man/man4/psm.4

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.\" Kazutaka YOKOTA <yokota@zodiac.mech.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp>
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.Dd April 8, 2008
.Dt PSM 4
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm psm
.Nd PS/2 mouse style pointing device driver
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Cd "options KBD_RESETDELAY=N"
.Cd "options KBD_MAXWAIT=N"
.Cd "options PSM_DEBUG=N"
.Cd "options KBDIO_DEBUG=N"
.Cd "device psm"
.Pp
In
.Pa /boot/device.hints :
.Cd hint.psm.0.at="atkbdc"
.Cd hint.psm.0.irq="12"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
driver provides support for the PS/2 mouse style pointing device.
Currently there can be only one
.Nm
device node in the system.
As the PS/2 mouse port is located
at the auxiliary port of the keyboard controller,
the keyboard controller driver,
.Nm atkbdc ,
must also be configured in the kernel.
Note that there is currently no provision of changing the
.Em irq
number.
.Pp
Basic PS/2 style pointing device has two or three buttons.
Some devices may have a roller or a wheel and/or additional buttons.
.Ss Device Resolution
The PS/2 style pointing device usually has several grades of resolution,
that is, sensitivity of movement.
They are typically 25, 50, 100 and 200
pulse per inch.
Some devices may have finer resolution.
The current resolution can be changed at runtime.
The
.Nm
driver allows the user to initially set the resolution
via the driver flag
(see
.Sx "DRIVER CONFIGURATION" )
or change it later via the
.Xr ioctl 2
command
.Dv MOUSE_SETMODE
(see
.Sx IOCTLS ) .
.Ss Report Rate
Frequency, or report rate, at which the device sends movement
and button state reports to the host system is also configurable.
The PS/2 style pointing device typically supports 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100
and 200 reports per second.
60 or 100 appears to be the default value for many devices.
Note that when there is no movement and no button has changed its state,
the device will not send anything to the host system.
The report rate can be changed via an ioctl call.
.Ss Operation Levels
The
.Nm
driver has three levels of operation.
The current operation level can be set via an ioctl call.
.Pp
At the level zero the basic support is provided; the device driver will report
horizontal and vertical movement of the attached device
and state of up to three buttons.
The movement and status are encoded in a series of fixed-length data packets
(see
.Sx "Data Packet Format" ) .
This is the default level of operation and the driver is initially
at this level when opened by the user program.
.Pp
The operation level one, the `extended' level, supports a roller (or wheel),
if any, and up to 11 buttons.
The movement of the roller is reported as movement along the Z axis.
8 byte data packets are sent to the user program at this level.
.Pp
At the operation level two, data from the pointing device is passed to the
user program as is. Conversely, command from the user program is passed
to the pointing device as is and the user program is responsible for
status validation and error recovery.
Modern PS/2 type pointing devices often use proprietary data format.
Therefore, the user program is expected to have
intimate knowledge about the format from a particular device when operating
the driver at this level.
This level is called `native' level.
.Ss Data Packet Format
Data packets read from the
.Nm
driver are formatted differently at each operation level.
.Pp
A data packet from the PS/2 mouse style pointing device
is three bytes long at the operation level zero:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Byte_1 -compact
.It Byte 1
.Bl -tag -width bit_7 -compact
.It bit 7
One indicates overflow in the vertical movement count.
.It bit 6
One indicates overflow in the horizontal movement count.
.It bit 5
Set if the vertical movement count is negative.
.It bit 4
Set if the horizontal movement count is negative.
.It bit 3
Always one.
.\" The ALPS GlidePoint clears this bit when the user `taps' the surface of
.\" the pad, otherwise the bit is set.
.\" Most, if not all, other devices always set this bit.
.It bit 2
Middle button status; set if pressed.
For devices without the middle
button, this bit is always zero.
.It bit 1
Right button status; set if pressed.
.It bit 0
Left button status; set if pressed.
.El
.It Byte 2
Horizontal movement count in two's complement;
-256 through 255.
Note that the sign bit is in the first byte.
.It Byte 3
Vertical movement count in two's complement;
-256 through 255.
Note that the sign bit is in the first byte.
.El
.Pp
At the level one, a data packet is encoded
in the standard format
.Dv MOUSE_PROTO_SYSMOUSE
as defined in
.Xr mouse 4 .
.Pp
At the level two, native level, there is no standard on the size and format
of the data packet.
.Ss Acceleration
The
.Nm
driver can somewhat `accelerate' the movement of the pointing device.
The faster you move the device, the further the pointer
travels on the screen.
The driver has an internal variable which governs the effect of
the acceleration.
Its value can be modified via the driver flag
or via an ioctl call.
.Ss Device Number
The minor device number of the
.Nm
is made up of:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
minor = (`unit' << 1) | `non-blocking'
.Ed
.Pp
where `unit' is the device number (usually 0) and the `non-blocking' bit
is set to indicate ``do not block waiting for mouse input,
return immediately''.
The `non-blocking' bit should be set for \fIXFree86\fP,
therefore the minor device number usually used for \fIXFree86\fP is 1.
See
.Sx FILES
for device node names.
.Sh DRIVER CONFIGURATION
.Ss Kernel Configuration Options
There are following kernel configuration options to control the
.Nm
driver.
They may be set in the kernel configuration file
(see
.Xr config 8 ) .
.Bl -tag -width MOUSE
.It Em KBD_RESETDELAY=X , KBD_MAXWAIT=Y
The
.Nm
driver will attempt to reset the pointing device during the boot process.
It sometimes takes a long while before the device will respond after
reset.
These options control how long the driver should wait before
it eventually gives up waiting.
The driver will wait
.Fa X
*
.Fa Y
msecs at most.
If the driver seems unable to detect your pointing
device, you may want to increase these values.
The default values are
200 msec for
.Fa X
and 5
for
.Fa Y .
.It Em PSM_DEBUG=N , KBDIO_DEBUG=N
Sets the debug level to
.Fa N .
The default debug level is zero.
See
.Sx DIAGNOSTICS
for debug logging.
.El
.Ss Driver Flags
The
.Nm
driver accepts the following driver flags.
Set them in
.Pa /boot/device.hints
(see
.Sx EXAMPLES
below).
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width MOUSE
.It bit 0..3 RESOLUTION
This flag specifies the resolution of the pointing device.
It must be zero through four.
The greater the value
is, the finer resolution the device will select.
Actual resolution selected by this field varies according to the model
of the device.
Typical resolutions are:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width 0_(medium_high)__ -compact
.It Em 1 (low)
25 pulse per inch (ppi)
.It Em 2 (medium low)
50 ppi
.It Em 3 (medium high)
100 ppi
.It Em 4 (high)
200 ppi
.El
.Pp
Leaving this flag zero will selects the default resolution for the
device (whatever it is).
.It bit 4..7 ACCELERATION
This flag controls the amount of acceleration effect.
The smaller the value of this flag is, more sensitive the movement becomes.
The minimum value allowed, thus the value for the most sensitive setting,
is one.
Setting this flag to zero will completely disables the
acceleration effect.
.It bit 8 NOCHECKSYNC
The
.Nm
driver tries to detect the first byte of the data packet by checking
the bit pattern of that byte.
Although this method should work with most
PS/2 pointing devices, it may interfere with some devices which are not
so compatible with known devices.
If you think your pointing device is not functioning as expected,
and the kernel frequently prints the following message to the console,
.Bd -literal -offset indent
psmintr: out of sync (xxxx != yyyy).
.Ed
.Pp
set this flag to disable synchronization check and see if it helps.
.It bit 9 NOIDPROBE
The
.Nm
driver will not try to identify the model of the pointing device and
will not carry out model-specific initialization.
The device should always act like a standard PS/2 mouse without such
initialization.
Extra features, such as wheels and additional buttons, will not be
recognized by the
.Nm
driver.
.It bit 10 NORESET
When this flag is set, the
.Nm
driver will not reset the pointing device when initializing the device.
If the
.Fx
kernel
is started after another OS has run, the pointing device will inherit
settings from the previous OS.
However, because there is no way for the
.Nm
driver to know the settings, the device and the driver may not
work correctly.
The flag should never be necessary under normal circumstances.
.It bit 11 FORCETAP
Some pad devices report as if the fourth button is pressed
when the user `taps' the surface of the device (see
.Sx CAVEATS ) .
This flag will make the
.Nm
driver assume that the device behaves this way.
Without the flag, the driver will assume this behavior
for ALPS GlidePoint models only.
.It bit 12 IGNOREPORTERROR
This flag makes
.Nm
driver ignore certain error conditions when probing the PS/2 mouse port.
It should never be necessary under normal circumstances.
.It bit 13 HOOKRESUME
The built-in PS/2 pointing device of some laptop computers is somehow
not operable immediately after the system `resumes' from
the power saving mode,
though it will eventually become available.
There are reports that
stimulating the device by performing I/O will help
waking up the device quickly.
This flag will enable a piece of code in the
.Nm
driver to hook
the `resume' event and exercise some harmless I/O operations on the
device.
.It bit 14 INITAFTERSUSPEND
This flag adds more drastic action for the above problem.
It will cause the
.Nm
driver to reset and re-initialize the pointing device
after the `resume' event.
It has no effect unless the
.Em HOOKRESUME
flag is set as well.
.El
.Sh LOADER TUNABLES
Extended support for Synaptics touchpads can be enabled by setting
.Va hw.psm.synaptics_support
to
.Em 1
at boot-time.
This will enable
.Nm
to handle packets from guest devices (sticks) and extra buttons.
.Sh IOCTLS
There are a few
.Xr ioctl 2
commands for mouse drivers.
These commands and related structures and constants are defined in
.In sys/mouse.h .
General description of the commands is given in
.Xr mouse 4 .
This section explains the features specific to the
.Nm
driver.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width MOUSE -compact
.It Dv MOUSE_GETLEVEL Ar int *level
.It Dv MOUSE_SETLEVEL Ar int *level
These commands manipulate the operation level of the
.Nm
driver.
.Pp
.It Dv MOUSE_GETHWINFO Ar mousehw_t *hw
Returns the hardware information of the attached device in the following
structure.
.Bd -literal
typedef struct mousehw {
    int buttons;    /* number of buttons */
    int iftype;     /* I/F type */
    int type;       /* mouse/track ball/pad... */
    int model;      /* I/F dependent model ID */
    int hwid;       /* I/F dependent hardware ID */
} mousehw_t;
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Dv buttons
field holds the number of buttons on the device.
The
.Nm
driver currently can detect the 3 button mouse from Logitech and report
accordingly.
The 3 button mouse from the other manufacturer may or may not be
reported correctly.
However, it will not affect the operation of
the driver.
.Pp
The
.Dv iftype
is always
.Dv MOUSE_IF_PS2 .
.Pp
The
.Dv type
tells the device type:
.Dv MOUSE_MOUSE ,
.Dv MOUSE_TRACKBALL ,
.Dv MOUSE_STICK ,
.Dv MOUSE_PAD ,
or
.Dv MOUSE_UNKNOWN .
The user should not heavily rely on this field, as the
driver may not always, in fact it is very rarely able to, identify
the device type.
.Pp
The
.Dv model
is always
.Dv MOUSE_MODEL_GENERIC
at the operation level 0.
It may be
.Dv MOUSE_MODEL_GENERIC
or one of
.Dv MOUSE_MODEL_XXX
constants at higher operation levels.
Again the
.Nm
driver may or may not set an appropriate value in this field.
.Pp
The
.Dv hwid
is the ID value returned by the device.
Known IDs include:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width 0__ -compact
.It Em 0
Mouse (Microsoft, Logitech and many other manufacturers)
.It Em 2
Microsoft Ballpoint mouse
.It Em 3
Microsoft IntelliMouse
.El
.Pp
.It Dv MOUSE_SYN_GETHWINFO Ar synapticshw_t *synhw
Retrieves extra information associated with Synaptics Touchpads.
Only available when
.Va hw.psm.synaptics_support
has been enabled.
.Bd -literal
typedef struct synapticshw {
    int infoMajor;	/* major hardware revision */
    int infoMinor;	/* minor hardware revision */
    int infoRot180;	/* touchpad is rotated */
    int infoPortrait;	/* touchpad is a portrait */
    int infoSensor;	/* sensor model */
    int infoHardware;	/* hardware model */
    int infoNewAbs;	/* supports the newabs format */
    int capPen;		/* can detect a pen */
    int infoSimpleC;	/* supports simple commands */
    int infoGeometry;	/* touchpad dimensions */
    int capExtended;	/* supports extended packets */
    int capSleep;	/* can be suspended/resumed */
    int capFourButtons;	/* has four buttons */
    int capMultiFinger;	/* can detect multiple fingers */
    int capPalmDetect;	/* can detect a palm */
    int capPassthrough;	/* can passthrough guest packets */
} synapticshw_t;
.Ed
.Pp
See the
.Em Synaptics TouchPad Interfacing Guide
for more information about the fields in this structure.
.Pp
.It Dv MOUSE_GETMODE Ar mousemode_t *mode
The command gets the current operation parameters of the mouse
driver.
.Bd -literal
typedef struct mousemode {
    int protocol;    /* MOUSE_PROTO_XXX */
    int rate;        /* report rate (per sec), -1 if unknown */
    int resolution;  /* MOUSE_RES_XXX, -1 if unknown */
    int accelfactor; /* acceleration factor */
    int level;       /* driver operation level */
    int packetsize;  /* the length of the data packet */
    unsigned char syncmask[2]; /* sync. bits */
} mousemode_t;
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Dv protocol
is
.Dv MOUSE_PROTO_PS2
at the operation level zero and two.
.Dv MOUSE_PROTO_SYSMOUSE
at the operation level one.
.Pp
The
.Dv rate
is the status report rate (reports/sec) at which the device will send
movement report to the host computer.
Typical supported values are 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 200.
Some mice may accept other arbitrary values too.
.Pp
The
.Dv resolution
of the pointing device must be one of
.Dv MOUSE_RES_XXX
constants or a positive value.
The greater the value
is, the finer resolution the mouse will select.
Actual resolution selected by the
.Dv MOUSE_RES_XXX
constant varies according to the model of mouse.
Typical resolutions are:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width MOUSE_RES_MEDIUMHIGH__ -compact
.It Dv MOUSE_RES_LOW
25 ppi
.It Dv MOUSE_RES_MEDIUMLOW
50 ppi
.It Dv MOUSE_RES_MEDIUMHIGH
100 ppi
.It Dv MOUSE_RES_HIGH
200 ppi
.El
.Pp
The
.Dv accelfactor
field holds a value to control acceleration feature
(see
.Sx Acceleration ) .
It must be zero or greater.
If it is zero, acceleration is disabled.
.Pp
The
.Dv packetsize
field specifies the length of the data packet.
It depends on the
operation level and the model of the pointing device.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width level_0__ -compact
.It Em level 0
3 bytes
.It Em level 1
8 bytes
.It Em level 2
Depends on the model of the device
.El
.Pp
The array
.Dv syncmask
holds a bit mask and pattern to detect the first byte of the
data packet.
.Dv syncmask[0]
is the bit mask to be ANDed with a byte.
If the result is equal to
.Dv syncmask[1] ,
the byte is likely to be the first byte of the data packet.
Note that this detection method is not 100% reliable,
thus, should be taken only as an advisory measure.
.Pp
.It Dv MOUSE_SETMODE Ar mousemode_t *mode
The command changes the current operation parameters of the mouse driver
as specified in
.Ar mode .
Only
.Dv rate ,
.Dv resolution ,
.Dv level
and
.Dv accelfactor
may be modifiable.
Setting values in the other field does not generate
error and has no effect.
.Pp
If you do not want to change the current setting of a field, put -1
there.
You may also put zero in
.Dv resolution
and
.Dv rate ,
and the default value for the fields will be selected.
.\" .Pp
.\" .It Dv MOUSE_GETVARS Ar mousevar_t *vars
.\" .It Dv MOUSE_SETVARS Ar mousevar_t *vars
.\" These commands are not supported by the
.\" .Nm
.\" driver.
.Pp
.It Dv MOUSE_READDATA Ar mousedata_t *data
.\" The command reads the raw data from the device.
.\" .Bd -literal
.\" typedef struct mousedata {
.\"     int len;        /* # of data in the buffer */
.\"     int buf[16];    /* data buffer */
.\" } mousedata_t;
.\" .Ed
.\" .Pp
.\" Upon returning to the user program, the driver will place the number
.\" of valid data bytes in the buffer in the
.\" .Dv len
.\" field.
.\" .Pp
.It Dv MOUSE_READSTATE Ar mousedata_t *state
.\" The command reads the hardware settings from the device.
.\" Upon returning to the user program, the driver will place the number
.\" of valid data bytes in the buffer in the
.\" .Dv len
.\" field. It is usually 3 bytes.
.\" The buffer is formatted as follows:
.\" .Pp
.\" .Bl -tag -width Byte_1 -compact
.\" .It Byte 1
.\" .Bl -tag -width bit_6 -compact
.\" .It bit 7
.\" Reserved.
.\" .It bit 6
.\" 0 - stream mode, 1 - remote mode.
.\" In the stream mode, the pointing device sends the device status
.\" whenever its state changes. In the remote mode, the host computer
.\" must request the status to be sent.
.\" The
.\" .Nm
.\" driver puts the device in the stream mode.
.\" .It bit 5
.\" Set if the pointing device is currently enabled. Otherwise zero.
.\" .It bit 4
.\" 0 - 1:1 scaling, 1 - 2:1 scaling.
.\" 1:1 scaling is the default.
.\" .It bit 3
.\" Reserved.
.\" .It bit 2
.\" Left button status; set if pressed.
.\" .It bit 1
.\" Middle button status; set if pressed.
.\" .It bit 0
.\" Right button status; set if pressed.
.\" .El
.\" .It Byte 2
.\" .Bl -tag -width bit_6_0 -compact
.\" .It bit 7
.\" Reserved.
.\" .It bit 6..0
.\" Resolution code: zero through three. Actual resolution for
.\" the resolution code varies from one device to another.
.\" .El
.\" .It Byte 3
.\" The status report rate (reports/sec) at which the device will send
.\" movement report to the host computer.
.\" .El
These commands are not currently supported by the
.Nm
driver.
.Pp
.It Dv MOUSE_GETSTATUS Ar mousestatus_t *status
The command returns the current state of buttons and
movement counts as described in
.Xr mouse 4 .
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /dev/npsm0 -compact
.It Pa /dev/psm0
`non-blocking' device node
.It Pa /dev/bpsm0
`blocking' device node under
.Em devfs .
.El
.Sh EXAMPLES
In order to install the
.Nm
driver, you need to add
.Pp
.Dl "device atkbdc"
.Dl "device psm"
.Pp
to your kernel configuration file, and put the following lines to
.Pa /boot/device.hints .
.Pp
.Dl hint.atkbdc.0.at="isa"
.Dl hint.atkbdc.0.port="0x060"
.Dl hint.psm.0.at="atkbdc"
.Dl hint.psm.0.irq="12"
.Pp
If you add the following statement to
.Pa /boot/device.hints ,
.Pp
.Dl hint.psm.0.flags="0x2000"
.Pp
you will add the optional code to stimulate the pointing device
after the `resume' event.
.Pp
.Dl hint.psm.0.flags="0x24"
.Pp
The above line will set the device resolution high (4)
and the acceleration factor to 2.
.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
At debug level 0, little information is logged except for the following
line during boot process:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
psm0: device ID X
.Ed
.Pp
where
.Fa X
the device ID code returned by the found pointing device.
See
.Dv MOUSE_GETINFO
for known IDs.
.Pp
At debug level 1 more information will be logged
while the driver probes the auxiliary port (mouse port).
Messages are logged with the LOG_KERN facility at the LOG_DEBUG level
(see
.Xr syslogd 8 ) .
.Bd -literal -offset indent
psm0: current command byte:xxxx
kbdio: TEST_AUX_PORT status:0000
kbdio: RESET_AUX return code:00fa
kbdio: RESET_AUX status:00aa
kbdio: RESET_AUX ID:0000
[...]
psm: status 00 02 64
psm0 irq 12 on isa
psm0: model AAAA, device ID X, N buttons
psm0: config:00000www, flags:0000uuuu, packet size:M
psm0: syncmask:xx, syncbits:yy
.Ed
.Pp
The first line shows the command byte value of the keyboard
controller just before the auxiliary port is probed.
It usually is 4D, 45, 47 or 65, depending on how the motherboard BIOS
initialized the keyboard controller upon power-up.
.Pp
The second line shows the result of the keyboard controller's
test on the auxiliary port interface, with zero indicating
no error; note that some controllers report no error even if
the port does not exist in the system, however.
.Pp
The third through fifth lines show the reset status of the pointing device.
The functioning device should return the sequence of FA AA <ID>.
The ID code is described above.
.Pp
The seventh line shows the current hardware settings.
.\" See
.\" .Dv MOUSE_READSTATE
.\" for definitions.
These bytes are formatted as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Byte_1 -compact
.It Byte 1
.Bl -tag -width bit_6 -compact
.It bit 7
Reserved.
.It bit 6
0 - stream mode, 1 - remote mode.
In the stream mode, the pointing device sends the device status
whenever its state changes.
In the remote mode, the host computer
must request the status to be sent.
The
.Nm
driver puts the device in the stream mode.
.It bit 5
Set if the pointing device is currently enabled.
Otherwise zero.
.It bit 4
0 - 1:1 scaling, 1 - 2:1 scaling.
1:1 scaling is the default.
.It bit 3
Reserved.
.It bit 2
Left button status; set if pressed.
.It bit 1
Middle button status; set if pressed.
.It bit 0
Right button status; set if pressed.
.El
.It Byte 2
.Bl -tag -width bit_6_0 -compact
.It bit 7
Reserved.
.It bit 6..0
Resolution code: zero through three.
Actual resolution for
the resolution code varies from one device to another.
.El
.It Byte 3
The status report rate (reports/sec) at which the device will send
movement report to the host computer.
.El
.Pp
Note that the pointing device will not be enabled until the
.Nm
driver is opened by the user program.
.Pp
The rest of the lines show the device ID code, the number of detected
buttons and internal variables.
.Pp
At debug level 2, much more detailed information is logged.
.Sh CAVEATS
Many pad devices behave as if the first (left) button were pressed if
the user `taps' the surface of the pad.
In contrast, some pad products, e.g.\& some versions of ALPS GlidePoint
and Interlink VersaPad, treat the tapping action
as fourth button events.
.Pp
It is reported that Interlink VersaPad requires both
.Em HOOKRESUME
and
.Em INITAFTERSUSPEND
flags in order to recover from suspended state.
These flags are automatically set when VersaPad is detected by the
.Nm
driver.
.Pp
Some PS/2 mouse models from MouseSystems require to be put in the
high resolution mode to work properly.
Use the driver flag to
set resolution.
.Pp
There is not a guaranteed way to re-synchronize with the first byte
of the packet once we are out of synchronization with the data
stream.
However, if you are using the \fIXFree86\fP server and experiencing
the problem, you may be able to make the X server synchronize with the mouse
by switching away to a virtual terminal and getting back to the X server,
unless the X server is accessing the mouse via
.Xr moused 8 .
Clicking any button without moving the mouse may also work.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ioctl 2 ,
.Xr syslog 3 ,
.Xr atkbdc 4 ,
.Xr mouse 4 ,
.Xr mse 4 ,
.Xr sysmouse 4 ,
.Xr moused 8 ,
.Xr syslogd 8
.Rs
.%T Synaptics TouchPad Interfacing Guide
.%O http://www.synaptics.com/
.Re
.\".Sh HISTORY
.Sh AUTHORS
.An -nosplit
The
.Nm
driver is based on the work done by quite a number of people, including
.An Eric Forsberg ,
.An Sandi Donno ,
.An Rick Macklem ,
.An Andrew Herbert ,
.An Charles Hannum ,
.An Shoji Yuen
and
.An Kazutaka Yokota
to name the few.
.Pp
This manual page was written by
.An Kazutaka Yokota Aq yokota@FreeBSD.org .
.Sh BUGS
The ioctl command
.Dv MOUSEIOCREAD
has been removed.
It was never functional anyway.
.Pp
Enabling the extended support for Synaptics touchpads has been reported to
cause problems with responsivity on some (newer) models of Synaptics
hardware, particularly those with guest devices.