sendmail/src/sendmail.8

.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1991, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" %sccs.include.redist.man%
.\"
.\"     @(#)sendmail.8	8.6 (Berkeley) 05/27/95
.\"
.Dd
.Dt SENDMAIL 8
.Os BSD 4
.Sh NAME
.Nm sendmail
.Nd send mail over the internet
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm sendmail
.Op Ar flags
.Op Ar address ...
.Nm newaliases
.Nm mailq
.Op Fl v
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm Sendmail
sends a message to one or more
.Em recipients ,
routing the message over whatever networks
are necessary.
.Nm Sendmail
does internetwork forwarding as necessary
to deliver the message to the correct place.
.Pp
.Nm Sendmail
is not intended as a user interface routine;
other programs provide user-friendly
front ends;
.Nm sendmail
is used only to deliver pre-formatted messages.
.Pp
With no flags,
.Nm sendmail
reads its standard input
up to an end-of-file
or a line consisting only of a single dot
and sends a copy of the message found there
to all of the addresses listed.
It determines the network(s) to use
based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.
.Pp
Local addresses are looked up in a file
and aliased appropriately.
Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address
with a backslash.
Normally the sender is not included in any alias
expansions, e.g.,
if `john' sends to `group',
and `group' includes `john' in the expansion,
then the letter will not be delivered to `john'.
.Ss Parameters
.Bl -tag -width Fl
.It Fl B Ns Ar type
Set the body type to
.Ar type .
Current legal values
.Li 7BIT
or
.Li 8BITMIME .
.It Fl ba
Go into
.Tn ARPANET
mode.
All input lines must end with a CR-LF,
and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end.
Also,
the ``From:'' and ``Sender:''
fields are examined for the name of the sender.
.It Fl bd
Run as a daemon.  This requires Berkeley
.Tn IPC .
.Nm Sendmail
will fork and run in background
listening on socket 25 for incoming
.Tn SMTP
connections.
This is normally run from
.Pa /etc/rc .
.It Fl bi
Initialize the alias database.
.It Fl bm
Deliver mail in the usual way (default).
.It Fl bp
Print a listing of the queue.
.It Fl bs
Use the
.Tn SMTP
protocol as described in
.Tn RFC821
on standard input and output.
This flag implies all the operations of the
.Fl ba
flag that are compatible with
.Tn SMTP .
.It Fl bt
Run in address test mode.
This mode reads addresses and shows the steps in parsing;
it is used for debugging configuration tables.
.It Fl bv
Verify names only \- do not try to collect or deliver a message.
Verify mode is normally used for validating
users or mailing lists.
.It Fl C Ns Ar file
Use alternate configuration file.
.Nm Sendmail
refuses to run as root if an alternate configuration file is specified.
.It Fl d Ns Ar X
Set debugging value to
.Ar X .
.ne 1i
.It Fl F Ns Ar fullname
Set the full name of the sender.
.It Fl f Ns Ar name
Sets the name of the ``from'' person
(i.e., the sender of the mail).
.Fl f
can only be used
by ``trusted'' users
(normally
.Em root ,
.Em daemon ,
and
.Em network )
or if the person you are trying to become
is the same as the person you are.
.It Fl h Ns Ar N
Set the hop count to
.Ar N .
The hop count is incremented every time the mail is
processed.
When it reaches a limit,
the mail is returned with an error message,
the victim of an aliasing loop.
If not specified,
``Received:'' lines in the message are counted.
.It Fl n
Don't do aliasing.
.It Fl o Ns Ar x Em value
Set option
.Ar x
to the specified
.Em value .
Options are described below.
.It Fl p Ns Ar protocol
Set the name of the protocol used to receive the message.
This can be a simple protocol name such as ``UUCP''
or a protocol and hostname, such as ``UUCP:ucbvax''.
.It Fl q Ns Bq Ar time
Processed saved messages in the queue at given intervals.
If
.Ar time
is omitted,
process the queue once.
.Xr Time
is given as a tagged number,
with
.Ql s
being seconds,
.Ql m
being minutes,
.Ql h
being hours,
.Ql d
being days,
and
.Ql w
being weeks.
For example,
.Ql \-q1h30m
or
.Ql \-q90m
would both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.
If
.Ar time
is specified,
.Nm sendmail
will run in background.
This option can be used safely with
.Fl bd .
.It Fl qI Ns Ar substr
Limit processed jobs to those containing
.Ar substr
as a substring of the queue id.
.It Fl qR Ns Ar substr
Limit processed jobs to those containing
.Ar substr
as a substring of one of the recipients.
.It Fl qS Ns Ar substr
Limit processed jobs to those containing
.Ar substr
as a substring of the sender.
.It Fl r Ns Ar name
An alternate and obsolete form of the
.Fl f
flag.
.It Fl t
Read message for recipients.
To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be scanned for recipient addresses.
The Bcc: line will be deleted before transmission.
Any addresses in the argument list will be suppressed,
that is,
they will
.Em not
receive copies even if listed in the message header.
.It Fl v
Go into verbose mode.
Alias expansions will be announced, etc.
.It Fl X Ar logfile
Log all traffic in and out of mailers in the indicated log file.
This should only be used as a last resort
for debugging mailer bugs.
It will log a lot of data very quickly.
.El
.Ss Options
There are also a number of processing options that may be set.
Normally these will only be used by a system administrator.
Options may be set either on the command line
using the
.Fl o
flag
or in the configuration file.
This is a partial list;
for a complete list (and details), consult the
.%T "Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide" .
The options are:
.Bl -tag -width Fl
.It Li A Ns Ar file
Use alternate alias file.
.It Li b Ns Ar nblocks
The minimum number of free blocks needed on the spool filesystem.
.It Li c
On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to,
don't initiate immediate connection.
This requires queueing.
.It Li C Ar N
Checkpoint the queue file after every
.Ar N
successful deliveries (default 10).
This avoids excessive duplicate deliveries
when sending to long mailing lists
interrupted by system crashes.
.ne 1i
.It Li d Ns Ar x
Set the delivery mode to
.Ar x .
Delivery modes are
.Ql i
for interactive (synchronous) delivery,
.Ql b
for background (asynchronous) delivery,
and
.Ql q
for queue only \- i.e.,
actual delivery is done the next time the queue is run.
.It Li D
Try to automatically rebuild the alias database
if necessary.
.It Li e Ns Ar x
Set error processing to mode
.Ar x .
Valid modes are
.Ql m
to mail back the error message,
.Ql w
to ``write'' back the error message
(or mail it back if the sender is not logged in),
.Ql p
to print the errors on the terminal
(default),
.Ql q
to throw away error messages
(only exit status is returned),
and
.Ql e
to do special processing for the BerkNet.
If the text of the message is not mailed back
by
modes
.Ql m
or
.Ql w
and if the sender is local to this machine,
a copy of the message is appended to the file
.Pa dead.letter
in the sender's home directory.
.It Li f
Save
.Tn UNIX Ns \-style
From lines at the front of messages.
.It Li G
Match local mail names against the GECOS portion of the password file.
.It Li g Ar N
The default group id to use when calling mailers.
.It Li H Ns Ar file
The
.Tn SMTP
help file.
.It Li h Ar N
The maximum number of times a message is allowed to ``hop''
before we decide it is in a loop.
.It Li i
Do not take dots on a line by themselves
as a message terminator.
.It Li j
Send error messages in MIME format.
.It Li K Ns Ar timeout
Set connection cache timeout.
.It Li k Ns Ar N
Set connection cache size.
.It Li L Ns Ar n
The log level.
.It Li l
Pay attention to the Errors-To: header.
.It Li m
Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if I am in an alias expansion.
.It Li n
Validate the right hand side of aliases during a
.Xr newaliases 1
command.
.It Li o
If set, this message may have
old style headers.
If not set,
this message is guaranteed to have new style headers
(i.e., commas instead of spaces between addresses).
If set, an adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly
determine the header format in most cases.
.It Li Q Ns Ar queuedir
Select the directory in which to queue messages.
.It Li S Ns Ar file
Save statistics in the named file.
.It Li s
Always instantiate the queue file,
even under circumstances where it is not strictly necessary.
This provides safety against system crashes during delivery.
.It Li T Ns Ar time
Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time.
After delivery has failed
(e.g., because of a host being down)
for this amount of time,
failed messages will be returned to the sender.
The default is three days.
.It Li t Ns Ar stz , Ar dtz
Set the name of the time zone.
.It Li U Ns Ar userdatabase
If set, a user database is consulted to get forwarding information.
You can consider this an adjunct to the aliasing mechanism,
except that the database is intended to be distributed;
aliases are local to a particular host.
This may not be available if your sendmail does not have the
.Dv USERDB
option compiled in.
.It Li u Ns Ar N
Set the default user id for mailers.
.It Li Y
Fork each job during queue runs.
May be convenient on memory-poor machines.
.It Li 7
Strip incoming messages to seven bits.
.El
.Pp
In aliases,
the first character of a name may be
a vertical bar to cause interpretation of
the rest of the name as a command
to pipe the mail to.
It may be necessary to quote the name
to keep
.Nm sendmail
from suppressing the blanks from between arguments.
For example, a common alias is:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
msgs: "|/usr/bin/msgs -s"
.Ed
.Pp
Aliases may also have the syntax
.Dq :include: Ns Ar filename
to ask
.Xr sendmail
to read the named file for a list of recipients.
For example, an alias such as:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"
.Ed
.Pp
would read
.Pa /usr/local/lib/poets.list
for the list of addresses making up the group.
.Pp
.Nm Sendmail
returns an exit status
describing what it did.
The codes are defined in
.Aq Pa sysexits.h :
.Bl -tag -width EX_UNAVAILABLE -compact -offset indent
.It Dv EX_OK
Successful completion on all addresses.
.It Dv EX_NOUSER
User name not recognized.
.It Dv EX_UNAVAILABLE
Catchall meaning necessary resources
were not available.
.It Dv EX_SYNTAX
Syntax error in address.
.It Dv EX_SOFTWARE
Internal software error,
including bad arguments.
.It Dv EX_OSERR
Temporary operating system error,
such as
.Dq cannot fork .
.It Dv EX_NOHOST
Host name not recognized.
.It Dv EX_TEMPFAIL
Message could not be sent immediately,
but was queued.
.El
.Pp
If invoked as
.Nm newaliases ,
.Nm sendmail
will rebuild the alias database.
If invoked as
.Nm mailq ,
.Nm sendmail
will print the contents of the mail queue.
.Sh FILES
Except for the file
.Pa /etc/sendmail.cf
itself,
the following pathnames are all specified in
.Pa /etc/sendmail.cf.
Thus,
these values are only approximations.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width /usr/lib/sendmail.fc -compact
.It Pa /etc/aliases
raw data for alias names
.It Pa /etc/aliases.db
data base of alias names
.It Pa /etc/sendmail.cf
configuration file
.It Pa /etc/sendmail.hf
help file
.It Pa /var/log/sendmail.st
collected statistics
.It Pa /var/spool/mqueue/*
temp files
.It Pa /var/run/sendmail.pid
The process id of the daemon
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr binmail 1 ,
.Xr mail 1 ,
.Xr rmail 1 ,
.Xr syslog 3 ,
.Xr aliases 5 ,
.Xr mailaddr 7 ,
.Xr rc 8 ;
.Pp
DARPA
Internet Request For Comments
.%T RFC819 ,
.%T RFC821 ,
.%T RFC822 .
.Rs
.%T "Sendmail \- An Internetwork Mail Router"
.%V SMM
.%N \&No. 9
.Re
.Rs
.%T "Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide"
.%V SMM
.%N \&No. 8
.Re
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
command appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .