Copyright (c) 1984 M. K. McKusick
Copyright (c) 1984 The Regents of the University of California.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
must display the following acknowledgement:
This product includes software developed by the University of
California, Berkeley and its contributors.
4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGE.
@(#)0.t 1.2 (Berkeley) 11/8/90
delim $$ .EN Using gprof to Tune the 4.2BSD Kernel .AU Marshall Kirk McKusick .AI Computer Systems Research Group Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720 .AB This paper describes how the gprof profiler accounts for the running time of called routines in the running time of the routines that call them. It then explains how to configure a profiling kernel on the 4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution of X for the VAX\(dd .FS \(dd VAX is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. .FE and discusses tradeoffs in techniques for collecting profile data. Gprof identifies problems that severely affects the overall performance of the kernel. Once a potential problem areas is identified benchmark programs are devised to highlight the bottleneck. These benchmarks verify that the problem exist and provide a metric against which to validate proposed solutions. Two caches are added to the kernel to alleviate the bottleneck and gprof is used to validates their effectiveness. .AE
Copyright (c) 1984 The Regents of the University of California.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
must display the following acknowledgement:
This product includes software developed by the University of
California, Berkeley and its contributors.
4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGE.
@(#)0.t 1.2 (Berkeley) 11/8/90
delim $$ .EN Using gprof to Tune the 4.2BSD Kernel .AU Marshall Kirk McKusick .AI Computer Systems Research Group Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720 .AB This paper describes how the gprof profiler accounts for the running time of called routines in the running time of the routines that call them. It then explains how to configure a profiling kernel on the 4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution of X for the VAX\(dd .FS \(dd VAX is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. .FE and discusses tradeoffs in techniques for collecting profile data. Gprof identifies problems that severely affects the overall performance of the kernel. Once a potential problem areas is identified benchmark programs are devised to highlight the bottleneck. These benchmarks verify that the problem exist and provide a metric against which to validate proposed solutions. Two caches are added to the kernel to alleviate the bottleneck and gprof is used to validates their effectiveness. .AE
.lt \\n(LLu .pc % .nr PN \\n% .tl '\\*(LH'\\*(CH'\\*(RH' .lt \\n(.lu .. .af PN i .bp 1
"TABLE OF CONTENTS"
"1. Introduction"
"2. The gprof Profiler" \0.1. Data Presentation" \0.1.1. The Flat Profile \0.1.2. The Call Graph Profile \0.2 Profiling the Kernel
"3. Using gprof to Improve Performance \0.1. Using the Profiler \0.2. An Example of Tuning
"4. Conclusions"
Acknowledgements
References .af PN 1 .bp 1 2.94 went to 2.6, 3.64 to 3.30
.. 3.5i went to 3.8i
..