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@(#)hexdump.1 5.4 (Berkeley) 05/01/90
The options are as follows:
-b Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen space-separated, three column, zero-filled, bytes of input data, in octal, per line. It is equivalent to specifying the following format strings: "%07.7_Ax\en" "%07.7_ax " 16/1 "%03o " "\en"
-c Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen space-separated, three column, space-filled, characters of input data per line. It is equivalent to specifying the following format strings: "%07.7_Ax\en" "%07.7_ax " 16/1 "%3_c " "\en"
-d Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight space-separated, five column, zero-filled, two-byte units of input data, in unsigned decimal, per line. It is equivalent to specifying the following format strings: "%07.7_Ax\en" "%07.7_ax " 8/2 "%05u " "\en"
-e Specify a format string to be used for displaying data.
-f Specify a file that contains one or more newline separated format strings. Empty lines and lines whose first non-blank character is a hash mark (#) are ignored.
-n Interpret only length bytes of input.
-o Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight space-separated, six column, zero-filled, two byte quantities of input data, in octal, per line. It is equivalent to specifying the following format strings: "%07.7_Ax\en" "%07.7_ax " 8/2 "%06o " "\en"
-s Skip offset bytes from the beginning of the input. By default, offset is interpreted as a decimal number. With a leading ``0x'' or ``0X'', offset is interpreted as a hexadecimal number, otherwise, with a leading ``0'', offset is interpreted as an octal number. Appending the character ``b'', ``k'', or ``m'' to offset causes it to be interpreted as a multiple of 512, 1024, or 1048576, respectively.
-v The -v option causes hexdump to display all input data. Without the -v option, any number of groups of output lines, which would be identical to the immediately preceding group of output lines (except for the input offsets), are replaced with a line comprised of a single asterisk.
-x Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight, space separated, four column, zero-filled, two-byte quantities of input data, in hexadecimal, per line. It is equivalent to specifying the following format strings: "%07.7_Ax\en" "%07.7_ax " 8/2 "%04x " "\en"
For each input file, hexdump sequentially copies the input to standard output, transforming the data according to the format strings specified by the -e and -f options, in the order that they were specified.
A format string contains any number of format units, separated by whitespace. A format unit contains up to three items: an iteration count, a byte count, and a format.
The iteration count is an optional positive integer, which defaults to one. Each format is applied iteration count times.
The byte count is an optional positive integer. If specified it defines the number of bytes to be interpreted by each iteration of the format.
If an iteration count and/or a byte count is specified, a single slash must be placed after the iteration count and/or before the byte count to disambiguate them. Any whitespace before or after the slash is ignored.
The format is required and must be surrounded by double quote (" ") marks. It is interpreted as a fprintf-style format string, with the following exceptions:
\(bu An asterisk (*) may not be used as a field width or precision.
\(bu A byte count or field precision is required for each ``s'' conversion character.
\(bu The conversion characters ``h'', ``l'', ``n'', and ``p'' are not supported.
\(bu The single character escape sequences (\ea, \eb, \ef, \en, \er, \et, and \ev) described in the C standard are supported.
Hexdump also supports the the following additional conversion strings:
_a[dox] Display the input offset, cumulative across input files, of the next byte to be displayed. The appended characters ``d'', ``o'', and ``x'' specify the display base as decimal, octal or hexadecimal respectively.
_A[dox] Identical to the _a conversion string except that it is only performed once, when all of the input data has been processed.
_c Output characters in the default character set. Nonprinting characters are displayed in three character, zero-padded octal, except for those representable by standard escape notation, which are displayed as the following two character strings:
| NUL \e0 |
| <alert character> \ea |
| <backspace> \eb |
| <form-feed> \ef |
| <newline> \en |
| <carriage return> \er |
| <tab> \et |
| <vertical tab> \ev |
_p Output characters in the default character set. Nonprinting characters are displayed as a single ``.''.
_u Output US ASCII characters, with the exception that control characters are displayed using the following, lower-case, names. Characters greater than 0xff, hexadecimal, are displayed as hexadecimal strings.
| 00 nul 001 soh 002 stx 003 etx 004 eot 005 enq |
| 06 ack 007 bel 008 bs 009 ht 00A lf 00B vt |
| 0C ff 00D cr 00E so 00F si 010 dle 011 dc1 |
| 12 dc2 013 dc3 014 dc4 015 nak 016 syn 017 etb |
| 18 can 019 em 01A sub 01B esc 01C fs 01D gs |
| 01E rs 01F us 0FF del |
The default and supported byte counts are as follows:
| Conversion type Default (bytes) Other Supported (bytes) |
| %_c 1 |
| %_p 1 |
| %_u 1 |
| %c 1 |
| %d (%i) 4 1, 2 |
| %o 4 1, 2 |
| %u 4 1, 2 |
| %x (%X) 4 1, 2 |
| %e (%E) 8 4 |
| %f 8 4 |
| %g (%G) 8 4 |
The amount of data interpreted by each format string is the sum of the data required by each format unit, which is the iteration count times the byte count, or the iteration count times the number of bytes required by the format if the byte count is not specified.
The input is manipulated in ``blocks'', where a block is defined as the largest amount of data specified by any format string. Format strings interpreting less than an input block's worth of data, whose last format unit both interprets some number of bytes and does not have a specified iteration count, have the the interation count incremented until the entire input block has been processed or there is not enough data remaining in the block to satisfy the format string.
If, either as a result of user specification or hexdump modifying the iteration count as described above, an iteration count is greater than one, no trailing whitespace characters are output during the last iteration.
It is an error to specify a byte count as well as multiple conversion characters or strings unless all but one of the conversion characters or strings is ``_a'' or ``_A''.
If, as a result of the specification of the -n option or end-of-file being reached, input data only partially satisfies a format string, the input block is zero-padded sufficiently to display all available data (i.e. any format units overlapping the end of data will display some number of the zero bytes).
Further output by such format strings is replaced by an equivalent number of spaces. An equivalent number of spaces is defined as the number of spaces output by an ``s'' conversion character with the same field width and precision as the original conversion character or conversion string but with any ``+'', `` '', or ``#'' conversion flag characters removed, and referencing a NULL string.
If no format strings are specified, the default display is equivalent to specifying the -x option.
Hexdump exits 0 on success and >0 if an error occurred.