1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993, 1994 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" %sccs.include.redist.roff% 5.\" 6.\" @(#)hier.7 8.5 (Berkeley) 06/01/94 7.\" 8.Dd 9.Dt HIER 7 10.Os 11.Sh NAME 12.Nm hier 13.Nd layout of filesystems 14.Sh DESCRIPTION 15An outline of the filesystem hierarchy. 16.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 17.It Sy \&/ 18root directory of the system 19.It Sy /COPYRIGHT 20system copyright notice 21.It Sy "/[a-z]" 22user filesystems 23.It Sy /altroot/ 24alternate root filesystem, in case of disaster 25.It Sy /amd/ 26home directories mount point; see 27.Xr amd 8 28.It Sy /bin/ 29utilities used in both single and multi-user environments 30.It Sy /dev/ 31block, character and other special device files 32.Pp 33.Bl -tag -width "MAKEDEV" -compact 34.It Sy MAKEDEV 35script for creating device files; 36see 37.Xr makedev 8 38.It Sy console 39the computer's console device 40.It Sy fd/ 41file descriptor files; 42see 43.Xr \&fd 4 44.It Sy drum 45system swap space; see 46.Xr drum 4 47.It Sy klog 48kernel logging device; see 49.Xr syslog 3 50.It Sy kmem 51kernel virtual memory device; see 52.Xr mem 4 53.It Sy log 54UNIX domain datagram log socket; see 55.Xr syslogd 8 56.It Sy mem 57kernel physical memory device; see 58.Xr mem 4 59.It Sy stderr 60.It Sy stdin 61.It Sy stdout 62file descriptor files; 63see 64.Xr \&fd 4 65.It Sy null 66the null device; see 67.Xr null 4 68.It Sy tty 69process' controlling terminal device; see 70.Xr tty 4 71.El 72.It Sy /dump/ 73online 74.Xr dump 8 75repository 76.It Sy /etc/ 77system configuration files and scripts 78.Pp 79.Bl -tag -width "master.passwd" -compact 80.It Sy aliases* 81name alias files for 82.Xr sendmail 8 83.It Sy amd* 84configuration files for 85.Xr amd 8 86.It Sy changelist 87files backed up by the security script 88.It Sy crontab 89schedule used by the 90.Xr cron 8 91daemon 92.It Sy csh.cshrc 93.It Sy csh.login 94.It Sy csh.logout 95system-wide scripts for 96.Xr csh 1 97.It Sy daily 98script run each day by 99.Xr cron 8 100.It Sy disklabels/ 101backup disklabels; 102see 103.Xr disklabel 8 104.It Sy disktab 105disk description file, see 106.Xr disktab 5 107.It Sy dm.conf 108dungeon master configuration; see 109.Xr dm.conf 5 110.It Sy dumpdates 111dump history; see 112.Xr dump 8 113.It Sy exports 114filesystem export information; see 115.Xr mountd 8 116.It Sy fstab 117filesystem information; see 118.Xr fstab 5 119and 120.Xr mount 8 121.It Sy ftpusers 122users denied 123.Xr ftp 1 124access; see 125.Xr ftpd 8 126.It Sy ftpwelcome 127.Xr ftp 1 128initial message; see 129.Xr ftpd 8 130.It Sy gettytab 131terminal configuration database; see 132.Xr gettytab 8 133.It Sy group 134group permissions file; see 135.Xr group 5 136.It Sy hosts 137host name database backup for 138.Xr named 8 ; 139see 140.Xr hosts 5 141.It Sy hosts.equiv 142trusted machines with equivalent user ID's 143.It Sy hosts.lpd 144trusted machines with printing privileges 145.It Sy inetd.conf 146Internet server configuration file; see 147.Xr inetd 8 148.It Sy kerberosIV/ 149configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 150see 151.Xr kerberos 1 152.It Sy localtime 153local timezone information; 154see 155.Xr ctime 3 156.It Sy mail.rc 157system-wide initialization script for 158.Xr mail 1 159.It Sy man.conf 160configuration file for 161.Xr man 1 ; 162see 163.Xr man.conf 5 164.It Sy master.passwd 165.It Sy passwd 166.It Sy pwd.db 167.It Sy spwd.db 168password files and their databases; see 169.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 170.It Sy monthly 171script run each month by 172.Xr cron 8 173.It Sy motd 174system message of the day 175.It Sy mtree/ 176mtree configuration files; 177see 178.Xr mtree 1 179.It Sy named.* 180.It Sy namedb/ 181named configuration files and databases; 182see 183.Xr named 8 184.It Sy netgroup 185network groups; see 186.Xr netgroup 5 187.It Sy netstart 188network startup script 189.It Sy networks 190network name data base; see 191.Xr networks 5 192.It Sy phones 193remote host phone number data base; see 194.Xr phones 5 195.It Sy printcap 196system printer configuration; see 197.Xr printcap 5 198.It Sy protocols 199protocol name database; see 200.Xr protocols 5 201.It Sy rc 202.It Sy rc.local 203system startup files; see 204.Xr rc 8 205.It Sy remote 206remote host description file; see 207.Xr remote 5 208.It Sy security 209daily (in)security script run by 210.Xr cron 8 211.It Sy sendmail.* 212.Xr sendmail 8 213configuration information 214.It Sy services 215service name data base; see 216.Xr services 5 217.It Sy shells 218list of permitted shells; see 219.Xr shells 5 220.It Sy sliphome 221slip login/logout scripts; see 222.Xr slattach 8 223.It Sy syslog.conf 224.Xr syslogd 8 225configuration file; see 226.Xr syslog.conf 5 227.It Sy termcap 228terminal type database; see 229.Xr termcap 3 230.It Sy ttys 231terminal initialization information; see 232.Xr ttys 5 233.It Sy weekly 234script run each week by 235.Xr cron 8 236.El 237.It Sy /home/ 238mount point for the automounter; see 239.Xr amd 8 240.It Sy /mnt/ 241empty directory commonly used by 242system administrators as a temporary mount point 243.It Sy /root/ 244home directory for the super-user 245.Pp 246.Bl -tag -width ".profile" -compact 247.It Sy \&.rhosts 248super-user id mapping between machines 249.It Sy \&.cshrc 250super-user start-up file 251.It Sy \&.login 252super-user start-up file 253.It Sy \&.profile 254super-user start-up file 255.El 256.ne 1i 257.It Sy /sbin/ 258system programs and administration utilities 259used in both single-user and multi-user environments 260.It Sy /stand/ 261programs used in a standalone environment 262.It Sy /sys 263symbolic link to the operating system source 264.It Sy /tmp/ 265temporary files, usually a 266.Xr mfs 8 267memory-based filesystem (the contents 268of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 269.It Sy /usr/ 270contains the majority of the system utilities and files 271.Pp 272.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 273.It Sy X11 274X11 files 275.Pp 276.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 277.It Sy bin/ 278X11 binaries 279.It Sy include/ 280X11 include files 281.It Sy lib/ 282X11 libraries 283.El 284.It Sy bin/ 285common utilities, programming tools, and applications 286.It Sy contrib/ 287packages maintained by groups other than Berkeley 288.Pp 289.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 290.It Sy bin/ 291contributed binaries 292.It Sy include/ 293contributed include files 294.It Sy libexec/ 295contributed daemons 296.It Sy libdata/ 297contributed data files 298.El 299.It Sy games/ 300the important stuff 301.It Sy include/ 302standard C include files 303.Pp 304.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 305.It Sy X11/ 306include files for X11 window system 307.It Sy arpa/ 308include files for Internet service protocols 309.It Sy g++/ 310include files for the C++ compiler 311.It Sy kerberosIV/ 312include files for kerberos authentication package; 313see 314.Xr kerberos 1 315.It Sy machine/ 316machine specific include files 317.It Sy net/ 318miscellaneous network include files 319.It Sy netccitt/ 320CCITT networking include files 321.It Sy netinet/ 322include files for Internet standard protocols; 323see 324.Xr inet 4 325.It Sy netiso/ 326include files for ISO standard protocols; 327see 328.Xr iso 4 329.It Sy netns/ 330include files for XNS standard protocols; 331see 332.Xr \&ns 4 333.It Sy nfs/ 334include files for NFS (Network File System) 335.It Sy pascal/ 336include files for 337.Xr pc 1 338.It Sy protocols/ 339include files for Berkeley service protocols 340.It Sy rpc/ 341include files for Sun Microsystem's RPC package 342.It Sy sys/ 343kernel include files 344.It Sy ufs/ 345include files for UFS 346.It Sy xnscourier/ 347include files for XNS package 348.El 349.Pp 350.It Sy lib/ 351system C library archives; see 352.Xr ar 1 353.Pp 354.Bl -tag -width "uucp/" -compact 355.It Sy uucp/ 356UUCP binaries and scripts (historically placed; to be moved) 357.El 358.Pp 359.It Sy libdata/ 360miscellaneous utility data files 361.It Sy libexec/ 362system daemons and system utilities (executed by other programs) 363.ne 1i 364.It Sy local/ 365local executables, libraries, etc. 366.Pp 367.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 368.It Sy bin/ 369local binaries 370.It Sy include/ 371local include files 372.It Sy libexec/ 373local daemons 374.It Sy libdata/ 375local data files 376.El 377.It Sy obj/ 378architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 379.Pa /usr/src 380tree; normally a symbolic link or mounted filesystem 381.It Sy old/ 382programs from past lives of 383.Bx 4 384which may disappear in future releases 385.Pp 386.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 387.It Sy bin/ 388old binaries 389.It Sy include/ 390old include files 391.It Sy libexec/ 392old daemons 393.It Sy libdata/ 394old data files 395.El 396.It Sy sbin/ 397system daemons and system utilities (normally executed by the super-user) 398.It Sy share/ 399architecture-independent text files 400.Pp 401.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 402.It Sy calendar/ 403a variety of calendar files; see 404.Xr calendar 1 405.It Sy dict/ 406word lists; 407see 408.Xr look 1 409and 410.Xr spell 1 411.Pp 412.Bl -tag -width "special/" -compact 413.It Sy words 414common words 415.It Sy web2 416words of Webster's 2nd International 417.It Sy papers/ 418reference databases; 419see 420.Xr refer 1 421.It Sy special/ 422custom word lists; 423see 424.Xr spell 1 425.El 426.Pp 427.It Sy doc/ 428miscellaneous documentation; source for most of the printed 429.Bx 4 430manuals (available 431from the 432.Tn USENIX 433association) 434.It Sy games/ 435text files used by various games 436.It Sy man/ 437formatted manual pages 438.It Sy me/ 439macros for use with the 440.Xr me 7 441macro package 442.It Sy misc/ 443miscellaneous system-wide text files 444.Pp 445.Bl -tag -width "termcap" -compact 446.It Sy termcap 447terminal characteristics database; 448see 449.Xr termcap 5 450.El 451.Pp 452.It Sy mk/ 453include files for 454.Xr make 1 455.It Sy ms/ 456macros for use with the 457.Xr ms 7 458macro package 459.It Sy skel/ 460sample initialization files for new user accounts 461.It Sy tabset/ 462tab description files for a variety of terminals, used in 463the termcap file; 464see 465.Xr termcap 5 466.It Sy tmac/ 467text processing macros; 468see 469.Xr nroff 1 470and 471.Xr troff 1 472.It Sy zoneinfo/ 473timezone configuration information; 474see 475.Xr tzfile 5 476.El 477.It Sy usr.bin/ 478source for utilities/files in 479.Pa /usr/bin 480.It Sy usr.sbin/ 481source for utilities/files in 482.Pa /usr/sbin 483.El 484.Pp 485.It Sy /usr/src/ 486.Bx 4 487and local source files 488.Pp 489.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 490.It Sy bin/ 491source for utilities/files in 492.Pa /bin 493.It Sy contrib/ 494source for utilities/files in 495.Pa /usr/contrib 496.It Sy etc/ 497source (usually example files) for files in 498.Pa /etc 499.It Sy games/ 500source for utilities/files in 501.Pa /usr/games 502.It Sy include/ 503source for files in 504.Pa /usr/include 505.It Sy kerberosIV/ 506source for Kerberos version IV utilities and libraries 507.It Sy lib/ 508source for libraries in 509.Pa /usr/lib 510.It Sy libexec/ 511source for utilities/files in 512.Pa /usr/libexec 513.It Sy local/ 514source for utilities/files in 515.Pa /usr/local 516.It Sy old/ 517source for utilities/files in 518.Pa /usr/old 519.It Sy sbin/ 520source for utilities/files in 521.Pa /sbin 522.It Sy share/ 523source for files in 524.Pa /usr/share 525.Pp 526.Bl -tag -width "doc/" -compact 527.It Sy doc/ 528.Pp 529.Bl -tag -width "papers/" -compact 530.It Sy papers/ 531source for various Berkeley technical papers 532.It Sy psd/ 533source for Programmer's Supplementary Documents 534.It Sy smm/ 535source for System Manager's Manual 536.It Sy usd/ 537source for User's Supplementary Documents 538.El 539.El 540.It Sy sys/ 541kernel source files 542.Pp 543.Bl -tag -width "deprecated/" -compact 544.It Sy compile/ 545kernel compilation directory 546.It Sy conf/ 547architecture independent configuration directory 548.It Sy deprecated/ 549deprecated kernel functionality 550.It Sy dev/ 551architecture independent device support 552.It Sy hp/ 553general support for Hewlett-Packard architectures 554.It Sy hp300/ 555support for the Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 68000-based workstations 556.It Sy i386/ 557support for the Intel 386/486 workstations 558.It Sy isofs/ 559support for ISO filesystems 560.Pp 561.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 562.It Sy cd9660/ 563support for the ISO-9660 filesystem 564.El 565.Pp 566.It Sy kern/ 567support for the high kernel (system calls) 568.It Sy libkern/ 569C library routines used in the kernel 570.It Sy luna68k/ 571Omron Luna 68000-based workstations 572.It Sy mips/ 573general support for MIPS architectures 574.It Sy miscfs/ 575miscellaneous file systems 576.It Sy net/ 577miscellaneous networking support 578.It Sy netccitt/ 579CCITT networking support 580.It Sy netinet/ 581TCP/IP networking support 582.It Sy netiso/ 583ISO networking support 584.It Sy netns/ 585XNS networking support 586.It Sy news3400/ 587Sony News MIPS-based workstations 588.It Sy nfs/ 589NFS support 590.It Sy pmax/ 591DECstation 3100 and 5000 MIPS-based workstations 592.It Sy scripts/ 593kernel debugging scripts 594.It Sy sparc/ 595Sparcstation I & II SPARC-based workstations 596.It Sy stand/ 597kernel standalone support 598.It Sy sys/ 599kernel (and system) include files 600.It Sy tahoe/ 601Computer Consoles Inc. Tahoe architecture (obsolete) 602.It Sy tests/ 603kernel testing 604.It Sy ufs/ 605local filesystem support 606.Pp 607.Bl -tag -width "ffs/" -compact 608.It Sy ffs/ 609the Berkeley Fast File System 610.It Sy lfs/ 611the log-structured file system 612.It Sy mfs/ 613the in-memory file system 614.It Sy ufs/ 615shared UNIX file system support 616.El 617.It Sy vax/ 618Digital Equipment Corp. VAX architecture (obsolete) 619.It Sy vm/ 620virtual memory support 621.El 622.El 623.It Sy /var/ 624multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 625.Pp 626.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 627.It Sy account/ 628system accounting files 629.Pp 630.Bl -tag -width "acct" -compact 631.It Sy acct 632execution accounting file; 633see 634.Xr acct 5 635.El 636.Pp 637.It Sy at/ 638timed command scheduling files; 639see 640.Xr \&at 1 641.It Sy backups/ 642miscellaneous backup files, largely of files found in 643.Pa /etc 644.It Sy crash/ 645system crash dumps; see 646.Xr savecore 8 647.It Sy db/ 648miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files 649.It Sy games/ 650miscellaneous game status and log files 651.It Sy log/ 652miscellaneous system log files 653.Pp 654.Bl -tag -width "monthly.out" -compact 655.It Sy amd.* 656.Xr amd 8 657logs 658.It Sy daily.out 659output of the last run of the 660.Pa /etc/daily 661script 662.It Sy ftp.* 663.Xr ftp 1 664logs 665.It Sy kerberos.* 666.Xr kerberos 1 667logs 668.It Sy lastlog 669system last time logged in log; see 670.Xr utmp 5 671.It Sy lpd-errs.* 672printer daemon error logs; see 673.Xr lpd 8 674.It Sy maillog.* 675.Xr sendmail 8 676log files 677.It Sy messages.* 678general system information log 679.It Sy monthly.out 680output of the last run of the 681.Pa /etc/monthly 682script 683.It Sy secure 684sensitive security information log 685.It Sy sendmail.st 686.Xr sendmail 8 687statistics 688.It Sy timed.* 689.Xr timed 8 690logs 691.It Sy weekly.out 692output of the last run of the 693.Pa /etc/weekly 694script 695.It Sy wtmp 696login/logout log; 697see 698.Xr utmp 5 699.El 700.Pp 701.It Sy mail/ 702user system mailboxes 703.It Sy msgs/ 704system messages; see 705.Xr msgs 1 706.It Sy preserve/ 707temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death of 708.Xr ex 1 709or 710.Xr vi 1 711.It Sy quotas/ 712filesystem quota information 713.It Sy run/ 714system information files, rebuilt after each reboot 715.Pp 716.Bl -tag -width "utmp" -compact 717.It Sy utmp 718database of current users; see 719.Xr utmp 5 720.El 721.Pp 722.It Sy rwho/ 723rwho data files; see 724.Xr rwhod 8 , 725.Xr rwho 1 , 726and 727.Xr ruptime 1 728.It Sy spool/ 729miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories 730.Pp 731.Bl -tag -width "uucppublic/" -compact 732.It Sy ftp/ 733commonly 734.Dq ~ftp , 735the anonymous ftp root directory; see 736.Xr ftpd 8 737.It Sy mqueue/ 738undelivered mail queue; 739see 740.Xr sendmail 8 741.It Sy news/ 742Network news archival and spooling directories 743.It Sy output/ 744printer spooling directories 745.It Sy secretmail/ 746secretmail spool directory; 747see 748.Xr xget 1 749.It Sy uucp/ 750uucp spool directory 751.It Sy uucppublic/ 752commonly 753.Dq ~uucp , 754the uucp public temporary directory; see 755.Xr uucp 1 756.El 757.Pp 758.It Sy tmp/ 759temporary files that are not discarded between system reboots 760.Pp 761.Bl -tag -width "vi.recover/" -compact 762.It Sy vi.recover/ 763recovery directory for 764.Xr nvi 1 765.El 766.El 767.It Sy /vmunix 768the executable for the operating system 769.El 770.Sh SEE ALSO 771.Xr apropos 1 , 772.Xr \&ls 1 , 773.Xr whatis 1 , 774.Xr whereis 1 , 775.Xr which 1 , 776.Sh HISTORY 777A 778.Nm hier 779manual page appeared in 780.At v7 . 781