1<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 3<html> <head> 4<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> 5<title> Postfix manual - sendmail(1) </title> 6</head> <body> <pre> 7SENDMAIL(1) SENDMAIL(1) 8 9<b>NAME</b> 10 sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface 11 12<b>SYNOPSIS</b> 13 <b>sendmail</b> [<i>option ...</i>] [<i>recipient ...</i>] 14 15 <b>mailq</b> 16 <b>sendmail -bp</b> 17 18 <b>newaliases</b> 19 <b>sendmail -I</b> 20 21<b>DESCRIPTION</b> 22 The Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command implements the Postfix to 23 Sendmail compatibility interface. For the sake of compat- 24 ibility with existing applications, some Sendmail command- 25 line options are recognized but silently ignored. 26 27 By default, Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> reads a message from stan- 28 dard input until EOF or until it reads a line with only a 29 <b>.</b> character, and arranges for delivery. Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a> 30 <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> relies on the <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> command to create a 31 queue file in the <b>maildrop</b> directory. 32 33 Specific command aliases are provided for other common 34 modes of operation: 35 36 <b>mailq</b> List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue 37 file ID, message size, arrival time, sender, and 38 the recipients that still need to be delivered. If 39 mail could not be delivered upon the last attempt, 40 the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID 41 string is followed by an optional status character: 42 43 <b>*</b> The message is in the <b>active</b> queue, i.e. the 44 message is selected for delivery. 45 46 <b>!</b> The message is in the <b>hold</b> queue, i.e. no 47 further delivery attempt will be made until 48 the mail is taken off hold. 49 50 This mode of operation is implemented by executing 51 the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. 52 53 <b>newaliases</b> 54 Initialize the alias database. If no input file is 55 specified (with the <b>-oA</b> option, see below), the 56 program processes the file(s) specified with the 57 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a></b> configuration parameter. If no 58 alias database type is specified, the program uses 59 the type specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></b> 60 configuration parameter. This mode of operation is 61 implemented by running the <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> command. 62 63 Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias 64 database update becomes visible. Use the "<b>postfix</b> 65 <b>reload</b>" command to eliminate this delay. 66 67 These and other features can be selected by specifying the 68 appropriate combination of command-line options. Some fea- 69 tures are controlled by parameters in the <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configu- 70 ration file. 71 72 The following options are recognized: 73 74 <b>-Am</b> (ignored) 75 76 <b>-Ac</b> (ignored) 77 Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file 78 regardless of whether or not a message is an ini- 79 tial submission. 80 81 <b>-B</b> <i>body</i><b>_</b><i>type</i> 82 The message body MIME type: <b>7BIT</b> or <b>8BITMIME</b>. 83 84 <b>-bd</b> Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is 85 implemented by executing the "<b>postfix start</b>" com- 86 mand. 87 88 <b>-bh</b> (ignored) 89 90 <b>-bH</b> (ignored) 91 Postfix has no persistent host status database. 92 93 <b>-bi</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com- 94 mand above. 95 96 <b>-bm</b> Read mail from standard input and arrange for 97 delivery. This is the default mode of operation. 98 99 <b>-bp</b> List the mail queue. See the <b>mailq</b> command above. 100 101 <b>-bs</b> Stand-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands 102 from standard input, and write responses to stan- 103 dard output. In stand-alone SMTP server mode, mail 104 relaying and other access controls are disabled by 105 default. To enable them, run the process as the 106 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a></b> user. 107 108 This mode of operation is implemented by running 109 the <a href="smtpd.8.html"><b>smtpd</b>(8)</a> daemon. 110 111 <b>-bv</b> Do not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send 112 an email report after verifying each recipient 113 address. This is useful for testing address 114 rewriting and routing configurations. 115 116 This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 117 and later. 118 119 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> 120 121 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>dir</i> 122 The path name of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, or of 123 its parent directory. This information is ignored 124 with Postfix versions before 2.3. 125 126 With all Postfix versions, you can specify a direc- 127 tory pathname with the MAIL_CONFIG environment 128 variable to override the location of configuration 129 files. 130 131 <b>-F</b> <i>full</i><b>_</b><i>name</i> 132 Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME 133 environment variable, and is used only with mes- 134 sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header. 135 136 <b>-f</b> <i>sender</i> 137 Set the envelope sender address. This is the 138 address where delivery problems are sent to. With 139 Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message 140 header overrides the error return address. 141 142 <b>-G</b> Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial 143 user submission. Either do not rewrite addresses 144 at all, or update incomplete addresses with the 145 domain information specified with <b>remote_header_re-</b> 146 <b>write_domain</b>. 147 148 This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3. 149 150 <b>-h</b> <i>hop</i><b>_</b><i>count</i> (ignored) 151 Hop count limit. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a></b> configura- 152 tion parameter instead. 153 154 <b>-I</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com- 155 mand above. 156 157 <b>-i</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't 158 treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of 159 input. 160 161 <b>-L</b> <i>label</i> (ignored) 162 The logging label. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a></b> configura- 163 tion parameter instead. 164 165 <b>-m</b> (ignored) 166 Backwards compatibility. 167 168 <b>-N</b> <i>dsn</i> (default: 'delay, failure') 169 Delivery status notification control. Specify 170 either a comma-separated list with one or more of 171 <b>failure</b> (send notification when delivery fails), 172 <b>delay</b> (send notification when delivery is delayed), 173 or <b>success</b> (send notification when the message is 174 delivered); or specify <b>never</b> (don't send any noti- 175 fications at all). 176 177 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. 178 179 <b>-n</b> (ignored) 180 Backwards compatibility. 181 182 <b>-oA</b><i>alias</i><b>_</b><i>database</i> 183 Non-default alias database. Specify <i>pathname</i> or 184 <i>type</i>:<i>pathname</i>. See <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> for details. 185 186 <b>-O</b> <i>option=value</i> (ignored) 187 Backwards compatibility. 188 189 <b>-o7</b> (ignored) 190 191 <b>-o8</b> (ignored) 192 To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate 193 MIME encapsulation and specify the appropriate <b>-B</b> 194 command-line option. 195 196 <b>-oi</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't 197 treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of 198 input. 199 200 <b>-om</b> (ignored) 201 The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. 202 expansions. 203 204 <b>-o</b> <i>x value</i> (ignored) 205 Set option <i>x</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configu- 206 ration parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead. 207 208 <b>-r</b> <i>sender</i> 209 Set the envelope sender address. This is the 210 address where delivery problems are sent to. With 211 Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message 212 header overrides the error return address. 213 214 <b>-R</b> <i>return</i><b>_</b><i>limit</i> (ignored) 215 Limit the size of bounced mail. Use the 216 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a></b> configuration parameter instead. 217 218 <b>-q</b> Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is imple- 219 mented by executing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. 220 221 Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently 222 will result in poor delivery performance of all 223 other mail. 224 225 <b>-q</b><i>interval</i> (ignored) 226 The interval between queue runs. Use the 227 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a></b> configuration parameter instead. 228 229 <b>-qI</b><i>queueid</i> 230 Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the speci- 231 fied queue ID. This option is implemented by exe- 232 cuting the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command, and is available 233 with Postfix version 2.4 and later. 234 235 <b>-qR</b><i>site</i> 236 Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is 237 queued for the named <i>site</i>. This option accepts only 238 <i>site</i> names that are eligible for the "fast flush" 239 service, and is implemented by executing the 240 <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. See <a href="flush.8.html"><b>flush</b>(8)</a> for more infor- 241 mation about the "fast flush" service. 242 243 <b>-qS</b><i>site</i> 244 This command is not implemented. Use the slower 245 "<b>sendmail -q</b>" command instead. 246 247 <b>-t</b> Extract recipients from message headers. These are 248 added to any recipients specified on the command 249 line. 250 251 With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option 252 requires that no recipient addresses are specified 253 on the command line. 254 255 <b>-U</b> (ignored) 256 Initial user submission. 257 258 <b>-V</b> <i>envid</i> 259 Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers 260 that support DSN. 261 262 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. 263 264 <b>-XV</b> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b>) 265 Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope 266 sender address of the form <i>owner-listname</i>@<i>origin</i>, 267 each recipient <i>user</i>@<i>domain</i> receives mail with a 268 personalized envelope sender address. 269 270 By default, the personalized envelope sender 271 address is <i>owner-listname</i><b>+</b><i>user</i><b>=</b><i>domain</i>@<i>origin</i>. The 272 default <b>+</b> and <b>=</b> characters are configurable with 273 the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configuration parame- 274 ter. 275 276 <b>-XV</b><i>xy</i> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b><i>xy</i>) 277 As <b>-XV</b>, but uses <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> as the VERP delimiter 278 characters, instead of the characters specified 279 with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configuration 280 parameter. 281 282 <b>-v</b> Send an email report of the first delivery attempt 283 (Postfix versions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery 284 always happens in the background. When multiple <b>-v</b> 285 options are given, enable verbose logging for 286 debugging purposes. 287 288 <b>-X</b> <i>log</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> (ignored) 289 Log mailer traffic. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a></b> and 290 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a></b> configuration parameters instead. 291 292<b>SECURITY</b> 293 By design, this program is not set-user (or group) id. 294 However, it must handle data from untrusted, possibly 295 remote, users. Thus, the usual precautions need to be 296 taken against malicious inputs. 297 298<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b> 299 Problems are logged to <b>syslogd</b>(8) and to the standard 300 error stream. 301 302<b>ENVIRONMENT</b> 303 <b>MAIL_CONFIG</b> 304 Directory with Postfix configuration files. 305 306 <b>MAIL_VERBOSE</b> (value does not matter) 307 Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes. 308 309 <b>MAIL_DEBUG</b> (value does not matter) 310 Enable debugging with an external command, as spec- 311 ified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a></b> configuration 312 parameter. 313 314 <b>NAME</b> The sender full name. This is used only with mes- 315 sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header. See also 316 the <b>-F</b> option above. 317 318<b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b> 319 The following <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> parameters are especially relevant 320 to this program. The text below provides only a parameter 321 summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>postconf</b>(5)</a> for more details including exam- 322 ples. 323 324<b>TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS</b> 325 The <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a> file gives examples of how to trouble 326 shoot a Postfix system. 327 328 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a> (empty)</b> 329 The external command to execute when a Postfix dae- 330 mon program is invoked with the -D option. 331 332 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a> (2)</b> 333 The increment in verbose logging level when a 334 remote client or server matches a pattern in the 335 <a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> parameter. 336 337 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> (empty)</b> 338 Optional list of remote client or server hostname 339 or network address patterns that cause the verbose 340 logging level to increase by the amount specified 341 in $<a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a>. 342 343<b>ACCESS CONTROLS</b> 344 Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later: 345 346 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_flush_users">authorized_flush_users</a> (static:anyone)</b> 347 List of users who are authorized to flush the 348 queue. 349 350 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_mailq_users">authorized_mailq_users</a> (static:anyone)</b> 351 List of users who are authorized to view the queue. 352 353 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_submit_users">authorized_submit_users</a> (static:anyone)</b> 354 List of users who are authorized to submit mail 355 with the <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command (and with the privi- 356 leged <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> helper command). 357 358<b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b> 359 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> (50000)</b> 360 The maximal amount of original message text that is 361 sent in a non-delivery notification. 362 363 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_attempts">fork_attempts</a> (5)</b> 364 The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child 365 process. 366 367 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_delay">fork_delay</a> (1s)</b> 368 The delay between attempts to fork() a child 369 process. 370 371 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a> (50)</b> 372 The maximal number of Received: message headers 373 that is allowed in the primary message headers. 374 375 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b> 376 The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue 377 manager; prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 378 1000s. 379 380<b>FAST FLUSH CONTROLS</b> 381 The <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a> file describes configuration and operation 382 details for the Postfix "fast flush" service. 383 384 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fast_flush_domains">fast_flush_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>)</b> 385 Optional list of destinations that are eligible for 386 per-destination logfiles with mail that is queued 387 to those destinations. 388 389<b>VERP CONTROLS</b> 390 The <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a> file describes configuration and operation 391 details of Postfix support for variable envelope return 392 path addresses. 393 394 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a> (+=)</b> 395 The two default VERP delimiter characters. 396 397 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#verp_delimiter_filter">verp_delimiter_filter</a> (-=+)</b> 398 The characters Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter 399 characters on the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command line 400 and in SMTP commands. 401 402<b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b> 403 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 404 The alias databases for <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery that are 405 updated with "<b>newaliases</b>" or with "<b>sendmail -bi</b>". 406 407 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 408 The location of all postfix administrative com- 409 mands. 410 411 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 412 The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and 413 <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> configuration files. 414 415 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 416 The directory with Postfix support programs and 417 daemon programs. 418 419 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 420 The default database type for use in <a href="newaliases.1.html"><b>newaliases</b>(1)</a>, 421 <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> and <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> commands. 422 423 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_warning_time">delay_warning_time</a> (0h)</b> 424 The time after which the sender receives the mes- 425 sage headers of mail that is still queued. 426 427 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#enable_errors_to">enable_errors_to</a> (no)</b> 428 Report mail delivery errors to the address speci- 429 fied with the non-standard Errors-To: message 430 header, instead of the envelope sender address 431 (this feature is removed with Postfix version 2.2, 432 is turned off by default with Postfix version 2.1, 433 and is always turned on with older Postfix ver- 434 sions). 435 436 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a> (postfix)</b> 437 The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue 438 and most Postfix daemon processes. 439 440 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 441 The location of the Postfix top-level queue direc- 442 tory. 443 444 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> (empty)</b> 445 Don't rewrite message headers from remote clients 446 at all when this parameter is empty; otherwise, re- 447 write message headers and append the specified 448 domain name to incomplete addresses. 449 450 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b> 451 The syslog facility of Postfix logging. 452 453 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 454 The mail system name that is prepended to the 455 process name in syslog records, so that "smtpd" 456 becomes, for example, "postfix/smtpd". 457 458<b>FILES</b> 459 /var/spool/postfix, mail queue 460 /etc/postfix, configuration files 461 462<b>SEE ALSO</b> 463 <a href="pickup.8.html">pickup(8)</a>, mail pickup daemon 464 <a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager 465 <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, SMTP server 466 <a href="flush.8.html">flush(8)</a>, fast flush service 467 <a href="postsuper.1.html">postsuper(1)</a>, queue maintenance 468 <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a>, create/update/query alias database 469 <a href="postdrop.1.html">postdrop(1)</a>, mail posting utility 470 <a href="postfix.1.html">postfix(1)</a>, mail system control 471 <a href="postqueue.1.html">postqueue(1)</a>, mail queue control 472 syslogd(8), system logging 473 474<b>README_FILES</b> 475 <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a>, Postfix debugging howto 476 <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a>, Postfix ETRN howto 477 <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a>, Postfix VERP howto 478 479<b>LICENSE</b> 480 The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this 481 software. 482 483<b>AUTHOR(S)</b> 484 Wietse Venema 485 IBM T.J. Watson Research 486 P.O. Box 704 487 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA 488 489 SENDMAIL(1) 490</pre> </body> </html> 491