1.\" $NetBSD: makefs.8,v 1.33 2011/05/22 21:51:39 christos Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Wasabi Systems, Inc. 4.\" All rights reserved. 5.\" 6.\" Written by Luke Mewburn for Wasabi Systems, Inc. 7.\" 8.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 9.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 10.\" are met: 11.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 12.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 13.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 14.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 15.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 16.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 17.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 18.\" This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by 19.\" Wasabi Systems, Inc. 20.\" 4. The name of Wasabi Systems, Inc. may not be used to endorse 21.\" or promote products derived from this software without specific prior 22.\" written permission. 23.\" 24.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY WASABI SYSTEMS, INC. ``AS IS'' AND 25.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED 26.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 27.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WASABI SYSTEMS, INC 28.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR 29.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF 30.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS 31.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN 32.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 33.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 34.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 35.\" 36.\" $FreeBSD: head/usr.sbin/makefs/makefs.8 331843 2018-03-31 15:04:41Z benno $ 37.\" 38.Dd February 10, 2019 39.Dt MAKEFS 8 40.Os 41.Sh NAME 42.Nm makefs 43.Nd create a file system image from a directory tree or a mtree manifest 44.Sh SYNOPSIS 45.Nm 46.Op Fl DxZ 47.Op Fl B Ar endian 48.Op Fl b Ar free-blocks 49.Op Fl d Ar debug-mask 50.Op Fl F Ar mtree-specfile 51.Op Fl f Ar free-files 52.Op Fl M Ar minimum-size 53.Op Fl m Ar maximum-size 54.Op Fl N Ar userdb-dir 55.Op Fl O Ar offset 56.Op Fl o Ar fs-options 57.Op Fl R Ar roundup-size 58.Op Fl S Ar sector-size 59.Op Fl s Ar image-size 60.Op Fl T Ar timestamp 61.Op Fl t Ar fs-type 62.Ar image-file 63.Ar directory | manifest 64.Op Ar extra-directory ... 65.Sh DESCRIPTION 66The utility 67.Nm 68creates a file system image into 69.Ar image-file 70from the directory tree 71.Ar directory 72or from the mtree manifest 73.Ar manifest . 74If any optional directory trees are passed in the 75.Ar extra-directory 76arguments, then the directory tree of each argument will be merged 77into the 78.Ar directory 79or 80.Ar manifest 81first before creating 82.Ar image-file . 83No special devices or privileges are required to perform this task. 84.Pp 85The options are as follows: 86.Bl -tag -width flag 87.It Fl B Ar endian 88Set the byte order of the image to 89.Ar endian . 90Valid byte orders are 91.Ql 4321 , 92.Ql big , 93or 94.Ql be 95for big endian, and 96.Ql 1234 , 97.Ql little , 98or 99.Ql le 100for little endian. 101Some file systems may have a fixed byte order; in those cases this 102argument will be ignored. 103.It Fl b Ar free-blocks 104Ensure that a minimum of 105.Ar free-blocks 106free blocks exist in the image. 107An optional 108.Ql % 109suffix may be provided to indicate that 110.Ar free-blocks 111indicates a percentage of the calculated image size. 112.It Fl D 113Treat duplicate paths in an mtree manifest as warnings not error. 114.It Fl d Ar debug-mask 115Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are 116set in 117.Ar debug-mask . 118XXX: document these 119.It Fl F Ar mtree-specfile 120.Em This is almost certainly not the option you are looking for. 121To create an image from a list of files in an mtree format manifest, 122specify it as the last argument on the commandline, not as a the 123argument to 124.Fl F . 125.Pp 126Use 127.Ar mtree-specfile 128as an 129.Xr mtree 8 130.Sq specfile 131specification. 132This option has no effect when the image is created from a mtree manifest 133rather than a directory. 134.Pp 135If a specfile entry exists in the underlying file system, its 136permissions and modification time will be used unless specifically 137overridden by the specfile. 138An error will be raised if the type of entry in the specfile 139conflicts with that of an existing entry. 140.Pp 141In the opposite case (where a specfile entry does not have an entry 142in the underlying file system) the following occurs: 143If the specfile entry is marked 144.Sy optional , 145the specfile entry is ignored. 146Otherwise, the entry will be created in the image, and it is 147necessary to specify at least the following parameters in the 148specfile: 149.Sy type , 150.Sy mode , 151.Sy gname , 152or 153.Sy gid , 154and 155.Sy uname 156or 157.Sy uid , 158and 159.Sy link 160(in the case of symbolic links). 161If 162.Sy time 163isn't provided, the current time will be used. 164If 165.Sy flags 166isn't provided, the current file flags will be used. 167Missing regular file entries will be created as zero-length files. 168.It Fl f Ar free-files 169Ensure that a minimum of 170.Ar free-files 171free files (inodes) exist in the image. 172An optional 173.Ql % 174suffix may be provided to indicate that 175.Ar free-files 176indicates a percentage of the calculated image size. 177.It Fl M Ar minimum-size 178Set the minimum size of the file system image to 179.Ar minimum-size . 180.It Fl m Ar maximum-size 181Set the maximum size of the file system image to 182.Ar maximum-size . 183An error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger 184than this to accommodate the provided directory tree. 185.It Fl N Ar userdb-dir 186Use the user database text file 187.Pa master.passwd 188and group database text file 189.Pa group 190from 191.Ar userdb-dir , 192rather than using the results from the system's 193.Xr getpwnam 3 194and 195.Xr getgrnam 3 196(and related) library calls. 197.It Fl O Ar offset 198Instead of creating the filesystem at the beginning of the file, start 199at offset. 200Valid only for 201.Sy ffs . 202.It Fl o Ar fs-options 203Set file system specific options. 204.Ar fs-options 205is a comma separated list of options. 206Valid file system specific options are detailed below. 207.It Fl p 208Deprecated. 209See the 210.Fl Z 211flag. 212.It Fl R Ar roundup-size 213Round the image up to 214.Ar roundup-size . 215.Ar roundup-size 216should be a multiple of the file system block size. 217This option only applies to the 218.Sy ffs 219file system type. 220.It Fl S Ar sector-size 221Set the file system sector size to 222.Ar sector-size . 223.\" XXX: next line also true for cd9660? 224Defaults to 512. 225.It Fl s Ar image-size 226Set the size of the file system image to 227.Ar image-size . 228.It Fl T Ar timestamp 229Specify a timestamp to be set for all filesystem files and directories 230created so that repeatable builds are possible. 231The 232.Ar timestamp 233can be a 234.Pa pathname , 235where the timestamps are derived from that file, or an integer 236value interpreted as the number of seconds from the Epoch. 237Note that timestamps specified in an 238.Xr mtree 5 239spec file, override the default timestamp. 240.It Fl t Ar fs-type 241Create an 242.Ar fs-type 243file system image. 244The following file system types are supported: 245.Bl -tag -width cd9660 -offset indent 246.It Sy ffs 247BSD fast file system (default). 248.It Sy cd9660 249ISO 9660 file system. 250.El 251.It Fl x 252Exclude file system nodes not explicitly listed in the specfile. 253.It Fl Z 254Create a sparse file for 255.Sy ffs . 256This is useful for virtual machine images. 257.El 258.Pp 259Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected. 260Two or more numbers may be separated by an 261.Dq x 262to indicate a product. 263Each number may have one of the following optional suffixes: 264.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact 265.It b 266Block; multiply by 512 267.It k 268Kibi; multiply by 1024 (1 KiB) 269.It m 270Mebi; multiply by 1048576 (1 MiB) 271.It g 272Gibi; multiply by 1073741824 (1 GiB) 273.It t 274Tebi; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TiB) 275.It w 276Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer 277.El 278.\" 279.\" 280.Ss FFS-specific options 281.Sy ffs 282images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided. 283Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign 284.Pq Ql = , 285and a value. 286The following keywords are supported: 287.Pp 288.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact 289.It Sy avgfilesize 290Expected average file size. 291.It Sy avgfpdir 292Expected number of files per directory. 293.It Sy bsize 294Block size. 295.It Sy density 296Bytes per inode. 297.It Sy fsize 298Fragment size. 299.It Sy label 300Label name of the image. 301.It Sy maxbpg 302Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group. 303.It Sy minfree 304Minimum % free. 305.It Sy optimization 306Optimization preference; one of 307.Ql space 308or 309.Ql time . 310.\".It Sy extent 311.\"Maximum extent size. 312.It Sy maxbpcg 313Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group. 314.It Sy version 315UFS version. 3161 for FFS (default and the only supported value). 317.\", 2 for UFS2. 318.It Sy softupdates 3190 for disable (default), 1 for enable 320.El 321.Ss CD9660-specific options 322.Sy cd9660 323images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be 324provided. 325The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal sign 326.Pq Ql = , 327and a value. 328The following keywords are supported: 329.Pp 330.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact 331.It Sy allow-deep-trees 332Allow the directory structure to exceed the maximum specified in 333the spec. 334.It Sy allow-illegal-chars 335Allow illegal characters in filenames. This option is not implemented. 336.It Sy allow-lowercase 337Allow lowercase characters in filenames. This option is not implemented. 338.It Sy allow-max-name 339Allow 37 instead of 33 characters for filenames by omitting the 340version id. 341.It Sy allow-multidot 342Allow multiple dots in a filename. 343.It Sy applicationid 344Application ID of the image. 345.It Sy archimedes 346Use the 347.Ql ARCHIMEDES 348extension to encode 349.Tn RISC OS 350metadata. 351.It Sy bootimagedir 352Boot image directory. This option is not implemented. 353.It Sy chrp-boot 354Write an MBR partition table to the image to allow older CHRP hardware to 355boot. 356.It Sy boot-load-segment 357Set load segment for the boot image. 358.It Sy bootimage 359Filename of a boot image in the format 360.Dq sysid;filename , 361where 362.Dq sysid 363is one of 364.Ql i386 , 365.Ql mac68k , 366.Ql macppc , 367or 368.Ql powerpc . 369.It Sy generic-bootimage 370Load a generic boot image into the first 32K of the cd9660 image. 371.It Sy hard-disk-boot 372Boot image is a hard disk image. 373.It Sy isolevel 374An integer representing the ISO 9660 interchange level where 375.Dq level 376is either 377.Ql 1 378or 379.Ql 2 . 380.Dq level 381.Ql 3 382is not implemented. 383.It Sy keep-bad-images 384Do not discard images whose write was aborted due to an error. 385For debugging purposes. 386.It Sy label 387Label name of the image. 388.It Sy no-boot 389Boot image is not bootable. 390.It Sy no-emul-boot 391Boot image is a 392.Dq no emulation 393ElTorito image. 394.It Sy no-trailing-padding 395Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs the padding). 396.It Sy omit-trailing-period 397Omit trailing periods in filenames. 398.It Sy platformid 399Set platform ID of section header entry of the boot image. 400.It Sy preparer 401Preparer ID of the image. 402.It Sy publisher 403Publisher ID of the image. 404.It Sy rockridge 405Use RockRidge extensions (for longer filenames, etc.). 406.It Sy verbose 407Turns on verbose output. 408.It Sy volumeid 409Volume set identifier of the image. 410.El 411.Sh SEE ALSO 412.Xr mtree 5 , 413.Xr mtree 8 , 414.Xr newfs 8 415.Sh HISTORY 416The 417.Nm 418utility appeared in 419.Nx 1.6 . 420.Sh AUTHORS 421.An Luke Mewburn 422.Aq Mt lukem@NetBSD.org 423(original program), 424.An Daniel Watt , 425.An Walter Deignan , 426.An Ryan Gabrys , 427.An Alan Perez-Rathke , 428.An Ram Vedam 429(cd9660 support) 430