1.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2
3======================================
4_DSD Device Properties Related to GPIO
5======================================
6
7With the release of ACPI 5.1, the _DSD configuration object finally
8allows names to be given to GPIOs (and other things as well) returned
9by _CRS.  Previously, we were only able to use an integer index to find
10the corresponding GPIO, which is pretty error prone (it depends on
11the _CRS output ordering, for example).
12
13With _DSD we can now query GPIOs using a name instead of an integer
14index, like the ASL example below shows::
15
16  // Bluetooth device with reset and shutdown GPIOs
17  Device (BTH)
18  {
19      Name (_HID, ...)
20
21      Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate ()
22      {
23          GpioIo (Exclusive, PullUp, 0, 0, IoRestrictionOutputOnly,
24                  "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) { 15 }
25          GpioIo (Exclusive, PullUp, 0, 0, IoRestrictionOutputOnly,
26                  "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) { 27, 31 }
27      })
28
29      Name (_DSD, Package ()
30      {
31          ToUUID("daffd814-6eba-4d8c-8a91-bc9bbf4aa301"),
32          Package ()
33          {
34              Package () { "reset-gpios", Package () { ^BTH, 1, 1, 0 } },
35              Package () { "shutdown-gpios", Package () { ^BTH, 0, 0, 0 } },
36          }
37      })
38  }
39
40The format of the supported GPIO property is::
41
42  Package () { "name", Package () { ref, index, pin, active_low }}
43
44ref
45  The device that has _CRS containing GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources,
46  typically this is the device itself (BTH in our case).
47index
48  Index of the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource in _CRS starting from zero.
49pin
50  Pin in the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource. Typically this is zero.
51active_low
52  If 1, the GPIO is marked as active_low.
53
54Since ACPI GpioIo() resource does not have a field saying whether it is
55active low or high, the "active_low" argument can be used here.  Setting
56it to 1 marks the GPIO as active low.
57
58Note, active_low in _DSD does not make sense for GpioInt() resource and
59must be 0. GpioInt() resource has its own means of defining it.
60
61In our Bluetooth example the "reset-gpios" refers to the second GpioIo()
62resource, second pin in that resource with the GPIO number of 31.
63
64The GpioIo() resource unfortunately doesn't explicitly provide an initial
65state of the output pin which driver should use during its initialization.
66
67Linux tries to use common sense here and derives the state from the bias
68and polarity settings. The table below shows the expectations:
69
70=========  =============  ==============
71Pull Bias     Polarity     Requested...
72=========  =============  ==============
73Implicit     x            AS IS (assumed firmware configured for us)
74Explicit     x (no _DSD)  as Pull Bias (Up == High, Down == Low),
75                          assuming non-active (Polarity = !Pull Bias)
76Down         Low          as low, assuming active
77Down         High         as low, assuming non-active
78Up           Low          as high, assuming non-active
79Up           High         as high, assuming active
80=========  =============  ==============
81
82That said, for our above example the both GPIOs, since the bias setting
83is explicit and _DSD is present, will be treated as active with a high
84polarity and Linux will configure the pins in this state until a driver
85reprograms them differently.
86
87It is possible to leave holes in the array of GPIOs. This is useful in
88cases like with SPI host controllers where some chip selects may be
89implemented as GPIOs and some as native signals. For example a SPI host
90controller can have chip selects 0 and 2 implemented as GPIOs and 1 as
91native::
92
93  Package () {
94      "cs-gpios",
95      Package () {
96          ^GPIO, 19, 0, 0, // chip select 0: GPIO
97          0,               // chip select 1: native signal
98          ^GPIO, 20, 0, 0, // chip select 2: GPIO
99      }
100  }
101
102Note, that historically ACPI has no means of the GPIO polarity and thus
103the SPISerialBus() resource defines it on the per-chip basis. In order
104to avoid a chain of negations, the GPIO polarity is considered being
105Active High. Even for the cases when _DSD() is involved (see the example
106above) the GPIO CS polarity must be defined Active High to avoid ambiguity.
107
108Other supported properties
109==========================
110
111Following Device Tree compatible device properties are also supported by
112_DSD device properties for GPIO controllers:
113
114- gpio-hog
115- output-high
116- output-low
117- input
118- line-name
119
120Example::
121
122  Name (_DSD, Package () {
123      // _DSD Hierarchical Properties Extension UUID
124      ToUUID("dbb8e3e6-5886-4ba6-8795-1319f52a966b"),
125      Package () {
126          Package () { "hog-gpio8", "G8PU" }
127      }
128  })
129
130  Name (G8PU, Package () {
131      ToUUID("daffd814-6eba-4d8c-8a91-bc9bbf4aa301"),
132      Package () {
133          Package () { "gpio-hog", 1 },
134          Package () { "gpios", Package () { 8, 0 } },
135          Package () { "output-high", 1 },
136          Package () { "line-name", "gpio8-pullup" },
137      }
138  })
139
140- gpio-line-names
141
142The ``gpio-line-names`` declaration is a list of strings ("names"), which
143describes each line/pin of a GPIO controller/expander. This list, contained in
144a package, must be inserted inside the GPIO controller declaration of an ACPI
145table (typically inside the DSDT). The ``gpio-line-names`` list must respect the
146following rules (see also the examples):
147
148  - the first name in the list corresponds with the first line/pin of the GPIO
149    controller/expander
150  - the names inside the list must be consecutive (no "holes" are permitted)
151  - the list can be incomplete and can end before the last GPIO line: in
152    other words, it is not mandatory to fill all the GPIO lines
153  - empty names are allowed (two quotation marks ``""`` correspond to an empty
154    name)
155  - names inside one GPIO controller/expander must be unique
156
157Example of a GPIO controller of 16 lines, with an incomplete list with two
158empty names::
159
160  Package () {
161      "gpio-line-names",
162      Package () {
163          "pin_0",
164          "pin_1",
165          "",
166          "",
167          "pin_3",
168          "pin_4_push_button",
169      }
170  }
171
172At runtime, the above declaration produces the following result (using the
173"libgpiod" tools)::
174
175  root@debian:~# gpioinfo gpiochip4
176  gpiochip4 - 16 lines:
177          line   0:      "pin_0"       unused   input  active-high
178          line   1:      "pin_1"       unused   input  active-high
179          line   2:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
180          line   3:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
181          line   4:      "pin_3"       unused   input  active-high
182          line   5: "pin_4_push_button" unused input active-high
183          line   6:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
184          line   7       unnamed       unused   input  active-high
185          line   8:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
186          line   9:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
187          line  10:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
188          line  11:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
189          line  12:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
190          line  13:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
191          line  14:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
192          line  15:      unnamed       unused   input  active-high
193  root@debian:~# gpiofind pin_4_push_button
194  gpiochip4 5
195  root@debian:~#
196
197Another example::
198
199  Package () {
200      "gpio-line-names",
201      Package () {
202          "SPI0_CS_N", "EXP2_INT", "MUX6_IO", "UART0_RXD",
203          "MUX7_IO", "LVL_C_A1", "MUX0_IO", "SPI1_MISO",
204      }
205  }
206
207See Documentation/devicetree/bindings/gpio/gpio.txt for more information
208about these properties.
209
210ACPI GPIO Mappings Provided by Drivers
211======================================
212
213There are systems in which the ACPI tables do not contain _DSD but provide _CRS
214with GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources and device drivers still need to work with
215them.
216
217In those cases ACPI device identification objects, _HID, _CID, _CLS, _SUB, _HRV,
218available to the driver can be used to identify the device and that is supposed
219to be sufficient to determine the meaning and purpose of all of the GPIO lines
220listed by the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources returned by _CRS.  In other words,
221the driver is supposed to know what to use the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources for
222once it has identified the device.  Having done that, it can simply assign names
223to the GPIO lines it is going to use and provide the GPIO subsystem with a
224mapping between those names and the ACPI GPIO resources corresponding to them.
225
226To do that, the driver needs to define a mapping table as a NULL-terminated
227array of struct acpi_gpio_mapping objects that each contains a name, a pointer
228to an array of line data (struct acpi_gpio_params) objects and the size of that
229array.  Each struct acpi_gpio_params object consists of three fields,
230crs_entry_index, line_index, active_low, representing the index of the target
231GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource in _CRS starting from zero, the index of the target
232line in that resource starting from zero, and the active-low flag for that line,
233respectively, in analogy with the _DSD GPIO property format specified above.
234
235For the example Bluetooth device discussed previously the data structures in
236question would look like this::
237
238  static const struct acpi_gpio_params reset_gpio = { 1, 1, false };
239  static const struct acpi_gpio_params shutdown_gpio = { 0, 0, false };
240
241  static const struct acpi_gpio_mapping bluetooth_acpi_gpios[] = {
242    { "reset-gpios", &reset_gpio, 1 },
243    { "shutdown-gpios", &shutdown_gpio, 1 },
244    { }
245  };
246
247Next, the mapping table needs to be passed as the second argument to
248acpi_dev_add_driver_gpios() or its managed analogue that will
249register it with the ACPI device object pointed to by its first
250argument. That should be done in the driver's .probe() routine.
251On removal, the driver should unregister its GPIO mapping table by
252calling acpi_dev_remove_driver_gpios() on the ACPI device object where that
253table was previously registered.
254
255Using the _CRS fallback
256=======================
257
258If a device does not have _DSD or the driver does not create ACPI GPIO
259mapping, the Linux GPIO framework refuses to return any GPIOs. This is
260because the driver does not know what it actually gets. For example if we
261have a device like below::
262
263  Device (BTH)
264  {
265      Name (_HID, ...)
266
267      Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
268          GpioIo (Exclusive, PullNone, 0, 0, IoRestrictionNone,
269                  "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) { 15 }
270          GpioIo (Exclusive, PullNone, 0, 0, IoRestrictionNone,
271                  "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) { 27 }
272      })
273  }
274
275The driver might expect to get the right GPIO when it does::
276
277  desc = gpiod_get(dev, "reset", GPIOD_OUT_LOW);
278  if (IS_ERR(desc))
279	...error handling...
280
281but since there is no way to know the mapping between "reset" and
282the GpioIo() in _CRS desc will hold ERR_PTR(-ENOENT).
283
284The driver author can solve this by passing the mapping explicitly
285(this is the recommended way and it's documented in the above chapter).
286
287The ACPI GPIO mapping tables should not contaminate drivers that are not
288knowing about which exact device they are servicing on. It implies that
289the ACPI GPIO mapping tables are hardly linked to an ACPI ID and certain
290objects, as listed in the above chapter, of the device in question.
291
292Getting GPIO descriptor
293=======================
294
295There are two main approaches to get GPIO resource from ACPI::
296
297  desc = gpiod_get(dev, connection_id, flags);
298  desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, connection_id, index, flags);
299
300We may consider two different cases here, i.e. when connection ID is
301provided and otherwise.
302
303Case 1::
304
305  desc = gpiod_get(dev, "non-null-connection-id", flags);
306  desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, "non-null-connection-id", index, flags);
307
308Case 2::
309
310  desc = gpiod_get(dev, NULL, flags);
311  desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, NULL, index, flags);
312
313Case 1 assumes that corresponding ACPI device description must have
314defined device properties and will prevent to getting any GPIO resources
315otherwise.
316
317Case 2 explicitly tells GPIO core to look for resources in _CRS.
318
319Be aware that gpiod_get_index() in cases 1 and 2, assuming that there
320are two versions of ACPI device description provided and no mapping is
321present in the driver, will return different resources. That's why a
322certain driver has to handle them carefully as explained in the previous
323chapter.
324