Copyright (c) 1983 Regents of the University of California.
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@(#)tcp.4 6.1 (Berkeley) 05/15/85

C 5 tcp - Internet Transmission Control Protocol #include <sys/socket.h>

#include <netinet/in.h>

s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

The TCP protocol provides reliable, flow-controlled, two-way transmission of data. It is a byte-stream protocol used to support the SOCK_STREAM abstraction. TCP uses the standard Internet address format and, in addition, provides a per-host collection of \*(lqport addresses\*(rq. Thus, each address is composed of an Internet address specifying the host and network, with a specific TCP port on the host identifying the peer entity.

Sockets utilizing the tcp protocol are either \*(lqactive\*(rq or \*(lqpassive\*(rq. Active sockets initiate connections to passive sockets. By default TCP sockets are created active; to create a passive socket the listen (2) system call must be used after binding the socket with the bind (2) system call. Only passive sockets may use the accept (2) call to accept incoming connections. Only active sockets may use the connect (2) call to initiate connections.

Passive sockets may \*(lqunderspecify\*(rq their location to match incoming connection requests from multiple networks. This technique, termed \*(lqwildcard addressing\*(rq, allows a single server to provide service to clients on multiple networks. To create a socket which listens on all networks, the Internet address INADDR_ANY must be bound. The TCP port may still be specified at this time; if the port is not specified the system will assign one. Once a connection has been established the socket's address is fixed by the peer entity's location. The address assigned the socket is the address associated with the network interface through which packets are being transmitted and received. Normally this address corresponds to the peer entity's network.

A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:

20 [EISCONN] when trying to establish a connection on a socket which already has one;

20 [ENOBUFS] when the system runs out of memory for an internal data structure;

20 [ETIMEDOUT] when a connection was dropped due to excessive retransmissions;

20 [ECONNRESET] when the remote peer forces the connection to be closed;

20 [ECONNREFUSED] when the remote peer actively refuses connection establishment (usually because no process is listening to the port);

20 [EADDRINUSE] when an attempt is made to create a socket with a port which has already been allocated;

20 [EADDRNOTAVAIL] when an attempt is made to create a socket with a network address for which no network interface exists.

intro(4N), inet(4F) It should be possible to send and receive TCP options. The system always tries to negotiates the maximum TCP segment size to be 1024 bytes. This can result in poor performance if an intervening network performs excessive fragmentation.