awk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ -\^- ] program-text file .\^.\^.

The command line consists of options to gawk itself, the AWK program text (if not supplied via the -f or -\^-file options), and values to be made available in the ARGC and ARGV pre-defined AWK variables.

Gawk options may be either the traditional \*(PX one letter options, or the GNU style long options. \*(PX style options start with a single ``-'', while GNU long options start with ``-\^-''. GNU style long options are provided for both GNU-specific features and for \*(PX mandated features. Other implementations of the AWK language are likely to only accept the traditional one letter options.

Following the \*(PX standard, gawk -specific options are supplied via arguments to the -W option. Multiple -W options may be supplied, or multiple arguments may be supplied together if they are separated by commas, or enclosed in quotes and separated by white space. Case is ignored in arguments to the -W option. Each -W option has a corresponding GNU style long option, as detailed below.

Gawk accepts the following options.

0 -F " fs"

-\^-field-separator= fs Use fs for the input field separator (the value of the FS predefined variable).

0 -v var\^=\^val

-\^-assign=var\^=\^val Assign the value val , to the variable var , before execution of the program begins. Such variable values are available to the BEGIN block of an AWK program.

0 -f " program-file"

-\^-file= program-file Read the AWK program source from the file program-file , instead of from the first command line argument. Multiple -f (or -\^-file ) options may be used.

\w'-\^-copyright'u+1n

0 "-W compat"

-\^-compat Run in compatibility mode. In compatibility mode, gawk behaves identically to \*(UX awk ; none of the GNU-specific extensions are recognized. See "GNU EXTENSIONS" , below, for more information.

0 "-W copyleft"

0 "-W copyright"

0 -\^-copyleft

-\^-copyright Print the short version of the GNU copyright information message on the standard error output.

0 "-W help"

0 "-W usage"

0 -\^-help

-\^-usage Print a relatively short summary of the available options on the standard error output.

0 "-W lint"

0 -\^-lint Provide warnings about constructs that are dubious or non-portable to other AWK implementations. This option is left undocumented, on purpose.

0 "-W nostalgia"

-\^-nostalgia Provide a moment of nostalgia for long time awk users. ..

0 "-W posix"

-\^-posix This turns on compatibility mode, with the following additional restrictions:

0 "-W source=" program-text

-\^-source= program-text Use program-text as AWK program source code. This option allows the easy intermixing of library functions (used via the -f and -\^-file options) with source code entered on the command line. It is intended primarily for medium to large size AWK programs used in shell scripts. The "-W source=" form of this option uses the rest of the command line argument for program-text ; no other options to -W will be recognized in the same argument.

0 "-W version"

-\^-version Print version information for this particular copy of gawk on the standard error output. This is useful mainly for knowing if the current copy of gawk on your system is up to date with respect to whatever the Free Software Foundation is distributing.

-\^- Signal the end of options. This is useful to allow further arguments to the AWK program itself to start with a ``-''. This is mainly for consistency with the argument parsing convention used by most other \*(PX programs.

Any other options are flagged as illegal, but are otherwise ignored.

An AWK program consists of a sequence of pattern-action statements and optional function definitions.

Gawk first reads the program source from the program-file (s) if specified, or from the first non-option argument on the command line. The -f option may be used multiple times on the command line. Gawk will read the program text as if all the program-file s had been concatenated together. This is useful for building libraries of AWK functions, without having to include them in each new AWK program that uses them. To use a library function in a file from a program typed in on the command line, specify /dev/tty as one of the program-file s, type your program, and end it with a ^D (control-d).

The environment variable AWKPATH specifies a search path to use when finding source files named with the -f option. If this variable does not exist, the default path is ".:/usr/lib/awk:/usr/local/lib/awk". If a file name given to the -f option contains a ``/'' character, no path search is performed.

Gawk executes AWK programs in the following order. First, gawk compiles the program into an internal form. Next, all variable assignments specified via the -v option are performed. Then, gawk executes the code in the BEGIN block(s) (if any), and then proceeds to read each file named in the ARGV array. If there are no files named on the command line, gawk reads the standard input.

If a filename on the command line has the form var = val it is treated as a variable assignment. The variable var will be assigned the value val . (This happens after any BEGIN block(s) have been run.) Command line variable assignment is most useful for dynamically assigning values to the variables AWK uses to control how input is broken into fields and records. It is also useful for controlling state if multiple passes are needed over a single data file.

If the value of a particular element of ARGV is empty (""), gawk skips over it.

For each line in the input, gawk tests to see if it matches any pattern in the AWK program. For each pattern that the line matches, the associated action is executed. The patterns are tested in the order they occur in the program.

Finally, after all the input is exhausted, gawk executes the code in the END block(s) (if any).

As each input line is read, gawk splits the line into fields , using the value of the FS variable as the field separator. If FS is a single character, fields are separated by that character. Otherwise, FS is expected to be a full regular expression. In the special case that FS is a single blank, fields are separated by runs of blanks and/or tabs. Note that the value of IGNORECASE (see below) will also affect how fields are split when FS is a regular expression.

If the FIELDWIDTHS variable is set to a space separated list of numbers, each field is expected to have fixed width, and gawk will split up the record using the specified widths. The value of FS is ignored. Assigning a new value to FS overrides the use of FIELDWIDTHS , and restores the default behavior.

Each field in the input line may be referenced by its position, $1 , $2 , and so on. $0 is the whole line. The value of a field may be assigned to as well. Fields need not be referenced by constants:

prints the fifth field in the input line. The variable NF is set to the total number of fields in the input line.

References to non-existent fields (i.e., fields after $NF ) produce the null-string. However, assigning to a non-existent field (e.g., "$(NF+2) = 5" ) will increase the value of NF , create any intervening fields with the null string as their value, and cause the value of $0 to be recomputed, with the fields being separated by the value of OFS .

AWK's built-in variables are:

\w'FIELDWIDTHS'u+1n ARGC The number of command line arguments (does not include options to gawk , or the program source).

ARGIND The index in ARGV of the current file being processed.

ARGV Array of command line arguments. The array is indexed from 0 to ARGC - 1. Dynamically changing the contents of ARGV can control the files used for data.

CONVFMT The conversion format for numbers, "%.6g", by default.

ENVIRON An array containing the values of the current environment. The array is indexed by the environment variables, each element being the value of that variable (e.g., ENVIRON["HOME"] might be /u/arnold ). Changing this array does not affect the environment seen by programs which gawk spawns via redirection or the system() function. (This may change in a future version of gawk .) but don't hold your breath...

ERRNO If a system error occurs either doing a redirection for getline , during a read for getline , or during a close , then ERRNO will contain a string describing the error.

FIELDWIDTHS A white-space separated list of fieldwidths. When set, gawk parses the input into fields of fixed width, instead of using the value of the FS variable as the field separator. The fixed field width facility is still experimental; expect the semantics to change as gawk evolves over time.

FILENAME The name of the current input file. If no files are specified on the command line, the value of FILENAME is ``-''.

FNR The input record number in the current input file.

FS The input field separator, a blank by default.

IGNORECASE Controls the case-sensitivity of all regular expression operations. If IGNORECASE has a non-zero value, then pattern matching in rules, field splitting with FS , regular expression matching with ~ and !~ , and the gsub() , index() , match() , split() , and sub() pre-defined functions will all ignore case when doing regular expression operations. Thus, if IGNORECASE is not equal to zero, /aB/ matches all of the strings "ab", "aB", "Ab", and "AB". As with all AWK variables, the initial value of IGNORECASE is zero, so all regular expression operations are normally case-sensitive.

NF The number of fields in the current input record.

NR The total number of input records seen so far.

OFMT The output format for numbers, "%.6g", by default.

OFS The output field separator, a blank by default.

ORS The output record separator, a newline by default.

RS The input record separator, a newline by default. RS is exceptional in that only the first character of its string value is used for separating records. (This will probably change in a future release of gawk .) If RS is set to the null string, then records are separated by blank lines. When RS is set to the null string, then the newline character always acts as a field separator, in addition to whatever value FS may have.

RSTART The index of the first character matched by match() ; 0 if no match.

RLENGTH The length of the string matched by match() ; -1 if no match.

SUBSEP The character used to separate multiple subscripts in array elements, "\e034" by default.

Arrays are subscripted with an expression between square brackets ( [ " and " ] ). If the expression is an expression list ( expr ", " expr " ...)" then the array subscript is a string consisting of the concatenation of the (string) value of each expression, separated by the value of the SUBSEP variable. This facility is used to simulate multiply dimensioned arrays. For example:

assigns the string "hello, world\en" to the element of the array x which is indexed by the string "A\e034B\e034C". All arrays in AWK are associative, i.e., indexed by string values.

The special operator in may be used in an if or while statement to see if an array has an index consisting of a particular value.

if (val in array)
 print array[val]

If the array has multiple subscripts, use "(i, j) in array" .

The in construct may also be used in a for loop to iterate over all the elements of an array.

An element may be deleted from an array using the delete statement.

Variables and fields may be (floating point) numbers, or strings, or both. How the value of a variable is interpreted depends upon its context. If used in a numeric expression, it will be treated as a number, if used as a string it will be treated as a string.

To force a variable to be treated as a number, add 0 to it; to force it to be treated as a string, concatenate it with the null string.

When a string must be converted to a number, the conversion is accomplished using atof (3). A number is converted to a string by using the value of CONVFMT as a format string for sprintf (3), with the numeric value of the variable as the argument. However, even though all numbers in AWK are floating-point, integral values are always converted as integers. Thus, given

CONVFMT = "%2.2f"
a = 12
b = a ""

the variable b has a value of "12" and not "12.00".

Gawk performs comparisons as follows: If two variables are numeric, they are compared numerically. If one value is numeric and the other has a string value that is a ``numeric string,'' then comparisons are also done numerically. Otherwise, the numeric value is converted to a string and a string comparison is performed. Two strings are compared, of course, as strings. According to the \*(PX standard, even if two strings are numeric strings, a numeric comparison is performed. However, this is clearly incorrect, and gawk does not do this.

Uninitialized variables have the numeric value 0 and the string value "" (the null, or empty, string).

which prints the entire line.

Comments begin with the ``#'' character, and continue until the end of the line. Blank lines may be used to separate statements. Normally, a statement ends with a newline, however, this is not the case for lines ending in a ``,'', ``{'', ``?'', ``:'', ``&&'', or ``||''. Lines ending in do or else also have their statements automatically continued on the following line. In other cases, a line can be continued by ending it with a ``\e'', in which case the newline will be ignored.

Multiple statements may be put on one line by separating them with a ``;''. This applies to both the statements within the action part of a pattern-action pair (the usual case), and to the pattern-action statements themselves.

 BEGIN  END  / "regular expression" /  "relational expression"  pattern " && " pattern  pattern " || " pattern  pattern " ? " pattern " : " pattern  ( pattern )  ! " pattern"  pattern1 ", " pattern2 

BEGIN and END are two special kinds of patterns which are not tested against the input. The action parts of all BEGIN patterns are merged as if all the statements had been written in a single BEGIN block. They are executed before any of the input is read. Similarly, all the END blocks are merged, and executed when all the input is exhausted (or when an exit statement is executed). BEGIN and END patterns cannot be combined with other patterns in pattern expressions. BEGIN and END patterns cannot have missing action parts.

For / "regular expression" / patterns, the associated statement is executed for each input line that matches the regular expression. Regular expressions are the same as those in egrep (1), and are summarized below.

A "relational expression" may use any of the operators defined below in the section on actions. These generally test whether certain fields match certain regular expressions.

The && , || , and ! operators are logical AND, logical OR, and logical NOT, respectively, as in C. They do short-circuit evaluation, also as in C, and are used for combining more primitive pattern expressions. As in most languages, parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation.

The ?\^: operator is like the same operator in C. If the first pattern is true then the pattern used for testing is the second pattern, otherwise it is the third. Only one of the second and third patterns is evaluated.

The pattern1 ", " pattern2 form of an expression is called a range pattern. It matches all input records starting with a line that matches pattern1 , and continuing until a record that matches pattern2 , inclusive. It does not combine with any other sort of pattern expression.

\w'[^abc...]'u+2n c matches the non-metacharacter c .

\ec matches the literal character c .

. matches any character except newline.

^ matches the beginning of a line or a string.

$ matches the end of a line or a string.

[ abc... ] character class, matches any of the characters abc... .

[^ abc... ] negated character class, matches any character except abc... and newline.

r1 | r2 alternation: matches either r1 or r2 .

r1r2 concatenation: matches r1 , and then r2 .

r + matches one or more r 's.

r * matches zero or more r 's.

r ? matches zero or one r 's.

( r ) grouping: matches r .

The escape sequences that are valid in string constants (see below) are also legal in regular expressions.

The operators in AWK, in order of increasing precedence, are

"\w'*= /= %= ^='u+1n"

0 "= += -="

"*= /= %= ^=" Assignment. Both absolute assignment ( var " = " value ) and operator-assignment (the other forms) are supported.

?: The C conditional expression. This has the form expr1 " ? " expr2 " : " expr3\c . If expr1 is true, the value of the expression is expr2 , otherwise it is expr3 . Only one of expr2 and expr3 is evaluated.

|| Logical OR.

&& Logical AND.

"~ !~" Regular expression match, negated match. NOTE: Do not use a constant regular expression ( /foo/ ) on the left-hand side of a ~ or !~ . Only use one on the right-hand side. The expression "/foo/ ~ " exp has the same meaning as (($0 ~ /foo/) ~ exp). This is usually not what was intended.

0 "< >"

0 "<= >="

"!= ==" The regular relational operators.

blank String concatenation.

"+ -" Addition and subtraction.

"* / %" Multiplication, division, and modulus.

"+ - !" Unary plus, unary minus, and logical negation.

^ Exponentiation (** may also be used, and **= for the assignment operator).

"++ -\^-" Increment and decrement, both prefix and postfix.

$ Field reference.

The control statements are as follows:

if (condition) statement [ else statement ]
while (condition) statement 
do statement while (condition)
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement
for (var in array) statement
break
continue
delete array\^[\^index\^]
exit [ expression ]
{ statements }

The input/output statements are as follows:

"\w'printf fmt, expr-list'u+1n" close( filename ) Close file (or pipe, see below).

getline Set $0 from next input record; set NF , NR , FNR .

"getline <" file Set $0 from next record of file ; set NF .

getline " var" Set var from next input record; set NF , FNR .

getline " var" " <" file Set var from next record of file .

next Stop processing the current input record. The next input record is read and processing starts over with the first pattern in the AWK program. If the end of the input data is reached, the END block(s), if any, are executed.

"next file" Stop processing the current input file. The next input record read comes from the next input file. FILENAME is updated, FNR is reset to 1, and processing starts over with the first pattern in the AWK program. If the end of the input data is reached, the END block(s), if any, are executed.

print Prints the current record.

print " expr-list" Prints expressions.

print " expr-list" " >" file Prints expressions on file .

printf " fmt, expr-list" Format and print.

printf " fmt, expr-list" " >" file Format and print on file .

system( cmd-line ) Execute the command cmd-line , and return the exit status. (This may not be available on non-\*(PX systems.)

Other input/output redirections are also allowed. For print and printf , >> file appends output to the file , while | " command" writes on a pipe. In a similar fashion, command " | getline" pipes into getline . Getline will return 0 on end of file, and -1 on an error.

The AWK versions of the printf statement and sprintf() function (see below) accept the following conversion specification formats:

%c An \s-1ASCII\s+1 character. If the argument used for %c is numeric, it is treated as a character and printed. Otherwise, the argument is assumed to be a string, and the only first character of that string is printed.

%d A decimal number (the integer part).

%i Just like %d .

%e A floating point number of the form [-]d.ddddddE[+\^-]dd .

%f A floating point number of the form [-]ddd.dddddd .

%g Use e or f conversion, whichever is shorter, with nonsignificant zeros suppressed.

%o An unsigned octal number (again, an integer).

%s A character string.

%x An unsigned hexadecimal number (an integer).

%X Like %x , but using ABCDEF instead of abcdef .

%% A single % character; no argument is converted.

There are optional, additional parameters that may lie between the % and the control letter:

- The expression should be left-justified within its field.

width The field should be padded to this width. If the number has a leading zero, then the field will be padded with zeros. Otherwise it is padded with blanks.

. prec A number indicating the maximum width of strings or digits to the right of the decimal point.

The dynamic width and prec capabilities of the \*(AN C printf() routines are supported. A * in place of either the width or prec specifications will cause their values to be taken from the argument list to printf or sprintf() .

When doing I/O redirection from either print or printf into a file, or via getline from a file, gawk recognizes certain special filenames internally. These filenames allow access to open file descriptors inherited from gawk 's parent process (usually the shell). Other special filenames provide access information about the running gawk process. The filenames are:

\w'/dev/stdout'u+1n /dev/pid Reading this file returns the process ID of the current process, in decimal, terminated with a newline.

/dev/ppid Reading this file returns the parent process ID of the current process, in decimal, terminated with a newline.

/dev/pgrpid Reading this file returns the process group ID of the current process, in decimal, terminated with a newline.

/dev/user Reading this file returns a single record terminated with a newline. The fields are separated with blanks. $1 is the value of the getuid (2) system call, $2 is the value of the geteuid (2) system call, $3 is the value of the getgid (2) system call, and $4 is the value of the getegid (2) system call. If there are any additional fields, they are the group IDs returned by getgroups (2). (Multiple groups may not be supported on all systems.)

/dev/stdin The standard input.

/dev/stdout The standard output.

/dev/stderr The standard error output.

/dev/fd/\^ n The file associated with the open file descriptor n .

These are particularly useful for error messages. For example:

whereas you would otherwise have to use

These file names may also be used on the command line to name data files.

AWK has the following pre-defined arithmetic functions:

\w'srand(\^expr\^)'u+1n atan2( y , " x" ) returns the arctangent of y/x in radians.

cos( expr ) returns the cosine in radians.

exp( expr ) the exponential function.

int( expr ) truncates to integer.

log( expr ) the natural logarithm function.

rand() returns a random number between 0 and 1.

sin( expr ) returns the sine in radians.

sqrt( expr ) the square root function.

srand( expr ) use expr as a new seed for the random number generator. If no expr is provided, the time of day will be used. The return value is the previous seed for the random number generator.

AWK has the following pre-defined string functions:

"\w'sprintf(\^fmt\^, expr-list\^)'u+1n" gsub(r, s, t) for each substring matching the regular expression r in the string t , substitute the string s , and return the number of substitutions. If t is not supplied, use $0 .

index( s , " t" ) returns the index of the string t in the string s , or 0 if t is not present.

length( s ) returns the length of the string s , or the length of $0 if s is not supplied.

match( s , " r" ) returns the position in s where the regular expression r occurs, or 0 if r is not present, and sets the values of RSTART and RLENGTH .

split(s, a, r) splits the string s into the array a on the regular expression r , and returns the number of fields. If r is omitted, FS is used.

sprintf( fmt , " expr-list" ) prints expr-list according to fmt , and returns the resulting string.

sub(r, s, t) just like gsub() , but only the first matching substring is replaced.

substr(s, i, n) returns the n -character substring of s starting at i . If n is omitted, the rest of s is used.

tolower( str ) returns a copy of the string str , with all the upper-case characters in str translated to their corresponding lower-case counterparts. Non-alphabetic characters are left unchanged.

toupper( str ) returns a copy of the string str , with all the lower-case characters in str translated to their corresponding upper-case counterparts. Non-alphabetic characters are left unchanged.

Since one of the primary uses of AWK programs is processing log files that contain time stamp information, gawk provides the following two functions for obtaining time stamps and formatting them.

"\w'systime()'u+1n" systime() returns the current time of day as the number of seconds since the Epoch (Midnight UTC, January 1, 1970 on \*(PX systems).

strftime(format, timestamp) formats timestamp according to the specification in format. The timestamp should be of the same form as returned by systime() . If timestamp is missing, the current time of day is used. See the specification for the strftime() function in \*(AN C for the format conversions that are guaranteed to be available. A public-domain version of strftime (3) and a man page for it are shipped with gawk ; if that version was used to build gawk , then all of the conversions described in that man page are available to gawk.

String constants in AWK are sequences of characters enclosed between double quotes ("). Within strings, certain "escape sequences" are recognized, as in C. These are:

\w'\e\^ddd'u+1n \e\e A literal backslash.

\ea The ``alert'' character; usually the \s-1ASCII\s+1 \s-1BEL\s+1 character.

\eb backspace.

\ef form-feed.

\en newline.

\er carriage return.

\et horizontal tab.

\ev vertical tab.

\ex "\^hex digits" The character represented by the string of hexadecimal digits following the \ex . As in \*(AN C, all following hexadecimal digits are considered part of the escape sequence. (This feature should tell us something about language design by committee.) E.g., "\ex1B" is the \s-1ASCII\s+1 \s-1ESC\s+1 (escape) character.

\e ddd The character represented by the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit sequence of octal digits. E.g. "\e033" is the \s-1ASCII\s+1 \s-1ESC\s+1 (escape) character.

\e c The literal character c\^ .

The escape sequences may also be used inside constant regular expressions (e.g., "/[ \et\ef\en\er\ev]/" matches whitespace characters).

Functions are executed when called from within the action parts of regular pattern-action statements. Actual parameters supplied in the function call are used to instantiate the formal parameters declared in the function. Arrays are passed by reference, other variables are passed by value.

Since functions were not originally part of the AWK language, the provision for local variables is rather clumsy: they are declared as extra parameters in the parameter list. The convention is to separate local variables from real parameters by extra spaces in the parameter list. For example:

function f(p, q, a, b) { # a & b are local
 ..... }

/abc/ { ... ; f(1, 2) ; ... }

The left parenthesis in a function call is required to immediately follow the function name, without any intervening white space. This is to avoid a syntactic ambiguity with the concatenation operator. This restriction does not apply to the built-in functions listed above.

Functions may call each other and may be recursive. Function parameters used as local variables are initialized to the null string and the number zero upon function invocation.

The word func may be used in place of function .

Print and sort the login names of all users:

 BEGIN { FS = ":" }
 { print $1 | "sort" }

Count lines in a file:

 { nlines++ }
 END { print nlines }

Precede each line by its number in the file:

 { print FNR, $0 }

Concatenate and line number (a variation on a theme):

 { print NR, $0 }

"The AWK Programming Language" , Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, Peter J. Weinberger, Addison-Wesley, 1988. ISBN 0-201-07981-X.

"The GAWK Manual" , Edition 0.15, published by the Free Software Foundation, 1993.

The -v option for assigning variables before program execution starts is new. The book indicates that command line variable assignment happens when awk would otherwise open the argument as a file, which is after the BEGIN block is executed. However, in earlier implementations, when such an assignment appeared before any file names, the assignment would happen before the BEGIN block was run. Applications came to depend on this ``feature.'' When awk was changed to match its documentation, this option was added to accomodate applications that depended upon the old behavior. (This feature was agreed upon by both the AT&T and GNU developers.)

The -W option for implementation specific features is from the \*(PX standard.

When processing arguments, gawk uses the special option ``-\^-'' to signal the end of arguments, and warns about, but otherwise ignores, undefined options.

The AWK book does not define the return value of srand() . The System V Release 4 version of \*(UX awk (and the \*(PX standard) has it return the seed it was using, to allow keeping track of random number sequences. Therefore srand() in gawk also returns its current seed.

Other new features are: The use of multiple -f options (from MKS awk ); the ENVIRON array; the \ea , and \ev escape sequences (done originally in gawk and fed back into AT&T's version); the tolower() and toupper() built-in functions (from AT&T); and the \*(AN C conversion specifications in printf (done first in AT&T's version).

The following features of gawk are not available in \*(PX awk .

The AWK book does not define the return value of the close() function. Gawk\^ 's close() returns the value from fclose (3), or pclose (3), when closing a file or pipe, respectively.

When gawk is invoked with the "-W compat" option, if the fs argument to the -F option is ``t'', then FS will be set to the tab character. Since this is a rather ugly special case, it is not the default behavior. This behavior also does not occur if -W posix has been specified.

If gawk was compiled for debugging, it will accept the following additional options:

0 -Wparsedebug

-\^-parsedebug Turn on yacc (1) or bison (1) debugging output during program parsing. This option should only be of interest to the gawk maintainers, and may not even be compiled into gawk . ..

is the same as either of

This feature is marked as ``deprecated'' in the \*(PX standard, and gawk will issue a warning about its use if -W lint is specified on the command line.

The other feature is the use of the continue statement outside the body of a while , for , or do loop. Traditional AWK implementations have treated such usage as equivalent to the next statement. Gawk will support this usage if -W posix has not been specified.

If your system actually has support for /dev/fd and the associated /dev/stdin , /dev/stdout , and /dev/stderr files, you may get different output from gawk than you would get on a system without those files. When gawk interprets these files internally, it synchronizes output to the standard output with output to /dev/stdout , while on a system with those files, the output is actually to different open files. Caveat Emptor.

Starting with the 2.15 version of gawk , the -c , -V , -C , -D , .. -a , and -e options of the 2.11 version are no longer recognized.

Paul Rubin and Jay Fenlason, of the Free Software Foundation, wrote gawk , to be compatible with the original version of awk distributed in Seventh Edition \*(UX. John Woods contributed a number of bug fixes. David Trueman, with contributions from Arnold Robbins, made gawk compatible with the new version of \*(UX awk .

The initial DOS port was done by Conrad Kwok and Scott Garfinkle. Scott Deifik is the current DOS maintainer. Pat Rankin did the port to VMS, and Michal Jaegermann did the port to the Atari ST.