usr.sbin/zic/zic.c

/*
** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
** 2006-07-17 by Arthur David Olson.
**
** @(#)zic.c	8.19
** $FreeBSD: src/usr.sbin/zic/zic.c,v 1.11 1999/08/28 01:21:20 peter Exp $
** $DragonFly: src/usr.sbin/zic/zic.c,v 1.7 2008/10/19 20:15:58 swildner Exp $
*/

#include <err.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>			/* for umask manifest constants */
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "private.h"
#include "tzfile.h"

#define	ZIC_VERSION	'2'

typedef int_fast64_t	zic_t;

#ifndef ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN
#define ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN	6
#endif /* !defined ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN */

#define MKDIR_UMASK (S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IXUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IXGRP|S_IROTH|S_IXOTH)

/*
** On some ancient hosts, predicates like `isspace(C)' are defined
** only if isascii(C) || C == EOF. Modern hosts obey the C Standard,
** which says they are defined only if C == ((unsigned char) C) || C == EOF.
** Neither the C Standard nor Posix require that `isascii' exist.
** For portability, we check both ancient and modern requirements.
** If isascii is not defined, the isascii check succeeds trivially.
*/
#include "ctype.h"
#ifndef isascii
#define isascii(x) 1
#endif

#define OFFSET_STRLEN_MAXIMUM	(7 + INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM(long))
#define RULE_STRLEN_MAXIMUM	8	/* "Mdd.dd.d" */

#define end(cp)	(strchr((cp), '\0'))

struct rule {
	const char *	r_filename;
	int		r_linenum;
	const char *	r_name;

	int		r_loyear;	/* for example, 1986 */
	int		r_hiyear;	/* for example, 1986 */
	const char *	r_yrtype;
	int		r_lowasnum;
	int		r_hiwasnum;

	int		r_month;	/* 0..11 */

	int		r_dycode;	/* see below */
	int		r_dayofmonth;
	int		r_wday;

	long		r_tod;		/* time from midnight */
	int		r_todisstd;	/* above is standard time if TRUE */
					/* or wall clock time if FALSE */
	int		r_todisgmt;	/* above is GMT if TRUE */
					/* or local time if FALSE */
	long		r_stdoff;	/* offset from standard time */
	const char *	r_abbrvar;	/* variable part of abbreviation */

	int		r_todo;		/* a rule to do (used in outzone) */
	zic_t		r_temp;		/* used in outzone */
};

/*
**	r_dycode		r_dayofmonth	r_wday
*/

#define DC_DOM		0	/* 1..31 */	/* unused */
#define DC_DOWGEQ	1	/* 1..31 */	/* 0..6 (Sun..Sat) */
#define DC_DOWLEQ	2	/* 1..31 */	/* 0..6 (Sun..Sat) */

struct zone {
	const char *	z_filename;
	int		z_linenum;

	const char *	z_name;
	long		z_gmtoff;
	const char *	z_rule;
	const char *	z_format;

	long		z_stdoff;

	struct rule *	z_rules;
	int		z_nrules;

	struct rule	z_untilrule;
	zic_t		z_untiltime;
};

static void	addtt(zic_t starttime, int type);
static int	addtype(long gmtoff, const char *abbr, int isdst,
			int ttisstd, int ttisgmt);
static void	leapadd(zic_t t, int positive, int rolling, int count);
static void	adjleap(void);
static void	associate(void);
static int	ciequal(const char *ap, const char *bp);
static void	convert(long val, char *buf);
static void	convert64(zic_t val, char *buf);
static void	dolink(const char *fromfield, const char *tofield);
static void	doabbr(char *abbr, const char *format,
		       const char *letters, int isdst, int doquotes);
static void	eat(const char *name, int num);
static void	eats(const char *name, int num,
		     const char *rname, int rnum);
static long	eitol(int i);
static void	error(const char *message);
static char **	getfields(char *buf);
static long	gethms(const char *string, const char *errstrng,
		       int signable);
static void	infile(const char *filename);
static void	inleap(char **fields, int nfields);
static void	inlink(char **fields, int nfields);
static void	inrule(char **fields, int nfields);
static int	inzcont(char **fields, int nfields);
static int	inzone(char **fields, int nfields);
static int	inzsub(char **fields, int nfields, int iscont);
static int	is32(zic_t x);
static int	itsabbr(const char *abbr, const char *word);
static int	itsdir(const char *name);
static int	lowerit(int c);
static char *	memcheck(char *tocheck);
static int	mkdirs(char *filename);
static void	newabbr(const char *abbr);
static long	oadd(long t1, long t2);
static void	outzone(const struct zone *zp, int ntzones);
static void	puttzcode(long code, FILE *fp);
static void	puttzcode64(zic_t code, FILE *fp);
static int	rcomp(const void *leftp, const void *rightp);
static zic_t	rpytime(const struct rule *rp, int wantedy);
static void	rulesub(struct rule *rp,
			const char *loyearp, const char *hiyearp,
			const char *typep, const char *monthp,
			const char *dayp, const char *timep);
static int 	stringoffset(char *result, long offset);
static int	stringrule(char *result, const struct rule *rp,
			   long dstoff, long gmtoff);
static void 	stringzone(char *result,
			const struct zone *zp, int ntzones);
static void	setboundaries(void);
static void	setgroup(gid_t *flag, const char *name);
static void	setuser(uid_t *flag, const char *name);
static zic_t	tadd(const zic_t t1, const long t2);
static void	usage(void);
static void	writezone(const char *name, const char *string);
static int	yearistype(int year, const char *type);

static int		charcnt;
static int		errors;
static const char *	filename;
static int		leapcnt;
static int		leapseen;
static int		leapminyear;
static int		leapmaxyear;
static int		linenum;
static int		max_abbrvar_len;
static int		max_format_len;
static zic_t		max_time;
static int		max_year;
static zic_t		min_time;
static int		min_year;
static int		noise;
static const char *	rfilename;
static int		rlinenum;
static int		timecnt;
static int		typecnt;

/*
** Line codes.
*/

#define LC_RULE		0
#define LC_ZONE		1
#define LC_LINK		2
#define LC_LEAP		3

/*
** Which fields are which on a Zone line.
*/

#define ZF_NAME		1
#define ZF_GMTOFF	2
#define ZF_RULE		3
#define ZF_FORMAT	4
#define ZF_TILYEAR	5
#define ZF_TILMONTH	6
#define ZF_TILDAY	7
#define ZF_TILTIME	8
#define ZONE_MINFIELDS	5
#define ZONE_MAXFIELDS	9

/*
** Which fields are which on a Zone continuation line.
*/

#define ZFC_GMTOFF	0
#define ZFC_RULE	1
#define ZFC_FORMAT	2
#define ZFC_TILYEAR	3
#define ZFC_TILMONTH	4
#define ZFC_TILDAY	5
#define ZFC_TILTIME	6
#define ZONEC_MINFIELDS	3
#define ZONEC_MAXFIELDS	7

/*
** Which files are which on a Rule line.
*/

#define RF_NAME		1
#define RF_LOYEAR	2
#define RF_HIYEAR	3
#define RF_COMMAND	4
#define RF_MONTH	5
#define RF_DAY		6
#define RF_TOD		7
#define RF_STDOFF	8
#define RF_ABBRVAR	9
#define RULE_FIELDS	10

/*
** Which fields are which on a Link line.
*/

#define LF_FROM		1
#define LF_TO		2
#define LINK_FIELDS	3

/*
** Which fields are which on a Leap line.
*/

#define LP_YEAR		1
#define LP_MONTH	2
#define LP_DAY		3
#define LP_TIME		4
#define LP_CORR		5
#define LP_ROLL		6
#define LEAP_FIELDS	7

/*
** Year synonyms.
*/

#define YR_MINIMUM	0
#define YR_MAXIMUM	1
#define YR_ONLY		2

static struct rule *	rules;
static int		nrules;	/* number of rules */

static struct zone *	zones;
static int		nzones;	/* number of zones */

struct link {
	const char *	l_filename;
	int		l_linenum;
	const char *	l_from;
	const char *	l_to;
};

static struct link *	links;
static int		nlinks;

struct lookup {
	const char *	l_word;
	const int	l_value;
};

static struct lookup const	*byword(const char *string,
					const struct lookup *lp);

static struct lookup const	line_codes[] = {
	{ "Rule",	LC_RULE },
	{ "Zone",	LC_ZONE },
	{ "Link",	LC_LINK },
	{ "Leap",	LC_LEAP },
	{ NULL,		0}
};

static struct lookup const	mon_names[] = {
	{ "January",	TM_JANUARY },
	{ "February",	TM_FEBRUARY },
	{ "March",	TM_MARCH },
	{ "April",	TM_APRIL },
	{ "May",	TM_MAY },
	{ "June",	TM_JUNE },
	{ "July",	TM_JULY },
	{ "August",	TM_AUGUST },
	{ "September",	TM_SEPTEMBER },
	{ "October",	TM_OCTOBER },
	{ "November",	TM_NOVEMBER },
	{ "December",	TM_DECEMBER },
	{ NULL,		0 }
};

static struct lookup const	wday_names[] = {
	{ "Sunday",	TM_SUNDAY },
	{ "Monday",	TM_MONDAY },
	{ "Tuesday",	TM_TUESDAY },
	{ "Wednesday",	TM_WEDNESDAY },
	{ "Thursday",	TM_THURSDAY },
	{ "Friday",	TM_FRIDAY },
	{ "Saturday",	TM_SATURDAY },
	{ NULL,		0 }
};

static struct lookup const	lasts[] = {
	{ "last-Sunday",	TM_SUNDAY },
	{ "last-Monday",	TM_MONDAY },
	{ "last-Tuesday",	TM_TUESDAY },
	{ "last-Wednesday",	TM_WEDNESDAY },
	{ "last-Thursday",	TM_THURSDAY },
	{ "last-Friday",	TM_FRIDAY },
	{ "last-Saturday",	TM_SATURDAY },
	{ NULL,			0 }
};

static struct lookup const	begin_years[] = {
	{ "minimum",	YR_MINIMUM },
	{ "maximum",	YR_MAXIMUM },
	{ NULL,		0 }
};

static struct lookup const	end_years[] = {
	{ "minimum",	YR_MINIMUM },
	{ "maximum",	YR_MAXIMUM },
	{ "only",	YR_ONLY },
	{ NULL,		0 }
};

static struct lookup const	leap_types[] = {
	{ "Rolling",	TRUE },
	{ "Stationary",	FALSE },
	{ NULL,		0 }
};

static const int	len_months[2][MONSPERYEAR] = {
	{ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 },
	{ 31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 }
};

static const int	len_years[2] = {
	DAYSPERNYEAR, DAYSPERLYEAR
};

static struct attype {
	zic_t		at;
	unsigned char	type;
}			attypes[TZ_MAX_TIMES];
static long		gmtoffs[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
static char		isdsts[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
static unsigned char	abbrinds[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
static char		ttisstds[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
static char		ttisgmts[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
static char		chars[TZ_MAX_CHARS];
static zic_t		trans[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
static long		corr[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
static char		roll[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];

/*
** Memory allocation.
*/

static char *
memcheck(char * const ptr)
{
	if (ptr == NULL)
		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, _("memory exhausted"));
	return ptr;
}

#define emalloc(size)		memcheck(imalloc(size))
#define erealloc(ptr, size)	memcheck(irealloc((ptr), (size)))
#define ecpyalloc(ptr)		memcheck(icpyalloc(ptr))
#define ecatalloc(oldp, newp)	memcheck(icatalloc((oldp), (newp)))

/*
** Error handling.
*/

static void
eats(const char * const name, const int num,
     const char * const rname, const int rnum)
{
	filename = name;
	linenum = num;
	rfilename = rname;
	rlinenum = rnum;
}

static void
eat(const char * const name, const int num)
{
	eats(name, num, NULL, -1);
}

static void
error(const char * const string)
{
	/*
	** Match the format of "cc" to allow sh users to
	**	zic ... 2>&1 | error -t "*" -v
	** on BSD systems.
	*/
	fprintf(stderr, _("\"%s\", line %d: %s"),
		filename, linenum, string);
	if (rfilename != NULL)
		fprintf(stderr, _(" (rule from \"%s\", line %d)"),
			rfilename, rlinenum);
	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
	++errors;
}

static void
warning(const char * const string)
{
	char *	cp;

	cp = ecpyalloc(_("warning: "));
	cp = ecatalloc(cp, string);
	error(cp);
	ifree(cp);
	--errors;
}

static void
usage(void)
{
	fprintf(stderr, "%s\n%s\n",
_("usage: zic [-v] [-l localtime] [-p posixrules] [-d directory]"),
_("           [-L leapseconds] [-y yearistype] [filename ...]"));
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static const char *	psxrules;
static const char *	lcltime;
static const char *	directory;
static const char *	leapsec;
static const char *	yitcommand;
static int		Dflag;
static uid_t		uflag = (uid_t)-1;
static gid_t		gflag = (gid_t)-1;
static mode_t		mflag = (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH
				 | S_IWUSR);

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int i;
	int j;
	int c;

#ifdef unix
	umask(umask(S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH) | (S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH));
#endif /* defined unix */
	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "Dd:g:l:m:p:L:u:vsy:")) != -1)
		switch (c) {
			default:
				usage();
			case 'D':
				Dflag = 1;
				break;
			case 'd':
				if (directory == NULL)
					directory = optarg;
				else
					errx(EXIT_FAILURE,
_("more than one -d option specified"));
				break;
			case 'g':
				setgroup(&gflag, optarg);
				break;
			case 'l':
				if (lcltime == NULL)
					lcltime = optarg;
				else
					errx(EXIT_FAILURE,
_("more than one -l option specified"));
				break;
			case 'm':
			{
				void *set = setmode(optarg);
				getmode(set, mflag);
				break;
			}
			case 'p':
				if (psxrules == NULL)
					psxrules = optarg;
				else
					errx(EXIT_FAILURE,
_("more than one -p option specified"));
				break;
			case 'u':
				setuser(&uflag, optarg);
				break;
			case 'y':
				if (yitcommand == NULL)
					yitcommand = optarg;
				else
					errx(EXIT_FAILURE,
_("more than one -y option specified"));
				break;
			case 'L':
				if (leapsec == NULL)
					leapsec = optarg;
				else
					errx(EXIT_FAILURE,
_("more than one -L option specified"));
				break;
			case 'v':
				noise = TRUE;
				break;
			case 's':
				warnx(_("-s ignored\n"));
				break;
		}
	if (optind == argc - 1 && strcmp(argv[optind], "=") == 0)
		usage();	/* usage message by request */
	if (directory == NULL)
		directory = TZDIR;
	if (yitcommand == NULL)
		yitcommand = "yearistype";

	setboundaries();

	if (optind < argc && leapsec != NULL) {
		infile(leapsec);
		adjleap();
	}

	for (i = optind; i < argc; ++i)
		infile(argv[i]);
	if (errors)
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	associate();
	for (i = 0; i < nzones; i = j) {
		/*
		** Find the next non-continuation zone entry.
		*/
		for (j = i + 1; j < nzones && zones[j].z_name == NULL; ++j)
			continue;
		outzone(&zones[i], j - i);
	}
	/*
	** Make links.
	*/
	for (i = 0; i < nlinks; ++i) {
		eat(links[i].l_filename, links[i].l_linenum);
		dolink(links[i].l_from, links[i].l_to);
		if (noise)
			for (j = 0; j < nlinks; ++j)
				if (strcmp(links[i].l_to,
					links[j].l_from) == 0)
						warning(_("link to link"));
	}
	if (lcltime != NULL) {
		eat("command line", 1);
		dolink(lcltime, TZDEFAULT);
	}
	if (psxrules != NULL) {
		eat("command line", 1);
		dolink(psxrules, TZDEFRULES);
	}
	return (errors == 0) ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
}

static void
dolink(const char * const fromfield, const char * const tofield)
{
	char *fromname;
	char *toname;

	if (fromfield[0] == '/')
		fromname = ecpyalloc(fromfield);
	else {
		fromname = ecpyalloc(directory);
		fromname = ecatalloc(fromname, "/");
		fromname = ecatalloc(fromname, fromfield);
	}
	if (tofield[0] == '/')
		toname = ecpyalloc(tofield);
	else {
		toname = ecpyalloc(directory);
		toname = ecatalloc(toname, "/");
		toname = ecatalloc(toname, tofield);
	}
	/*
	** We get to be careful here since
	** there's a fair chance of root running us.
	*/
	if (!itsdir(toname))
		remove(toname);
	if (link(fromname, toname) != 0) {
		int	result;

		if (mkdirs(toname) != 0)
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

		result = link(fromname, toname);
		if (result != 0 &&
			access(fromname, F_OK) == 0 &&
			!itsdir(fromname)) {
				const char *s = tofield;
				char * symlinkcontents = NULL;

				while ((s = strchr(s+1, '/')) != NULL)
					symlinkcontents =
						ecatalloc(symlinkcontents,
						"../");
				symlinkcontents =
					ecatalloc(symlinkcontents,
					fromname);
				result = symlink(symlinkcontents,
					toname);
				if (result == 0)
warning(_("hard link failed, symbolic link used"));
				ifree(symlinkcontents);
		}
		if (result != 0) {
			err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("can't link from %s to %s"),
			    fromname, toname);
		}
	}
	ifree(fromname);
	ifree(toname);
}

#define TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE	64

static void
setboundaries(void)
{
	int	i;

	min_time = -1;
	for (i = 0; i < TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE - 1; ++i)
		min_time *= 2;
	max_time = -(min_time + 1);
}

static int
itsdir(const char * const name)
{
	char *	myname;
	int	accres;

	myname = ecpyalloc(name);
	myname = ecatalloc(myname, "/.");
	accres = access(myname, F_OK);
	ifree(myname);
	return accres == 0;
}

/*
** Associate sets of rules with zones.
*/

/*
** Sort by rule name.
*/

static int
rcomp(const void *cp1, const void *cp2)
{
	return strcmp(((const struct rule *) cp1)->r_name,
		((const struct rule *) cp2)->r_name);
}

static void
associate(void)
{
	struct zone *zp;
	struct rule *rp;
	int base, out;
	int i, j;

	if (nrules != 0) {
		qsort((void *) rules, (size_t) nrules,
			(size_t) sizeof *rules, rcomp);
		for (i = 0; i < nrules - 1; ++i) {
			if (strcmp(rules[i].r_name,
				rules[i + 1].r_name) != 0)
					continue;
			if (strcmp(rules[i].r_filename,
				rules[i + 1].r_filename) == 0)
					continue;
			eat(rules[i].r_filename, rules[i].r_linenum);
			warning(_("same rule name in multiple files"));
			eat(rules[i + 1].r_filename, rules[i + 1].r_linenum);
			warning(_("same rule name in multiple files"));
			for (j = i + 2; j < nrules; ++j) {
				if (strcmp(rules[i].r_name,
					rules[j].r_name) != 0)
						break;
				if (strcmp(rules[i].r_filename,
					rules[j].r_filename) == 0)
						continue;
				if (strcmp(rules[i + 1].r_filename,
					rules[j].r_filename) == 0)
						continue;
				break;
			}
			i = j - 1;
		}
	}
	for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i) {
		zp = &zones[i];
		zp->z_rules = NULL;
		zp->z_nrules = 0;
	}
	for (base = 0; base < nrules; base = out) {
		rp = &rules[base];
		for (out = base + 1; out < nrules; ++out)
			if (strcmp(rp->r_name, rules[out].r_name) != 0)
				break;
		for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i) {
			zp = &zones[i];
			if (strcmp(zp->z_rule, rp->r_name) != 0)
				continue;
			zp->z_rules = rp;
			zp->z_nrules = out - base;
		}
	}
	for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i) {
		zp = &zones[i];
		if (zp->z_nrules == 0) {
			/*
			** Maybe we have a local standard time offset.
			*/
			eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
			zp->z_stdoff = gethms(zp->z_rule, _("unruly zone"),
				TRUE);
			/*
			** Note, though, that if there's no rule,
			** a '%s' in the format is a bad thing.
			*/
			if (strchr(zp->z_format, '%') != 0)
				error(_("%s in ruleless zone"));
		}
	}
	if (errors)
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static void
infile(const char *name)
{
	FILE *fp;
	char **fields;
	char *cp;
	const struct lookup *lp;
	int nfields;
	int wantcont;
	int num;
	char buf[BUFSIZ];

	if (strcmp(name, "-") == 0) {
		name = _("standard input");
		fp = stdin;
	} else if ((fp = fopen(name, "r")) == NULL)
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("can't open %s"), name);
	wantcont = FALSE;
	for (num = 1; ; ++num) {
		eat(name, num);
		if (fgets(buf, (int) sizeof buf, fp) != buf)
			break;
		cp = strchr(buf, '\n');
		if (cp == NULL) {
			error(_("line too long"));
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
		*cp = '\0';
		fields = getfields(buf);
		nfields = 0;
		while (fields[nfields] != NULL) {
			static char	nada;

			if (strcmp(fields[nfields], "-") == 0)
				fields[nfields] = &nada;
			++nfields;
		}
		if (nfields == 0) {
			/* nothing to do */
		} else if (wantcont) {
			wantcont = inzcont(fields, nfields);
		} else {
			lp = byword(fields[0], line_codes);
			if (lp == NULL)
				error(_("input line of unknown type"));
			else switch ((int) (lp->l_value)) {
				case LC_RULE:
					inrule(fields, nfields);
					wantcont = FALSE;
					break;
				case LC_ZONE:
					wantcont = inzone(fields, nfields);
					break;
				case LC_LINK:
					inlink(fields, nfields);
					wantcont = FALSE;
					break;
				case LC_LEAP:
					if (name != leapsec)
						warnx(
_("leap line in non leap seconds file %s"), name);
					else	inleap(fields, nfields);
					wantcont = FALSE;
					break;
				default:	/* "cannot happen" */
					errx(EXIT_FAILURE,
_("panic: invalid l_value %d"), lp->l_value);
			}
		}
		ifree((char *) fields);
	}
	if (ferror(fp))
		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, _("error reading %s"), filename);
	if (fp != stdin && fclose(fp))
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("error closing %s"), filename);
	if (wantcont)
		error(_("expected continuation line not found"));
}

/*
** Convert a string of one of the forms
**	h	-h	hh:mm	-hh:mm	hh:mm:ss	-hh:mm:ss
** into a number of seconds.
** A null string maps to zero.
** Call error with errstring and return zero on errors.
*/

static long
gethms(const char *string, const char * const errstring, const int signable)
{
	long	hh;
	int	mm, ss, sign;

	if (string == NULL || *string == '\0')
		return 0;
	if (!signable)
		sign = 1;
	else if (*string == '-') {
		sign = -1;
		++string;
	} else	sign = 1;
	if (sscanf(string, scheck(string, "%ld"), &hh) == 1)
		mm = ss = 0;
	else if (sscanf(string, scheck(string, "%ld:%d"), &hh, &mm) == 2)
		ss = 0;
	else if (sscanf(string, scheck(string, "%ld:%d:%d"),
		&hh, &mm, &ss) != 3) {
			error(errstring);
			return 0;
	}
	if (hh < 0 ||
		mm < 0 || mm >= MINSPERHOUR ||
		ss < 0 || ss > SECSPERMIN) {
			error(errstring);
			return 0;
	}
	if (LONG_MAX / SECSPERHOUR < hh) {
		error(_("time overflow"));
		return 0;
	}
	if (noise && hh == HOURSPERDAY && mm == 0 && ss == 0)
		warning(_("24:00 not handled by pre-1998 versions of zic"));
	if (noise && (hh > HOURSPERDAY ||
		(hh == HOURSPERDAY && (mm != 0 || ss != 0))))
warning(_("values over 24 hours not handled by pre-2007 versions of zic"));
	return oadd(eitol(sign) * hh * eitol(SECSPERHOUR),
		    eitol(sign) * (eitol(mm) * eitol(SECSPERMIN) + eitol(ss)));
}

static void
inrule(char ** const fields, const int nfields)
{
	static struct rule	r;

	if (nfields != RULE_FIELDS) {
		error(_("wrong number of fields on Rule line"));
		return;
	}
	if (*fields[RF_NAME] == '\0') {
		error(_("nameless rule"));
		return;
	}
	r.r_filename = filename;
	r.r_linenum = linenum;
	r.r_stdoff = gethms(fields[RF_STDOFF], _("invalid saved time"), TRUE);
	rulesub(&r, fields[RF_LOYEAR], fields[RF_HIYEAR], fields[RF_COMMAND],
		fields[RF_MONTH], fields[RF_DAY], fields[RF_TOD]);
	r.r_name = ecpyalloc(fields[RF_NAME]);
	r.r_abbrvar = ecpyalloc(fields[RF_ABBRVAR]);
	if (max_abbrvar_len < strlen(r.r_abbrvar))
		max_abbrvar_len = strlen(r.r_abbrvar);
	rules = (struct rule *) (void *) erealloc((char *) rules,
		(int) ((nrules + 1) * sizeof *rules));
	rules[nrules++] = r;
}

static int
inzone(char ** const fields, const int nfields)
{
	int i;
	static char *buf;

	if (nfields < ZONE_MINFIELDS || nfields > ZONE_MAXFIELDS) {
		error(_("wrong number of fields on Zone line"));
		return FALSE;
	}
	if (strcmp(fields[ZF_NAME], TZDEFAULT) == 0 && lcltime != NULL) {
		buf = erealloc(buf, (int) (132 + strlen(TZDEFAULT)));
		sprintf(buf,
_("\"Zone %s\" line and -l option are mutually exclusive"),
			TZDEFAULT);
		error(buf);
		return FALSE;
	}
	if (strcmp(fields[ZF_NAME], TZDEFRULES) == 0 && psxrules != NULL) {
		buf = erealloc(buf, (int) (132 + strlen(TZDEFRULES)));
		sprintf(buf,
_("\"Zone %s\" line and -p option are mutually exclusive"),
			TZDEFRULES);
		error(buf);
		return FALSE;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i)
		if (zones[i].z_name != NULL &&
			strcmp(zones[i].z_name, fields[ZF_NAME]) == 0) {
				buf = erealloc(buf, (int) (132 +
					strlen(fields[ZF_NAME]) +
					strlen(zones[i].z_filename)));
				sprintf(buf,
_("duplicate zone name %s (file \"%s\", line %d)"),
					fields[ZF_NAME],
					zones[i].z_filename,
					zones[i].z_linenum);
				error(buf);
				return FALSE;
		}
	return inzsub(fields, nfields, FALSE);
}

static int
inzcont(char ** const fields, const int nfields)
{
	if (nfields < ZONEC_MINFIELDS || nfields > ZONEC_MAXFIELDS) {
		error(_("wrong number of fields on Zone continuation line"));
		return FALSE;
	}
	return inzsub(fields, nfields, TRUE);
}

static int
inzsub(char ** const fields, const int nfields, const int iscont)
{
	char *cp;
	static struct zone z;
	int i_gmtoff, i_rule, i_format;
	int i_untilyear, i_untilmonth;
	int i_untilday, i_untiltime;
	int hasuntil;

	if (iscont) {
		i_gmtoff = ZFC_GMTOFF;
		i_rule = ZFC_RULE;
		i_format = ZFC_FORMAT;
		i_untilyear = ZFC_TILYEAR;
		i_untilmonth = ZFC_TILMONTH;
		i_untilday = ZFC_TILDAY;
		i_untiltime = ZFC_TILTIME;
		z.z_name = NULL;
	} else {
		i_gmtoff = ZF_GMTOFF;
		i_rule = ZF_RULE;
		i_format = ZF_FORMAT;
		i_untilyear = ZF_TILYEAR;
		i_untilmonth = ZF_TILMONTH;
		i_untilday = ZF_TILDAY;
		i_untiltime = ZF_TILTIME;
		z.z_name = ecpyalloc(fields[ZF_NAME]);
	}
	z.z_filename = filename;
	z.z_linenum = linenum;
	z.z_gmtoff = gethms(fields[i_gmtoff], _("invalid UTC offset"), TRUE);
	if ((cp = strchr(fields[i_format], '%')) != 0) {
		if (*++cp != 's' || strchr(cp, '%') != 0) {
			error(_("invalid abbreviation format"));
			return FALSE;
		}
	}
	z.z_rule = ecpyalloc(fields[i_rule]);
	z.z_format = ecpyalloc(fields[i_format]);
	if (max_format_len < strlen(z.z_format))
		max_format_len = strlen(z.z_format);
	hasuntil = nfields > i_untilyear;
	if (hasuntil) {
		z.z_untilrule.r_filename = filename;
		z.z_untilrule.r_linenum = linenum;
		rulesub(&z.z_untilrule,
			fields[i_untilyear],
			"only",
			"",
			(nfields > i_untilmonth) ?
			fields[i_untilmonth] : "Jan",
			(nfields > i_untilday) ? fields[i_untilday] : "1",
			(nfields > i_untiltime) ? fields[i_untiltime] : "0");
		z.z_untiltime = rpytime(&z.z_untilrule,
			z.z_untilrule.r_loyear);
		if (iscont && nzones > 0 &&
			z.z_untiltime > min_time &&
			z.z_untiltime < max_time &&
			zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime > min_time &&
			zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime < max_time &&
			zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime >= z.z_untiltime) {
				error(_(
"Zone continuation line end time is not after end time of previous line"
					));
				return FALSE;
		}
	}
	zones = (struct zone *) (void *) erealloc((char *) zones,
		(int) ((nzones + 1) * sizeof *zones));
	zones[nzones++] = z;
	/*
	** If there was an UNTIL field on this line,
	** there's more information about the zone on the next line.
	*/
	return hasuntil;
}

static void
inleap(char ** const fields, const int nfields)
{
	const char *cp;
	const struct lookup *lp;
	int i, j;
	int year, month, day;
	long dayoff, tod;
	zic_t t;

	if (nfields != LEAP_FIELDS) {
		error(_("wrong number of fields on Leap line"));
		return;
	}
	dayoff = 0;
	cp = fields[LP_YEAR];
	if (sscanf(cp, scheck(cp, "%d"), &year) != 1) {
		/*
		** Leapin' Lizards!
		*/
		error(_("invalid leaping year"));
		return;
	}
	if (!leapseen || leapmaxyear < year)
		leapmaxyear = year;
	if (!leapseen || leapminyear > year)
		leapminyear = year;
	leapseen = TRUE;
	j = EPOCH_YEAR;
	while (j != year) {
		if (year > j) {
			i = len_years[isleap(j)];
			++j;
		} else {
			--j;
			i = -len_years[isleap(j)];
		}
		dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
	}
	if ((lp = byword(fields[LP_MONTH], mon_names)) == NULL) {
		error(_("invalid month name"));
		return;
	}
	month = lp->l_value;
	j = TM_JANUARY;
	while (j != month) {
		i = len_months[isleap(year)][j];
		dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
		++j;
	}
	cp = fields[LP_DAY];
	if (sscanf(cp, scheck(cp, "%d"), &day) != 1 ||
		day <= 0 || day > len_months[isleap(year)][month]) {
			error(_("invalid day of month"));
			return;
	}
	dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(day - 1));
	if (dayoff < 0 && !TYPE_SIGNED(zic_t)) {
		error(_("time before zero"));
		return;
	}
	if (dayoff < min_time / SECSPERDAY) {
		error(_("time too small"));
		return;
	}
	if (dayoff > max_time / SECSPERDAY) {
		error(_("time too large"));
		return;
	}
	t = (zic_t) dayoff * SECSPERDAY;
	tod = gethms(fields[LP_TIME], _("invalid time of day"), FALSE);
	cp = fields[LP_CORR];
	{
		int positive;
		int count;

		if (strcmp(cp, "") == 0) { /* infile() turns "-" into "" */
			positive = FALSE;
			count = 1;
		} else if (strcmp(cp, "--") == 0) {
			positive = FALSE;
			count = 2;
		} else if (strcmp(cp, "+") == 0) {
			positive = TRUE;
			count = 1;
		} else if (strcmp(cp, "++") == 0) {
			positive = TRUE;
			count = 2;
		} else {
			error(_("illegal CORRECTION field on Leap line"));
			return;
		}
		if ((lp = byword(fields[LP_ROLL], leap_types)) == NULL) {
			error(_(
				"illegal Rolling/Stationary field on Leap line"
				));
			return;
		}
		leapadd(tadd(t, tod), positive, lp->l_value, count);
	}
}

static void
inlink(char ** const fields, const int nfields)
{
	struct link	l;

	if (nfields != LINK_FIELDS) {
		error(_("wrong number of fields on Link line"));
		return;
	}
	if (*fields[LF_FROM] == '\0') {
		error(_("blank FROM field on Link line"));
		return;
	}
	if (*fields[LF_TO] == '\0') {
		error(_("blank TO field on Link line"));
		return;
	}
	l.l_filename = filename;
	l.l_linenum = linenum;
	l.l_from = ecpyalloc(fields[LF_FROM]);
	l.l_to = ecpyalloc(fields[LF_TO]);
	links = (struct link *) (void *) erealloc((char *) links,
		(int) ((nlinks + 1) * sizeof *links));
	links[nlinks++] = l;
}

static void
rulesub(struct rule * const rp,
	const char * const loyearp,
	const char * const hiyearp,
	const char * const typep,
	const char * const monthp,
	const char * const dayp,
	const char * const timep)
{
	const struct lookup *lp;
	const char *cp;
	char *dp;
	char *ep;

	if ((lp = byword(monthp, mon_names)) == NULL) {
		error(_("invalid month name"));
		return;
	}
	rp->r_month = lp->l_value;
	rp->r_todisstd = FALSE;
	rp->r_todisgmt = FALSE;
	dp = ecpyalloc(timep);
	if (*dp != '\0') {
		ep = dp + strlen(dp) - 1;
		switch (lowerit(*ep)) {
			case 's':	/* Standard */
				rp->r_todisstd = TRUE;
				rp->r_todisgmt = FALSE;
				*ep = '\0';
				break;
			case 'w':	/* Wall */
				rp->r_todisstd = FALSE;
				rp->r_todisgmt = FALSE;
				*ep = '\0';
				break;
			case 'g':	/* Greenwich */
			case 'u':	/* Universal */
			case 'z':	/* Zulu */
				rp->r_todisstd = TRUE;
				rp->r_todisgmt = TRUE;
				*ep = '\0';
				break;
		}
	}
	rp->r_tod = gethms(dp, _("invalid time of day"), FALSE);
	ifree(dp);
	/*
	** Year work.
	*/
	cp = loyearp;
	lp = byword(cp, begin_years);
	rp->r_lowasnum = lp == NULL;
	if (!rp->r_lowasnum) switch ((int) lp->l_value) {
		case YR_MINIMUM:
			rp->r_loyear = INT_MIN;
			break;
		case YR_MAXIMUM:
			rp->r_loyear = INT_MAX;
			break;
		default:	/* "cannot happen" */
			errx(EXIT_FAILURE,
				_("panic: invalid l_value %d"), lp->l_value);
	} else if (sscanf(cp, scheck(cp, "%d"), &rp->r_loyear) != 1) {
		error(_("invalid starting year"));
		return;
	}
	cp = hiyearp;
	lp = byword(cp, end_years);
	rp->r_hiwasnum = lp == NULL;
	if (!rp->r_hiwasnum) switch ((int) lp->l_value) {
		case YR_MINIMUM:
			rp->r_hiyear = INT_MIN;
			break;
		case YR_MAXIMUM:
			rp->r_hiyear = INT_MAX;
			break;
		case YR_ONLY:
			rp->r_hiyear = rp->r_loyear;
			break;
		default:	/* "cannot happen" */
			errx(EXIT_FAILURE,
				_("panic: invalid l_value %d"), lp->l_value);
	} else if (sscanf(cp, scheck(cp, "%d"), &rp->r_hiyear) != 1) {
		error(_("invalid ending year"));
		return;
	}
	if (rp->r_loyear > rp->r_hiyear) {
		error(_("starting year greater than ending year"));
		return;
	}
	if (*typep == '\0')
		rp->r_yrtype = NULL;
	else {
		if (rp->r_loyear == rp->r_hiyear) {
			error(_("typed single year"));
			return;
		}
		rp->r_yrtype = ecpyalloc(typep);
	}
	/*
	** Day work.
	** Accept things such as:
	**	1
	**	last-Sunday
	**	Sun<=20
	**	Sun>=7
	*/
	dp = ecpyalloc(dayp);
	if ((lp = byword(dp, lasts)) != NULL) {
		rp->r_dycode = DC_DOWLEQ;
		rp->r_wday = lp->l_value;
		rp->r_dayofmonth = len_months[1][rp->r_month];
	} else {
		if ((ep = strchr(dp, '<')) != 0)
			rp->r_dycode = DC_DOWLEQ;
		else if ((ep = strchr(dp, '>')) != 0)
			rp->r_dycode = DC_DOWGEQ;
		else {
			ep = dp;
			rp->r_dycode = DC_DOM;
		}
		if (rp->r_dycode != DC_DOM) {
			*ep++ = 0;
			if (*ep++ != '=') {
				error(_("invalid day of month"));
				ifree(dp);
				return;
			}
			if ((lp = byword(dp, wday_names)) == NULL) {
				error(_("invalid weekday name"));
				ifree(dp);
				return;
			}
			rp->r_wday = lp->l_value;
		}
		if (sscanf(ep, scheck(ep, "%d"), &rp->r_dayofmonth) != 1 ||
			rp->r_dayofmonth <= 0 ||
			(rp->r_dayofmonth > len_months[1][rp->r_month])) {
				error(_("invalid day of month"));
				ifree(dp);
				return;
		}
	}
	ifree(dp);
}

static void
convert(const long val, char * const buf)
{
	int i;
	int shift;

	for (i = 0, shift = 24; i < 4; ++i, shift -= 8)
		buf[i] = val >> shift;
}

static void
convert64(const zic_t val, char * const buf)
{
	int	i;
	int	shift;

	for (i = 0, shift = 56; i < 8; ++i, shift -= 8)
		buf[i] = val >> shift;
}

static void
puttzcode(const long val, FILE * const fp)
{
	char	buf[4];

	convert(val, buf);
	fwrite((void *) buf, (size_t) sizeof buf, (size_t) 1, fp);
}

static void
puttzcode64(const zic_t val, FILE * const fp)
{
	char	buf[8];

	convert64(val, buf);
	fwrite((void *) buf, (size_t) sizeof buf, (size_t) 1, fp);
}

static int
atcomp(const void * avp, const void * bvp)
{
	const zic_t	a = ((const struct attype *) avp)->at;
	const zic_t	b = ((const struct attype *) bvp)->at;

	return (a < b) ? -1 : (a > b);
}

static int
is32(const zic_t x)
{
	return INT32_MIN <= x && x <= INT32_MAX;
}

static void
writezone(const char * const name, const char * const string)
{
	FILE *			fp;
	int			i, j;
	int			leapcnt32, leapi32;
	int			timecnt32, timei32;
	int			pass;
	static char *		fullname;
	static const struct tzhead tzh0;
	static struct tzhead	tzh;
	zic_t			ats[TZ_MAX_TIMES];
	unsigned char		types[TZ_MAX_TIMES];

	/*
	** Sort.
	*/
	if (timecnt > 1)
		qsort((void *) attypes, (size_t) timecnt,
			(size_t) sizeof *attypes, atcomp);
	/*
	** Optimize.
	*/
	{
		int	fromi;
		int	toi;

		toi = 0;
		fromi = 0;
		while (fromi < timecnt && attypes[fromi].at < min_time)
			++fromi;
		if (isdsts[0] == 0)
			while (fromi < timecnt && attypes[fromi].type == 0)
				++fromi;	/* handled by default rule */
		for ( ; fromi < timecnt; ++fromi) {
			if (toi != 0 && ((attypes[fromi].at +
				gmtoffs[attypes[toi - 1].type]) <=
				(attypes[toi - 1].at + gmtoffs[toi == 1 ? 0
				: attypes[toi - 2].type]))) {
					attypes[toi - 1].type =
						attypes[fromi].type;
					continue;
			}
			if (toi == 0 ||
				attypes[toi - 1].type != attypes[fromi].type)
					attypes[toi++] = attypes[fromi];
		}
		timecnt = toi;
	}
	/*
	** Transfer.
	*/
	for (i = 0; i < timecnt; ++i) {
		ats[i] = attypes[i].at;
		types[i] = attypes[i].type;
	}
	/*
	** Correct for leap seconds.
	*/
	for (i = 0; i < timecnt; ++i) {
		j = leapcnt;
		while (--j >= 0)
			if (ats[i] > trans[j] - corr[j]) {
				ats[i] = tadd(ats[i], corr[j]);
				break;
			}
	}
	/*
	** Figure out 32-bit-limited starts and counts.
	*/
	timecnt32 = timecnt;
	timei32 = 0;
	leapcnt32 = leapcnt;
	leapi32 = 0;
	while (timecnt32 > 0 && !is32(ats[timecnt32 - 1]))
		--timecnt32;
	while (timecnt32 > 0 && !is32(ats[timei32])) {
		--timecnt32;
		++timei32;
	}
	while (leapcnt32 > 0 && !is32(trans[leapcnt32 - 1]))
		--leapcnt32;
	while (leapcnt32 > 0 && !is32(trans[leapi32])) {
		--leapcnt32;
		++leapi32;
	}
	fullname = erealloc(fullname,
		(int) (strlen(directory) + 1 + strlen(name) + 1));
	sprintf(fullname, "%s/%s", directory, name);
	/*
	** Remove old file, if any, to snap links.
	*/
	if (!itsdir(fullname) && remove(fullname) != 0 && errno != ENOENT)
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("can't remove %s"), fullname);
	if ((fp = fopen(fullname, "wb")) == NULL) {
		if (mkdirs(fullname) != 0)
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		if ((fp = fopen(fullname, "wb")) == NULL)
			err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("can't create %s"), fullname);
	}
	for (pass = 1; pass <= 2; ++pass) {
		int	thistimei, thistimecnt;
		int	thisleapi, thisleapcnt;
		int	thistimelim, thisleaplim;
		int	writetype[TZ_MAX_TIMES];
		int	typemap[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
		int	thistypecnt;
		char	thischars[TZ_MAX_CHARS];
		char	thischarcnt;
		int 	indmap[TZ_MAX_CHARS];

		if (pass == 1) {
			thistimei = timei32;
			thistimecnt = timecnt32;
			thisleapi = leapi32;
			thisleapcnt = leapcnt32;
		} else {
			thistimei = 0;
			thistimecnt = timecnt;
			thisleapi = 0;
			thisleapcnt = leapcnt;
		}
		thistimelim = thistimei + thistimecnt;
		thisleaplim = thisleapi + thisleapcnt;
		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
			writetype[i] = thistimecnt == timecnt;
		if (thistimecnt == 0) {
			/*
			** No transition times fall in the current
			** (32- or 64-bit) window.
			*/
			if (typecnt != 0)
				writetype[typecnt - 1] = TRUE;
		} else {
			for (i = thistimei - 1; i < thistimelim; ++i)
				if (i >= 0)
					writetype[types[i]] = TRUE;
			/*
			** For America/Godthab and Antarctica/Palmer
			*/
			if (thistimei == 0)
				writetype[0] = TRUE;
		}
		thistypecnt = 0;
		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
			typemap[i] = writetype[i] ?  thistypecnt++ : -1;
		for (i = 0; i < sizeof indmap / sizeof indmap[0]; ++i)
			indmap[i] = -1;
		thischarcnt = 0;
		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i) {
			char *	thisabbr;

			if (!writetype[i])
				continue;
			if (indmap[abbrinds[i]] >= 0)
				continue;
			thisabbr = &chars[abbrinds[i]];
			for (j = 0; j < thischarcnt; ++j)
				if (strcmp(&thischars[j], thisabbr) == 0)
					break;
			if (j == thischarcnt) {
				strcpy(&thischars[(int) thischarcnt],
					thisabbr);
				thischarcnt += strlen(thisabbr) + 1;
			}
			indmap[abbrinds[i]] = j;
		}
#define DO(field)	fwrite((void *) tzh.field, \
				(size_t) sizeof tzh.field, (size_t) 1, fp)
		tzh = tzh0;
		strncpy(tzh.tzh_magic, TZ_MAGIC, sizeof tzh.tzh_magic);
		tzh.tzh_version[0] = ZIC_VERSION;
		convert(eitol(thistypecnt), tzh.tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
		convert(eitol(thistypecnt), tzh.tzh_ttisstdcnt);
		convert(eitol(thisleapcnt), tzh.tzh_leapcnt);
		convert(eitol(thistimecnt), tzh.tzh_timecnt);
		convert(eitol(thistypecnt), tzh.tzh_typecnt);
		convert(eitol(thischarcnt), tzh.tzh_charcnt);
		DO(tzh_magic);
		DO(tzh_version);
		DO(tzh_reserved);
		DO(tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
		DO(tzh_ttisstdcnt);
		DO(tzh_leapcnt);
		DO(tzh_timecnt);
		DO(tzh_typecnt);
		DO(tzh_charcnt);
#undef DO
		for (i = thistimei; i < thistimelim; ++i)
			if (pass == 1)
				puttzcode((long) ats[i], fp);
			else	puttzcode64(ats[i], fp);
		for (i = thistimei; i < thistimelim; ++i) {
			unsigned char	uc;

			uc = typemap[types[i]];
			fwrite((void *) &uc,
				(size_t) sizeof uc,
				(size_t) 1,
				fp);
		}
		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
			if (writetype[i]) {
				puttzcode(gmtoffs[i], fp);
				putc(isdsts[i], fp);
				putc((unsigned char) indmap[abbrinds[i]], fp);
			}
		if (thischarcnt != 0)
			fwrite((void *) thischars,
				(size_t) sizeof thischars[0],
				(size_t) thischarcnt, fp);
		for (i = thisleapi; i < thisleaplim; ++i) {
			register zic_t	todo;

			if (roll[i]) {
				if (timecnt == 0 || trans[i] < ats[0]) {
					j = 0;
					while (isdsts[j])
						if (++j >= typecnt) {
							j = 0;
							break;
						}
				} else {
					j = 1;
					while (j < timecnt &&
						trans[i] >= ats[j])
							++j;
					j = types[j - 1];
				}
				todo = tadd(trans[i], -gmtoffs[j]);
			} else	todo = trans[i];
			if (pass == 1)
				puttzcode((long) todo, fp);
			else	puttzcode64(todo, fp);
			puttzcode(corr[i], fp);
		}
		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
			if (writetype[i])
				putc(ttisstds[i], fp);
		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
			if (writetype[i])
				putc(ttisgmts[i], fp);
	}
	fprintf(fp, "\n%s\n", string);
	if (ferror(fp) || fclose(fp))
		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, _("error writing %s"), fullname);
	if (chmod(fullname, mflag) < 0)
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("cannot change mode of %s to %03o"),
		    fullname, (unsigned)mflag);
	if ((uflag != (uid_t)-1 || gflag != (gid_t)-1)
	    && chown(fullname, uflag, gflag) < 0)
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("cannot change ownership of %s"),
		    fullname);
}

static void
doabbr(char * const abbr, const char * const format,
       const char * const letters, const int isdst, const int doquotes)
{
	char *	cp;
	char *	slashp;
	int	len;

	slashp = strchr(format, '/');
	if (slashp == NULL) {
		if (letters == NULL)
			strcpy(abbr, format);
		else	sprintf(abbr, format, letters);
	} else if (isdst) {
		strcpy(abbr, slashp + 1);
	} else {
		if (slashp > format)
			strncpy(abbr, format,
				(unsigned) (slashp - format));
		abbr[slashp - format] = '\0';
	}
	if (!doquotes)
		return;
	for (cp = abbr; *cp != '\0'; ++cp)
		if (strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ", *cp) == NULL &&
			strchr("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", *cp) == NULL)
				break;
	len = strlen(abbr);
	if (len > 0 && *cp == '\0')
		return;
	abbr[len + 2] = '\0';
	abbr[len + 1] = '>';
	for ( ; len > 0; --len)
		abbr[len] = abbr[len - 1];
	abbr[0] = '<';
}

static void
updateminmax(const int x)
{
	if (min_year > x)
		min_year = x;
	if (max_year < x)
		max_year = x;
}

static int
stringoffset(char *result, long offset)
{
	int	hours;
	int	minutes;
	int	seconds;

	result[0] = '\0';
	if (offset < 0) {
		strcpy(result, "-");
		offset = -offset;
	}
	seconds = offset % SECSPERMIN;
	offset /= SECSPERMIN;
	minutes = offset % MINSPERHOUR;
	offset /= MINSPERHOUR;
	hours = offset;
	if (hours >= HOURSPERDAY) {
		result[0] = '\0';
		return -1;
	}
	sprintf(end(result), "%d", hours);
	if (minutes != 0 || seconds != 0) {
		sprintf(end(result), ":%02d", minutes);
		if (seconds != 0)
			sprintf(end(result), ":%02d", seconds);
	}
	return 0;
}

static int
stringrule(char *result, const struct rule * const rp, const long dstoff,
	   const long gmtoff)
{
	long	tod;

	result = end(result);
	if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOM) {
		int	month, total;

		if (rp->r_dayofmonth == 29 && rp->r_month == TM_FEBRUARY)
			return -1;
		total = 0;
		for (month = 0; month < rp->r_month; ++month)
			total += len_months[0][month];
		sprintf(result, "J%d", total + rp->r_dayofmonth);
	} else {
		int	week;

		if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ) {
			week = 1 + rp->r_dayofmonth / DAYSPERWEEK;
			if ((week - 1) * DAYSPERWEEK + 1 != rp->r_dayofmonth)
				return -1;
		} else if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWLEQ) {
			if (rp->r_dayofmonth == len_months[1][rp->r_month])
				week = 5;
			else {
				week = 1 + rp->r_dayofmonth / DAYSPERWEEK;
				if (week * DAYSPERWEEK - 1 != rp->r_dayofmonth)
					return -1;
			}
		} else	return -1;	/* "cannot happen" */
		sprintf(result, "M%d.%d.%d",
			rp->r_month + 1, week, rp->r_wday);
	}
	tod = rp->r_tod;
	if (rp->r_todisgmt)
		tod += gmtoff;
	if (rp->r_todisstd && rp->r_stdoff == 0)
		tod += dstoff;
	if (tod < 0) {
		result[0] = '\0';
		return -1;
	}
	if (tod != 2 * SECSPERMIN * MINSPERHOUR) {
		strcat(result, "/");
		if (stringoffset(end(result), tod) != 0)
			return -1;
	}
	return 0;
}

static void
stringzone(char *result, const struct zone * const zpfirst,
	   const int zonecount)
{
	const struct zone *	zp;
	struct rule *		rp;
	struct rule *		stdrp;
	struct rule *		dstrp;
	int			i;
	const char *		abbrvar;

	result[0] = '\0';
	zp = zpfirst + zonecount - 1;
	stdrp = dstrp = NULL;
	for (i = 0; i < zp->z_nrules; ++i) {
		rp = &zp->z_rules[i];
		if (rp->r_hiwasnum || rp->r_hiyear != INT_MAX)
			continue;
		if (rp->r_yrtype != NULL)
			continue;
		if (rp->r_stdoff == 0) {
			if (stdrp == NULL)
				stdrp = rp;
			else	return;
		} else {
			if (dstrp == NULL)
				dstrp = rp;
			else	return;
		}
	}
	if (stdrp == NULL && dstrp == NULL) {
		/*
		** There are no rules running through "max".
		** Let's find the latest rule.
		*/
		for (i = 0; i < zp->z_nrules; ++i) {
			rp = &zp->z_rules[i];
			if (stdrp == NULL || rp->r_hiyear > stdrp->r_hiyear ||
				(rp->r_hiyear == stdrp->r_hiyear &&
				rp->r_month > stdrp->r_month))
					stdrp = rp;
		}
		if (stdrp != NULL && stdrp->r_stdoff != 0)
			return;	/* We end up in DST (a POSIX no-no). */
		/*
		** Horrid special case: if year is 2037,
		** presume this is a zone handled on a year-by-year basis;
		** do not try to apply a rule to the zone.
		*/
		if (stdrp != NULL && stdrp->r_hiyear == 2037)
			return;
	}
	if (stdrp == NULL && zp->z_nrules != 0)
		return;
	abbrvar = (stdrp == NULL) ? "" : stdrp->r_abbrvar;
	doabbr(result, zp->z_format, abbrvar, FALSE, TRUE);
	if (stringoffset(end(result), -zp->z_gmtoff) != 0) {
		result[0] = '\0';
		return;
	}
	if (dstrp == NULL)
		return;
	doabbr(end(result), zp->z_format, dstrp->r_abbrvar, TRUE, TRUE);
	if (dstrp->r_stdoff != SECSPERMIN * MINSPERHOUR)
		if (stringoffset(end(result),
			-(zp->z_gmtoff + dstrp->r_stdoff)) != 0) {
				result[0] = '\0';
				return;
		}
	strcat(result, ",");
	if (stringrule(result, dstrp, dstrp->r_stdoff, zp->z_gmtoff) != 0) {
		result[0] = '\0';
		return;
	}
	strcat(result, ",");
	if (stringrule(result, stdrp, dstrp->r_stdoff, zp->z_gmtoff) != 0) {
		result[0] = '\0';
		return;
	}
}

static void
outzone(const struct zone * const zpfirst, const int zonecount)
{
	const struct zone *zp;
	struct rule *rp;
	int i, j;
	int usestart, useuntil;
	zic_t starttime, untiltime;
	long gmtoff;
	long stdoff;
	int year;
	long startoff;
	int startttisstd;
	int startttisgmt;
	int type;
	char *startbuf;
	char *ab;
	char *envvar;
	int max_abbr_len;
	int max_envvar_len;

	max_abbr_len = 2 + max_format_len + max_abbrvar_len;
	max_envvar_len = 2 * max_abbr_len + 5 * 9;
	startbuf = emalloc(max_abbr_len + 1);
	ab = emalloc(max_abbr_len + 1);
	envvar = emalloc(max_envvar_len + 1);
	INITIALIZE(untiltime);
	INITIALIZE(starttime);
	/*
	** Now. . .finally. . .generate some useful data!
	*/
	timecnt = 0;
	typecnt = 0;
	charcnt = 0;
	/*
	** Thanks to Earl Chew
	** for noting the need to unconditionally initialize startttisstd.
	*/
	startttisstd = FALSE;
	startttisgmt = FALSE;
	min_year = max_year = EPOCH_YEAR;
	if (leapseen) {
		updateminmax(leapminyear);
		updateminmax(leapmaxyear + (leapmaxyear < INT_MAX));
	}
	for (i = 0; i < zonecount; ++i) {
		zp = &zpfirst[i];
		if (i < zonecount - 1)
			updateminmax(zp->z_untilrule.r_loyear);
		for (j = 0; j < zp->z_nrules; ++j) {
			rp = &zp->z_rules[j];
			if (rp->r_lowasnum)
				updateminmax(rp->r_loyear);
			if (rp->r_hiwasnum)
				updateminmax(rp->r_hiyear);
		}
	}
	/*
	** Generate lots of data if a rule can't cover all future times.
	*/
	stringzone(envvar, zpfirst, zonecount);
	if (noise && envvar[0] == '\0') {
		char *	wp;

wp = ecpyalloc(_("no POSIX environment variable for zone"));
		wp = ecatalloc(wp, " ");
		wp = ecatalloc(wp, zpfirst->z_name);
		warning(wp);
		ifree(wp);
	}
	if (envvar[0] == '\0') {
		if (min_year >= INT_MIN + YEARSPERREPEAT)
			min_year -= YEARSPERREPEAT;
		else	min_year = INT_MIN;
		if (max_year <= INT_MAX - YEARSPERREPEAT)
			max_year += YEARSPERREPEAT;
		else	max_year = INT_MAX;
	}
	/*
	** For the benefit of older systems,
	** generate data from 1900 through 2037.
	*/
	if (min_year > 1900)
		min_year = 1900;
	if (max_year < 2037)
		max_year = 2037;
	for (i = 0; i < zonecount; ++i) {
		/*
		** A guess that may well be corrected later.
		*/
		stdoff = 0;
		zp = &zpfirst[i];
		usestart = i > 0 && (zp - 1)->z_untiltime > min_time;
		useuntil = i < (zonecount - 1);
		if (useuntil && zp->z_untiltime <= min_time)
			continue;
		gmtoff = zp->z_gmtoff;
		eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
		*startbuf = '\0';
		startoff = zp->z_gmtoff;
		if (zp->z_nrules == 0) {
			stdoff = zp->z_stdoff;
			doabbr(startbuf, zp->z_format,
				NULL, stdoff != 0, FALSE);
			type = addtype(oadd(zp->z_gmtoff, stdoff),
				startbuf, stdoff != 0, startttisstd,
				startttisgmt);
			if (usestart) {
				addtt(starttime, type);
				usestart = FALSE;
			} else if (stdoff != 0)
				addtt(min_time, type);
		} else for (year = min_year; year <= max_year; ++year) {
			if (useuntil && year > zp->z_untilrule.r_hiyear)
				break;
			/*
			** Mark which rules to do in the current year.
			** For those to do, calculate rpytime(rp, year);
			*/
			for (j = 0; j < zp->z_nrules; ++j) {
				rp = &zp->z_rules[j];
				eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
					rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
				rp->r_todo = year >= rp->r_loyear &&
						year <= rp->r_hiyear &&
						yearistype(year, rp->r_yrtype);
				if (rp->r_todo)
					rp->r_temp = rpytime(rp, year);
			}
			for ( ; ; ) {
				int k;
				zic_t jtime, ktime;
				long offset;

				INITIALIZE(ktime);
				if (useuntil) {
					/*
					** Turn untiltime into UTC
					** assuming the current gmtoff and
					** stdoff values.
					*/
					untiltime = zp->z_untiltime;
					if (!zp->z_untilrule.r_todisgmt)
						untiltime = tadd(untiltime,
							-gmtoff);
					if (!zp->z_untilrule.r_todisstd)
						untiltime = tadd(untiltime,
							-stdoff);
				}
				/*
				** Find the rule (of those to do, if any)
				** that takes effect earliest in the year.
				*/
				k = -1;
				for (j = 0; j < zp->z_nrules; ++j) {
					rp = &zp->z_rules[j];
					if (!rp->r_todo)
						continue;
					eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
						rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
					offset = rp->r_todisgmt ? 0 : gmtoff;
					if (!rp->r_todisstd)
						offset = oadd(offset, stdoff);
					jtime = rp->r_temp;
					if (jtime == min_time ||
						jtime == max_time)
							continue;
					jtime = tadd(jtime, -offset);
					if (k < 0 || jtime < ktime) {
						k = j;
						ktime = jtime;
					}
				}
				if (k < 0)
					break;	/* go on to next year */
				rp = &zp->z_rules[k];
				rp->r_todo = FALSE;
				if (useuntil && ktime >= untiltime)
					break;
				stdoff = rp->r_stdoff;
				if (usestart && ktime == starttime)
					usestart = FALSE;
				if (usestart) {
					if (ktime < starttime) {
						startoff = oadd(zp->z_gmtoff,
							stdoff);
						doabbr(startbuf, zp->z_format,
							rp->r_abbrvar,
							rp->r_stdoff != 0,
							FALSE);
						continue;
					}
					if (*startbuf == '\0' &&
						startoff == oadd(zp->z_gmtoff,
						stdoff)) {
							doabbr(startbuf,
								zp->z_format,
								rp->r_abbrvar,
								rp->r_stdoff !=
								0,
								FALSE);
					}
				}
				eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
					rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
				doabbr(ab, zp->z_format, rp->r_abbrvar,
					rp->r_stdoff != 0, FALSE);
				offset = oadd(zp->z_gmtoff, rp->r_stdoff);
				type = addtype(offset, ab, rp->r_stdoff != 0,
					rp->r_todisstd, rp->r_todisgmt);
				addtt(ktime, type);
			}
		}
		if (usestart) {
			if (*startbuf == '\0' &&
				zp->z_format != NULL &&
				strchr(zp->z_format, '%') == NULL &&
				strchr(zp->z_format, '/') == NULL)
					strcpy(startbuf, zp->z_format);
			eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
			if (*startbuf == '\0')
error(_("can't determine time zone abbreviation to use just after until time"));
			else	addtt(starttime,
					addtype(startoff, startbuf,
						startoff != zp->z_gmtoff,
						startttisstd,
						startttisgmt));
		}
		/*
		** Now we may get to set starttime for the next zone line.
		*/
		if (useuntil) {
			startttisstd = zp->z_untilrule.r_todisstd;
			startttisgmt = zp->z_untilrule.r_todisgmt;
			starttime = zp->z_untiltime;
			if (!startttisstd)
				starttime = tadd(starttime, -stdoff);
			if (!startttisgmt)
				starttime = tadd(starttime, -gmtoff);
		}
	}
	writezone(zpfirst->z_name, envvar);
	ifree(startbuf);
	ifree(ab);
	ifree(envvar);
}

static void
addtt(const zic_t starttime, int type)
{
	if (starttime <= min_time ||
		(timecnt == 1 && attypes[0].at < min_time)) {
		gmtoffs[0] = gmtoffs[type];
		isdsts[0] = isdsts[type];
		ttisstds[0] = ttisstds[type];
		ttisgmts[0] = ttisgmts[type];
		if (abbrinds[type] != 0)
			strcpy(chars, &chars[abbrinds[type]]);
		abbrinds[0] = 0;
		charcnt = strlen(chars) + 1;
		typecnt = 1;
		timecnt = 0;
		type = 0;
	}
	if (timecnt >= TZ_MAX_TIMES) {
		error(_("too many transitions?!"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	attypes[timecnt].at = starttime;
	attypes[timecnt].type = type;
	++timecnt;
}

static int
addtype(const long gmtoff, const char * const abbr, const int isdst,
	const int ttisstd, const int ttisgmt)
{
	int i, j;

	if (isdst != TRUE && isdst != FALSE) {
		error(_("internal error - addtype called with bad isdst"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (ttisstd != TRUE && ttisstd != FALSE) {
		error(_("internal error - addtype called with bad ttisstd"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (ttisgmt != TRUE && ttisgmt != FALSE) {
		error(_("internal error - addtype called with bad ttisgmt"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*
	** See if there's already an entry for this zone type.
	** If so, just return its index.
	*/
	for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i) {
		if (gmtoff == gmtoffs[i] && isdst == isdsts[i] &&
			strcmp(abbr, &chars[abbrinds[i]]) == 0 &&
			ttisstd == ttisstds[i] &&
			ttisgmt == ttisgmts[i])
				return i;
	}
	/*
	** There isn't one; add a new one, unless there are already too
	** many.
	*/
	if (typecnt >= TZ_MAX_TYPES) {
		error(_("too many local time types"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if (! (-1L - 2147483647L <= gmtoff && gmtoff <= 2147483647L)) {
		error(_("UTC offset out of range"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	gmtoffs[i] = gmtoff;
	isdsts[i] = isdst;
	ttisstds[i] = ttisstd;
	ttisgmts[i] = ttisgmt;

	for (j = 0; j < charcnt; ++j)
		if (strcmp(&chars[j], abbr) == 0)
			break;
	if (j == charcnt)
		newabbr(abbr);
	abbrinds[i] = j;
	++typecnt;
	return i;
}

static void
leapadd(const zic_t t, const int positive, const int rolling, int count)
{
	int i, j;

	if (leapcnt + (positive ? count : 1) > TZ_MAX_LEAPS) {
		error(_("too many leap seconds"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	for (i = 0; i < leapcnt; ++i)
		if (t <= trans[i]) {
			if (t == trans[i]) {
				error(_("repeated leap second moment"));
				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
			}
			break;
		}
	do {
		for (j = leapcnt; j > i; --j) {
			trans[j] = trans[j - 1];
			corr[j] = corr[j - 1];
			roll[j] = roll[j - 1];
		}
		trans[i] = t;
		corr[i] = positive ? 1L : eitol(-count);
		roll[i] = rolling;
		++leapcnt;
	} while (positive && --count != 0);
}

static void
adjleap(void)
{
	int i;
	long last = 0;

	/*
	** propagate leap seconds forward
	*/
	for (i = 0; i < leapcnt; ++i) {
		trans[i] = tadd(trans[i], last);
		last = corr[i] += last;
	}
}

static int
yearistype(const int year, const char * const type)
{
	static char *	buf;
	int		result;

	if (type == NULL || *type == '\0')
		return TRUE;
	buf = erealloc(buf, (int) (132 + strlen(yitcommand) + strlen(type)));
	sprintf(buf, "%s %d %s", yitcommand, year, type);
	result = system(buf);
	if (WIFEXITED(result)) switch (WEXITSTATUS(result)) {
		case 0:
			return TRUE;
		case 1:
			return FALSE;
	}
	error(_("Wild result from command execution"));
	warnx(_("command was '%s', result was %d"), buf, result);
	for ( ; ; )
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static int
lowerit(int a)
{
	a = (unsigned char) a;
	return (isascii(a) && isupper(a)) ? tolower(a) : a;
}

static int
ciequal(const char *ap, const char *bp)	/* case-insensitive equality */
{
	while (lowerit(*ap) == lowerit(*bp++))
		if (*ap++ == '\0')
			return TRUE;
	return FALSE;
}

static int
itsabbr(const char *abbr, const char *word)
{
	if (lowerit(*abbr) != lowerit(*word))
		return FALSE;
	++word;
	while (*++abbr != '\0')
		do {
			if (*word == '\0')
				return FALSE;
		} while (lowerit(*word++) != lowerit(*abbr));
	return TRUE;
}

static const struct lookup *
byword(const char * const word, const struct lookup * const table)
{
	const struct lookup *foundlp;
	const struct lookup *lp;

	if (word == NULL || table == NULL)
		return NULL;
	/*
	** Look for exact match.
	*/
	for (lp = table; lp->l_word != NULL; ++lp)
		if (ciequal(word, lp->l_word))
			return lp;
	/*
	** Look for inexact match.
	*/
	foundlp = NULL;
	for (lp = table; lp->l_word != NULL; ++lp)
		if (itsabbr(word, lp->l_word)) {
			if (foundlp == NULL)
				foundlp = lp;
			else	return NULL;	/* multiple inexact matches */
		}
	return foundlp;
}

static char **
getfields(char *cp)
{
	char *dp;
	char **array;
	int nsubs;

	if (cp == NULL)
		return NULL;
	array = (char **) (void *)
		emalloc((int) ((strlen(cp) + 1) * sizeof *array));
	nsubs = 0;
	for ( ; ; ) {
		while (isascii((unsigned char) *cp) &&
			isspace((unsigned char) *cp))
				++cp;
		if (*cp == '\0' || *cp == '#')
			break;
		array[nsubs++] = dp = cp;
		do {
			if ((*dp = *cp++) != '"')
				++dp;
			else while ((*dp = *cp++) != '"')
				if (*dp != '\0')
					++dp;
				else {
					error(_(
						"Odd number of quotation marks"
						));
					exit(1);
				}
		} while (*cp != '\0' && *cp != '#' &&
			(!isascii(*cp) || !isspace((unsigned char) *cp)));
		if (isascii(*cp) && isspace((unsigned char) *cp))
			++cp;
		*dp = '\0';
	}
	array[nsubs] = NULL;
	return array;
}

static long
oadd(const long t1, const long t2)
{
	long t;

	t = t1 + t2;
	if ((t2 > 0 && t <= t1) || (t2 < 0 && t >= t1)) {
		error(_("time overflow"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	return t;
}

static zic_t
tadd(const zic_t t1, const long t2)
{
	zic_t t;

	if (t1 == max_time && t2 > 0)
		return max_time;
	if (t1 == min_time && t2 < 0)
		return min_time;
	t = t1 + t2;
	if ((t2 > 0 && t <= t1) || (t2 < 0 && t >= t1)) {
		error(_("time overflow"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	return t;
}

/*
** Given a rule, and a year, compute the date - in seconds since January 1,
** 1970, 00:00 LOCAL time - in that year that the rule refers to.
*/

static zic_t
rpytime(const struct rule * const rp, const int wantedy)
{
	int y, m, i;
	long dayoff;			/* with a nod to Margaret O. */
	zic_t t;

	if (wantedy == INT_MIN)
		return min_time;
	if (wantedy == INT_MAX)
		return max_time;
	dayoff = 0;
	m = TM_JANUARY;
	y = EPOCH_YEAR;
	while (wantedy != y) {
		if (wantedy > y) {
			i = len_years[isleap(y)];
			++y;
		} else {
			--y;
			i = -len_years[isleap(y)];
		}
		dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
	}
	while (m != rp->r_month) {
		i = len_months[isleap(y)][m];
		dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
		++m;
	}
	i = rp->r_dayofmonth;
	if (m == TM_FEBRUARY && i == 29 && !isleap(y)) {
		if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWLEQ)
			--i;
		else {
			error(_("use of 2/29 in non leap-year"));
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
	}
	--i;
	dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
	if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ || rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWLEQ) {
		long wday;

#define LDAYSPERWEEK	((long) DAYSPERWEEK)
		wday = eitol(EPOCH_WDAY);
		/*
		** Don't trust mod of negative numbers.
		*/
		if (dayoff >= 0)
			wday = (wday + dayoff) % LDAYSPERWEEK;
		else {
			wday -= ((-dayoff) % LDAYSPERWEEK);
			if (wday < 0)
				wday += LDAYSPERWEEK;
		}
		while (wday != eitol(rp->r_wday))
			if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ) {
				dayoff = oadd(dayoff, (long) 1);
				if (++wday >= LDAYSPERWEEK)
					wday = 0;
				++i;
			} else {
				dayoff = oadd(dayoff, (long) -1);
				if (--wday < 0)
					wday = LDAYSPERWEEK - 1;
				--i;
			}
		if (i < 0 || i >= len_months[isleap(y)][m]) {
			if (noise)
				warning(_("rule goes past start/end of month--\
will not work with pre-2004 versions of zic"));
		}
	}
	if (dayoff < min_time / SECSPERDAY)
		return min_time;
	if (dayoff > max_time / SECSPERDAY)
		return max_time;
	t = (zic_t) dayoff * SECSPERDAY;
	return tadd(t, rp->r_tod);
}

static void
newabbr(const char * const string)
{
	int i;

	if (strcmp(string, GRANDPARENTED) != 0) {
		const char *	cp;
		char *		wp;

		/*
		** Want one to ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN alphabetics
		** optionally followed by a + or - and a number from 1 to 14.
		*/
		cp = string;
		wp = NULL;
		while (isascii((unsigned char) *cp) &&
			isalpha((unsigned char) *cp))
				++cp;
		if (cp - string == 0)
wp = _("time zone abbreviation lacks alphabetic at start");
		if (noise && cp - string > 3)
wp = _("time zone abbreviation has more than 3 alphabetics");
		if (cp - string > ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN)
wp = _("time zone abbreviation has too many alphabetics");
		if (wp == NULL && (*cp == '+' || *cp == '-')) {
			++cp;
			if (isascii((unsigned char) *cp) &&
				isdigit((unsigned char) *cp))
					if (*cp++ == '1' &&
						*cp >= '0' && *cp <= '4')
							++cp;
		}
		if (*cp != '\0')
wp = _("time zone abbreviation differs from POSIX standard");
		if (wp != NULL) {
			wp = ecpyalloc(wp);
			wp = ecatalloc(wp, " (");
			wp = ecatalloc(wp, string);
			wp = ecatalloc(wp, ")");
			warning(wp);
			ifree(wp);
		}
	}
	i = strlen(string) + 1;
	if (charcnt + i > TZ_MAX_CHARS) {
		error(_("too many, or too long, time zone abbreviations"));
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	strcpy(&chars[charcnt], string);
	charcnt += eitol(i);
}

static int
mkdirs(char *argname)
{
	char *name;
	char *cp;

	if (argname == NULL || *argname == '\0' || Dflag)
		return 0;
	cp = name = ecpyalloc(argname);
	while ((cp = strchr(cp + 1, '/')) != 0) {
		*cp = '\0';
#ifndef unix
		/*
		** DOS drive specifier?
		*/
		if (isalpha((unsigned char) name[0]) &&
			name[1] == ':' && name[2] == '\0') {
				*cp = '/';
				continue;
		}
#endif /* !defined unix */
		if (!itsdir(name)) {
			/*
			** It doesn't seem to exist, so we try to create it.
			** Creation may fail because of the directory being
			** created by some other multiprocessor, so we get
			** to do extra checking.
			*/
			if ((mkdir(name, MKDIR_UMASK) != 0) &&
				(errno != EEXIST || !itsdir(name))) {
				warn(_("can't create directory %s"), name);
				ifree(name);
				return -1;
			}
		}
		*cp = '/';
	}
	ifree(name);
	return 0;
}

static long
eitol(const int i)
{
	long	l;

	l = i;
	if ((i < 0 && l >= 0) || (i == 0 && l != 0) || (i > 0 && l <= 0))
		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, _("%d did not sign extend correctly"), i);
	return l;
}

#include <grp.h>
#include <pwd.h>

static void
setgroup(gid_t *flag, const char *name)
{
	struct group *gr;

	if (*flag != (gid_t)-1)
		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, _("multiple -g flags specified"));

	gr = getgrnam(name);
	if (gr == 0) {
		char *ep;
		unsigned long ul;

		ul = strtoul(name, &ep, 10);
		if (ul == (unsigned long)(gid_t)ul && *ep == '\0') {
			*flag = ul;
			return;
		}
		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, _("group `%s' not found"), name);
	}
	*flag = gr->gr_gid;
}

static void
setuser(uid_t *flag, const char *name)
{
	struct passwd *pw;

	if (*flag != (gid_t)-1)
		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, _("multiple -u flags specified"));

	pw = getpwnam(name);
	if (pw == 0) {
		char *ep;
		unsigned long ul;

		ul = strtoul(name, &ep, 10);
		if (ul == (unsigned long)(gid_t)ul && *ep == '\0') {
			*flag = ul;
			return;
		}
		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, _("user `%s' not found"), name);
	}
	*flag = pw->pw_uid;
}

/*
** UNIX was a registered trademark of The Open Group in 2003.
*/