1.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 5.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 16.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 17.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 18.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 19.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 20.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 21.\" without specific prior written permission. 22.\" 23.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 24.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 25.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 26.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 27.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 28.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 29.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 30.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 31.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 32.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 33.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 34.\" 35.\" @(#)tr.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93 36.\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/tr/tr.1,v 1.5.2.7 2002/07/29 12:59:33 tjr Exp $ 37.\" $DragonFly: src/usr.bin/tr/tr.1,v 1.2 2003/06/17 04:29:33 dillon Exp $ 38.\" 39.Dd October 11, 1997 40.Dt TR 1 41.Os 42.Sh NAME 43.Nm tr 44.Nd translate characters 45.Sh SYNOPSIS 46.Nm 47.Op Fl csu 48.Ar string1 string2 49.Nm 50.Op Fl cu 51.Fl d 52.Ar string1 53.Nm 54.Op Fl cu 55.Fl s 56.Ar string1 57.Nm 58.Op Fl cu 59.Fl ds 60.Ar string1 string2 61.Sh DESCRIPTION 62The 63.Nm 64utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution 65or deletion of selected characters. 66.Pp 67The following options are available: 68.Bl -tag -width Ds 69.It Fl c 70Complements the set of characters in 71.Ar string1 , 72that is ``-c ab'' includes every character except for ``a'' and ``b''. 73.It Fl d 74The 75.Fl d 76option causes characters to be deleted from the input. 77.It Fl s 78The 79.Fl s 80option squeezes multiple occurrences of the characters listed in the last 81operand (either 82.Ar string1 83or 84.Ar string2 ) 85in the input into a single instance of the character. 86This occurs after all deletion and translation is completed. 87.It Fl u 88The 89.Fl u 90option guarantees that any output is unbuffered. 91.El 92.Pp 93In the first synopsis form, the characters in 94.Ar string1 95are translated into the characters in 96.Ar string2 97where the first character in 98.Ar string1 99is translated into the first character in 100.Ar string2 101and so on. 102If 103.Ar string1 104is longer than 105.Ar string2 , 106the last character found in 107.Ar string2 108is duplicated until 109.Ar string1 110is exhausted. 111.Pp 112In the second synopsis form, the characters in 113.Ar string1 114are deleted from the input. 115.Pp 116In the third synopsis form, the characters in 117.Ar string1 118are compressed as described for the 119.Fl s 120option. 121.Pp 122In the fourth synopsis form, the characters in 123.Ar string1 124are deleted from the input, and the characters in 125.Ar string2 126are compressed as described for the 127.Fl s 128option. 129.Pp 130The following conventions can be used in 131.Ar string1 132and 133.Ar string2 134to specify sets of characters: 135.Bl -tag -width [:equiv:] 136.It character 137Any character not described by one of the following conventions 138represents itself. 139.It \eoctal 140A backslash followed by 1, 2 or 3 octal digits represents a character 141with that encoded value. 142To follow an octal sequence with a digit as a character, left zero-pad 143the octal sequence to the full 3 octal digits. 144.It \echaracter 145A backslash followed by certain special characters maps to special 146values. 147.Pp 148.Bl -column "\ea" 149.It "\ea <alert character> 150.It "\eb <backspace> 151.It "\ef <form-feed> 152.It "\en <newline> 153.It "\er <carriage return> 154.It "\et <tab> 155.It "\ev <vertical tab> 156.El 157.Pp 158A backslash followed by any other character maps to that character. 159.It c-c 160Represents the range of characters between the range endpoints, inclusively. 161.It [:class:] 162Represents all characters belonging to the defined character class. 163Class names are: 164.Pp 165.Bl -column "xdigit" 166.It "alnum <alphanumeric characters> 167.It "alpha <alphabetic characters> 168.It "cntrl <control characters> 169.It "digit <numeric characters> 170.It "graph <graphic characters> 171.It "lower <lower-case alphabetic characters> 172.It "print <printable characters> 173.It "punct <punctuation characters> 174.It "space <space characters> 175.It "upper <upper-case characters> 176.It "xdigit <hexadecimal characters> 177.El 178.Pp 179.\" All classes may be used in 180.\" .Ar string1 , 181.\" and in 182.\" .Ar string2 183.\" when both the 184.\" .Fl d 185.\" and 186.\" .Fl s 187.\" options are specified. 188.\" Otherwise, only the classes ``upper'' and ``lower'' may be used in 189.\" .Ar string2 190.\" and then only when the corresponding class (``upper'' for ``lower'' 191.\" and vice-versa) is specified in the same relative position in 192.\" .Ar string1 . 193.\" .Pp 194With the exception of the ``upper'' and ``lower'' classes, characters 195in the classes are in unspecified order. 196In the ``upper'' and ``lower'' classes, characters are entered in 197ascending order. 198.Pp 199For specific information as to which ASCII characters are included 200in these classes, see 201.Xr ctype 3 202and related manual pages. 203.It [=equiv=] 204Represents all characters belonging to the same equivalence class as 205.Ar equiv , 206ordered by their encoded values. 207.It [#*n] 208Represents 209.Ar n 210repeated occurrences of the character represented by 211.Ar # . 212This 213expression is only valid when it occurs in 214.Ar string2 . 215If 216.Ar n 217is omitted or is zero, it is be interpreted as large enough to extend 218.Ar string2 219sequence to the length of 220.Ar string1 . 221If 222.Ar n 223has a leading zero, it is interpreted as an octal value, otherwise, 224it's interpreted as a decimal value. 225.El 226.Sh ENVIRONMENT 227The 228.Ev LANG , 229.Ev LC_ALL , 230.Ev LC_CTYPE 231and 232.Ev LC_COLLATE 233environment variables affect the execution of 234.Nm 235as described in 236.Xr environ 7 . 237.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 238.Ex -std 239.Sh EXAMPLES 240The following examples are shown as given to the shell: 241.Pp 242Create a list of the words in file1, one per line, where a word is taken to 243be a maximal string of letters. 244.Pp 245.D1 Li "tr -cs \*q[:alpha:]\*q \*q\en\*q < file1" 246.Pp 247Translate the contents of file1 to upper-case. 248.Pp 249.D1 Li "tr \*q[:lower:]\*q \*q[:upper:]\*q < file1" 250.Pp 251Strip out non-printable characters from file1. 252.Pp 253.D1 Li "tr -cd \*q[:print:]\*q < file1" 254.Pp 255Remove diacritical marks from all accented variants of the letter 256.Sq e : 257.Pp 258.Dl "tr \*q[=e=]\*q \*qe\*q" 259.Sh COMPATIBILITY 260System V has historically implemented character ranges using the syntax 261``[c-c]'' instead of the ``c-c'' used by historic 262.Bx 263implementations and 264standardized by POSIX. 265System V shell scripts should work under this implementation as long as 266the range is intended to map in another range, i.e. the command 267``tr [a-z] [A-Z]'' will work as it will map the ``['' character in 268.Ar string1 269to the ``['' character in 270.Ar string2 . 271However, if the shell script is deleting or squeezing characters as in 272the command ``tr -d [a-z]'', the characters ``['' and ``]'' will be 273included in the deletion or compression list which would not have happened 274under an historic System V implementation. 275Additionally, any scripts that depended on the sequence ``a-z'' to 276represent the three characters ``a'', ``-'' and ``z'' will have to be 277rewritten as ``a\e-z''. 278.Pp 279The 280.Nm 281utility has historically not permitted the manipulation of NUL bytes in 282its input and, additionally, stripped NUL's from its input stream. 283This implementation has removed this behavior as a bug. 284.Pp 285The 286.Nm 287utility has historically been extremely forgiving of syntax errors, 288for example, the 289.Fl c 290and 291.Fl s 292options were ignored unless two strings were specified. 293This implementation will not permit illegal syntax. 294.Sh STANDARDS 295The 296.Nm 297utility is expected to be 298.St -p1003.2 299compatible. 300It should be noted that the feature wherein the last character of 301.Ar string2 302is duplicated if 303.Ar string2 304has less characters than 305.Ar string1 306is permitted by POSIX but is not required. 307Shell scripts attempting to be portable to other POSIX systems should use 308the ``[#*]'' convention instead of relying on this behavior. 309The 310.Fl u 311option is an extension to the 312.St -p1003.2 313standard. 314