffer rundown.  Make sure the VM page array is restored
	 * after an I/O may have replaces some of the pages with bogus pages
	 * in order to not destroy dirty pages in a fill-in read.
	 *
	 * Note that due to the code above, if a buffer is marked B_DELWRI
	 * then the B_RELBUF and B_NOCACHE bits will always be clear.
	 * B_INVAL may still be set, however.
	 *
	 * For clean buffers, B_INVAL or B_RELBUF will destroy the buffer
	 * but not the backing store.   B_NOCACHE will destroy the backing
	 * store.
	 *
	 * Note that dirty NFS buffers contain byte-granular write ranges
	 * and should not be destroyed w/ B_INVAL even if the backing store
	 * is left intact.
	 */
	if (bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) {
		/*
		 * Rundown for VMIO buffers which are not dirty NFS buffers.
		 */
		int i, j, resid;
		vm_page_t m;
		off_t foff;
		vm_pindex_t poff;
		vm_object_t obj;
		struct vnode *vp;

		vp = bp->b_vp;

		/*
		 * Get the base offset and length of the buffer.  Note that
		 * in the VMIO case if the buffer block size is not
		 * page-aligned then b_data pointer may not be page-aligned.
		 * But our b_xio.xio_pages array *IS* page aligned.
		 *
		 * block sizes less then DEV_BSIZE (usually 512) are not
		 * supported due to the page granularity bits (m->valid,
		 * m->dirty, etc...).
		 *
		 * See man buf(9) for more information
		 */

		resid = bp->b_bufsize;
		foff = bp->b_loffset;

		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];
			vm_page_flag_clear(m, PG_ZERO);
			/*
			 * If we hit a bogus page, fixup *all* of them
			 * now.  Note that we left these pages wired
			 * when we removed them so they had better exist,
			 * and they cannot be ripped out from under us so
			 * no critical section protection is necessary.
			 */
			if (m == bogus_page) {
				obj = vp->v_object;
				poff = OFF_TO_IDX(bp->b_loffset);

				for (j = i; j < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; j++) {
					vm_page_t mtmp;

					mtmp = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[j];
					if (mtmp == bogus_page) {
						mtmp = vm_page_lookup(obj, poff + j);
						if (!mtmp) {
							panic("brelse: page missing");
						}
						bp->b_xio.xio_pages[j] = mtmp;
					}
				}

				if ((bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) == 0) {
					pmap_qenter(trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data),
						bp->b_xio.xio_pages, bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
				}
				m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];
			}

			/*
			 * Invalidate the backing store if B_NOCACHE is set
			 * (e.g. used with vinvalbuf()).  If this is NFS
			 * we impose a requirement that the block size be
			 * a multiple of PAGE_SIZE and create a temporary
			 * hack to basically invalidate the whole page.  The
			 * problem is that NFS uses really odd buffer sizes
			 * especially when tracking piecemeal writes and
			 * it also vinvalbuf()'s a lot, which would result
			 * in only partial page validation and invalidation
			 * here.  If the file page is mmap()'d, however,
			 * all the valid bits get set so after we invalidate
			 * here we would end up with weird m->valid values
			 * like 0xfc.  nfs_getpages() can't handle this so
			 * we clear all the valid bits for the NFS case
			 * instead of just some of them.
			 *
			 * The real bug is the VM system having to set m->valid
			 * to VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL for faulted-in pages, which
			 * itself is an artifact of the whole 512-byte
			 * granular mess that exists to support odd block
			 * sizes and UFS meta-data block sizes (e.g. 6144).
			 * A complete rewrite is required.
			 */
			if (bp->b_flags & (B_NOCACHE|B_ERROR)) {
				int poffset = foff & PAGE_MASK;
				int presid;

				presid = PAGE_SIZE - poffset;
				if (bp->b_vp->v_tag == VT_NFS &&
				    bp->b_vp->v_type == VREG) {
					; /* entire page */
				} else if (presid > resid) {
					presid = resid;
				}
				KASSERT(presid >= 0, ("brelse: extra page"));
				vm_page_set_invalid(m, poffset, presid);
			}
			resid -= PAGE_SIZE - (foff & PAGE_MASK);
			foff = (foff + PAGE_SIZE) & ~(off_t)PAGE_MASK;
		}
		if (bp->b_flags & (B_INVAL | B_RELBUF))
			vfs_vmio_release(bp);
	} else {
		/*
		 * Rundown for non-VMIO buffers.
		 */
		if (bp->b_flags & (B_INVAL | B_RELBUF)) {
#if 0
			if (bp->b_vp)
				kprintf("brelse bp %p %08x/%08x: Warning, caught and fixed brelvp bug\n", bp, saved_flags, bp->b_flags);
#endif
			if (bp->b_bufsize)
				allocbuf(bp, 0);
			if (bp->b_vp)
				brelvp(bp);
		}
	}

	if (bp->b_qindex != BQUEUE_NONE)
		panic("brelse: free buffer onto another queue???");
	if (BUF_REFCNTNB(bp) > 1) {
		/* Temporary panic to verify exclusive locking */
		/* This panic goes away when we allow shared refs */
		panic("brelse: multiple refs");
		/* do not release to free list */
		BUF_UNLOCK(bp);
		crit_exit();
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Figure out the correct queue to place the cleaned up buffer on.
	 * Buffers placed in the EMPTY or EMPTYKVA had better already be
	 * disassociated from their vnode.
	 */

	if (bp->b_bufsize == 0) {
		/*
		 * Buffers with no memory.  Due to conditionals near the top
		 * of brelse() such buffers should probably already be
		 * marked B_INVAL and disassociated from their vnode.
		 */
		bp->b_flags |= B_INVAL;
		KASSERT(bp->b_vp == NULL, ("bp1 %p flags %08x/%08x vnode %p unexpectededly still associated!", bp, saved_flags, bp->b_flags, bp->b_vp));
		KKASSERT((bp->b_flags & B_HASHED) == 0);
		if (bp->b_kvasize) {
			bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_EMPTYKVA;
		} else {
			bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_EMPTY;
		}
		TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&bufqueues[bp->b_qindex], bp, b_freelist);
	} else if (bp->b_flags & (B_ERROR | B_INVAL | B_NOCACHE | B_RELBUF)) {
		/*
		 * Buffers with junk contents.   Again these buffers had better
		 * already be disassociated from their vnode.
		 */
		KASSERT(bp->b_vp == NULL, ("bp2 %p flags %08x/%08x vnode %p unexpectededly still associated!", bp, saved_flags, bp->b_flags, bp->b_vp));
		KKASSERT((bp->b_flags & B_HASHED) == 0);
		bp->b_flags |= B_INVAL;
		bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_CLEAN;
		TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_CLEAN], bp, b_freelist);
	} else if (bp->b_flags & B_LOCKED) {
		/*
		 * Buffers that are locked.
		 */
		bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_LOCKED;
		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_LOCKED], bp, b_freelist);
	} else {
		/*
		 * Remaining buffers.  These buffers are still associated with
		 * their vnode.
		 */
		switch(bp->b_flags & (B_DELWRI|B_AGE)) {
		case B_DELWRI | B_AGE:
		    bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_DIRTY;
		    TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_DIRTY], bp, b_freelist);
		    break;
		case B_DELWRI:
		    bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_DIRTY;
		    TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_DIRTY], bp, b_freelist);
		    break;
		case B_AGE:
		    bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_CLEAN;
		    TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_CLEAN], bp, b_freelist);
		    break;
		default:
		    bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_CLEAN;
		    TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_CLEAN], bp, b_freelist);
		    break;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If B_INVAL, clear B_DELWRI.  We've already placed the buffer
	 * on the correct queue.
	 */
	if ((bp->b_flags & (B_INVAL|B_DELWRI)) == (B_INVAL|B_DELWRI))
		bundirty(bp);

	/*
	 * Fixup numfreebuffers count.  The bp is on an appropriate queue
	 * unless locked.  We then bump numfreebuffers if it is not B_DELWRI.
	 * We've already handled the B_INVAL case ( B_DELWRI will be clear
	 * if B_INVAL is set ).
	 */
	if ((bp->b_flags & B_LOCKED) == 0 && !(bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI))
		bufcountwakeup();

	/*
	 * Something we can maybe free or reuse
	 */
	if (bp->b_bufsize || bp->b_kvasize)
		bufspacewakeup();

	/*
	 * Clean up temporary flags and unlock the buffer.
	 */
	bp->b_flags &= ~(B_ORDERED | B_ASYNC | B_NOCACHE | B_AGE | B_RELBUF |
			B_DIRECT | B_NOWDRAIN);
	BUF_UNLOCK(bp);
	crit_exit();
}

/*
 * bqrelse:
 *
 *	Release a buffer back to the appropriate queue but do not try to free
 *	it.  The buffer is expected to be used again soon.
 *
 *	bqrelse() is used by bdwrite() to requeue a delayed write, and used by
 *	biodone() to requeue an async I/O on completion.  It is also used when
 *	known good buffers need to be requeued but we think we may need the data
 *	again soon.
 *
 *	XXX we should be able to leave the B_RELBUF hint set on completion.
 */
void
bqrelse(struct buf *bp)
{
	crit_enter();

	KASSERT(!(bp->b_flags & (B_CLUSTER|B_PAGING)), ("bqrelse: inappropriate B_PAGING or B_CLUSTER bp %p", bp));

	if (bp->b_qindex != BQUEUE_NONE)
		panic("bqrelse: free buffer onto another queue???");
	if (BUF_REFCNTNB(bp) > 1) {
		/* do not release to free list */
		panic("bqrelse: multiple refs");
		BUF_UNLOCK(bp);
		crit_exit();
		return;
	}
	if (bp->b_flags & B_LOCKED) {
		bp->b_flags &= ~B_ERROR;
		bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_LOCKED;
		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_LOCKED], bp, b_freelist);
		/* buffers with stale but valid contents */
	} else if (bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) {
		bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_DIRTY;
		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_DIRTY], bp, b_freelist);
	} else if (vm_page_count_severe()) {
		/*
		 * We are too low on memory, we have to try to free the
		 * buffer (most importantly: the wired pages making up its
		 * backing store) *now*.
		 */
		crit_exit();
		brelse(bp);
		return;
	} else {
		bp->b_qindex = BQUEUE_CLEAN;
		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_CLEAN], bp, b_freelist);
	}

	if ((bp->b_flags & B_LOCKED) == 0 &&
	    ((bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) || !(bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI))) {
		bufcountwakeup();
	}

	/*
	 * Something we can maybe free or reuse.
	 */
	if (bp->b_bufsize && !(bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI))
		bufspacewakeup();

	/*
	 * Final cleanup and unlock.  Clear bits that are only used while a
	 * buffer is actively locked.
	 */
	bp->b_flags &= ~(B_ORDERED | B_ASYNC | B_NOCACHE | B_AGE | B_RELBUF);
	BUF_UNLOCK(bp);
	crit_exit();
}

/*
 * vfs_vmio_release:
 *
 *	Return backing pages held by the buffer 'bp' back to the VM system
 *	if possible.  The pages are freed if they are no longer valid or
 *	attempt to free if it was used for direct I/O otherwise they are
 *	sent to the page cache.
 *
 *	Pages that were marked busy are left alone and skipped.
 *
 *	The KVA mapping (b_data) for the underlying pages is removed by
 *	this function.
 */
static void
vfs_vmio_release(struct buf *bp)
{
	int i;
	vm_page_t m;

	crit_enter();
	for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
		m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];
		bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i] = NULL;
		/*
		 * In order to keep page LRU ordering consistent, put
		 * everything on the inactive queue.
		 */
		vm_page_unwire(m, 0);
		/*
		 * We don't mess with busy pages, it is
		 * the responsibility of the process that
		 * busied the pages to deal with them.
		 */
		if ((m->flags & PG_BUSY) || (m->busy != 0))
			continue;

		if (m->wire_count == 0) {
			vm_page_flag_clear(m, PG_ZERO);
			/*
			 * Might as well free the page if we can and it has
			 * no valid data.  We also free the page if the
			 * buffer was used for direct I/O.
			 */
			if ((bp->b_flags & B_ASYNC) == 0 && !m->valid &&
					m->hold_count == 0) {
				vm_page_busy(m);
				vm_page_protect(m, VM_PROT_NONE);
				vm_page_free(m);
			} else if (bp->b_flags & B_DIRECT) {
				vm_page_try_to_free(m);
			} else if (vm_page_count_severe()) {
				vm_page_try_to_cache(m);
			}
		}
	}
	crit_exit();
	pmap_qremove(trunc_page((vm_offset_t) bp->b_data), bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
	if (bp->b_bufsize) {
		bufspacewakeup();
		bp->b_bufsize = 0;
	}
	bp->b_xio.xio_npages = 0;
	bp->b_flags &= ~B_VMIO;
	if (bp->b_vp)
		brelvp(bp);
}

/*
 * vfs_bio_awrite:
 *
 *	Implement clustered async writes for clearing out B_DELWRI buffers.
 *	This is much better then the old way of writing only one buffer at
 *	a time.  Note that we may not be presented with the buffers in the
 *	correct order, so we search for the cluster in both directions.
 *
 *	The buffer is locked on call.
 */
int
vfs_bio_awrite(struct buf *bp)
{
	int i;
	int j;
	off_t loffset = bp->b_loffset;
	struct vnode *vp = bp->b_vp;
	int nbytes;
	struct buf *bpa;
	int nwritten;
	int size;

	crit_enter();
	/*
	 * right now we support clustered writing only to regular files.  If
	 * we find a clusterable block we could be in the middle of a cluster
	 * rather then at the beginning.
	 *
	 * NOTE: b_bio1 contains the logical loffset and is aliased
	 * to b_loffset.  b_bio2 contains the translated block number.
	 */
	if ((vp->v_type == VREG) &&
	    (vp->v_mount != 0) && /* Only on nodes that have the size info */
	    (bp->b_flags & (B_CLUSTEROK | B_INVAL)) == B_CLUSTEROK) {

		size = vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize;

		for (i = size; i < MAXPHYS; i += size) {
			if ((bpa = findblk(vp, loffset + i)) &&
			    BUF_REFCNT(bpa) == 0 &&
			    ((bpa->b_flags & (B_DELWRI | B_CLUSTEROK | B_INVAL)) ==
			    (B_DELWRI | B_CLUSTEROK)) &&
			    (bpa->b_bufsize == size)) {
				if ((bpa->b_bio2.bio_offset == NOOFFSET) ||
				    (bpa->b_bio2.bio_offset !=
				     bp->b_bio2.bio_offset + i))
					break;
			} else {
				break;
			}
		}
		for (j = size; i + j <= MAXPHYS && j <= loffset; j += size) {
			if ((bpa = findblk(vp, loffset - j)) &&
			    BUF_REFCNT(bpa) == 0 &&
			    ((bpa->b_flags & (B_DELWRI | B_CLUSTEROK | B_INVAL)) ==
			    (B_DELWRI | B_CLUSTEROK)) &&
			    (bpa->b_bufsize == size)) {
				if ((bpa->b_bio2.bio_offset == NOOFFSET) ||
				    (bpa->b_bio2.bio_offset !=
				     bp->b_bio2.bio_offset - j))
					break;
			} else {
				break;
			}
		}
		j -= size;
		nbytes = (i + j);
		/*
		 * this is a possible cluster write
		 */
		if (nbytes != size) {
			BUF_UNLOCK(bp);
			nwritten = cluster_wbuild(vp, size,
						  loffset - j, nbytes);
			crit_exit();
			return nwritten;
		}
	}

	bremfree(bp);
	bp->b_flags |= B_ASYNC;

	crit_exit();
	/*
	 * default (old) behavior, writing out only one block
	 *
	 * XXX returns b_bufsize instead of b_bcount for nwritten?
	 */
	nwritten = bp->b_bufsize;
	bwrite(bp);

	return nwritten;
}

/*
 * getnewbuf:
 *
 *	Find and initialize a new buffer header, freeing up existing buffers
 *	in the bufqueues as necessary.  The new buffer is returned locked.
 *
 *	Important:  B_INVAL is not set.  If the caller wishes to throw the
 *	buffer away, the caller must set B_INVAL prior to calling brelse().
 *
 *	We block if:
 *		We have insufficient buffer headers
 *		We have insufficient buffer space
 *		buffer_map is too fragmented ( space reservation fails )
 *		If we have to flush dirty buffers ( but we try to avoid this )
 *
 *	To avoid VFS layer recursion we do not flush dirty buffers ourselves.
 *	Instead we ask the buf daemon to do it for us.  We attempt to
 *	avoid piecemeal wakeups of the pageout daemon.
 */

static struct buf *
getnewbuf(int slpflag, int slptimeo, int size, int maxsize)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	struct buf *nbp;
	int defrag = 0;
	int nqindex;
	static int flushingbufs;

	/*
	 * We can't afford to block since we might be holding a vnode lock,
	 * which may prevent system daemons from running.  We deal with
	 * low-memory situations by proactively returning memory and running
	 * async I/O rather then sync I/O.
	 */

	++getnewbufcalls;
	--getnewbufrestarts;
restart:
	++getnewbufrestarts;

	/*
	 * Setup for scan.  If we do not have enough free buffers,
	 * we setup a degenerate case that immediately fails.  Note
	 * that if we are specially marked process, we are allowed to
	 * dip into our reserves.
	 *
	 * The scanning sequence is nominally:  EMPTY->EMPTYKVA->CLEAN
	 *
	 * We start with EMPTYKVA.  If the list is empty we backup to EMPTY.
	 * However, there are a number of cases (defragging, reusing, ...)
	 * where we cannot backup.
	 */
	nqindex = BQUEUE_EMPTYKVA;
	nbp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_EMPTYKVA]);

	if (nbp == NULL) {
		/*
		 * If no EMPTYKVA buffers and we are either
		 * defragging or reusing, locate a CLEAN buffer
		 * to free or reuse.  If bufspace useage is low
		 * skip this step so we can allocate a new buffer.
		 */
		if (defrag || bufspace >= lobufspace) {
			nqindex = BQUEUE_CLEAN;
			nbp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_CLEAN]);
		}

		/*
		 * If we could not find or were not allowed to reuse a
		 * CLEAN buffer, check to see if it is ok to use an EMPTY
		 * buffer.  We can only use an EMPTY buffer if allocating
		 * its KVA would not otherwise run us out of buffer space.
		 */
		if (nbp == NULL && defrag == 0 &&
		    bufspace + maxsize < hibufspace) {
			nqindex = BQUEUE_EMPTY;
			nbp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_EMPTY]);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Run scan, possibly freeing data and/or kva mappings on the fly
	 * depending.
	 */

	while ((bp = nbp) != NULL) {
		int qindex = nqindex;

		/*
		 * Calculate next bp ( we can only use it if we do not block
		 * or do other fancy things ).
		 */
		if ((nbp = TAILQ_NEXT(bp, b_freelist)) == NULL) {
			switch(qindex) {
			case BQUEUE_EMPTY:
				nqindex = BQUEUE_EMPTYKVA;
				if ((nbp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_EMPTYKVA])))
					break;
				/* fall through */
			case BQUEUE_EMPTYKVA:
				nqindex = BQUEUE_CLEAN;
				if ((nbp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_CLEAN])))
					break;
				/* fall through */
			case BQUEUE_CLEAN:
				/*
				 * nbp is NULL.
				 */
				break;
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Sanity Checks
		 */
		KASSERT(bp->b_qindex == qindex, ("getnewbuf: inconsistant queue %d bp %p", qindex, bp));

		/*
		 * Note: we no longer distinguish between VMIO and non-VMIO
		 * buffers.
		 */

		KASSERT((bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) == 0, ("delwri buffer %p found in queue %d", bp, qindex));

		/*
		 * If we are defragging then we need a buffer with
		 * b_kvasize != 0.  XXX this situation should no longer
		 * occur, if defrag is non-zero the buffer's b_kvasize
		 * should also be non-zero at this point.  XXX
		 */
		if (defrag && bp->b_kvasize == 0) {
			kprintf("Warning: defrag empty buffer %p\n", bp);
			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * Start freeing the bp.  This is somewhat involved.  nbp
		 * remains valid only for BQUEUE_EMPTY[KVA] bp's.  Buffers
		 * on the clean list must be disassociated from their
		 * current vnode.  Buffers on the empty[kva] lists have
		 * already been disassociated.
		 */

		if (BUF_LOCK(bp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_NOWAIT) != 0) {
			kprintf("getnewbuf: warning, locked buf %p, race corrected\n", bp);
			tsleep(&bd_request, 0, "gnbxxx", hz / 100);
			goto restart;
		}
		if (bp->b_qindex != qindex) {
			kprintf("getnewbuf: warning, BUF_LOCK blocked unexpectedly on buf %p index %d->%d, race corrected\n", bp, qindex, bp->b_qindex);
			BUF_UNLOCK(bp);
			goto restart;
		}
		bremfree(bp);

		if (qindex == BQUEUE_CLEAN) {
			if (bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) {
				bp->b_flags &= ~B_ASYNC;
				vfs_vmio_release(bp);
			}
			if (bp->b_vp)
				brelvp(bp);
		}

		/*
		 * NOTE:  nbp is now entirely invalid.  We can only restart
		 * the scan from this point on.
		 *
		 * Get the rest of the buffer freed up.  b_kva* is still
		 * valid after this operation.
		 */

		KASSERT(bp->b_vp == NULL, ("bp3 %p flags %08x vnode %p qindex %d unexpectededly still associated!", bp, bp->b_flags, bp->b_vp, qindex));
		KKASSERT((bp->b_flags & B_HASHED) == 0);
		if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep) != NULL && bioops.io_deallocate)
			(*bioops.io_deallocate)(bp);

		/*
		 * critical section protection is not required when
		 * scrapping a buffer's contents because it is already
		 * wired.
		 */
		if (bp->b_bufsize)
			allocbuf(bp, 0);

		bp->b_flags = B_BNOCLIP;
		bp->b_cmd = BUF_CMD_DONE;
		bp->b_vp = NULL;
		bp->b_error = 0;
		bp->b_resid = 0;
		bp->b_bcount = 0;
		bp->b_xio.xio_npages = 0;
		bp->b_dirtyoff = bp->b_dirtyend = 0;
		reinitbufbio(bp);

		LIST_INIT(&bp->b_dep);

		/*
		 * If we are defragging then free the buffer.
		 */
		if (defrag) {
			bp->b_flags |= B_INVAL;
			bfreekva(bp);
			brelse(bp);
			defrag = 0;
			goto restart;
		}

		/*
		 * If we are overcomitted then recover the buffer and its
		 * KVM space.  This occurs in rare situations when multiple
		 * processes are blocked in getnewbuf() or allocbuf().
		 */
		if (bufspace >= hibufspace)
			flushingbufs = 1;
		if (flushingbufs && bp->b_kvasize != 0) {
			bp->b_flags |= B_INVAL;
			bfreekva(bp);
			brelse(bp);
			goto restart;
		}
		if (bufspace < lobufspace)
			flushingbufs = 0;
		break;
	}

	/*
	 * If we exhausted our list, sleep as appropriate.  We may have to
	 * wakeup various daemons and write out some dirty buffers.
	 *
	 * Generally we are sleeping due to insufficient buffer space.
	 */

	if (bp == NULL) {
		int flags;
		char *waitmsg;

		if (defrag) {
			flags = VFS_BIO_NEED_BUFSPACE;
			waitmsg = "nbufkv";
		} else if (bufspace >= hibufspace) {
			waitmsg = "nbufbs";
			flags = VFS_BIO_NEED_BUFSPACE;
		} else {
			waitmsg = "newbuf";
			flags = VFS_BIO_NEED_ANY;
		}

		bd_speedup();	/* heeeelp */

		needsbuffer |= flags;
		while (needsbuffer & flags) {
			if (tsleep(&needsbuffer, slpflag, waitmsg, slptimeo))
				return (NULL);
		}
	} else {
		/*
		 * We finally have a valid bp.  We aren't quite out of the
		 * woods, we still have to reserve kva space.  In order
		 * to keep fragmentation sane we only allocate kva in
		 * BKVASIZE chunks.
		 */
		maxsize = (maxsize + BKVAMASK) & ~BKVAMASK;

		if (maxsize != bp->b_kvasize) {
			vm_offset_t addr = 0;
			int count;

			bfreekva(bp);

			count = vm_map_entry_reserve(MAP_RESERVE_COUNT);
			vm_map_lock(&buffer_map);

			if (vm_map_findspace(&buffer_map,
				    vm_map_min(&buffer_map), maxsize,
				    maxsize, &addr)) {
				/*
				 * Uh oh.  Buffer map is too fragmented.  We
				 * must defragment the map.
				 */
				vm_map_unlock(&buffer_map);
				vm_map_entry_release(count);
				++bufdefragcnt;
				defrag = 1;
				bp->b_flags |= B_INVAL;
				brelse(bp);
				goto restart;
			}
			if (addr) {
				vm_map_insert(&buffer_map, &count,
					NULL, 0,
					addr, addr + maxsize,
					VM_MAPTYPE_NORMAL,
					VM_PROT_ALL, VM_PROT_ALL,
					MAP_NOFAULT);

				bp->b_kvabase = (caddr_t) addr;
				bp->b_kvasize = maxsize;
				bufspace += bp->b_kvasize;
				++bufreusecnt;
			}
			vm_map_unlock(&buffer_map);
			vm_map_entry_release(count);
		}
		bp->b_data = bp->b_kvabase;
	}
	return(bp);
}

/*
 * buf_daemon:
 *
 *	Buffer flushing daemon.  Buffers are normally flushed by the
 *	update daemon but if it cannot keep up this process starts to
 *	take the load in an attempt to prevent getnewbuf() from blocking.
 */

static struct thread *bufdaemonthread;

static struct kproc_desc buf_kp = {
	"bufdaemon",
	buf_daemon,
	&bufdaemonthread
};
SYSINIT(bufdaemon, SI_SUB_KTHREAD_BUF, SI_ORDER_FIRST, kproc_start, &buf_kp)

static void
buf_daemon(void)
{
	/*
	 * This process needs to be suspended prior to shutdown sync.
	 */
	EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER(shutdown_pre_sync, shutdown_kproc,
	    bufdaemonthread, SHUTDOWN_PRI_LAST);

	/*
	 * This process is allowed to take the buffer cache to the limit
	 */
	crit_enter();

	for (;;) {
		kproc_suspend_loop();

		/*
		 * Do the flush.  Limit the amount of in-transit I/O we
		 * allow to build up, otherwise we would completely saturate
		 * the I/O system.  Wakeup any waiting processes before we
		 * normally would so they can run in parallel with our drain.
		 */
		while (numdirtybuffers > lodirtybuffers) {
			if (flushbufqueues() == 0)
				break;
			waitrunningbufspace();
			numdirtywakeup((lodirtybuffers + hidirtybuffers) / 2);
		}

		/*
		 * Only clear bd_request if we have reached our low water
		 * mark.  The buf_daemon normally waits 5 seconds and
		 * then incrementally flushes any dirty buffers that have
		 * built up, within reason.
		 *
		 * If we were unable to hit our low water mark and couldn't
		 * find any flushable buffers, we sleep half a second.
		 * Otherwise we loop immediately.
		 */
		if (numdirtybuffers <= lodirtybuffers) {
			/*
			 * We reached our low water mark, reset the
			 * request and sleep until we are needed again.
			 * The sleep is just so the suspend code works.
			 */
			spin_lock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
			bd_request = 0;
			msleep(&bd_request, &needsbuffer_spin, 0, "psleep", hz);
			spin_unlock_wr(&needsbuffer_spin);
		} else {
			/*
			 * We couldn't find any flushable dirty buffers but
			 * still have too many dirty buffers, we
			 * have to sleep and try again.  (rare)
			 */
			tsleep(&bd_request, 0, "qsleep", hz / 2);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * flushbufqueues:
 *
 *	Try to flush a buffer in the dirty queue.  We must be careful to
 *	free up B_INVAL buffers instead of write them, which NFS is
 *	particularly sensitive to.
 */

static int
flushbufqueues(void)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	int r = 0;

	bp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_DIRTY]);

	while (bp) {
		KASSERT((bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI), ("unexpected clean buffer %p", bp));
		if (bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) {
			if (bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) {
				if (BUF_LOCK(bp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_NOWAIT) != 0)
					panic("flushbufqueues: locked buf");
				bremfree(bp);
				brelse(bp);
				++r;
				break;
			}
			if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep) != NULL &&
			    bioops.io_countdeps &&
			    (bp->b_flags & B_DEFERRED) == 0 &&
			    (*bioops.io_countdeps)(bp, 0)) {
				TAILQ_REMOVE(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_DIRTY],
					     bp, b_freelist);
				TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_DIRTY],
						  bp, b_freelist);
				bp->b_flags |= B_DEFERRED;
				bp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQUEUE_DIRTY]);
				continue;
			}

			/*
			 * Only write it out if we can successfully lock
			 * it.
			 */
			if (BUF_LOCK(bp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_NOWAIT) == 0) {
				vfs_bio_awrite(bp);
				++r;
				break;
			}
		}
		bp = TAILQ_NEXT(bp, b_freelist);
	}
	return (r);
}

/*
 * inmem:
 *
 *	Returns true if no I/O is needed to access the associated VM object.
 *	This is like findblk except it also hunts around in the VM system for
 *	the data.
 *
 *	Note that we ignore vm_page_free() races from interrupts against our
 *	lookup, since if the caller is not protected our return value will not
 *	be any more valid then otherwise once we exit the critical section.
 */
int
inmem(struct vnode *vp, off_t loffset)
{
	vm_object_t obj;
	vm_offset_t toff, tinc, size;
	vm_page_t m;

	if (findblk(vp, loffset))
		return 1;
	if (vp->v_mount == NULL)
		return 0;
	if ((obj = vp->v_object) == NULL)
		return 0;

	size = PAGE_SIZE;
	if (size > vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize)
		size = vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize;

	for (toff = 0; toff < vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize; toff += tinc) {
		m = vm_page_lookup(obj, OFF_TO_IDX(loffset + toff));
		if (m == NULL)
			return 0;
		tinc = size;
		if (tinc > PAGE_SIZE - ((toff + loffset) & PAGE_MASK))
			tinc = PAGE_SIZE - ((toff + loffset) & PAGE_MASK);
		if (vm_page_is_valid(m,
		    (vm_offset_t) ((toff + loffset) & PAGE_MASK), tinc) == 0)
			return 0;
	}
	return 1;
}

/*
 * vfs_setdirty:
 *
 *	Sets the dirty range for a buffer based on the status of the dirty
 *	bits in the pages comprising the buffer.
 *
 *	The range is limited to the size of the buffer.
 *
 *	This routine is primarily used by NFS, but is generalized for the
 *	B_VMIO case.
 */
static void
vfs_setdirty(struct buf *bp)
{
	int i;
	vm_object_t object;

	/*
	 * Degenerate case - empty buffer
	 */

	if (bp->b_bufsize == 0)
		return;

	/*
	 * We qualify the scan for modified pages on whether the
	 * object has been flushed yet.  The OBJ_WRITEABLE flag
	 * is not cleared simply by protecting pages off.
	 */

	if ((bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) == 0)
		return;

	object = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[0]->object;

	if ((object->flags & OBJ_WRITEABLE) && !(object->flags & OBJ_MIGHTBEDIRTY))
		kprintf("Warning: object %p writeable but not mightbedirty\n", object);
	if (!(object->flags & OBJ_WRITEABLE) && (object->flags & OBJ_MIGHTBEDIRTY))
		kprintf("Warning: object %p mightbedirty but not writeable\n", object);

	if (object->flags & (OBJ_MIGHTBEDIRTY|OBJ_CLEANING)) {
		vm_offset_t boffset;
		vm_offset_t eoffset;

		/*
		 * test the pages to see if they have been modified directly
		 * by users through the VM system.
		 */
		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			vm_page_flag_clear(bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i], PG_ZERO);
			vm_page_test_dirty(bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]);
		}

		/*
		 * Calculate the encompassing dirty range, boffset and eoffset,
		 * (eoffset - boffset) bytes.
		 */

		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			if (bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]->dirty)
				break;
		}
		boffset = (i << PAGE_SHIFT) - (bp->b_loffset & PAGE_MASK);

		for (i = bp->b_xio.xio_npages - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
			if (bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]->dirty) {
				break;
			}
		}
		eoffset = ((i + 1) << PAGE_SHIFT) - (bp->b_loffset & PAGE_MASK);

		/*
		 * Fit it to the buffer.
		 */

		if (eoffset > bp->b_bcount)
			eoffset = bp->b_bcount;

		/*
		 * If we have a good dirty range, merge with the existing
		 * dirty range.
		 */

		if (boffset < eoffset) {
			if (bp->b_dirtyoff > boffset)
				bp->b_dirtyoff = boffset;
			if (bp->b_dirtyend < eoffset)
				bp->b_dirtyend = eoffset;
		}
	}
}

/*
 * findblk:
 *
 *	Locate and return the specified buffer, or NULL if the buffer does
 *	not exist.  Do not attempt to lock the buffer or manipulate it in
 *	any way.  The caller must validate that the correct buffer has been
 *	obtain after locking it.
 */
struct buf *
findblk(struct vnode *vp, off_t loffset)
{
	struct buf *bp;

	crit_enter();
	bp = buf_rb_hash_RB_LOOKUP(&vp->v_rbhash_tree, loffset);
	crit_exit();
	return(bp);
}

/*
 * getblk:
 *
 *	Get a block given a specified block and offset into a file/device.
 * 	B_INVAL may or may not be set on return.  The caller should clear
 *	B_INVAL prior to initiating a READ.
 *
 *	IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT IF YOU CALL GETBLK() AND B_CACHE
 *	IS NOT SET, YOU MUST INITIALIZE THE RETURNED BUFFER, ISSUE A READ,
 *	OR SET B_INVAL BEFORE RETIRING IT.  If you retire a getblk'd buffer
 *	without doing any of those things the system will likely believe
 *	the buffer to be valid (especially if it is not B_VMIO), and the
 *	next getblk() will return the buffer with B_CACHE set.
 *
 *	For a non-VMIO buffer, B_CACHE is set to the opposite of B_INVAL for
 *	an existing buffer.
 *
 *	For a VMIO buffer, B_CACHE is modified according to the backing VM.
 *	If getblk()ing a previously 0-sized invalid buffer, B_CACHE is set
 *	and then cleared based on the backing VM.  If the previous buffer is
 *	non-0-sized but invalid, B_CACHE will be cleared.
 *
 *	If getblk() must create a new buffer, the new buffer is returned with
 *	both B_INVAL and B_CACHE clear unless it is a VMIO buffer, in which
 *	case it is returned with B_INVAL clear and B_CACHE set based on the
 *	backing VM.
 *
 *	getblk() also forces a bwrite() for any B_DELWRI buffer whos
 *	B_CACHE bit is clear.
 *
 *	What this means, basically, is that the caller should use B_CACHE to
 *	determine whether the buffer is fully valid or not and should clear
 *	B_INVAL prior to issuing a read.  If the caller intends to validate
 *	the buffer by loading its data area with something, the caller needs
 *	to clear B_INVAL.  If the caller does this without issuing an I/O,
 *	the caller should set B_CACHE ( as an optimization ), else the caller
 *	should issue the I/O and biodone() will set B_CACHE if the I/O was
 *	a write attempt or if it was a successfull read.  If the caller
 *	intends to issue a READ, the caller must clear B_INVAL and B_ERROR
 *	prior to issuing the READ.  biodone() will *not* clear B_INVAL.
 */
struct buf *
getblk(struct vnode *vp, off_t loffset, int size, int slpflag, int slptimeo)
{
	struct buf *bp;

	if (size > MAXBSIZE)
		panic("getblk: size(%d) > MAXBSIZE(%d)", size, MAXBSIZE);
	if (vp->v_object == NULL)
		panic("getblk: vnode %p has no object!", vp);

	crit_enter();
loop:
	/*
	 * Block if we are low on buffers.   Certain processes are allowed
	 * to completely exhaust the buffer cache.
         *
         * If this check ever becomes a bottleneck it may be better to
         * move it into the else, when findblk() fails.  At the moment
         * it isn't a problem.
	 *
	 * XXX remove, we cannot afford to block anywhere if holding a vnode
	 * lock in low-memory situation, so take it to the max.
         */
	if (numfreebuffers == 0) {
		if (!curproc)
			return NULL;
		needsbuffer |= VFS_BIO_NEED_ANY;
		tsleep(&needsbuffer, slpflag, "newbuf", slptimeo);
	}

	if ((bp = findblk(vp, loffset))) {
		/*
		 * The buffer was found in the cache, but we need to lock it.
		 * Even with LK_NOWAIT the lockmgr may break our critical
		 * section, so double-check the validity of the buffer
		 * once the lock has been obtained.
		 */
		if (BUF_LOCK(bp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_NOWAIT)) {
			int lkflags = LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_SLEEPFAIL;
			if (slpflag & PCATCH)
				lkflags |= LK_PCATCH;
			if (BUF_TIMELOCK(bp, lkflags, "getblk", slptimeo) ==
			    ENOLCK) {
				goto loop;
			}
			crit_exit();
			return (NULL);
		}

		/*
		 * Once the buffer has been locked, make sure we didn't race
		 * a buffer recyclement.  Buffers that are no longer hashed
		 * will have b_vp == NULL, so this takes care of that check
		 * as well.
		 */
		if (bp->b_vp != vp || bp->b_loffset != loffset) {
			kprintf("Warning buffer %p (vp %p loffset %lld) was recycled\n", bp, vp, loffset);
			BUF_UNLOCK(bp);
			goto loop;
		}

		/*
		 * All vnode-based buffers must be backed by a VM object.
		 */
		KKASSERT(bp->b_flags & B_VMIO);
		KKASSERT(bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_DONE);

		/*
		 * Make sure that B_INVAL buffers do not have a cached
		 * block number translation.
		 */
		if ((bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) && (bp->b_bio2.bio_offset != NOOFFSET)) {
			kprintf("Warning invalid buffer %p (vp %p loffset %lld) did not have cleared bio_offset cache\n", bp, vp, loffset);
			clearbiocache(&bp->b_bio2);
		}

		/*
		 * The buffer is locked.  B_CACHE is cleared if the buffer is
		 * invalid.
		 */
		if (bp->b_flags & B_INVAL)
			bp->b_flags &= ~B_CACHE;
		bremfree(bp);

		/*
		 * Any size inconsistancy with a dirty buffer or a buffer
		 * with a softupdates dependancy must be resolved.  Resizing
		 * the buffer in such circumstances can lead to problems.
		 */
		if (size != bp->b_bcount) {
			if (bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) {
				bp->b_flags |= B_NOCACHE;
				bwrite(bp);
			} else if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep)) {
				bp->b_flags |= B_NOCACHE;
				bwrite(bp);
			} else {
				bp->b_flags |= B_RELBUF;
				brelse(bp);
			}
			goto loop;
		}
		KKASSERT(size <= bp->b_kvasize);
		KASSERT(bp->b_loffset != NOOFFSET,
			("getblk: no buffer offset"));

		/*
		 * A buffer with B_DELWRI set and B_CACHE clear must
		 * be committed before we can return the buffer in
		 * order to prevent the caller from issuing a read
		 * ( due to B_CACHE not being set ) and overwriting
		 * it.
		 *
		 * Most callers, including NFS and FFS, need this to
		 * operate properly either because they assume they
		 * can issue a read if B_CACHE is not set, or because
		 * ( for example ) an uncached B_DELWRI might loop due
		 * to softupdates re-dirtying the buffer.  In the latter
		 * case, B_CACHE is set after the first write completes,
		 * preventing further loops.
		 *
		 * NOTE!  b*write() sets B_CACHE.  If we cleared B_CACHE
		 * above while extending the buffer, we cannot allow the
		 * buffer to remain with B_CACHE set after the write
		 * completes or it will represent a corrupt state.  To
		 * deal with this we set B_NOCACHE to scrap the buffer
		 * after the write.
		 *
		 * We might be able to do something fancy, like setting
		 * B_CACHE in bwrite() except if B_DELWRI is already set,
		 * so the below call doesn't set B_CACHE, but that gets real
		 * confusing.  This is much easier.
		 */

		if ((bp->b_flags & (B_CACHE|B_DELWRI)) == B_DELWRI) {
			bp->b_flags |= B_NOCACHE;
			bwrite(bp);
			goto loop;
		}
		crit_exit();
	} else {
		/*
		 * Buffer is not in-core, create new buffer.  The buffer
		 * returned by getnewbuf() is locked.  Note that the returned
		 * buffer is also considered valid (not marked B_INVAL).
		 *
		 * Calculating the offset for the I/O requires figuring out
		 * the block size.  We use DEV_BSIZE for VBLK or VCHR and
		 * the mount's f_iosize otherwise.  If the vnode does not
		 * have an associated mount we assume that the passed size is
		 * the block size.
		 *
		 * Note that vn_isdisk() cannot be used here since it may
		 * return a failure for numerous reasons.   Note that the
		 * buffer size may be larger then the block size (the caller
		 * will use block numbers with the proper multiple).  Beware
		 * of using any v_* fields which are part of unions.  In
		 * particular, in DragonFly the mount point overloading
		 * mechanism uses the namecache only and the underlying
		 * directory vnode is not a special case.
		 */
		int bsize, maxsize;

		if (vp->v_type == VBLK || vp->v_type == VCHR)
			bsize = DEV_BSIZE;
		else if (vp->v_mount)
			bsize = vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize;
		else
			bsize = size;

		maxsize = size + (loffset & PAGE_MASK);
		maxsize = imax(maxsize, bsize);

		if ((bp = getnewbuf(slpflag, slptimeo, size, maxsize)) == NULL) {
			if (slpflag || slptimeo) {
				crit_exit();
				return NULL;
			}
			goto loop;
		}

		/*
		 * This code is used to make sure that a buffer is not
		 * created while the getnewbuf routine is blocked.
		 * This can be a problem whether the vnode is locked or not.
		 * If the buffer is created out from under us, we have to
		 * throw away the one we just created.  There is no window
		 * race because we are safely running in a critical section
		 * from the point of the duplicate buffer creation through
		 * to here, and we've locked the buffer.
		 */
		if (findblk(vp, loffset)) {
			bp->b_flags |= B_INVAL;
			brelse(bp);
			goto loop;
		}

		/*
		 * Insert the buffer into the hash, so that it can
		 * be found by findblk().
		 *
		 * Make sure the translation layer has been cleared.
		 */
		bp->b_loffset = loffset;
		bp->b_bio2.bio_offset = NOOFFSET;
		/* bp->b_bio2.bio_next = NULL; */

		bgetvp(vp, bp);

		/*
		 * All vnode-based buffers must be backed by a VM object.
		 */
		KKASSERT(vp->v_object != NULL);
		bp->b_flags |= B_VMIO;
		KKASSERT(bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_DONE);

		allocbuf(bp, size);

		crit_exit();
	}
	return (bp);
}

/*
 * geteblk:
 *
 *	Get an empty, disassociated buffer of given size.  The buffer is
 *	initially set to B_INVAL.
 *
 *	critical section protection is not required for the allocbuf()
 *	call because races are impossible here.
 */
struct buf *
geteblk(int size)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	int maxsize;

	maxsize = (size + BKVAMASK) & ~BKVAMASK;

	crit_enter();
	while ((bp = getnewbuf(0, 0, size, maxsize)) == 0)
		;
	crit_exit();
	allocbuf(bp, size);
	bp->b_flags |= B_INVAL;	/* b_dep cleared by getnewbuf() */
	return (bp);
}


/*
 * allocbuf:
 *
 *	This code constitutes the buffer memory from either anonymous system
 *	memory (in the case of non-VMIO operations) or from an associated
 *	VM object (in the case of VMIO operations).  This code is able to
 *	resize a buffer up or down.
 *
 *	Note that this code is tricky, and has many complications to resolve
 *	deadlock or inconsistant data situations.  Tread lightly!!!
 *	There are B_CACHE and B_DELWRI interactions that must be dealt with by
 *	the caller.  Calling this code willy nilly can result in the loss of data.
 *
 *	allocbuf() only adjusts B_CACHE for VMIO buffers.  getblk() deals with
 *	B_CACHE for the non-VMIO case.
 *
 *	This routine does not need to be called from a critical section but you
 *	must own the buffer.
 */
int
allocbuf(struct buf *bp, int size)
{
	int newbsize, mbsize;
	int i;

	if (BUF_REFCNT(bp) == 0)
		panic("allocbuf: buffer not busy");

	if (bp->b_kvasize < size)
		panic("allocbuf: buffer too small");

	if ((bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) == 0) {
		caddr_t origbuf;
		int origbufsize;
		/*
		 * Just get anonymous memory from the kernel.  Don't
		 * mess with B_CACHE.
		 */
		mbsize = (size + DEV_BSIZE - 1) & ~(DEV_BSIZE - 1);
		if (bp->b_flags & B_MALLOC)
			newbsize = mbsize;
		else
			newbsize = round_page(size);

		if (newbsize < bp->b_bufsize) {
			/*
			 * Malloced buffers are not shrunk
			 */
			if (bp->b_flags & B_MALLOC) {
				if (newbsize) {
					bp->b_bcount = size;
				} else {
					kfree(bp->b_data, M_BIOBUF);
					if (bp->b_bufsize) {
						bufmallocspace -= bp->b_bufsize;
						bufspacewakeup();
						bp->b_bufsize = 0;
					}
					bp->b_data = bp->b_kvabase;
					bp->b_bcount = 0;
					bp->b_flags &= ~B_MALLOC;
				}
				return 1;
			}
			vm_hold_free_pages(
			    bp,
			    (vm_offset_t) bp->b_data + newbsize,
			    (vm_offset_t) bp->b_data + bp->b_bufsize);
		} else if (newbsize > bp->b_bufsize) {
			/*
			 * We only use malloced memory on the first allocation.
			 * and revert to page-allocated memory when the buffer
			 * grows.
			 */
			if ((bufmallocspace < maxbufmallocspace) &&
				(bp->b_bufsize == 0) &&
				(mbsize <= PAGE_SIZE/2)) {

				bp->b_data = kmalloc(mbsize, M_BIOBUF, M_WAITOK);
				bp->b_bufsize = mbsize;
				bp->b_bcount = size;
				bp->b_flags |= B_MALLOC;
				bufmallocspace += mbsize;
				return 1;
			}
			origbuf = NULL;
			origbufsize = 0;
			/*
			 * If the buffer is growing on its other-than-first
			 * allocation, then we revert to the page-allocation
			 * scheme.
			 */
			if (bp->b_flags & B_MALLOC) {
				origbuf = bp->b_data;
				origbufsize = bp->b_bufsize;
				bp->b_data = bp->b_kvabase;
				if (bp->b_bufsize) {
					bufmallocspace -= bp->b_bufsize;
					bufspacewakeup();
					bp->b_bufsize = 0;
				}
				bp->b_flags &= ~B_MALLOC;
				newbsize = round_page(newbsize);
			}
			vm_hold_load_pages(
			    bp,
			    (vm_offset_t) bp->b_data + bp->b_bufsize,
			    (vm_offset_t) bp->b_data + newbsize);
			if (origbuf) {
				bcopy(origbuf, bp->b_data, origbufsize);
				kfree(origbuf, M_BIOBUF);
			}
		}
	} else {
		vm_page_t m;
		int desiredpages;

		newbsize = (size + DEV_BSIZE - 1) & ~(DEV_BSIZE - 1);
		desiredpages = ((int)(bp->b_loffset & PAGE_MASK) +
				newbsize + PAGE_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
		KKASSERT(desiredpages <= XIO_INTERNAL_PAGES);

		if (bp->b_flags & B_MALLOC)
			panic("allocbuf: VMIO buffer can't be malloced");
		/*
		 * Set B_CACHE initially if buffer is 0 length or will become
		 * 0-length.
		 */
		if (size == 0 || bp->b_bufsize == 0)
			bp->b_flags |= B_CACHE;

		if (newbsize < bp->b_bufsize) {
			/*
			 * DEV_BSIZE aligned new buffer size is less then the
			 * DEV_BSIZE aligned existing buffer size.  Figure out
			 * if we have to remove any pages.
			 */
			if (desiredpages < bp->b_xio.xio_npages) {
				for (i = desiredpages; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
					/*
					 * the page is not freed here -- it
					 * is the responsibility of
					 * vnode_pager_setsize
					 */
					m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];
					KASSERT(m != bogus_page,
					    ("allocbuf: bogus page found"));
					while (vm_page_sleep_busy(m, TRUE, "biodep"))
						;

					bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i] = NULL;
					vm_page_unwire(m, 0);
				}
				pmap_qremove((vm_offset_t) trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data) +
				    (desiredpages << PAGE_SHIFT), (bp->b_xio.xio_npages - desiredpages));
				bp->b_xio.xio_npages = desiredpages;
			}
		} else if (size > bp->b_bcount) {
			/*
			 * We are growing the buffer, possibly in a
			 * byte-granular fashion.
			 */
			struct vnode *vp;
			vm_object_t obj;
			vm_offset_t toff;
			vm_offset_t tinc;

			/*
			 * Step 1, bring in the VM pages from the object,
			 * allocating them if necessary.  We must clear
			 * B_CACHE if these pages are not valid for the
			 * range covered by the buffer.
			 *
			 * critical section protection is required to protect
			 * against interrupts unbusying and freeing pages
			 * between our vm_page_lookup() and our
			 * busycheck/wiring call.
			 */
			vp = bp->b_vp;
			obj = vp->v_object;

			crit_enter();
			while (bp->b_xio.xio_npages < desiredpages) {
				vm_page_t m;
				vm_pindex_t pi;

				pi = OFF_TO_IDX(bp->b_loffset) + bp->b_xio.xio_npages;
				if ((m = vm_page_lookup(obj, pi)) == NULL) {
					/*
					 * note: must allocate system pages
					 * since blocking here could intefere
					 * with paging I/O, no matter which
					 * process we are.
					 */
					m = vm_page_alloc(obj, pi, VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM);
					if (m == NULL) {
						vm_wait();
						vm_pageout_deficit += desiredpages -
							bp->b_xio.xio_npages;
					} else {
						vm_page_wire(m);
						vm_page_wakeup(m);
						bp->b_flags &= ~B_CACHE;
						bp->b_xio.xio_pages[bp->b_xio.xio_npages] = m;
						++bp->b_xio.xio_npages;
					}
					continue;
				}

				/*
				 * We found a page.  If we have to sleep on it,
				 * retry because it might have gotten freed out
				 * from under us.
				 *
				 * We can only test PG_BUSY here.  Blocking on
				 * m->busy might lead to a deadlock:
				 *
				 *  vm_fault->getpages->cluster_read->allocbuf
				 *
				 */

				if (vm_page_sleep_busy(m, FALSE, "pgtblk"))
					continue;

				/*
				 * We have a good page.  Should we wakeup the
				 * page daemon?
				 */
				if ((curthread != pagethread) &&
				    ((m->queue - m->pc) == PQ_CACHE) &&
				    ((vmstats.v_free_count + vmstats.v_cache_count) <
					(vmstats.v_free_min + vmstats.v_cache_min))) {
					pagedaemon_wakeup();
				}
				vm_page_flag_clear(m, PG_ZERO);
				vm_page_wire(m);
				bp->b_xio.xio_pages[bp->b_xio.xio_npages] = m;
				++bp->b_xio.xio_npages;
			}
			crit_exit();

			/*
			 * Step 2.  We've loaded the pages into the buffer,
			 * we have to figure out if we can still have B_CACHE
			 * set.  Note that B_CACHE is set according to the
			 * byte-granular range ( bcount and size ), not the
			 * aligned range ( newbsize ).
			 *
			 * The VM test is against m->valid, which is DEV_BSIZE
			 * aligned.  Needless to say, the validity of the data
			 * needs to also be DEV_BSIZE aligned.  Note that this
			 * fails with NFS if the server or some other client
			 * extends the file's EOF.  If our buffer is resized,
			 * B_CACHE may remain set! XXX
			 */

			toff = bp->b_bcount;
			tinc = PAGE_SIZE - ((bp->b_loffset + toff) & PAGE_MASK);

			while ((bp->b_flags & B_CACHE) && toff < size) {
				vm_pindex_t pi;

				if (tinc > (size - toff))
					tinc = size - toff;

				pi = ((bp->b_loffset & PAGE_MASK) + toff) >>
				    PAGE_SHIFT;

				vfs_buf_test_cache(
				    bp,
				    bp->b_loffset,
				    toff,
				    tinc,
				    bp->b_xio.xio_pages[pi]
				);
				toff += tinc;
				tinc = PAGE_SIZE;
			}

			/*
			 * Step 3, fixup the KVM pmap.  Remember that
			 * bp->b_data is relative to bp->b_loffset, but
			 * bp->b_loffset may be offset into the first page.
			 */

			bp->b_data = (caddr_t)
			    trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data);
			pmap_qenter(
			    (vm_offset_t)bp->b_data,
			    bp->b_xio.xio_pages,
			    bp->b_xio.xio_npages
			);
			bp->b_data = (caddr_t)((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data |
			    (vm_offset_t)(bp->b_loffset & PAGE_MASK));
		}
	}
	if (newbsize < bp->b_bufsize)
		bufspacewakeup();
	bp->b_bufsize = newbsize;	/* actual buffer allocation	*/
	bp->b_bcount = size;		/* requested buffer size	*/
	return 1;
}

/*
 * biowait:
 *
 *	Wait for buffer I/O completion, returning error status.  The buffer
 *	is left locked on return.  B_EINTR is converted into an EINTR error
 *	and cleared.
 *
 *	NOTE!  The original b_cmd is lost on return, since b_cmd will be
 *	set to BUF_CMD_DONE.
 */
int
biowait(struct buf *bp)
{
	crit_enter();
	while (bp->b_cmd != BUF_CMD_DONE) {
		if (bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_READ)
			tsleep(bp, 0, "biord", 0);
		else
			tsleep(bp, 0, "biowr", 0);
	}
	crit_exit();
	if (bp->b_flags & B_EINTR) {
		bp->b_flags &= ~B_EINTR;
		return (EINTR);
	}
	if (bp->b_flags & B_ERROR) {
		return (bp->b_error ? bp->b_error : EIO);
	} else {
		return (0);
	}
}

/*
 * This associates a tracking count with an I/O.  vn_strategy() and
 * dev_dstrategy() do this automatically but there are a few cases
 * where a vnode or device layer is bypassed when a block translation
 * is cached.  In such cases bio_start_transaction() may be called on
 * the bypassed layers so the system gets an I/O in progress indication
 * for those higher layers.
 */
void
bio_start_transaction(struct bio *bio, struct bio_track *track)
{
	bio->bio_track = track;
	atomic_add_int(&track->bk_active, 1);
}

/*
 * Initiate I/O on a vnode.
 */
void
vn_strategy(struct vnode *vp, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct bio_track *track;

	KKASSERT(bio->bio_buf->b_cmd != BUF_CMD_DONE);
        if (bio->bio_buf->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_READ)
                track = &vp->v_track_read;
        else
                track = &vp->v_track_write;
	bio->bio_track = track;
	atomic_add_int(&track->bk_active, 1);
        vop_strategy(*vp->v_ops, vp, bio);
}


/*
 * biodone:
 *
 *	Finish I/O on a buffer, optionally calling a completion function.
 *	This is usually called from an interrupt so process blocking is
 *	not allowed.
 *
 *	biodone is also responsible for setting B_CACHE in a B_VMIO bp.
 *	In a non-VMIO bp, B_CACHE will be set on the next getblk()
 *	assuming B_INVAL is clear.
 *
 *	For the VMIO case, we set B_CACHE if the op was a read and no
 *	read error occured, or if the op was a write.  B_CACHE is never
 *	set if the buffer is invalid or otherwise uncacheable.
 *
 *	biodone does not mess with B_INVAL, allowing the I/O routine or the
 *	initiator to leave B_INVAL set to brelse the buffer out of existance
 *	in the biodone routine.
 */
void
biodone(struct bio *bio)
{
	struct buf *bp = bio->bio_buf;
	buf_cmd_t cmd;

	crit_enter();

	KASSERT(BUF_REFCNTNB(bp) > 0,
		("biodone: bp %p not busy %d", bp, BUF_REFCNTNB(bp)));
	KASSERT(bp->b_cmd != BUF_CMD_DONE,
		("biodone: bp %p already done!", bp));

	runningbufwakeup(bp);

	/*
	 * Run up the chain of BIO's.   Leave b_cmd intact for the duration.
	 */
	while (bio) {
		biodone_t *done_func;
		struct bio_track *track;

		/*
		 * BIO tracking.  Most but not all BIOs are tracked.
		 */
		if ((track = bio->bio_track) != NULL) {
			atomic_subtract_int(&track->bk_active, 1);
			if (track->bk_active < 0) {
				panic("biodone: bad active count bio %p\n",
				      bio);
			}
			if (track->bk_waitflag) {
				track->bk_waitflag = 0;
				wakeup(track);
			}
			bio->bio_track = NULL;
		}

		/*
		 * A bio_done function terminates the loop.  The function
		 * will be responsible for any further chaining and/or
		 * buffer management.
		 *
		 * WARNING!  The done function can deallocate the buffer!
		 */
		if ((done_func = bio->bio_done) != NULL) {
			bio->bio_done = NULL;
			done_func(bio);
			crit_exit();
			return;
		}
		bio = bio->bio_prev;
	}

	cmd = bp->b_cmd;
	bp->b_cmd = BUF_CMD_DONE;

	/*
	 * Only reads and writes are processed past this point.
	 */
	if (cmd != BUF_CMD_READ && cmd != BUF_CMD_WRITE) {
		brelse(bp);
		crit_exit();
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Warning: softupdates may re-dirty the buffer.
	 */
	if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep) != NULL && bioops.io_complete)
		(*bioops.io_complete)(bp);

	if (bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) {
		int i;
		vm_ooffset_t foff;
		vm_page_t m;
		vm_object_t obj;
		int iosize;
		struct vnode *vp = bp->b_vp;

		obj = vp->v_object;

#if defined(VFS_BIO_DEBUG)
		if (vp->v_holdcnt == 0)
			panic("biodone: zero vnode hold count");
		if ((vp->v_flag & VOBJBUF) == 0)
			panic("biodone: vnode is not setup for merged cache");
#endif

		foff = bp->b_loffset;
		KASSERT(foff != NOOFFSET, ("biodone: no buffer offset"));
		KASSERT(obj != NULL, ("biodone: missing VM object"));

#if defined(VFS_BIO_DEBUG)
		if (obj->paging_in_progress < bp->b_xio.xio_npages) {
			kprintf("biodone: paging in progress(%d) < bp->b_xio.xio_npages(%d)\n",
			    obj->paging_in_progress, bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
		}
#endif

		/*
		 * Set B_CACHE if the op was a normal read and no error
		 * occured.  B_CACHE is set for writes in the b*write()
		 * routines.
		 */
		iosize = bp->b_bcount - bp->b_resid;
		if (cmd == BUF_CMD_READ && (bp->b_flags & (B_INVAL|B_NOCACHE|B_ERROR)) == 0) {
			bp->b_flags |= B_CACHE;
		}

		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			int bogusflag = 0;
			int resid;

			resid = ((foff + PAGE_SIZE) & ~(off_t)PAGE_MASK) - foff;
			if (resid > iosize)
				resid = iosize;

			/*
			 * cleanup bogus pages, restoring the originals.  Since
			 * the originals should still be wired, we don't have
			 * to worry about interrupt/freeing races destroying
			 * the VM object association.
			 */
			m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];
			if (m == bogus_page) {
				bogusflag = 1;
				m = vm_page_lookup(obj, OFF_TO_IDX(foff));
				if (m == NULL)
					panic("biodone: page disappeared");
				bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i] = m;
				pmap_qenter(trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data),
					bp->b_xio.xio_pages, bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
			}
#if defined(VFS_BIO_DEBUG)
			if (OFF_TO_IDX(foff) != m->pindex) {
				kprintf(
"biodone: foff(%lu)/m->pindex(%d) mismatch\n",
				    (unsigned long)foff, m->pindex);
			}
#endif

			/*
			 * In the write case, the valid and clean bits are
			 * already changed correctly ( see bdwrite() ), so we
			 * only need to do this here in the read case.
			 */
			if (cmd == BUF_CMD_READ && !bogusflag && resid > 0) {
				vfs_page_set_valid(bp, foff, i, m);
			}
			vm_page_flag_clear(m, PG_ZERO);

			/*
			 * when debugging new filesystems or buffer I/O methods, this
			 * is the most common error that pops up.  if you see this, you
			 * have not set the page busy flag correctly!!!
			 */
			if (m->busy == 0) {
				kprintf("biodone: page busy < 0, "
				    "pindex: %d, foff: 0x(%x,%x), "
				    "resid: %d, index: %d\n",
				    (int) m->pindex, (int)(foff >> 32),
						(int) foff & 0xffffffff, resid, i);
				if (!vn_isdisk(vp, NULL))
					kprintf(" iosize: %ld, loffset: %lld, flags: 0x%08x, npages: %d\n",
					    bp->b_vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize,
					    bp->b_loffset,
					    bp->b_flags, bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
				else
					kprintf(" VDEV, loffset: %lld, flags: 0x%08x, npages: %d\n",
					    bp->b_loffset,
					    bp->b_flags, bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
				kprintf(" valid: 0x%x, dirty: 0x%x, wired: %d\n",
				    m->valid, m->dirty, m->wire_count);
				panic("biodone: page busy < 0");
			}
			vm_page_io_finish(m);
			vm_object_pip_subtract(obj, 1);
			foff = (foff + PAGE_SIZE) & ~(off_t)PAGE_MASK;
			iosize -= resid;
		}
		if (obj)
			vm_object_pip_wakeupn(obj, 0);
	}

	/*
	 * For asynchronous completions, release the buffer now. The brelse
	 * will do a wakeup there if necessary - so no need to do a wakeup
	 * here in the async case. The sync case always needs to do a wakeup.
	 */

	if (bp->b_flags & B_ASYNC) {
		if ((bp->b_flags & (B_NOCACHE | B_INVAL | B_ERROR | B_RELBUF)) != 0)
			brelse(bp);
		else
			bqrelse(bp);
	} else {
		wakeup(bp);
	}
	crit_exit();
}

/*
 * vfs_unbusy_pages:
 *
 *	This routine is called in lieu of iodone in the case of
 *	incomplete I/O.  This keeps the busy status for pages
 *	consistant.
 */
void
vfs_unbusy_pages(struct buf *bp)
{
	int i;

	runningbufwakeup(bp);
	if (bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) {
		struct vnode *vp = bp->b_vp;
		vm_object_t obj;

		obj = vp->v_object;

		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			vm_page_t m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];

			/*
			 * When restoring bogus changes the original pages
			 * should still be wired, so we are in no danger of
			 * losing the object association and do not need
			 * critical section protection particularly.
			 */
			if (m == bogus_page) {
				m = vm_page_lookup(obj, OFF_TO_IDX(bp->b_loffset) + i);
				if (!m) {
					panic("vfs_unbusy_pages: page missing");
				}
				bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i] = m;
				pmap_qenter(trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data),
					bp->b_xio.xio_pages, bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
			}
			vm_object_pip_subtract(obj, 1);
			vm_page_flag_clear(m, PG_ZERO);
			vm_page_io_finish(m);
		}
		vm_object_pip_wakeupn(obj, 0);
	}
}

/*
 * vfs_page_set_valid:
 *
 *	Set the valid bits in a page based on the supplied offset.   The
 *	range is restricted to the buffer's size.
 *
 *	This routine is typically called after a read completes.
 */
static void
vfs_page_set_valid(struct buf *bp, vm_ooffset_t off, int pageno, vm_page_t m)
{
	vm_ooffset_t soff, eoff;

	/*
	 * Start and end offsets in buffer.  eoff - soff may not cross a
	 * page boundry or cross the end of the buffer.  The end of the
	 * buffer, in this case, is our file EOF, not the allocation size
	 * of the buffer.
	 */
	soff = off;
	eoff = (off + PAGE_SIZE) & ~(off_t)PAGE_MASK;
	if (eoff > bp->b_loffset + bp->b_bcount)
		eoff = bp->b_loffset + bp->b_bcount;

	/*
	 * Set valid range.  This is typically the entire buffer and thus the
	 * entire page.
	 */
	if (eoff > soff) {
		vm_page_set_validclean(
		    m,
		   (vm_offset_t) (soff & PAGE_MASK),
		   (vm_offset_t) (eoff - soff)
		);
	}
}

/*
 * vfs_busy_pages:
 *
 *	This routine is called before a device strategy routine.
 *	It is used to tell the VM system that paging I/O is in
 *	progress, and treat the pages associated with the buffer
 *	almost as being PG_BUSY.  Also the object 'paging_in_progress'
 *	flag is handled to make sure that the object doesn't become
 *	inconsistant.
 *
 *	Since I/O has not been initiated yet, certain buffer flags
 *	such as B_ERROR or B_INVAL may be in an inconsistant state
 *	and should be ignored.
 */
void
vfs_busy_pages(struct vnode *vp, struct buf *bp)
{
	int i, bogus;
	struct lwp *lp = curthread->td_lwp;

	/*
	 * The buffer's I/O command must already be set.  If reading,
	 * B_CACHE must be 0 (double check against callers only doing
	 * I/O when B_CACHE is 0).
	 */
	KKASSERT(bp->b_cmd != BUF_CMD_DONE);
	KKASSERT(bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_WRITE || (bp->b_flags & B_CACHE) == 0);

	if (bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) {
		vm_object_t obj;
		vm_ooffset_t foff;

		obj = vp->v_object;
		foff = bp->b_loffset;
		KASSERT(bp->b_loffset != NOOFFSET,
			("vfs_busy_pages: no buffer offset"));
		vfs_setdirty(bp);

retry:
		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			vm_page_t m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];
			if (vm_page_sleep_busy(m, FALSE, "vbpage"))
				goto retry;
		}

		bogus = 0;
		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			vm_page_t m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];

			vm_page_flag_clear(m, PG_ZERO);
			if ((bp->b_flags & B_CLUSTER) == 0) {
				vm_object_pip_add(obj, 1);
				vm_page_io_start(m);
			}

			/*
			 * When readying a vnode-backed buffer for a write
			 * we must zero-fill any invalid portions of the
			 * backing VM pages.
			 *
			 * When readying a vnode-backed buffer for a read
			 * we must replace any dirty pages with a bogus
			 * page so we do not destroy dirty data when
			 * filling in gaps.  Dirty pages might not
			 * necessarily be marked dirty yet, so use m->valid
			 * as a reasonable test.
			 *
			 * Bogus page replacement is, uh, bogus.  We need
			 * to find a better way.
			 */
			vm_page_protect(m, VM_PROT_NONE);
			if (bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_WRITE) {
				vfs_page_set_valid(bp, foff, i, m);
			} else if (m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL) {
				bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i] = bogus_page;
				bogus++;
			}
			foff = (foff + PAGE_SIZE) & ~(off_t)PAGE_MASK;
		}
		if (bogus)
			pmap_qenter(trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data),
				bp->b_xio.xio_pages, bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
	}

	/*
	 * This is the easiest place to put the process accounting for the I/O
	 * for now.
	 */
	if (lp != NULL) {
		if (bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_READ)
			lp->lwp_ru.ru_inblock++;
		else
			lp->lwp_ru.ru_oublock++;
	}
}

/*
 * vfs_clean_pages:
 *
 *	Tell the VM system that the pages associated with this buffer
 *	are clean.  This is used for delayed writes where the data is
 *	going to go to disk eventually without additional VM intevention.
 *
 *	Note that while we only really need to clean through to b_bcount, we
 *	just go ahead and clean through to b_bufsize.
 */
static void
vfs_clean_pages(struct buf *bp)
{
	int i;

	if (bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) {
		vm_ooffset_t foff;

		foff = bp->b_loffset;
		KASSERT(foff != NOOFFSET, ("vfs_clean_pages: no buffer offset"));
		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			vm_page_t m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];
			vm_ooffset_t noff = (foff + PAGE_SIZE) & ~(off_t)PAGE_MASK;
			vm_ooffset_t eoff = noff;

			if (eoff > bp->b_loffset + bp->b_bufsize)
				eoff = bp->b_loffset + bp->b_bufsize;
			vfs_page_set_valid(bp, foff, i, m);
			/* vm_page_clear_dirty(m, foff & PAGE_MASK, eoff - foff); */
			foff = noff;
		}
	}
}

/*
 * vfs_bio_set_validclean:
 *
 *	Set the range within the buffer to valid and clean.  The range is
 *	relative to the beginning of the buffer, b_loffset.  Note that
 *	b_loffset itself may be offset from the beginning of the first page.
 */

void
vfs_bio_set_validclean(struct buf *bp, int base, int size)
{
	if (bp->b_flags & B_VMIO) {
		int i;
		int n;

		/*
		 * Fixup base to be relative to beginning of first page.
		 * Set initial n to be the maximum number of bytes in the
		 * first page that can be validated.
		 */

		base += (bp->b_loffset & PAGE_MASK);
		n = PAGE_SIZE - (base & PAGE_MASK);

		for (i = base / PAGE_SIZE; size > 0 && i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; ++i) {
			vm_page_t m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];

			if (n > size)
				n = size;

			vm_page_set_validclean(m, base & PAGE_MASK, n);
			base += n;
			size -= n;
			n = PAGE_SIZE;
		}
	}
}

/*
 * vfs_bio_clrbuf:
 *
 *	Clear a buffer.  This routine essentially fakes an I/O, so we need
 *	to clear B_ERROR and B_INVAL.
 *
 *	Note that while we only theoretically need to clear through b_bcount,
 *	we go ahead and clear through b_bufsize.
 */

void
vfs_bio_clrbuf(struct buf *bp)
{
	int i, mask = 0;
	caddr_t sa, ea;
	if ((bp->b_flags & (B_VMIO | B_MALLOC)) == B_VMIO) {
		bp->b_flags &= ~(B_INVAL|B_ERROR);
		if ((bp->b_xio.xio_npages == 1) && (bp->b_bufsize < PAGE_SIZE) &&
		    (bp->b_loffset & PAGE_MASK) == 0) {
			mask = (1 << (bp->b_bufsize / DEV_BSIZE)) - 1;
			if ((bp->b_xio.xio_pages[0]->valid & mask) == mask) {
				bp->b_resid = 0;
				return;
			}
			if (((bp->b_xio.xio_pages[0]->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0) &&
			    ((bp->b_xio.xio_pages[0]->valid & mask) == 0)) {
				bzero(bp->b_data, bp->b_bufsize);
				bp->b_xio.xio_pages[0]->valid |= mask;
				bp->b_resid = 0;
				return;
			}
		}
		ea = sa = bp->b_data;
		for(i=0;i<bp->b_xio.xio_npages;i++,sa=ea) {
			int j = ((vm_offset_t)sa & PAGE_MASK) / DEV_BSIZE;
			ea = (caddr_t)trunc_page((vm_offset_t)sa + PAGE_SIZE);
			ea = (caddr_t)(vm_offset_t)ulmin(
			    (u_long)(vm_offset_t)ea,
			    (u_long)(vm_offset_t)bp->b_data + bp->b_bufsize);
			mask = ((1 << ((ea - sa) / DEV_BSIZE)) - 1) << j;
			if ((bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]->valid & mask) == mask)
				continue;
			if ((bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]->valid & mask) == 0) {
				if ((bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0) {
					bzero(sa, ea - sa);
				}
			} else {
				for (; sa < ea; sa += DEV_BSIZE, j++) {
					if (((bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0) &&
						(bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]->valid & (1<<j)) == 0)
						bzero(sa, DEV_BSIZE);
				}
			}
			bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]->valid |= mask;
			vm_page_flag_clear(bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i], PG_ZERO);
		}
		bp->b_resid = 0;
	} else {
		clrbuf(bp);
	}
}

/*
 * vm_hold_load_pages:
 *
 *	Load pages into the buffer's address space.  The pages are
 *	allocated from the kernel object in order to reduce interference
 *	with the any VM paging I/O activity.  The range of loaded
 *	pages will be wired.
 *
 *	If a page cannot be allocated, the 'pagedaemon' is woken up to
 *	retrieve the full range (to - from) of pages.
 *
 */
void
vm_hold_load_pages(struct buf *bp, vm_offset_t from, vm_offset_t to)
{
	vm_offset_t pg;
	vm_page_t p;
	int index;

	to = round_page(to);
	from = round_page(from);
	index = (from - trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data)) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

	for (pg = from; pg < to; pg += PAGE_SIZE, index++) {

tryagain:

		/*
		 * Note: must allocate system pages since blocking here
		 * could intefere with paging I/O, no matter which
		 * process we are.
		 */
		p = vm_page_alloc(&kernel_object,
				  (pg >> PAGE_SHIFT),
				  VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM);
		if (!p) {
			vm_pageout_deficit += (to - from) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
			vm_wait();
			goto tryagain;
		}
		vm_page_wire(p);
		p->valid = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
		vm_page_flag_clear(p, PG_ZERO);
		pmap_kenter(pg, VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(p));
		bp->b_xio.xio_pages[index] = p;
		vm_page_wakeup(p);
	}
	bp->b_xio.xio_npages = index;
}

/*
 * vm_hold_free_pages:
 *
 *	Return pages associated with the buffer back to the VM system.
 *
 *	The range of pages underlying the buffer's address space will
 *	be unmapped and un-wired.
 */
void
vm_hold_free_pages(struct buf *bp, vm_offset_t from, vm_offset_t to)
{
	vm_offset_t pg;
	vm_page_t p;
	int index, newnpages;

	from = round_page(from);
	to = round_page(to);
	newnpages = index = (from - trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data)) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

	for (pg = from; pg < to; pg += PAGE_SIZE, index++) {
		p = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[index];
		if (p && (index < bp->b_xio.xio_npages)) {
			if (p->busy) {
				kprintf("vm_hold_free_pages: doffset: %lld, loffset: %lld\n",
					bp->b_bio2.bio_offset, bp->b_loffset);
			}
			bp->b_xio.xio_pages[index] = NULL;
			pmap_kremove(pg);
			vm_page_busy(p);
			vm_page_unwire(p, 0);
			vm_page_free(p);
		}
	}
	bp->b_xio.xio_npages = newnpages;
}

/*
 * vmapbuf:
 *
 *	Map a user buffer into KVM via a pbuf.  On return the buffer's
 *	b_data, b_bufsize, and b_bcount will be set, and its XIO page array
 *	initialized.
 */
int
vmapbuf(struct buf *bp, caddr_t udata, int bytes)
{
	caddr_t addr;
	vm_offset_t va;
	vm_page_t m;
	int vmprot;
	int error;
	int pidx;
	int i;

	/*
	 * bp had better have a command and it better be a pbuf.
	 */
	KKASSERT(bp->b_cmd != BUF_CMD_DONE);
	KKASSERT(bp->b_flags & B_PAGING);

	if (bytes < 0)
		return (-1);

	/*
	 * Map the user data into KVM.  Mappings have to be page-aligned.
	 */
	addr = (caddr_t)trunc_page((vm_offset_t)udata);
	pidx = 0;

	vmprot = VM_PROT_READ;
	if (bp->b_cmd == BUF_CMD_READ)
		vmprot |= VM_PROT_WRITE;

	while (addr < udata + bytes) {
		/*
		 * Do the vm_fault if needed; do the copy-on-write thing
		 * when reading stuff off device into memory.
		 *
		 * vm_fault_page*() returns a held VM page.
		 */
		va = (addr >= udata) ? (vm_offset_t)addr : (vm_offset_t)udata;
		va = trunc_page(va);

		m = vm_fault_page_quick(va, vmprot, &error);
		if (m == NULL) {
			for (i = 0; i < pidx; ++i) {
			    vm_page_unhold(bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i]);
			    bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i] = NULL;
			}
			return(-1);
		}
		bp->b_xio.xio_pages[pidx] = m;
		addr += PAGE_SIZE;
		++pidx;
	}

	/*
	 * Map the page array and set the buffer fields to point to
	 * the mapped data buffer.
	 */
	if (pidx > btoc(MAXPHYS))
		panic("vmapbuf: mapped more than MAXPHYS");
	pmap_qenter((vm_offset_t)bp->b_kvabase, bp->b_xio.xio_pages, pidx);

	bp->b_xio.xio_npages = pidx;
	bp->b_data = bp->b_kvabase + ((int)(intptr_t)udata & PAGE_MASK);
	bp->b_bcount = bytes;
	bp->b_bufsize = bytes;
	return(0);
}

/*
 * vunmapbuf:
 *
 *	Free the io map PTEs associated with this IO operation.
 *	We also invalidate the TLB entries and restore the original b_addr.
 */
void
vunmapbuf(struct buf *bp)
{
	int pidx;
	int npages;

	KKASSERT(bp->b_flags & B_PAGING);

	npages = bp->b_xio.xio_npages;
	pmap_qremove(trunc_page((vm_offset_t)bp->b_data), npages);
	for (pidx = 0; pidx < npages; ++pidx) {
		vm_page_unhold(bp->b_xio.xio_pages[pidx]);
		bp->b_xio.xio_pages[pidx] = NULL;
	}
	bp->b_xio.xio_npages = 0;
	bp->b_data = bp->b_kvabase;
}

/*
 * Scan all buffers in the system and issue the callback.
 */
int
scan_all_buffers(int (*callback)(struct buf *, void *), void *info)
{
	int count = 0;
	int error;
	int n;

	for (n = 0; n < nbuf; ++n) {
		if ((error = callback(&buf[n], info)) < 0) {
			count = error;
			break;
		}
		count += error;
	}
	return (count);
}

/*
 * print out statistics from the current status of the buffer pool
 * this can be toggeled by the system control option debug.syncprt
 */
#ifdef DEBUG
void
vfs_bufstats(void)
{
        int i, j, count;
        struct buf *bp;
        struct bqueues *dp;
        int counts[(MAXBSIZE / PAGE_SIZE) + 1];
        static char *bname[3] = { "LOCKED", "LRU", "AGE" };

        for (dp = bufqueues, i = 0; dp < &bufqueues[3]; dp++, i++) {
                count = 0;
                for (j = 0; j <= MAXBSIZE/PAGE_SIZE; j++)
                        counts[j] = 0;
		crit_enter();
                TAILQ_FOREACH(bp, dp, b_freelist) {
                        counts[bp->b_bufsize/PAGE_SIZE]++;
                        count++;
                }
		crit_exit();
                kprintf("%s: total-%d", bname[i], count);
                for (j = 0; j <= MAXBSIZE/PAGE_SIZE; j++)
                        if (counts[j] != 0)
                                kprintf(", %d-%d", j * PAGE_SIZE, counts[j]);
                kprintf("\n");
        }
}
#endif

#ifdef DDB

DB_SHOW_COMMAND(buffer, db_show_buffer)
{
	/* get args */
	struct buf *bp = (struct buf *)addr;

	if (!have_addr) {
		db_printf("usage: show buffer <addr>\n");
		return;
	}

	db_printf("b_flags = 0x%b\n", (u_int)bp->b_flags, PRINT_BUF_FLAGS);
	db_printf("b_cmd = %d\n", bp->b_cmd);
	db_printf("b_error = %d, b_bufsize = %d, b_bcount = %d, "
		  "b_resid = %d\n, b_data = %p, "
		  "bio_offset(disk) = %lld, bio_offset(phys) = %lld\n",
		  bp->b_error, bp->b_bufsize, bp->b_bcount, bp->b_resid,
		  bp->b_data, bp->b_bio2.bio_offset, (bp->b_bio2.bio_next ? bp->b_bio2.bio_next->bio_offset : (off_t)-1));
	if (bp->b_xio.xio_npages) {
		int i;
		db_printf("b_xio.xio_npages = %d, pages(OBJ, IDX, PA): ",
			bp->b_xio.xio_npages);
		for (i = 0; i < bp->b_xio.xio_npages; i++) {
			vm_page_t m;
			m = bp->b_xio.xio_pages[i];
			db_printf("(%p, 0x%lx, 0x%lx)", (void *)m->object,
			    (u_long)m->pindex, (u_long)VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
			if ((i + 1) < bp->b_xio.xio_npages)
				db_printf(",");
		}
		db_printf("\n");
	}
}
#endif /* DDB */