xref: /linux/drivers/base/cpu.c (revision e91c37f1)
1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2 /*
3  * CPU subsystem support
4  */
5 
6 #include <linux/kernel.h>
7 #include <linux/module.h>
8 #include <linux/init.h>
9 #include <linux/sched.h>
10 #include <linux/cpu.h>
11 #include <linux/topology.h>
12 #include <linux/device.h>
13 #include <linux/node.h>
14 #include <linux/gfp.h>
15 #include <linux/slab.h>
16 #include <linux/percpu.h>
17 #include <linux/acpi.h>
18 #include <linux/of.h>
19 #include <linux/cpufeature.h>
20 #include <linux/tick.h>
21 #include <linux/pm_qos.h>
22 #include <linux/delay.h>
23 #include <linux/sched/isolation.h>
24 
25 #include "base.h"
26 
27 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct device *, cpu_sys_devices);
28 
29 static int cpu_subsys_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
30 {
31 	/* ACPI style match is the only one that may succeed. */
32 	if (acpi_driver_match_device(dev, drv))
33 		return 1;
34 
35 	return 0;
36 }
37 
38 #ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU
39 static void change_cpu_under_node(struct cpu *cpu,
40 			unsigned int from_nid, unsigned int to_nid)
41 {
42 	int cpuid = cpu->dev.id;
43 	unregister_cpu_under_node(cpuid, from_nid);
44 	register_cpu_under_node(cpuid, to_nid);
45 	cpu->node_id = to_nid;
46 }
47 
48 static int cpu_subsys_online(struct device *dev)
49 {
50 	struct cpu *cpu = container_of(dev, struct cpu, dev);
51 	int cpuid = dev->id;
52 	int from_nid, to_nid;
53 	int ret;
54 	int retries = 0;
55 
56 	from_nid = cpu_to_node(cpuid);
57 	if (from_nid == NUMA_NO_NODE)
58 		return -ENODEV;
59 
60 retry:
61 	ret = cpu_device_up(dev);
62 
63 	/*
64 	 * If -EBUSY is returned, it is likely that hotplug is temporarily
65 	 * disabled when cpu_hotplug_disable() was called. This condition is
66 	 * transient. So we retry after waiting for an exponentially
67 	 * increasing delay up to a total of at least 620ms as some PCI
68 	 * device initialization can take quite a while.
69 	 */
70 	if (ret == -EBUSY) {
71 		retries++;
72 		if (retries > 5)
73 			return ret;
74 		msleep(10 * (1 << retries));
75 		goto retry;
76 	}
77 
78 	/*
79 	 * When hot adding memory to memoryless node and enabling a cpu
80 	 * on the node, node number of the cpu may internally change.
81 	 */
82 	to_nid = cpu_to_node(cpuid);
83 	if (from_nid != to_nid)
84 		change_cpu_under_node(cpu, from_nid, to_nid);
85 
86 	return ret;
87 }
88 
89 static int cpu_subsys_offline(struct device *dev)
90 {
91 	return cpu_device_down(dev);
92 }
93 
94 void unregister_cpu(struct cpu *cpu)
95 {
96 	int logical_cpu = cpu->dev.id;
97 
98 	unregister_cpu_under_node(logical_cpu, cpu_to_node(logical_cpu));
99 
100 	device_unregister(&cpu->dev);
101 	per_cpu(cpu_sys_devices, logical_cpu) = NULL;
102 	return;
103 }
104 
105 #ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_CPU_PROBE_RELEASE
106 static ssize_t cpu_probe_store(struct device *dev,
107 			       struct device_attribute *attr,
108 			       const char *buf,
109 			       size_t count)
110 {
111 	ssize_t cnt;
112 	int ret;
113 
114 	ret = lock_device_hotplug_sysfs();
115 	if (ret)
116 		return ret;
117 
118 	cnt = arch_cpu_probe(buf, count);
119 
120 	unlock_device_hotplug();
121 	return cnt;
122 }
123 
124 static ssize_t cpu_release_store(struct device *dev,
125 				 struct device_attribute *attr,
126 				 const char *buf,
127 				 size_t count)
128 {
129 	ssize_t cnt;
130 	int ret;
131 
132 	ret = lock_device_hotplug_sysfs();
133 	if (ret)
134 		return ret;
135 
136 	cnt = arch_cpu_release(buf, count);
137 
138 	unlock_device_hotplug();
139 	return cnt;
140 }
141 
142 static DEVICE_ATTR(probe, S_IWUSR, NULL, cpu_probe_store);
143 static DEVICE_ATTR(release, S_IWUSR, NULL, cpu_release_store);
144 #endif /* CONFIG_ARCH_CPU_PROBE_RELEASE */
145 #endif /* CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU */
146 
147 #ifdef CONFIG_KEXEC_CORE
148 #include <linux/kexec.h>
149 
150 static ssize_t crash_notes_show(struct device *dev,
151 				struct device_attribute *attr,
152 				char *buf)
153 {
154 	struct cpu *cpu = container_of(dev, struct cpu, dev);
155 	unsigned long long addr;
156 	int cpunum;
157 
158 	cpunum = cpu->dev.id;
159 
160 	/*
161 	 * Might be reading other cpu's data based on which cpu read thread
162 	 * has been scheduled. But cpu data (memory) is allocated once during
163 	 * boot up and this data does not change there after. Hence this
164 	 * operation should be safe. No locking required.
165 	 */
166 	addr = per_cpu_ptr_to_phys(per_cpu_ptr(crash_notes, cpunum));
167 
168 	return sysfs_emit(buf, "%llx\n", addr);
169 }
170 static DEVICE_ATTR_ADMIN_RO(crash_notes);
171 
172 static ssize_t crash_notes_size_show(struct device *dev,
173 				     struct device_attribute *attr,
174 				     char *buf)
175 {
176 	return sysfs_emit(buf, "%zu\n", sizeof(note_buf_t));
177 }
178 static DEVICE_ATTR_ADMIN_RO(crash_notes_size);
179 
180 static struct attribute *crash_note_cpu_attrs[] = {
181 	&dev_attr_crash_notes.attr,
182 	&dev_attr_crash_notes_size.attr,
183 	NULL
184 };
185 
186 static const struct attribute_group crash_note_cpu_attr_group = {
187 	.attrs = crash_note_cpu_attrs,
188 };
189 #endif
190 
191 static const struct attribute_group *common_cpu_attr_groups[] = {
192 #ifdef CONFIG_KEXEC_CORE
193 	&crash_note_cpu_attr_group,
194 #endif
195 	NULL
196 };
197 
198 static const struct attribute_group *hotplugable_cpu_attr_groups[] = {
199 #ifdef CONFIG_KEXEC_CORE
200 	&crash_note_cpu_attr_group,
201 #endif
202 	NULL
203 };
204 
205 /*
206  * Print cpu online, possible, present, and system maps
207  */
208 
209 struct cpu_attr {
210 	struct device_attribute attr;
211 	const struct cpumask *const map;
212 };
213 
214 static ssize_t show_cpus_attr(struct device *dev,
215 			      struct device_attribute *attr,
216 			      char *buf)
217 {
218 	struct cpu_attr *ca = container_of(attr, struct cpu_attr, attr);
219 
220 	return cpumap_print_to_pagebuf(true, buf, ca->map);
221 }
222 
223 #define _CPU_ATTR(name, map) \
224 	{ __ATTR(name, 0444, show_cpus_attr, NULL), map }
225 
226 /* Keep in sync with cpu_subsys_attrs */
227 static struct cpu_attr cpu_attrs[] = {
228 	_CPU_ATTR(online, &__cpu_online_mask),
229 	_CPU_ATTR(possible, &__cpu_possible_mask),
230 	_CPU_ATTR(present, &__cpu_present_mask),
231 };
232 
233 /*
234  * Print values for NR_CPUS and offlined cpus
235  */
236 static ssize_t print_cpus_kernel_max(struct device *dev,
237 				     struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
238 {
239 	return sysfs_emit(buf, "%d\n", NR_CPUS - 1);
240 }
241 static DEVICE_ATTR(kernel_max, 0444, print_cpus_kernel_max, NULL);
242 
243 /* arch-optional setting to enable display of offline cpus >= nr_cpu_ids */
244 unsigned int total_cpus;
245 
246 static ssize_t print_cpus_offline(struct device *dev,
247 				  struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
248 {
249 	int len = 0;
250 	cpumask_var_t offline;
251 
252 	/* display offline cpus < nr_cpu_ids */
253 	if (!alloc_cpumask_var(&offline, GFP_KERNEL))
254 		return -ENOMEM;
255 	cpumask_andnot(offline, cpu_possible_mask, cpu_online_mask);
256 	len += sysfs_emit_at(buf, len, "%*pbl", cpumask_pr_args(offline));
257 	free_cpumask_var(offline);
258 
259 	/* display offline cpus >= nr_cpu_ids */
260 	if (total_cpus && nr_cpu_ids < total_cpus) {
261 		len += sysfs_emit_at(buf, len, ",");
262 
263 		if (nr_cpu_ids == total_cpus-1)
264 			len += sysfs_emit_at(buf, len, "%u", nr_cpu_ids);
265 		else
266 			len += sysfs_emit_at(buf, len, "%u-%d",
267 					     nr_cpu_ids, total_cpus - 1);
268 	}
269 
270 	len += sysfs_emit_at(buf, len, "\n");
271 
272 	return len;
273 }
274 static DEVICE_ATTR(offline, 0444, print_cpus_offline, NULL);
275 
276 static ssize_t print_cpus_isolated(struct device *dev,
277 				  struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
278 {
279 	int len;
280 	cpumask_var_t isolated;
281 
282 	if (!alloc_cpumask_var(&isolated, GFP_KERNEL))
283 		return -ENOMEM;
284 
285 	cpumask_andnot(isolated, cpu_possible_mask,
286 		       housekeeping_cpumask(HK_TYPE_DOMAIN));
287 	len = sysfs_emit(buf, "%*pbl\n", cpumask_pr_args(isolated));
288 
289 	free_cpumask_var(isolated);
290 
291 	return len;
292 }
293 static DEVICE_ATTR(isolated, 0444, print_cpus_isolated, NULL);
294 
295 #ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL
296 static ssize_t print_cpus_nohz_full(struct device *dev,
297 				    struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
298 {
299 	return sysfs_emit(buf, "%*pbl\n", cpumask_pr_args(tick_nohz_full_mask));
300 }
301 static DEVICE_ATTR(nohz_full, 0444, print_cpus_nohz_full, NULL);
302 #endif
303 
304 #ifdef CONFIG_CRASH_HOTPLUG
305 static ssize_t crash_hotplug_show(struct device *dev,
306 				     struct device_attribute *attr,
307 				     char *buf)
308 {
309 	return sysfs_emit(buf, "%d\n", crash_hotplug_cpu_support());
310 }
311 static DEVICE_ATTR_ADMIN_RO(crash_hotplug);
312 #endif
313 
314 static void cpu_device_release(struct device *dev)
315 {
316 	/*
317 	 * This is an empty function to prevent the driver core from spitting a
318 	 * warning at us.  Yes, I know this is directly opposite of what the
319 	 * documentation for the driver core and kobjects say, and the author
320 	 * of this code has already been publically ridiculed for doing
321 	 * something as foolish as this.  However, at this point in time, it is
322 	 * the only way to handle the issue of statically allocated cpu
323 	 * devices.  The different architectures will have their cpu device
324 	 * code reworked to properly handle this in the near future, so this
325 	 * function will then be changed to correctly free up the memory held
326 	 * by the cpu device.
327 	 *
328 	 * Never copy this way of doing things, or you too will be made fun of
329 	 * on the linux-kernel list, you have been warned.
330 	 */
331 }
332 
333 #ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU_AUTOPROBE
334 static ssize_t print_cpu_modalias(struct device *dev,
335 				  struct device_attribute *attr,
336 				  char *buf)
337 {
338 	int len = 0;
339 	u32 i;
340 
341 	len += sysfs_emit_at(buf, len,
342 			     "cpu:type:" CPU_FEATURE_TYPEFMT ":feature:",
343 			     CPU_FEATURE_TYPEVAL);
344 
345 	for (i = 0; i < MAX_CPU_FEATURES; i++)
346 		if (cpu_have_feature(i)) {
347 			if (len + sizeof(",XXXX\n") >= PAGE_SIZE) {
348 				WARN(1, "CPU features overflow page\n");
349 				break;
350 			}
351 			len += sysfs_emit_at(buf, len, ",%04X", i);
352 		}
353 	len += sysfs_emit_at(buf, len, "\n");
354 	return len;
355 }
356 
357 static int cpu_uevent(const struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env)
358 {
359 	char *buf = kzalloc(PAGE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
360 	if (buf) {
361 		print_cpu_modalias(NULL, NULL, buf);
362 		add_uevent_var(env, "MODALIAS=%s", buf);
363 		kfree(buf);
364 	}
365 	return 0;
366 }
367 #endif
368 
369 struct bus_type cpu_subsys = {
370 	.name = "cpu",
371 	.dev_name = "cpu",
372 	.match = cpu_subsys_match,
373 #ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU
374 	.online = cpu_subsys_online,
375 	.offline = cpu_subsys_offline,
376 #endif
377 #ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU_AUTOPROBE
378 	.uevent = cpu_uevent,
379 #endif
380 };
381 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(cpu_subsys);
382 
383 /*
384  * register_cpu - Setup a sysfs device for a CPU.
385  * @cpu - cpu->hotpluggable field set to 1 will generate a control file in
386  *	  sysfs for this CPU.
387  * @num - CPU number to use when creating the device.
388  *
389  * Initialize and register the CPU device.
390  */
391 int register_cpu(struct cpu *cpu, int num)
392 {
393 	int error;
394 
395 	cpu->node_id = cpu_to_node(num);
396 	memset(&cpu->dev, 0x00, sizeof(struct device));
397 	cpu->dev.id = num;
398 	cpu->dev.bus = &cpu_subsys;
399 	cpu->dev.release = cpu_device_release;
400 	cpu->dev.offline_disabled = !cpu->hotpluggable;
401 	cpu->dev.offline = !cpu_online(num);
402 	cpu->dev.of_node = of_get_cpu_node(num, NULL);
403 	cpu->dev.groups = common_cpu_attr_groups;
404 	if (cpu->hotpluggable)
405 		cpu->dev.groups = hotplugable_cpu_attr_groups;
406 	error = device_register(&cpu->dev);
407 	if (error) {
408 		put_device(&cpu->dev);
409 		return error;
410 	}
411 
412 	per_cpu(cpu_sys_devices, num) = &cpu->dev;
413 	register_cpu_under_node(num, cpu_to_node(num));
414 	dev_pm_qos_expose_latency_limit(&cpu->dev,
415 					PM_QOS_RESUME_LATENCY_NO_CONSTRAINT);
416 
417 	return 0;
418 }
419 
420 struct device *get_cpu_device(unsigned int cpu)
421 {
422 	if (cpu < nr_cpu_ids && cpu_possible(cpu))
423 		return per_cpu(cpu_sys_devices, cpu);
424 	else
425 		return NULL;
426 }
427 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_cpu_device);
428 
429 static void device_create_release(struct device *dev)
430 {
431 	kfree(dev);
432 }
433 
434 __printf(4, 0)
435 static struct device *
436 __cpu_device_create(struct device *parent, void *drvdata,
437 		    const struct attribute_group **groups,
438 		    const char *fmt, va_list args)
439 {
440 	struct device *dev = NULL;
441 	int retval = -ENOMEM;
442 
443 	dev = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL);
444 	if (!dev)
445 		goto error;
446 
447 	device_initialize(dev);
448 	dev->parent = parent;
449 	dev->groups = groups;
450 	dev->release = device_create_release;
451 	device_set_pm_not_required(dev);
452 	dev_set_drvdata(dev, drvdata);
453 
454 	retval = kobject_set_name_vargs(&dev->kobj, fmt, args);
455 	if (retval)
456 		goto error;
457 
458 	retval = device_add(dev);
459 	if (retval)
460 		goto error;
461 
462 	return dev;
463 
464 error:
465 	put_device(dev);
466 	return ERR_PTR(retval);
467 }
468 
469 struct device *cpu_device_create(struct device *parent, void *drvdata,
470 				 const struct attribute_group **groups,
471 				 const char *fmt, ...)
472 {
473 	va_list vargs;
474 	struct device *dev;
475 
476 	va_start(vargs, fmt);
477 	dev = __cpu_device_create(parent, drvdata, groups, fmt, vargs);
478 	va_end(vargs);
479 	return dev;
480 }
481 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(cpu_device_create);
482 
483 #ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU_AUTOPROBE
484 static DEVICE_ATTR(modalias, 0444, print_cpu_modalias, NULL);
485 #endif
486 
487 static struct attribute *cpu_root_attrs[] = {
488 #ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_CPU_PROBE_RELEASE
489 	&dev_attr_probe.attr,
490 	&dev_attr_release.attr,
491 #endif
492 	&cpu_attrs[0].attr.attr,
493 	&cpu_attrs[1].attr.attr,
494 	&cpu_attrs[2].attr.attr,
495 	&dev_attr_kernel_max.attr,
496 	&dev_attr_offline.attr,
497 	&dev_attr_isolated.attr,
498 #ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL
499 	&dev_attr_nohz_full.attr,
500 #endif
501 #ifdef CONFIG_CRASH_HOTPLUG
502 	&dev_attr_crash_hotplug.attr,
503 #endif
504 #ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU_AUTOPROBE
505 	&dev_attr_modalias.attr,
506 #endif
507 	NULL
508 };
509 
510 static const struct attribute_group cpu_root_attr_group = {
511 	.attrs = cpu_root_attrs,
512 };
513 
514 static const struct attribute_group *cpu_root_attr_groups[] = {
515 	&cpu_root_attr_group,
516 	NULL,
517 };
518 
519 bool cpu_is_hotpluggable(unsigned int cpu)
520 {
521 	struct device *dev = get_cpu_device(cpu);
522 	return dev && container_of(dev, struct cpu, dev)->hotpluggable
523 		&& tick_nohz_cpu_hotpluggable(cpu);
524 }
525 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(cpu_is_hotpluggable);
526 
527 #ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU_DEVICES
528 DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct cpu, cpu_devices);
529 
530 bool __weak arch_cpu_is_hotpluggable(int cpu)
531 {
532 	return false;
533 }
534 
535 int __weak arch_register_cpu(int cpu)
536 {
537 	struct cpu *c = &per_cpu(cpu_devices, cpu);
538 
539 	c->hotpluggable = arch_cpu_is_hotpluggable(cpu);
540 
541 	return register_cpu(c, cpu);
542 }
543 
544 #ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU
545 void __weak arch_unregister_cpu(int num)
546 {
547 	unregister_cpu(&per_cpu(cpu_devices, num));
548 }
549 #endif /* CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU */
550 #endif /* CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU_DEVICES */
551 
552 static void __init cpu_dev_register_generic(void)
553 {
554 	int i, ret;
555 
556 	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU_DEVICES))
557 		return;
558 
559 	for_each_present_cpu(i) {
560 		ret = arch_register_cpu(i);
561 		if (ret)
562 			pr_warn("register_cpu %d failed (%d)\n", i, ret);
563 	}
564 }
565 
566 #ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU_VULNERABILITIES
567 static ssize_t cpu_show_not_affected(struct device *dev,
568 			      struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
569 {
570 	return sysfs_emit(buf, "Not affected\n");
571 }
572 
573 #define CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(func)					\
574 	ssize_t cpu_show_##func(struct device *,			\
575 				  struct device_attribute *, char *)	\
576 		 __attribute__((weak, alias("cpu_show_not_affected")))
577 
578 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(meltdown);
579 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(spectre_v1);
580 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(spectre_v2);
581 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(spec_store_bypass);
582 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(l1tf);
583 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(mds);
584 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(tsx_async_abort);
585 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(itlb_multihit);
586 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(srbds);
587 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(mmio_stale_data);
588 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(retbleed);
589 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(spec_rstack_overflow);
590 CPU_SHOW_VULN_FALLBACK(gds);
591 
592 static DEVICE_ATTR(meltdown, 0444, cpu_show_meltdown, NULL);
593 static DEVICE_ATTR(spectre_v1, 0444, cpu_show_spectre_v1, NULL);
594 static DEVICE_ATTR(spectre_v2, 0444, cpu_show_spectre_v2, NULL);
595 static DEVICE_ATTR(spec_store_bypass, 0444, cpu_show_spec_store_bypass, NULL);
596 static DEVICE_ATTR(l1tf, 0444, cpu_show_l1tf, NULL);
597 static DEVICE_ATTR(mds, 0444, cpu_show_mds, NULL);
598 static DEVICE_ATTR(tsx_async_abort, 0444, cpu_show_tsx_async_abort, NULL);
599 static DEVICE_ATTR(itlb_multihit, 0444, cpu_show_itlb_multihit, NULL);
600 static DEVICE_ATTR(srbds, 0444, cpu_show_srbds, NULL);
601 static DEVICE_ATTR(mmio_stale_data, 0444, cpu_show_mmio_stale_data, NULL);
602 static DEVICE_ATTR(retbleed, 0444, cpu_show_retbleed, NULL);
603 static DEVICE_ATTR(spec_rstack_overflow, 0444, cpu_show_spec_rstack_overflow, NULL);
604 static DEVICE_ATTR(gather_data_sampling, 0444, cpu_show_gds, NULL);
605 
606 static struct attribute *cpu_root_vulnerabilities_attrs[] = {
607 	&dev_attr_meltdown.attr,
608 	&dev_attr_spectre_v1.attr,
609 	&dev_attr_spectre_v2.attr,
610 	&dev_attr_spec_store_bypass.attr,
611 	&dev_attr_l1tf.attr,
612 	&dev_attr_mds.attr,
613 	&dev_attr_tsx_async_abort.attr,
614 	&dev_attr_itlb_multihit.attr,
615 	&dev_attr_srbds.attr,
616 	&dev_attr_mmio_stale_data.attr,
617 	&dev_attr_retbleed.attr,
618 	&dev_attr_spec_rstack_overflow.attr,
619 	&dev_attr_gather_data_sampling.attr,
620 	NULL
621 };
622 
623 static const struct attribute_group cpu_root_vulnerabilities_group = {
624 	.name  = "vulnerabilities",
625 	.attrs = cpu_root_vulnerabilities_attrs,
626 };
627 
628 static void __init cpu_register_vulnerabilities(void)
629 {
630 	struct device *dev = bus_get_dev_root(&cpu_subsys);
631 
632 	if (dev) {
633 		if (sysfs_create_group(&dev->kobj, &cpu_root_vulnerabilities_group))
634 			pr_err("Unable to register CPU vulnerabilities\n");
635 		put_device(dev);
636 	}
637 }
638 
639 #else
640 static inline void cpu_register_vulnerabilities(void) { }
641 #endif
642 
643 void __init cpu_dev_init(void)
644 {
645 	if (subsys_system_register(&cpu_subsys, cpu_root_attr_groups))
646 		panic("Failed to register CPU subsystem");
647 
648 	cpu_dev_register_generic();
649 	cpu_register_vulnerabilities();
650 }
651