1<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 3<html> <head> 4<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> 5<title> Postfix manual - qmgr(8) </title> 6</head> <body> <pre> 7QMGR(8) QMGR(8) 8 9<b>NAME</b> 10 qmgr - Postfix queue manager 11 12<b>SYNOPSIS</b> 13 <b>qmgr</b> [generic Postfix daemon options] 14 15<b>DESCRIPTION</b> 16 The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon awaits the arrival of incoming mail and 17 arranges for its delivery via Postfix delivery processes. 18 The actual mail routing strategy is delegated to the <a href="trivial-rewrite.8.html"><b>triv-</b></a> 19 <a href="trivial-rewrite.8.html"><b>ial-rewrite</b>(8)</a> daemon. This program expects to be run 20 from the <a href="master.8.html"><b>master</b>(8)</a> process manager. 21 22 Mail addressed to the local <b>double-bounce</b> address is 23 logged and discarded. This stops potential loops caused 24 by undeliverable bounce notifications. 25 26<b>MAIL QUEUES</b> 27 The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon maintains the following queues: 28 29 <b>incoming</b> 30 Inbound mail from the network, or mail picked up by 31 the local <a href="pickup.8.html"><b>pickup</b>(8)</a> daemon from the <b>maildrop</b> direc- 32 tory. 33 34 <b>active</b> Messages that the queue manager has opened for 35 delivery. Only a limited number of messages is 36 allowed to enter the <b>active</b> queue (leaky bucket 37 strategy, for a fixed delivery rate). 38 39 <b>deferred</b> 40 Mail that could not be delivered upon the first 41 attempt. The queue manager implements exponential 42 backoff by doubling the time between delivery 43 attempts. 44 45 <b>corrupt</b> 46 Unreadable or damaged queue files are moved here 47 for inspection. 48 49 <b>hold</b> Messages that are kept "on hold" are kept here 50 until someone sets them free. 51 52<b>DELIVERY STATUS REPORTS</b> 53 The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon keeps an eye on per-message delivery 54 status reports in the following directories. Each status 55 report file has the same name as the corresponding message 56 file: 57 58 <b>bounce</b> Per-recipient status information about why mail is 59 bounced. These files are maintained by the 60 <a href="bounce.8.html"><b>bounce</b>(8)</a> daemon. 61 62 <b>defer</b> Per-recipient status information about why mail is 63 delayed. These files are maintained by the 64 <a href="defer.8.html"><b>defer</b>(8)</a> daemon. 65 66 <b>trace</b> Per-recipient status information as requested with 67 the Postfix "<b>sendmail -v</b>" or "<b>sendmail -bv</b>" com- 68 mand. These files are maintained by the <a href="trace.8.html"><b>trace</b>(8)</a> 69 daemon. 70 71 The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon is responsible for asking the 72 <a href="bounce.8.html"><b>bounce</b>(8)</a>, <a href="defer.8.html"><b>defer</b>(8)</a> or <a href="trace.8.html"><b>trace</b>(8)</a> daemons to send delivery 73 reports. 74 75<b>STRATEGIES</b> 76 The queue manager implements a variety of strategies for 77 either opening queue files (input) or for message delivery 78 (output). 79 80 <b>leaky bucket</b> 81 This strategy limits the number of messages in the 82 <b>active</b> queue and prevents the queue manager from 83 running out of memory under heavy load. 84 85 <b>fairness</b> 86 When the <b>active</b> queue has room, the queue manager 87 takes one message from the <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#incoming_queue"><b>incoming</b> queue</a> and one 88 from the <b>deferred</b> queue. This prevents a large mail 89 backlog from blocking the delivery of new mail. 90 91 <b>slow start</b> 92 This strategy eliminates "thundering herd" problems 93 by slowly adjusting the number of parallel deliver- 94 ies to the same destination. 95 96 <b>round robin</b> 97 The queue manager sorts delivery requests by desti- 98 nation. Round-robin selection prevents one desti- 99 nation from dominating deliveries to other destina- 100 tions. 101 102 <b>exponential backoff</b> 103 Mail that cannot be delivered upon the first 104 attempt is deferred. The time interval between 105 delivery attempts is doubled after each attempt. 106 107 <b>destination status cache</b> 108 The queue manager avoids unnecessary delivery 109 attempts by maintaining a short-term, in-memory 110 list of unreachable destinations. 111 112 <b>preemptive message scheduling</b> 113 The queue manager attempts to minimize the average 114 per-recipient delay while still preserving the cor- 115 rect per-message delays, using a sophisticated pre- 116 emptive message scheduling. 117 118<b>TRIGGERS</b> 119 On an idle system, the queue manager waits for the arrival 120 of trigger events, or it waits for a timer to go off. A 121 trigger is a one-byte message. Depending on the message 122 received, the queue manager performs one of the following 123 actions (the message is followed by the symbolic constant 124 used internally by the software): 125 126 <b>D (QMGR_REQ_SCAN_DEFERRED)</b> 127 Start a <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scan. If a deferred queue 128 scan is already in progress, that scan will be 129 restarted as soon as it finishes. 130 131 <b>I (QMGR_REQ_SCAN_INCOMING)</b> 132 Start an <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#incoming_queue">incoming queue</a> scan. If an incoming queue 133 scan is already in progress, that scan will be 134 restarted as soon as it finishes. 135 136 <b>A (QMGR_REQ_SCAN_ALL)</b> 137 Ignore <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> file time stamps. The request 138 affects the next <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scan. 139 140 <b>F (QMGR_REQ_FLUSH_DEAD)</b> 141 Purge all information about dead transports and 142 destinations. 143 144 <b>W (TRIGGER_REQ_WAKEUP)</b> 145 Wakeup call, This is used by the master server to 146 instantiate servers that should not go away for- 147 ever. The action is to start an <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#incoming_queue">incoming queue</a> 148 scan. 149 150 The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon reads an entire buffer worth of trig- 151 gers. Multiple identical trigger requests are collapsed 152 into one, and trigger requests are sorted so that <b>A</b> and <b>F</b> 153 precede <b>D</b> and <b>I</b>. Thus, in order to force a <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> 154 run, one would request <b>A F D</b>; in order to notify the queue 155 manager of the arrival of new mail one would request <b>I</b>. 156 157<b>STANDARDS</b> 158 <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3463">RFC 3463</a> (Enhanced status codes) 159 <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3464">RFC 3464</a> (Delivery status notifications) 160 161<b>SECURITY</b> 162 The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon is not security sensitive. It reads 163 single-character messages from untrusted local users, and 164 thus may be susceptible to denial of service attacks. The 165 <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon does not talk to the outside world, and it 166 can be run at fixed low privilege in a chrooted environ- 167 ment. 168 169<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b> 170 Problems and transactions are logged to the syslog daemon. 171 Corrupted message files are saved to the <b>corrupt</b> queue for 172 further inspection. 173 174 Depending on the setting of the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#notify_classes">notify_classes</a></b> parameter, 175 the postmaster is notified of bounces and of other trou- 176 ble. 177 178<b>BUGS</b> 179 A single queue manager process has to compete for disk 180 access with multiple front-end processes such as 181 <a href="cleanup.8.html"><b>cleanup</b>(8)</a>. A sudden burst of inbound mail can negatively 182 impact outbound delivery rates. 183 184<b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b> 185 Changes to <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> are not picked up automatically as 186 <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> is a persistent process. Use the "<b>postfix reload</b>" 187 command after a configuration change. 188 189 The text below provides only a parameter summary. See 190 <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>postconf</b>(5)</a> for more details including examples. 191 192 In the text below, <i>transport</i> is the first field in a <b>mas-</b> 193 <b>ter.cf</b> entry. 194 195<b>COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS</b> 196 Available before Postfix version 2.5: 197 198 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#allow_min_user">allow_min_user</a> (no)</b> 199 Allow a sender or recipient address to have `-' as 200 the first character. 201 202 Available with Postfix version 2.7 and later: 203 204 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_filter_nexthop">default_filter_nexthop</a> (empty)</b> 205 When a <a href="postconf.5.html#content_filter">content_filter</a> or FILTER request specifies 206 no explicit next-hop destination, use $default_fil- 207 ter_nexthop instead; when that value is empty, use 208 the domain in the recipient address. 209 210<b>ACTIVE QUEUE CONTROLS</b> 211 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_clog_warn_time">qmgr_clog_warn_time</a> (300s)</b> 212 The minimal delay between warnings that a specific 213 destination is clogging up the Postfix active 214 queue. 215 216 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_message_active_limit">qmgr_message_active_limit</a> (20000)</b> 217 The maximal number of messages in the <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#active_queue">active queue</a>. 218 219 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_message_recipient_limit">qmgr_message_recipient_limit</a> (20000)</b> 220 The maximal number of recipients held in memory by 221 the Postfix queue manager, and the maximal size of 222 the size of the short-term, in-memory "dead" desti- 223 nation status cache. 224 225 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_message_recipient_minimum">qmgr_message_recipient_minimum</a> (10)</b> 226 The minimal number of in-memory recipients for any 227 message. 228 229 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_limit">default_recipient_limit</a> (20000)</b> 230 The default per-transport upper limit on the number 231 of in-memory recipients. 232 233 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_recipient_limit"><i>transport</i>_recipient_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_limit">default_recipient_limit</a>)</b> 234 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 235 236 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_extra_recipient_limit">default_extra_recipient_limit</a> (1000)</b> 237 The default value for the extra per-transport limit 238 imposed on the number of in-memory recipients. 239 240 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_extra_recipient_limit"><i>transport</i>_extra_recipient_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_extra_recipient_limit">default_extra_recipi</a>-</b> 241 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_extra_recipient_limit">ent_limit</a>)</b> 242 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 243 244 Available in Postfix version 2.4 and later: 245 246 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_limit">default_recipient_refill_limit</a> (100)</b> 247 The default per-transport limit on the number of 248 recipients refilled at once. 249 250 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_recipient_refill_limit"><i>transport</i>_recipient_refill_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_limit">default_recipi</a>-</b> 251 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_limit">ent_refill_limit</a>)</b> 252 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 253 254 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_delay">default_recipient_refill_delay</a> (5s)</b> 255 The default per-transport maximum delay between 256 recipients refills. 257 258 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_recipient_refill_delay"><i>transport</i>_recipient_refill_delay</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_delay">default_recipi</a>-</b> 259 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_delay">ent_refill_delay</a>)</b> 260 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 261 262<b>DELIVERY CONCURRENCY CONTROLS</b> 263 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#initial_destination_concurrency">initial_destination_concurrency</a> (5)</b> 264 The initial per-destination concurrency level for 265 parallel delivery to the same destination. 266 267 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_limit">default_destination_concurrency_limit</a> (20)</b> 268 The default maximal number of parallel deliveries 269 to the same destination. 270 271 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_concurrency_limit"><i>transport</i>_destination_concurrency_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_limit">default_destina</a>-</b> 272 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_limit">tion_concurrency_limit</a>)</b> 273 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 274 275 Available in Postfix version 2.5 and later: 276 277 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_initial_destination_concurrency"><i>transport</i>_initial_destination_concurrency</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#initial_destination_concurrency">initial_desti</a>-</b> 278 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#initial_destination_concurrency">nation_concurrency</a>)</b> 279 Initial concurrency for delivery via the named mes- 280 sage <i>transport</i>. 281 282 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit">default_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit</a> (1)</b> 283 How many pseudo-cohorts must suffer connection or 284 handshake failure before a specific destination is 285 considered unavailable (and further delivery is 286 suspended). 287 288 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit"><i>transport</i>_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit</a></b> 289 <b>($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit">default_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit</a>)</b> 290 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 291 292 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback">default_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback</a> (1)</b> 293 The per-destination amount of delivery concurrency 294 negative feedback, after a delivery completes with 295 a connection or handshake failure. 296 297 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback"><i>transport</i>_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback</a></b> 298 <b>($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback">default_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback</a>)</b> 299 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 300 301 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback">default_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback</a> (1)</b> 302 The per-destination amount of delivery concurrency 303 positive feedback, after a delivery completes with- 304 out connection or handshake failure. 305 306 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback"><i>transport</i>_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback</a></b> 307 <b>($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback">default_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback</a>)</b> 308 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 309 310 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#destination_concurrency_feedback_debug">destination_concurrency_feedback_debug</a> (no)</b> 311 Make the queue manager's feedback algorithm verbose 312 for performance analysis purposes. 313 314<b>RECIPIENT SCHEDULING CONTROLS</b> 315 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_recipient_limit">default_destination_recipient_limit</a> (50)</b> 316 The default maximal number of recipients per mes- 317 sage delivery. 318 319 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_recipient_limit"><i>transport</i>_destination_recipient_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_recipient_limit">default_destina</a>-</b> 320 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_recipient_limit">tion_recipient_limit</a>)</b> 321 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 322 323<b>MESSAGE SCHEDULING CONTROLS</b> 324 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_cost">default_delivery_slot_cost</a> (5)</b> 325 How often the Postfix queue manager's scheduler is 326 allowed to preempt delivery of one message with 327 another. 328 329 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_delivery_slot_cost"><i>transport</i>_delivery_slot_cost</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_cost">default_delivery_slot_cost</a>)</b> 330 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 331 332 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_minimum_delivery_slots">default_minimum_delivery_slots</a> (3)</b> 333 How many recipients a message must have in order to 334 invoke the Postfix queue manager's scheduling algo- 335 rithm at all. 336 337 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_minimum_delivery_slots"><i>transport</i>_minimum_delivery_slots</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_minimum_delivery_slots">default_minimum_deliv</a>-</b> 338 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_minimum_delivery_slots">ery_slots</a>)</b> 339 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 340 341 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_discount">default_delivery_slot_discount</a> (50)</b> 342 The default value for transport-specific _deliv- 343 ery_slot_discount settings. 344 345 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_delivery_slot_discount"><i>transport</i>_delivery_slot_discount</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_discount">default_deliv</a>-</b> 346 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_discount">ery_slot_discount</a>)</b> 347 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 348 349 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_loan">default_delivery_slot_loan</a> (3)</b> 350 The default value for transport-specific _deliv- 351 ery_slot_loan settings. 352 353 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_delivery_slot_loan"><i>transport</i>_delivery_slot_loan</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_loan">default_delivery_slot_loan</a>)</b> 354 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 355 356<b>OTHER RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b> 357 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#minimal_backoff_time">minimal_backoff_time</a> (300s)</b> 358 The minimal time between attempts to deliver a 359 deferred message; prior to Postfix 2.4 the default 360 value was 1000s. 361 362 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#maximal_backoff_time">maximal_backoff_time</a> (4000s)</b> 363 The maximal time between attempts to deliver a 364 deferred message. 365 366 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#maximal_queue_lifetime">maximal_queue_lifetime</a> (5d)</b> 367 The maximal time a message is queued before it is 368 sent back as undeliverable. 369 370 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b> 371 The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue 372 manager; prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 373 1000s. 374 375 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_retry_time">transport_retry_time</a> (60s)</b> 376 The time between attempts by the Postfix queue man- 377 ager to contact a malfunctioning message delivery 378 transport. 379 380 Available in Postfix version 2.1 and later: 381 382 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_queue_lifetime">bounce_queue_lifetime</a> (5d)</b> 383 The maximal time a bounce message is queued before 384 it is considered undeliverable. 385 386 Available in Postfix version 2.5 and later: 387 388 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_rate_delay">default_destination_rate_delay</a> (0s)</b> 389 The default amount of delay that is inserted 390 between individual deliveries to the same destina- 391 tion; with per-destination recipient limit > 1, a 392 destination is a domain, otherwise it is a recipi- 393 ent. 394 395 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_rate_delay"><i>transport</i>_destination_rate_delay</a> $<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_rate_delay">default_destina</a>-</b> 396 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_rate_delay">tion_rate_delay</a></b> 397 Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>. 398 399<b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b> 400 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 401 The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and 402 <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> configuration files. 403 404 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#defer_transports">defer_transports</a> (empty)</b> 405 The names of message delivery transports that 406 should not deliver mail unless someone issues 407 "<b>sendmail -q</b>" or equivalent. 408 409 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_logging_resolution_limit">delay_logging_resolution_limit</a> (2)</b> 410 The maximal number of digits after the decimal 411 point when logging sub-second delay values. 412 413 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#helpful_warnings">helpful_warnings</a> (yes)</b> 414 Log warnings about problematic configuration set- 415 tings, and provide helpful suggestions. 416 417 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#ipc_timeout">ipc_timeout</a> (3600s)</b> 418 The time limit for sending or receiving information 419 over an internal communication channel. 420 421 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#process_id">process_id</a> (read-only)</b> 422 The process ID of a Postfix command or daemon 423 process. 424 425 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#process_name">process_name</a> (read-only)</b> 426 The process name of a Postfix command or daemon 427 process. 428 429 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 430 The location of the Postfix top-level queue direc- 431 tory. 432 433 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b> 434 The syslog facility of Postfix logging. 435 436 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 437 The mail system name that is prepended to the 438 process name in syslog records, so that "smtpd" 439 becomes, for example, "postfix/smtpd". 440 441<b>FILES</b> 442 /var/spool/postfix/incoming, <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#incoming_queue">incoming queue</a> 443 /var/spool/postfix/active, <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#active_queue">active queue</a> 444 /var/spool/postfix/deferred, <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> 445 /var/spool/postfix/bounce, non-delivery status 446 /var/spool/postfix/defer, non-delivery status 447 /var/spool/postfix/trace, delivery status 448 449<b>SEE ALSO</b> 450 <a href="trivial-rewrite.8.html">trivial-rewrite(8)</a>, address routing 451 <a href="bounce.8.html">bounce(8)</a>, delivery status reports 452 <a href="postconf.5.html">postconf(5)</a>, configuration parameters 453 <a href="master.5.html">master(5)</a>, generic daemon options 454 <a href="master.8.html">master(8)</a>, process manager 455 syslogd(8), system logging 456 457<b>README FILES</b> 458 <a href="SCHEDULER_README.html">SCHEDULER_README</a>, scheduling algorithm 459 <a href="QSHAPE_README.html">QSHAPE_README</a>, Postfix queue analysis 460 461<b>LICENSE</b> 462 The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this 463 software. 464 465<b>AUTHOR(S)</b> 466 Wietse Venema 467 IBM T.J. Watson Research 468 P.O. Box 704 469 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA 470 471 Preemptive scheduler enhancements: 472 Patrik Rak 473 Modra 6 474 155 00, Prague, Czech Republic 475 476 QMGR(8) 477</pre> </body> </html> 478