xref: /qemu/block/vmdk.c (revision bf8d4924)
1 /*
2  * Block driver for the VMDK format
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 2004 Fabrice Bellard
5  * Copyright (c) 2005 Filip Navara
6  *
7  * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
8  * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
9  * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
10  * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
11  * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
12  * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13  *
14  * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
15  * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16  *
17  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
18  * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
19  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
20  * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
21  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
22  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
23  * THE SOFTWARE.
24  */
25 
26 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
27 #include "qapi/error.h"
28 #include "block/block_int.h"
29 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
30 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
31 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
32 #include "qemu/module.h"
33 #include "qemu/bswap.h"
34 #include "migration/migration.h"
35 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
36 #include <zlib.h>
37 
38 #define VMDK3_MAGIC (('C' << 24) | ('O' << 16) | ('W' << 8) | 'D')
39 #define VMDK4_MAGIC (('K' << 24) | ('D' << 16) | ('M' << 8) | 'V')
40 #define VMDK4_COMPRESSION_DEFLATE 1
41 #define VMDK4_FLAG_NL_DETECT (1 << 0)
42 #define VMDK4_FLAG_RGD (1 << 1)
43 /* Zeroed-grain enable bit */
44 #define VMDK4_FLAG_ZERO_GRAIN   (1 << 2)
45 #define VMDK4_FLAG_COMPRESS (1 << 16)
46 #define VMDK4_FLAG_MARKER (1 << 17)
47 #define VMDK4_GD_AT_END 0xffffffffffffffffULL
48 
49 #define VMDK_GTE_ZEROED 0x1
50 
51 /* VMDK internal error codes */
52 #define VMDK_OK      0
53 #define VMDK_ERROR   (-1)
54 /* Cluster not allocated */
55 #define VMDK_UNALLOC (-2)
56 #define VMDK_ZEROED  (-3)
57 
58 #define BLOCK_OPT_ZEROED_GRAIN "zeroed_grain"
59 
60 typedef struct {
61     uint32_t version;
62     uint32_t flags;
63     uint32_t disk_sectors;
64     uint32_t granularity;
65     uint32_t l1dir_offset;
66     uint32_t l1dir_size;
67     uint32_t file_sectors;
68     uint32_t cylinders;
69     uint32_t heads;
70     uint32_t sectors_per_track;
71 } QEMU_PACKED VMDK3Header;
72 
73 typedef struct {
74     uint32_t version;
75     uint32_t flags;
76     uint64_t capacity;
77     uint64_t granularity;
78     uint64_t desc_offset;
79     uint64_t desc_size;
80     /* Number of GrainTableEntries per GrainTable */
81     uint32_t num_gtes_per_gt;
82     uint64_t rgd_offset;
83     uint64_t gd_offset;
84     uint64_t grain_offset;
85     char filler[1];
86     char check_bytes[4];
87     uint16_t compressAlgorithm;
88 } QEMU_PACKED VMDK4Header;
89 
90 #define L2_CACHE_SIZE 16
91 
92 typedef struct VmdkExtent {
93     BdrvChild *file;
94     bool flat;
95     bool compressed;
96     bool has_marker;
97     bool has_zero_grain;
98     int version;
99     int64_t sectors;
100     int64_t end_sector;
101     int64_t flat_start_offset;
102     int64_t l1_table_offset;
103     int64_t l1_backup_table_offset;
104     uint32_t *l1_table;
105     uint32_t *l1_backup_table;
106     unsigned int l1_size;
107     uint32_t l1_entry_sectors;
108 
109     unsigned int l2_size;
110     uint32_t *l2_cache;
111     uint32_t l2_cache_offsets[L2_CACHE_SIZE];
112     uint32_t l2_cache_counts[L2_CACHE_SIZE];
113 
114     int64_t cluster_sectors;
115     int64_t next_cluster_sector;
116     char *type;
117 } VmdkExtent;
118 
119 typedef struct BDRVVmdkState {
120     CoMutex lock;
121     uint64_t desc_offset;
122     bool cid_updated;
123     bool cid_checked;
124     uint32_t cid;
125     uint32_t parent_cid;
126     int num_extents;
127     /* Extent array with num_extents entries, ascend ordered by address */
128     VmdkExtent *extents;
129     Error *migration_blocker;
130     char *create_type;
131 } BDRVVmdkState;
132 
133 typedef struct VmdkMetaData {
134     unsigned int l1_index;
135     unsigned int l2_index;
136     unsigned int l2_offset;
137     int valid;
138     uint32_t *l2_cache_entry;
139 } VmdkMetaData;
140 
141 typedef struct VmdkGrainMarker {
142     uint64_t lba;
143     uint32_t size;
144     uint8_t  data[0];
145 } QEMU_PACKED VmdkGrainMarker;
146 
147 enum {
148     MARKER_END_OF_STREAM    = 0,
149     MARKER_GRAIN_TABLE      = 1,
150     MARKER_GRAIN_DIRECTORY  = 2,
151     MARKER_FOOTER           = 3,
152 };
153 
154 static int vmdk_probe(const uint8_t *buf, int buf_size, const char *filename)
155 {
156     uint32_t magic;
157 
158     if (buf_size < 4) {
159         return 0;
160     }
161     magic = be32_to_cpu(*(uint32_t *)buf);
162     if (magic == VMDK3_MAGIC ||
163         magic == VMDK4_MAGIC) {
164         return 100;
165     } else {
166         const char *p = (const char *)buf;
167         const char *end = p + buf_size;
168         while (p < end) {
169             if (*p == '#') {
170                 /* skip comment line */
171                 while (p < end && *p != '\n') {
172                     p++;
173                 }
174                 p++;
175                 continue;
176             }
177             if (*p == ' ') {
178                 while (p < end && *p == ' ') {
179                     p++;
180                 }
181                 /* skip '\r' if windows line endings used. */
182                 if (p < end && *p == '\r') {
183                     p++;
184                 }
185                 /* only accept blank lines before 'version=' line */
186                 if (p == end || *p != '\n') {
187                     return 0;
188                 }
189                 p++;
190                 continue;
191             }
192             if (end - p >= strlen("version=X\n")) {
193                 if (strncmp("version=1\n", p, strlen("version=1\n")) == 0 ||
194                     strncmp("version=2\n", p, strlen("version=2\n")) == 0) {
195                     return 100;
196                 }
197             }
198             if (end - p >= strlen("version=X\r\n")) {
199                 if (strncmp("version=1\r\n", p, strlen("version=1\r\n")) == 0 ||
200                     strncmp("version=2\r\n", p, strlen("version=2\r\n")) == 0) {
201                     return 100;
202                 }
203             }
204             return 0;
205         }
206         return 0;
207     }
208 }
209 
210 #define SECTOR_SIZE 512
211 #define DESC_SIZE (20 * SECTOR_SIZE)    /* 20 sectors of 512 bytes each */
212 #define BUF_SIZE 4096
213 #define HEADER_SIZE 512                 /* first sector of 512 bytes */
214 
215 static void vmdk_free_extents(BlockDriverState *bs)
216 {
217     int i;
218     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
219     VmdkExtent *e;
220 
221     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
222         e = &s->extents[i];
223         g_free(e->l1_table);
224         g_free(e->l2_cache);
225         g_free(e->l1_backup_table);
226         g_free(e->type);
227         if (e->file != bs->file) {
228             bdrv_unref_child(bs, e->file);
229         }
230     }
231     g_free(s->extents);
232 }
233 
234 static void vmdk_free_last_extent(BlockDriverState *bs)
235 {
236     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
237 
238     if (s->num_extents == 0) {
239         return;
240     }
241     s->num_extents--;
242     s->extents = g_renew(VmdkExtent, s->extents, s->num_extents);
243 }
244 
245 static uint32_t vmdk_read_cid(BlockDriverState *bs, int parent)
246 {
247     char *desc;
248     uint32_t cid = 0xffffffff;
249     const char *p_name, *cid_str;
250     size_t cid_str_size;
251     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
252     int ret;
253 
254     desc = g_malloc0(DESC_SIZE);
255     ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file->bs, s->desc_offset, desc, DESC_SIZE);
256     if (ret < 0) {
257         g_free(desc);
258         return 0;
259     }
260 
261     if (parent) {
262         cid_str = "parentCID";
263         cid_str_size = sizeof("parentCID");
264     } else {
265         cid_str = "CID";
266         cid_str_size = sizeof("CID");
267     }
268 
269     desc[DESC_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
270     p_name = strstr(desc, cid_str);
271     if (p_name != NULL) {
272         p_name += cid_str_size;
273         sscanf(p_name, "%" SCNx32, &cid);
274     }
275 
276     g_free(desc);
277     return cid;
278 }
279 
280 static int vmdk_write_cid(BlockDriverState *bs, uint32_t cid)
281 {
282     char *desc, *tmp_desc;
283     char *p_name, *tmp_str;
284     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
285     int ret = 0;
286 
287     desc = g_malloc0(DESC_SIZE);
288     tmp_desc = g_malloc0(DESC_SIZE);
289     ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file->bs, s->desc_offset, desc, DESC_SIZE);
290     if (ret < 0) {
291         goto out;
292     }
293 
294     desc[DESC_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
295     tmp_str = strstr(desc, "parentCID");
296     if (tmp_str == NULL) {
297         ret = -EINVAL;
298         goto out;
299     }
300 
301     pstrcpy(tmp_desc, DESC_SIZE, tmp_str);
302     p_name = strstr(desc, "CID");
303     if (p_name != NULL) {
304         p_name += sizeof("CID");
305         snprintf(p_name, DESC_SIZE - (p_name - desc), "%" PRIx32 "\n", cid);
306         pstrcat(desc, DESC_SIZE, tmp_desc);
307     }
308 
309     ret = bdrv_pwrite_sync(bs->file->bs, s->desc_offset, desc, DESC_SIZE);
310 
311 out:
312     g_free(desc);
313     g_free(tmp_desc);
314     return ret;
315 }
316 
317 static int vmdk_is_cid_valid(BlockDriverState *bs)
318 {
319     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
320     uint32_t cur_pcid;
321 
322     if (!s->cid_checked && bs->backing) {
323         BlockDriverState *p_bs = bs->backing->bs;
324 
325         cur_pcid = vmdk_read_cid(p_bs, 0);
326         if (s->parent_cid != cur_pcid) {
327             /* CID not valid */
328             return 0;
329         }
330     }
331     s->cid_checked = true;
332     /* CID valid */
333     return 1;
334 }
335 
336 /* We have nothing to do for VMDK reopen, stubs just return success */
337 static int vmdk_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,
338                                BlockReopenQueue *queue, Error **errp)
339 {
340     assert(state != NULL);
341     assert(state->bs != NULL);
342     return 0;
343 }
344 
345 static int vmdk_parent_open(BlockDriverState *bs)
346 {
347     char *p_name;
348     char *desc;
349     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
350     int ret;
351 
352     desc = g_malloc0(DESC_SIZE + 1);
353     ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file->bs, s->desc_offset, desc, DESC_SIZE);
354     if (ret < 0) {
355         goto out;
356     }
357     ret = 0;
358 
359     p_name = strstr(desc, "parentFileNameHint");
360     if (p_name != NULL) {
361         char *end_name;
362 
363         p_name += sizeof("parentFileNameHint") + 1;
364         end_name = strchr(p_name, '\"');
365         if (end_name == NULL) {
366             ret = -EINVAL;
367             goto out;
368         }
369         if ((end_name - p_name) > sizeof(bs->backing_file) - 1) {
370             ret = -EINVAL;
371             goto out;
372         }
373 
374         pstrcpy(bs->backing_file, end_name - p_name + 1, p_name);
375     }
376 
377 out:
378     g_free(desc);
379     return ret;
380 }
381 
382 /* Create and append extent to the extent array. Return the added VmdkExtent
383  * address. return NULL if allocation failed. */
384 static int vmdk_add_extent(BlockDriverState *bs,
385                            BdrvChild *file, bool flat, int64_t sectors,
386                            int64_t l1_offset, int64_t l1_backup_offset,
387                            uint32_t l1_size,
388                            int l2_size, uint64_t cluster_sectors,
389                            VmdkExtent **new_extent,
390                            Error **errp)
391 {
392     VmdkExtent *extent;
393     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
394     int64_t nb_sectors;
395 
396     if (cluster_sectors > 0x200000) {
397         /* 0x200000 * 512Bytes = 1GB for one cluster is unrealistic */
398         error_setg(errp, "Invalid granularity, image may be corrupt");
399         return -EFBIG;
400     }
401     if (l1_size > 512 * 1024 * 1024) {
402         /* Although with big capacity and small l1_entry_sectors, we can get a
403          * big l1_size, we don't want unbounded value to allocate the table.
404          * Limit it to 512M, which is 16PB for default cluster and L2 table
405          * size */
406         error_setg(errp, "L1 size too big");
407         return -EFBIG;
408     }
409 
410     nb_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(file->bs);
411     if (nb_sectors < 0) {
412         return nb_sectors;
413     }
414 
415     s->extents = g_renew(VmdkExtent, s->extents, s->num_extents + 1);
416     extent = &s->extents[s->num_extents];
417     s->num_extents++;
418 
419     memset(extent, 0, sizeof(VmdkExtent));
420     extent->file = file;
421     extent->flat = flat;
422     extent->sectors = sectors;
423     extent->l1_table_offset = l1_offset;
424     extent->l1_backup_table_offset = l1_backup_offset;
425     extent->l1_size = l1_size;
426     extent->l1_entry_sectors = l2_size * cluster_sectors;
427     extent->l2_size = l2_size;
428     extent->cluster_sectors = flat ? sectors : cluster_sectors;
429     extent->next_cluster_sector = ROUND_UP(nb_sectors, cluster_sectors);
430 
431     if (s->num_extents > 1) {
432         extent->end_sector = (*(extent - 1)).end_sector + extent->sectors;
433     } else {
434         extent->end_sector = extent->sectors;
435     }
436     bs->total_sectors = extent->end_sector;
437     if (new_extent) {
438         *new_extent = extent;
439     }
440     return 0;
441 }
442 
443 static int vmdk_init_tables(BlockDriverState *bs, VmdkExtent *extent,
444                             Error **errp)
445 {
446     int ret;
447     size_t l1_size;
448     int i;
449 
450     /* read the L1 table */
451     l1_size = extent->l1_size * sizeof(uint32_t);
452     extent->l1_table = g_try_malloc(l1_size);
453     if (l1_size && extent->l1_table == NULL) {
454         return -ENOMEM;
455     }
456 
457     ret = bdrv_pread(extent->file->bs,
458                      extent->l1_table_offset,
459                      extent->l1_table,
460                      l1_size);
461     if (ret < 0) {
462         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
463                          "Could not read l1 table from extent '%s'",
464                          extent->file->bs->filename);
465         goto fail_l1;
466     }
467     for (i = 0; i < extent->l1_size; i++) {
468         le32_to_cpus(&extent->l1_table[i]);
469     }
470 
471     if (extent->l1_backup_table_offset) {
472         extent->l1_backup_table = g_try_malloc(l1_size);
473         if (l1_size && extent->l1_backup_table == NULL) {
474             ret = -ENOMEM;
475             goto fail_l1;
476         }
477         ret = bdrv_pread(extent->file->bs,
478                          extent->l1_backup_table_offset,
479                          extent->l1_backup_table,
480                          l1_size);
481         if (ret < 0) {
482             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
483                              "Could not read l1 backup table from extent '%s'",
484                              extent->file->bs->filename);
485             goto fail_l1b;
486         }
487         for (i = 0; i < extent->l1_size; i++) {
488             le32_to_cpus(&extent->l1_backup_table[i]);
489         }
490     }
491 
492     extent->l2_cache =
493         g_new(uint32_t, extent->l2_size * L2_CACHE_SIZE);
494     return 0;
495  fail_l1b:
496     g_free(extent->l1_backup_table);
497  fail_l1:
498     g_free(extent->l1_table);
499     return ret;
500 }
501 
502 static int vmdk_open_vmfs_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs,
503                                  BdrvChild *file,
504                                  int flags, Error **errp)
505 {
506     int ret;
507     uint32_t magic;
508     VMDK3Header header;
509     VmdkExtent *extent;
510 
511     ret = bdrv_pread(file->bs, sizeof(magic), &header, sizeof(header));
512     if (ret < 0) {
513         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
514                          "Could not read header from file '%s'",
515                          file->bs->filename);
516         return ret;
517     }
518     ret = vmdk_add_extent(bs, file, false,
519                           le32_to_cpu(header.disk_sectors),
520                           (int64_t)le32_to_cpu(header.l1dir_offset) << 9,
521                           0,
522                           le32_to_cpu(header.l1dir_size),
523                           4096,
524                           le32_to_cpu(header.granularity),
525                           &extent,
526                           errp);
527     if (ret < 0) {
528         return ret;
529     }
530     ret = vmdk_init_tables(bs, extent, errp);
531     if (ret) {
532         /* free extent allocated by vmdk_add_extent */
533         vmdk_free_last_extent(bs);
534     }
535     return ret;
536 }
537 
538 static int vmdk_open_desc_file(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags, char *buf,
539                                QDict *options, Error **errp);
540 
541 static char *vmdk_read_desc(BlockDriverState *file, uint64_t desc_offset,
542                             Error **errp)
543 {
544     int64_t size;
545     char *buf;
546     int ret;
547 
548     size = bdrv_getlength(file);
549     if (size < 0) {
550         error_setg_errno(errp, -size, "Could not access file");
551         return NULL;
552     }
553 
554     if (size < 4) {
555         /* Both descriptor file and sparse image must be much larger than 4
556          * bytes, also callers of vmdk_read_desc want to compare the first 4
557          * bytes with VMDK4_MAGIC, let's error out if less is read. */
558         error_setg(errp, "File is too small, not a valid image");
559         return NULL;
560     }
561 
562     size = MIN(size, (1 << 20) - 1);  /* avoid unbounded allocation */
563     buf = g_malloc(size + 1);
564 
565     ret = bdrv_pread(file, desc_offset, buf, size);
566     if (ret < 0) {
567         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read from file");
568         g_free(buf);
569         return NULL;
570     }
571     buf[ret] = 0;
572 
573     return buf;
574 }
575 
576 static int vmdk_open_vmdk4(BlockDriverState *bs,
577                            BdrvChild *file,
578                            int flags, QDict *options, Error **errp)
579 {
580     int ret;
581     uint32_t magic;
582     uint32_t l1_size, l1_entry_sectors;
583     VMDK4Header header;
584     VmdkExtent *extent;
585     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
586     int64_t l1_backup_offset = 0;
587     bool compressed;
588 
589     ret = bdrv_pread(file->bs, sizeof(magic), &header, sizeof(header));
590     if (ret < 0) {
591         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
592                          "Could not read header from file '%s'",
593                          file->bs->filename);
594         return -EINVAL;
595     }
596     if (header.capacity == 0) {
597         uint64_t desc_offset = le64_to_cpu(header.desc_offset);
598         if (desc_offset) {
599             char *buf = vmdk_read_desc(file->bs, desc_offset << 9, errp);
600             if (!buf) {
601                 return -EINVAL;
602             }
603             ret = vmdk_open_desc_file(bs, flags, buf, options, errp);
604             g_free(buf);
605             return ret;
606         }
607     }
608 
609     if (!s->create_type) {
610         s->create_type = g_strdup("monolithicSparse");
611     }
612 
613     if (le64_to_cpu(header.gd_offset) == VMDK4_GD_AT_END) {
614         /*
615          * The footer takes precedence over the header, so read it in. The
616          * footer starts at offset -1024 from the end: One sector for the
617          * footer, and another one for the end-of-stream marker.
618          */
619         struct {
620             struct {
621                 uint64_t val;
622                 uint32_t size;
623                 uint32_t type;
624                 uint8_t pad[512 - 16];
625             } QEMU_PACKED footer_marker;
626 
627             uint32_t magic;
628             VMDK4Header header;
629             uint8_t pad[512 - 4 - sizeof(VMDK4Header)];
630 
631             struct {
632                 uint64_t val;
633                 uint32_t size;
634                 uint32_t type;
635                 uint8_t pad[512 - 16];
636             } QEMU_PACKED eos_marker;
637         } QEMU_PACKED footer;
638 
639         ret = bdrv_pread(file->bs,
640             bs->file->bs->total_sectors * 512 - 1536,
641             &footer, sizeof(footer));
642         if (ret < 0) {
643             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to read footer");
644             return ret;
645         }
646 
647         /* Some sanity checks for the footer */
648         if (be32_to_cpu(footer.magic) != VMDK4_MAGIC ||
649             le32_to_cpu(footer.footer_marker.size) != 0  ||
650             le32_to_cpu(footer.footer_marker.type) != MARKER_FOOTER ||
651             le64_to_cpu(footer.eos_marker.val) != 0  ||
652             le32_to_cpu(footer.eos_marker.size) != 0  ||
653             le32_to_cpu(footer.eos_marker.type) != MARKER_END_OF_STREAM)
654         {
655             error_setg(errp, "Invalid footer");
656             return -EINVAL;
657         }
658 
659         header = footer.header;
660     }
661 
662     compressed =
663         le16_to_cpu(header.compressAlgorithm) == VMDK4_COMPRESSION_DEFLATE;
664     if (le32_to_cpu(header.version) > 3) {
665         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported VMDK version %" PRIu32,
666                    le32_to_cpu(header.version));
667         return -ENOTSUP;
668     } else if (le32_to_cpu(header.version) == 3 && (flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) &&
669                !compressed) {
670         /* VMware KB 2064959 explains that version 3 added support for
671          * persistent changed block tracking (CBT), and backup software can
672          * read it as version=1 if it doesn't care about the changed area
673          * information. So we are safe to enable read only. */
674         error_setg(errp, "VMDK version 3 must be read only");
675         return -EINVAL;
676     }
677 
678     if (le32_to_cpu(header.num_gtes_per_gt) > 512) {
679         error_setg(errp, "L2 table size too big");
680         return -EINVAL;
681     }
682 
683     l1_entry_sectors = le32_to_cpu(header.num_gtes_per_gt)
684                         * le64_to_cpu(header.granularity);
685     if (l1_entry_sectors == 0) {
686         error_setg(errp, "L1 entry size is invalid");
687         return -EINVAL;
688     }
689     l1_size = (le64_to_cpu(header.capacity) + l1_entry_sectors - 1)
690                 / l1_entry_sectors;
691     if (le32_to_cpu(header.flags) & VMDK4_FLAG_RGD) {
692         l1_backup_offset = le64_to_cpu(header.rgd_offset) << 9;
693     }
694     if (bdrv_nb_sectors(file->bs) < le64_to_cpu(header.grain_offset)) {
695         error_setg(errp, "File truncated, expecting at least %" PRId64 " bytes",
696                    (int64_t)(le64_to_cpu(header.grain_offset)
697                              * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE));
698         return -EINVAL;
699     }
700 
701     ret = vmdk_add_extent(bs, file, false,
702                           le64_to_cpu(header.capacity),
703                           le64_to_cpu(header.gd_offset) << 9,
704                           l1_backup_offset,
705                           l1_size,
706                           le32_to_cpu(header.num_gtes_per_gt),
707                           le64_to_cpu(header.granularity),
708                           &extent,
709                           errp);
710     if (ret < 0) {
711         return ret;
712     }
713     extent->compressed =
714         le16_to_cpu(header.compressAlgorithm) == VMDK4_COMPRESSION_DEFLATE;
715     if (extent->compressed) {
716         g_free(s->create_type);
717         s->create_type = g_strdup("streamOptimized");
718     }
719     extent->has_marker = le32_to_cpu(header.flags) & VMDK4_FLAG_MARKER;
720     extent->version = le32_to_cpu(header.version);
721     extent->has_zero_grain = le32_to_cpu(header.flags) & VMDK4_FLAG_ZERO_GRAIN;
722     ret = vmdk_init_tables(bs, extent, errp);
723     if (ret) {
724         /* free extent allocated by vmdk_add_extent */
725         vmdk_free_last_extent(bs);
726     }
727     return ret;
728 }
729 
730 /* find an option value out of descriptor file */
731 static int vmdk_parse_description(const char *desc, const char *opt_name,
732         char *buf, int buf_size)
733 {
734     char *opt_pos, *opt_end;
735     const char *end = desc + strlen(desc);
736 
737     opt_pos = strstr(desc, opt_name);
738     if (!opt_pos) {
739         return VMDK_ERROR;
740     }
741     /* Skip "=\"" following opt_name */
742     opt_pos += strlen(opt_name) + 2;
743     if (opt_pos >= end) {
744         return VMDK_ERROR;
745     }
746     opt_end = opt_pos;
747     while (opt_end < end && *opt_end != '"') {
748         opt_end++;
749     }
750     if (opt_end == end || buf_size < opt_end - opt_pos + 1) {
751         return VMDK_ERROR;
752     }
753     pstrcpy(buf, opt_end - opt_pos + 1, opt_pos);
754     return VMDK_OK;
755 }
756 
757 /* Open an extent file and append to bs array */
758 static int vmdk_open_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *file, int flags,
759                             char *buf, QDict *options, Error **errp)
760 {
761     uint32_t magic;
762 
763     magic = ldl_be_p(buf);
764     switch (magic) {
765         case VMDK3_MAGIC:
766             return vmdk_open_vmfs_sparse(bs, file, flags, errp);
767             break;
768         case VMDK4_MAGIC:
769             return vmdk_open_vmdk4(bs, file, flags, options, errp);
770             break;
771         default:
772             error_setg(errp, "Image not in VMDK format");
773             return -EINVAL;
774             break;
775     }
776 }
777 
778 static const char *next_line(const char *s)
779 {
780     while (*s) {
781         if (*s == '\n') {
782             return s + 1;
783         }
784         s++;
785     }
786     return s;
787 }
788 
789 static int vmdk_parse_extents(const char *desc, BlockDriverState *bs,
790                               const char *desc_file_path, QDict *options,
791                               Error **errp)
792 {
793     int ret;
794     int matches;
795     char access[11];
796     char type[11];
797     char fname[512];
798     const char *p, *np;
799     int64_t sectors = 0;
800     int64_t flat_offset;
801     char *extent_path;
802     BdrvChild *extent_file;
803     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
804     VmdkExtent *extent;
805     char extent_opt_prefix[32];
806     Error *local_err = NULL;
807 
808     for (p = desc; *p; p = next_line(p)) {
809         /* parse extent line in one of below formats:
810          *
811          * RW [size in sectors] FLAT "file-name.vmdk" OFFSET
812          * RW [size in sectors] SPARSE "file-name.vmdk"
813          * RW [size in sectors] VMFS "file-name.vmdk"
814          * RW [size in sectors] VMFSSPARSE "file-name.vmdk"
815          */
816         flat_offset = -1;
817         matches = sscanf(p, "%10s %" SCNd64 " %10s \"%511[^\n\r\"]\" %" SCNd64,
818                          access, &sectors, type, fname, &flat_offset);
819         if (matches < 4 || strcmp(access, "RW")) {
820             continue;
821         } else if (!strcmp(type, "FLAT")) {
822             if (matches != 5 || flat_offset < 0) {
823                 goto invalid;
824             }
825         } else if (!strcmp(type, "VMFS")) {
826             if (matches == 4) {
827                 flat_offset = 0;
828             } else {
829                 goto invalid;
830             }
831         } else if (matches != 4) {
832             goto invalid;
833         }
834 
835         if (sectors <= 0 ||
836             (strcmp(type, "FLAT") && strcmp(type, "SPARSE") &&
837              strcmp(type, "VMFS") && strcmp(type, "VMFSSPARSE")) ||
838             (strcmp(access, "RW"))) {
839             continue;
840         }
841 
842         if (!path_is_absolute(fname) && !path_has_protocol(fname) &&
843             !desc_file_path[0])
844         {
845             error_setg(errp, "Cannot use relative extent paths with VMDK "
846                        "descriptor file '%s'", bs->file->bs->filename);
847             return -EINVAL;
848         }
849 
850         extent_path = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
851         path_combine(extent_path, PATH_MAX, desc_file_path, fname);
852 
853         ret = snprintf(extent_opt_prefix, 32, "extents.%d", s->num_extents);
854         assert(ret < 32);
855 
856         extent_file = bdrv_open_child(extent_path, options, extent_opt_prefix,
857                                       bs, &child_file, false, &local_err);
858         g_free(extent_path);
859         if (local_err) {
860             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
861             return -EINVAL;
862         }
863 
864         /* save to extents array */
865         if (!strcmp(type, "FLAT") || !strcmp(type, "VMFS")) {
866             /* FLAT extent */
867 
868             ret = vmdk_add_extent(bs, extent_file, true, sectors,
869                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, &extent, errp);
870             if (ret < 0) {
871                 bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
872                 return ret;
873             }
874             extent->flat_start_offset = flat_offset << 9;
875         } else if (!strcmp(type, "SPARSE") || !strcmp(type, "VMFSSPARSE")) {
876             /* SPARSE extent and VMFSSPARSE extent are both "COWD" sparse file*/
877             char *buf = vmdk_read_desc(extent_file->bs, 0, errp);
878             if (!buf) {
879                 ret = -EINVAL;
880             } else {
881                 ret = vmdk_open_sparse(bs, extent_file, bs->open_flags, buf,
882                                        options, errp);
883             }
884             g_free(buf);
885             if (ret) {
886                 bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
887                 return ret;
888             }
889             extent = &s->extents[s->num_extents - 1];
890         } else {
891             error_setg(errp, "Unsupported extent type '%s'", type);
892             bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
893             return -ENOTSUP;
894         }
895         extent->type = g_strdup(type);
896     }
897     return 0;
898 
899 invalid:
900     np = next_line(p);
901     assert(np != p);
902     if (np[-1] == '\n') {
903         np--;
904     }
905     error_setg(errp, "Invalid extent line: %.*s", (int)(np - p), p);
906     return -EINVAL;
907 }
908 
909 static int vmdk_open_desc_file(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags, char *buf,
910                                QDict *options, Error **errp)
911 {
912     int ret;
913     char ct[128];
914     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
915 
916     if (vmdk_parse_description(buf, "createType", ct, sizeof(ct))) {
917         error_setg(errp, "invalid VMDK image descriptor");
918         ret = -EINVAL;
919         goto exit;
920     }
921     if (strcmp(ct, "monolithicFlat") &&
922         strcmp(ct, "vmfs") &&
923         strcmp(ct, "vmfsSparse") &&
924         strcmp(ct, "twoGbMaxExtentSparse") &&
925         strcmp(ct, "twoGbMaxExtentFlat")) {
926         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported image type '%s'", ct);
927         ret = -ENOTSUP;
928         goto exit;
929     }
930     s->create_type = g_strdup(ct);
931     s->desc_offset = 0;
932     ret = vmdk_parse_extents(buf, bs, bs->file->bs->exact_filename, options,
933                              errp);
934 exit:
935     return ret;
936 }
937 
938 static int vmdk_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
939                      Error **errp)
940 {
941     char *buf;
942     int ret;
943     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
944     uint32_t magic;
945 
946     buf = vmdk_read_desc(bs->file->bs, 0, errp);
947     if (!buf) {
948         return -EINVAL;
949     }
950 
951     magic = ldl_be_p(buf);
952     switch (magic) {
953         case VMDK3_MAGIC:
954         case VMDK4_MAGIC:
955             ret = vmdk_open_sparse(bs, bs->file, flags, buf, options,
956                                    errp);
957             s->desc_offset = 0x200;
958             break;
959         default:
960             ret = vmdk_open_desc_file(bs, flags, buf, options, errp);
961             break;
962     }
963     if (ret) {
964         goto fail;
965     }
966 
967     /* try to open parent images, if exist */
968     ret = vmdk_parent_open(bs);
969     if (ret) {
970         goto fail;
971     }
972     s->cid = vmdk_read_cid(bs, 0);
973     s->parent_cid = vmdk_read_cid(bs, 1);
974     qemu_co_mutex_init(&s->lock);
975 
976     /* Disable migration when VMDK images are used */
977     error_setg(&s->migration_blocker, "The vmdk format used by node '%s' "
978                "does not support live migration",
979                bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
980     migrate_add_blocker(s->migration_blocker);
981     g_free(buf);
982     return 0;
983 
984 fail:
985     g_free(buf);
986     g_free(s->create_type);
987     s->create_type = NULL;
988     vmdk_free_extents(bs);
989     return ret;
990 }
991 
992 
993 static void vmdk_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
994 {
995     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
996     int i;
997 
998     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
999         if (!s->extents[i].flat) {
1000             bs->bl.pwrite_zeroes_alignment =
1001                 MAX(bs->bl.pwrite_zeroes_alignment,
1002                     s->extents[i].cluster_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1003         }
1004     }
1005 }
1006 
1007 /**
1008  * get_whole_cluster
1009  *
1010  * Copy backing file's cluster that covers @sector_num, otherwise write zero,
1011  * to the cluster at @cluster_sector_num.
1012  *
1013  * If @skip_start_sector < @skip_end_sector, the relative range
1014  * [@skip_start_sector, @skip_end_sector) is not copied or written, and leave
1015  * it for call to write user data in the request.
1016  */
1017 static int get_whole_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs,
1018                              VmdkExtent *extent,
1019                              uint64_t cluster_offset,
1020                              uint64_t offset,
1021                              uint64_t skip_start_bytes,
1022                              uint64_t skip_end_bytes)
1023 {
1024     int ret = VMDK_OK;
1025     int64_t cluster_bytes;
1026     uint8_t *whole_grain;
1027 
1028     /* For COW, align request sector_num to cluster start */
1029     cluster_bytes = extent->cluster_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1030     offset = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(offset, cluster_bytes);
1031     whole_grain = qemu_blockalign(bs, cluster_bytes);
1032 
1033     if (!bs->backing) {
1034         memset(whole_grain, 0, skip_start_bytes);
1035         memset(whole_grain + skip_end_bytes, 0, cluster_bytes - skip_end_bytes);
1036     }
1037 
1038     assert(skip_end_bytes <= cluster_bytes);
1039     /* we will be here if it's first write on non-exist grain(cluster).
1040      * try to read from parent image, if exist */
1041     if (bs->backing && !vmdk_is_cid_valid(bs)) {
1042         ret = VMDK_ERROR;
1043         goto exit;
1044     }
1045 
1046     /* Read backing data before skip range */
1047     if (skip_start_bytes > 0) {
1048         if (bs->backing) {
1049             ret = bdrv_pread(bs->backing->bs, offset, whole_grain,
1050                              skip_start_bytes);
1051             if (ret < 0) {
1052                 ret = VMDK_ERROR;
1053                 goto exit;
1054             }
1055         }
1056         ret = bdrv_pwrite(extent->file->bs, cluster_offset, whole_grain,
1057                           skip_start_bytes);
1058         if (ret < 0) {
1059             ret = VMDK_ERROR;
1060             goto exit;
1061         }
1062     }
1063     /* Read backing data after skip range */
1064     if (skip_end_bytes < cluster_bytes) {
1065         if (bs->backing) {
1066             ret = bdrv_pread(bs->backing->bs, offset + skip_end_bytes,
1067                              whole_grain + skip_end_bytes,
1068                              cluster_bytes - skip_end_bytes);
1069             if (ret < 0) {
1070                 ret = VMDK_ERROR;
1071                 goto exit;
1072             }
1073         }
1074         ret = bdrv_pwrite(extent->file->bs, cluster_offset + skip_end_bytes,
1075                           whole_grain + skip_end_bytes,
1076                           cluster_bytes - skip_end_bytes);
1077         if (ret < 0) {
1078             ret = VMDK_ERROR;
1079             goto exit;
1080         }
1081     }
1082 
1083     ret = VMDK_OK;
1084 exit:
1085     qemu_vfree(whole_grain);
1086     return ret;
1087 }
1088 
1089 static int vmdk_L2update(VmdkExtent *extent, VmdkMetaData *m_data,
1090                          uint32_t offset)
1091 {
1092     offset = cpu_to_le32(offset);
1093     /* update L2 table */
1094     if (bdrv_pwrite_sync(
1095                 extent->file->bs,
1096                 ((int64_t)m_data->l2_offset * 512)
1097                     + (m_data->l2_index * sizeof(offset)),
1098                 &offset, sizeof(offset)) < 0) {
1099         return VMDK_ERROR;
1100     }
1101     /* update backup L2 table */
1102     if (extent->l1_backup_table_offset != 0) {
1103         m_data->l2_offset = extent->l1_backup_table[m_data->l1_index];
1104         if (bdrv_pwrite_sync(
1105                     extent->file->bs,
1106                     ((int64_t)m_data->l2_offset * 512)
1107                         + (m_data->l2_index * sizeof(offset)),
1108                     &offset, sizeof(offset)) < 0) {
1109             return VMDK_ERROR;
1110         }
1111     }
1112     if (m_data->l2_cache_entry) {
1113         *m_data->l2_cache_entry = offset;
1114     }
1115 
1116     return VMDK_OK;
1117 }
1118 
1119 /**
1120  * get_cluster_offset
1121  *
1122  * Look up cluster offset in extent file by sector number, and store in
1123  * @cluster_offset.
1124  *
1125  * For flat extents, the start offset as parsed from the description file is
1126  * returned.
1127  *
1128  * For sparse extents, look up in L1, L2 table. If allocate is true, return an
1129  * offset for a new cluster and update L2 cache. If there is a backing file,
1130  * COW is done before returning; otherwise, zeroes are written to the allocated
1131  * cluster. Both COW and zero writing skips the sector range
1132  * [@skip_start_sector, @skip_end_sector) passed in by caller, because caller
1133  * has new data to write there.
1134  *
1135  * Returns: VMDK_OK if cluster exists and mapped in the image.
1136  *          VMDK_UNALLOC if cluster is not mapped and @allocate is false.
1137  *          VMDK_ERROR if failed.
1138  */
1139 static int get_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
1140                               VmdkExtent *extent,
1141                               VmdkMetaData *m_data,
1142                               uint64_t offset,
1143                               bool allocate,
1144                               uint64_t *cluster_offset,
1145                               uint64_t skip_start_bytes,
1146                               uint64_t skip_end_bytes)
1147 {
1148     unsigned int l1_index, l2_offset, l2_index;
1149     int min_index, i, j;
1150     uint32_t min_count, *l2_table;
1151     bool zeroed = false;
1152     int64_t ret;
1153     int64_t cluster_sector;
1154 
1155     if (m_data) {
1156         m_data->valid = 0;
1157     }
1158     if (extent->flat) {
1159         *cluster_offset = extent->flat_start_offset;
1160         return VMDK_OK;
1161     }
1162 
1163     offset -= (extent->end_sector - extent->sectors) * SECTOR_SIZE;
1164     l1_index = (offset >> 9) / extent->l1_entry_sectors;
1165     if (l1_index >= extent->l1_size) {
1166         return VMDK_ERROR;
1167     }
1168     l2_offset = extent->l1_table[l1_index];
1169     if (!l2_offset) {
1170         return VMDK_UNALLOC;
1171     }
1172     for (i = 0; i < L2_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
1173         if (l2_offset == extent->l2_cache_offsets[i]) {
1174             /* increment the hit count */
1175             if (++extent->l2_cache_counts[i] == 0xffffffff) {
1176                 for (j = 0; j < L2_CACHE_SIZE; j++) {
1177                     extent->l2_cache_counts[j] >>= 1;
1178                 }
1179             }
1180             l2_table = extent->l2_cache + (i * extent->l2_size);
1181             goto found;
1182         }
1183     }
1184     /* not found: load a new entry in the least used one */
1185     min_index = 0;
1186     min_count = 0xffffffff;
1187     for (i = 0; i < L2_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
1188         if (extent->l2_cache_counts[i] < min_count) {
1189             min_count = extent->l2_cache_counts[i];
1190             min_index = i;
1191         }
1192     }
1193     l2_table = extent->l2_cache + (min_index * extent->l2_size);
1194     if (bdrv_pread(
1195                 extent->file->bs,
1196                 (int64_t)l2_offset * 512,
1197                 l2_table,
1198                 extent->l2_size * sizeof(uint32_t)
1199             ) != extent->l2_size * sizeof(uint32_t)) {
1200         return VMDK_ERROR;
1201     }
1202 
1203     extent->l2_cache_offsets[min_index] = l2_offset;
1204     extent->l2_cache_counts[min_index] = 1;
1205  found:
1206     l2_index = ((offset >> 9) / extent->cluster_sectors) % extent->l2_size;
1207     cluster_sector = le32_to_cpu(l2_table[l2_index]);
1208 
1209     if (m_data) {
1210         m_data->valid = 1;
1211         m_data->l1_index = l1_index;
1212         m_data->l2_index = l2_index;
1213         m_data->l2_offset = l2_offset;
1214         m_data->l2_cache_entry = &l2_table[l2_index];
1215     }
1216     if (extent->has_zero_grain && cluster_sector == VMDK_GTE_ZEROED) {
1217         zeroed = true;
1218     }
1219 
1220     if (!cluster_sector || zeroed) {
1221         if (!allocate) {
1222             return zeroed ? VMDK_ZEROED : VMDK_UNALLOC;
1223         }
1224 
1225         cluster_sector = extent->next_cluster_sector;
1226         extent->next_cluster_sector += extent->cluster_sectors;
1227 
1228         /* First of all we write grain itself, to avoid race condition
1229          * that may to corrupt the image.
1230          * This problem may occur because of insufficient space on host disk
1231          * or inappropriate VM shutdown.
1232          */
1233         ret = get_whole_cluster(bs, extent, cluster_sector * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
1234                                 offset, skip_start_bytes, skip_end_bytes);
1235         if (ret) {
1236             return ret;
1237         }
1238     }
1239     *cluster_offset = cluster_sector << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1240     return VMDK_OK;
1241 }
1242 
1243 static VmdkExtent *find_extent(BDRVVmdkState *s,
1244                                 int64_t sector_num, VmdkExtent *start_hint)
1245 {
1246     VmdkExtent *extent = start_hint;
1247 
1248     if (!extent) {
1249         extent = &s->extents[0];
1250     }
1251     while (extent < &s->extents[s->num_extents]) {
1252         if (sector_num < extent->end_sector) {
1253             return extent;
1254         }
1255         extent++;
1256     }
1257     return NULL;
1258 }
1259 
1260 static inline uint64_t vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(VmdkExtent *extent,
1261                                                    int64_t offset)
1262 {
1263     uint64_t extent_begin_offset, extent_relative_offset;
1264     uint64_t cluster_size = extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1265 
1266     extent_begin_offset =
1267         (extent->end_sector - extent->sectors) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1268     extent_relative_offset = offset - extent_begin_offset;
1269     return extent_relative_offset % cluster_size;
1270 }
1271 
1272 static inline uint64_t vmdk_find_index_in_cluster(VmdkExtent *extent,
1273                                                   int64_t sector_num)
1274 {
1275     uint64_t offset;
1276     offset = vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(extent, sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1277     return offset / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1278 }
1279 
1280 static int64_t coroutine_fn vmdk_co_get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
1281         int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors, int *pnum, BlockDriverState **file)
1282 {
1283     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
1284     int64_t index_in_cluster, n, ret;
1285     uint64_t offset;
1286     VmdkExtent *extent;
1287 
1288     extent = find_extent(s, sector_num, NULL);
1289     if (!extent) {
1290         return 0;
1291     }
1292     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1293     ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, NULL,
1294                              sector_num * 512, false, &offset,
1295                              0, 0);
1296     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1297 
1298     index_in_cluster = vmdk_find_index_in_cluster(extent, sector_num);
1299     switch (ret) {
1300     case VMDK_ERROR:
1301         ret = -EIO;
1302         break;
1303     case VMDK_UNALLOC:
1304         ret = 0;
1305         break;
1306     case VMDK_ZEROED:
1307         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
1308         break;
1309     case VMDK_OK:
1310         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
1311         if (!extent->compressed) {
1312             ret |= BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID;
1313             ret |= (offset + (index_in_cluster << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS))
1314                     & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK;
1315         }
1316         *file = extent->file->bs;
1317         break;
1318     }
1319 
1320     n = extent->cluster_sectors - index_in_cluster;
1321     if (n > nb_sectors) {
1322         n = nb_sectors;
1323     }
1324     *pnum = n;
1325     return ret;
1326 }
1327 
1328 static int vmdk_write_extent(VmdkExtent *extent, int64_t cluster_offset,
1329                             int64_t offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
1330                             uint64_t qiov_offset, uint64_t n_bytes,
1331                             uint64_t offset)
1332 {
1333     int ret;
1334     VmdkGrainMarker *data = NULL;
1335     uLongf buf_len;
1336     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
1337     struct iovec iov;
1338     int64_t write_offset;
1339     int64_t write_end_sector;
1340 
1341     if (extent->compressed) {
1342         void *compressed_data;
1343 
1344         if (!extent->has_marker) {
1345             ret = -EINVAL;
1346             goto out;
1347         }
1348         buf_len = (extent->cluster_sectors << 9) * 2;
1349         data = g_malloc(buf_len + sizeof(VmdkGrainMarker));
1350 
1351         compressed_data = g_malloc(n_bytes);
1352         qemu_iovec_to_buf(qiov, qiov_offset, compressed_data, n_bytes);
1353         ret = compress(data->data, &buf_len, compressed_data, n_bytes);
1354         g_free(compressed_data);
1355 
1356         if (ret != Z_OK || buf_len == 0) {
1357             ret = -EINVAL;
1358             goto out;
1359         }
1360 
1361         data->lba = offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1362         data->size = buf_len;
1363 
1364         n_bytes = buf_len + sizeof(VmdkGrainMarker);
1365         iov = (struct iovec) {
1366             .iov_base   = data,
1367             .iov_len    = n_bytes,
1368         };
1369         qemu_iovec_init_external(&local_qiov, &iov, 1);
1370     } else {
1371         qemu_iovec_init(&local_qiov, qiov->niov);
1372         qemu_iovec_concat(&local_qiov, qiov, qiov_offset, n_bytes);
1373     }
1374 
1375     write_offset = cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster,
1376     ret = bdrv_co_pwritev(extent->file->bs, write_offset, n_bytes,
1377                           &local_qiov, 0);
1378 
1379     write_end_sector = DIV_ROUND_UP(write_offset + n_bytes, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1380 
1381     if (extent->compressed) {
1382         extent->next_cluster_sector = write_end_sector;
1383     } else {
1384         extent->next_cluster_sector = MAX(extent->next_cluster_sector,
1385                                           write_end_sector);
1386     }
1387 
1388     if (ret < 0) {
1389         goto out;
1390     }
1391     ret = 0;
1392  out:
1393     g_free(data);
1394     if (!extent->compressed) {
1395         qemu_iovec_destroy(&local_qiov);
1396     }
1397     return ret;
1398 }
1399 
1400 static int vmdk_read_extent(VmdkExtent *extent, int64_t cluster_offset,
1401                             int64_t offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
1402                             int bytes)
1403 {
1404     int ret;
1405     int cluster_bytes, buf_bytes;
1406     uint8_t *cluster_buf, *compressed_data;
1407     uint8_t *uncomp_buf;
1408     uint32_t data_len;
1409     VmdkGrainMarker *marker;
1410     uLongf buf_len;
1411 
1412 
1413     if (!extent->compressed) {
1414         ret = bdrv_co_preadv(extent->file->bs,
1415                              cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster, bytes,
1416                              qiov, 0);
1417         if (ret < 0) {
1418             return ret;
1419         }
1420         return 0;
1421     }
1422     cluster_bytes = extent->cluster_sectors * 512;
1423     /* Read two clusters in case GrainMarker + compressed data > one cluster */
1424     buf_bytes = cluster_bytes * 2;
1425     cluster_buf = g_malloc(buf_bytes);
1426     uncomp_buf = g_malloc(cluster_bytes);
1427     ret = bdrv_pread(extent->file->bs,
1428                 cluster_offset,
1429                 cluster_buf, buf_bytes);
1430     if (ret < 0) {
1431         goto out;
1432     }
1433     compressed_data = cluster_buf;
1434     buf_len = cluster_bytes;
1435     data_len = cluster_bytes;
1436     if (extent->has_marker) {
1437         marker = (VmdkGrainMarker *)cluster_buf;
1438         compressed_data = marker->data;
1439         data_len = le32_to_cpu(marker->size);
1440     }
1441     if (!data_len || data_len > buf_bytes) {
1442         ret = -EINVAL;
1443         goto out;
1444     }
1445     ret = uncompress(uncomp_buf, &buf_len, compressed_data, data_len);
1446     if (ret != Z_OK) {
1447         ret = -EINVAL;
1448         goto out;
1449 
1450     }
1451     if (offset_in_cluster < 0 ||
1452             offset_in_cluster + bytes > buf_len) {
1453         ret = -EINVAL;
1454         goto out;
1455     }
1456     qemu_iovec_from_buf(qiov, 0, uncomp_buf + offset_in_cluster, bytes);
1457     ret = 0;
1458 
1459  out:
1460     g_free(uncomp_buf);
1461     g_free(cluster_buf);
1462     return ret;
1463 }
1464 
1465 static int coroutine_fn
1466 vmdk_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
1467                QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags)
1468 {
1469     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
1470     int ret;
1471     uint64_t n_bytes, offset_in_cluster;
1472     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
1473     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
1474     uint64_t cluster_offset;
1475     uint64_t bytes_done = 0;
1476 
1477     qemu_iovec_init(&local_qiov, qiov->niov);
1478     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1479 
1480     while (bytes > 0) {
1481         extent = find_extent(s, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, extent);
1482         if (!extent) {
1483             ret = -EIO;
1484             goto fail;
1485         }
1486         ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, NULL,
1487                                  offset, false, &cluster_offset, 0, 0);
1488         offset_in_cluster = vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(extent, offset);
1489 
1490         n_bytes = MIN(bytes, extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE
1491                              - offset_in_cluster);
1492 
1493         if (ret != VMDK_OK) {
1494             /* if not allocated, try to read from parent image, if exist */
1495             if (bs->backing && ret != VMDK_ZEROED) {
1496                 if (!vmdk_is_cid_valid(bs)) {
1497                     ret = -EINVAL;
1498                     goto fail;
1499                 }
1500 
1501                 qemu_iovec_reset(&local_qiov);
1502                 qemu_iovec_concat(&local_qiov, qiov, bytes_done, n_bytes);
1503 
1504                 ret = bdrv_co_preadv(bs->backing->bs, offset, n_bytes,
1505                                      &local_qiov, 0);
1506                 if (ret < 0) {
1507                     goto fail;
1508                 }
1509             } else {
1510                 qemu_iovec_memset(qiov, bytes_done, 0, n_bytes);
1511             }
1512         } else {
1513             qemu_iovec_reset(&local_qiov);
1514             qemu_iovec_concat(&local_qiov, qiov, bytes_done, n_bytes);
1515 
1516             ret = vmdk_read_extent(extent, cluster_offset, offset_in_cluster,
1517                                    &local_qiov, n_bytes);
1518             if (ret) {
1519                 goto fail;
1520             }
1521         }
1522         bytes -= n_bytes;
1523         offset += n_bytes;
1524         bytes_done += n_bytes;
1525     }
1526 
1527     ret = 0;
1528 fail:
1529     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1530     qemu_iovec_destroy(&local_qiov);
1531 
1532     return ret;
1533 }
1534 
1535 /**
1536  * vmdk_write:
1537  * @zeroed:       buf is ignored (data is zero), use zeroed_grain GTE feature
1538  *                if possible, otherwise return -ENOTSUP.
1539  * @zero_dry_run: used for zeroed == true only, don't update L2 table, just try
1540  *                with each cluster. By dry run we can find if the zero write
1541  *                is possible without modifying image data.
1542  *
1543  * Returns: error code with 0 for success.
1544  */
1545 static int vmdk_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
1546                        uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
1547                        bool zeroed, bool zero_dry_run)
1548 {
1549     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
1550     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
1551     int ret;
1552     int64_t offset_in_cluster, n_bytes;
1553     uint64_t cluster_offset;
1554     uint64_t bytes_done = 0;
1555     VmdkMetaData m_data;
1556 
1557     if (DIV_ROUND_UP(offset, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) > bs->total_sectors) {
1558         error_report("Wrong offset: offset=0x%" PRIx64
1559                      " total_sectors=0x%" PRIx64,
1560                      offset, bs->total_sectors);
1561         return -EIO;
1562     }
1563 
1564     while (bytes > 0) {
1565         extent = find_extent(s, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, extent);
1566         if (!extent) {
1567             return -EIO;
1568         }
1569         offset_in_cluster = vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(extent, offset);
1570         n_bytes = MIN(bytes, extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE
1571                              - offset_in_cluster);
1572 
1573         ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, &m_data, offset,
1574                                  !(extent->compressed || zeroed),
1575                                  &cluster_offset, offset_in_cluster,
1576                                  offset_in_cluster + n_bytes);
1577         if (extent->compressed) {
1578             if (ret == VMDK_OK) {
1579                 /* Refuse write to allocated cluster for streamOptimized */
1580                 error_report("Could not write to allocated cluster"
1581                               " for streamOptimized");
1582                 return -EIO;
1583             } else {
1584                 /* allocate */
1585                 ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, &m_data, offset,
1586                                          true, &cluster_offset, 0, 0);
1587             }
1588         }
1589         if (ret == VMDK_ERROR) {
1590             return -EINVAL;
1591         }
1592         if (zeroed) {
1593             /* Do zeroed write, buf is ignored */
1594             if (extent->has_zero_grain &&
1595                     offset_in_cluster == 0 &&
1596                     n_bytes >= extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
1597                 n_bytes = extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1598                 if (!zero_dry_run) {
1599                     /* update L2 tables */
1600                     if (vmdk_L2update(extent, &m_data, VMDK_GTE_ZEROED)
1601                             != VMDK_OK) {
1602                         return -EIO;
1603                     }
1604                 }
1605             } else {
1606                 return -ENOTSUP;
1607             }
1608         } else {
1609             ret = vmdk_write_extent(extent, cluster_offset, offset_in_cluster,
1610                                     qiov, bytes_done, n_bytes, offset);
1611             if (ret) {
1612                 return ret;
1613             }
1614             if (m_data.valid) {
1615                 /* update L2 tables */
1616                 if (vmdk_L2update(extent, &m_data,
1617                                   cluster_offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)
1618                         != VMDK_OK) {
1619                     return -EIO;
1620                 }
1621             }
1622         }
1623         bytes -= n_bytes;
1624         offset += n_bytes;
1625         bytes_done += n_bytes;
1626 
1627         /* update CID on the first write every time the virtual disk is
1628          * opened */
1629         if (!s->cid_updated) {
1630             ret = vmdk_write_cid(bs, g_random_int());
1631             if (ret < 0) {
1632                 return ret;
1633             }
1634             s->cid_updated = true;
1635         }
1636     }
1637     return 0;
1638 }
1639 
1640 static int coroutine_fn
1641 vmdk_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
1642                 QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags)
1643 {
1644     int ret;
1645     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
1646     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1647     ret = vmdk_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, qiov, false, false);
1648     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1649     return ret;
1650 }
1651 
1652 typedef struct VmdkWriteCompressedCo {
1653     BlockDriverState *bs;
1654     int64_t sector_num;
1655     const uint8_t *buf;
1656     int nb_sectors;
1657     int ret;
1658 } VmdkWriteCompressedCo;
1659 
1660 static void vmdk_co_write_compressed(void *opaque)
1661 {
1662     VmdkWriteCompressedCo *co = opaque;
1663     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
1664     uint64_t offset = co->sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1665     uint64_t bytes = co->nb_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1666 
1667     struct iovec iov = (struct iovec) {
1668         .iov_base   = (uint8_t*) co->buf,
1669         .iov_len    = bytes,
1670     };
1671     qemu_iovec_init_external(&local_qiov, &iov, 1);
1672 
1673     co->ret = vmdk_pwritev(co->bs, offset, bytes, &local_qiov, false, false);
1674 }
1675 
1676 static int vmdk_write_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs,
1677                                  int64_t sector_num,
1678                                  const uint8_t *buf,
1679                                  int nb_sectors)
1680 {
1681     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
1682 
1683     if (s->num_extents == 1 && s->extents[0].compressed) {
1684         Coroutine *co;
1685         AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
1686         VmdkWriteCompressedCo data = {
1687             .bs         = bs,
1688             .sector_num = sector_num,
1689             .buf        = buf,
1690             .nb_sectors = nb_sectors,
1691             .ret        = -EINPROGRESS,
1692         };
1693         co = qemu_coroutine_create(vmdk_co_write_compressed);
1694         qemu_coroutine_enter(co, &data);
1695         while (data.ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
1696             aio_poll(aio_context, true);
1697         }
1698         return data.ret;
1699     } else {
1700         return -ENOTSUP;
1701     }
1702 }
1703 
1704 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
1705                                               int64_t offset,
1706                                               int bytes,
1707                                               BdrvRequestFlags flags)
1708 {
1709     int ret;
1710     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
1711 
1712     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1713     /* write zeroes could fail if sectors not aligned to cluster, test it with
1714      * dry_run == true before really updating image */
1715     ret = vmdk_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, NULL, true, true);
1716     if (!ret) {
1717         ret = vmdk_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, NULL, true, false);
1718     }
1719     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1720     return ret;
1721 }
1722 
1723 static int vmdk_create_extent(const char *filename, int64_t filesize,
1724                               bool flat, bool compress, bool zeroed_grain,
1725                               QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
1726 {
1727     int ret, i;
1728     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
1729     VMDK4Header header;
1730     Error *local_err = NULL;
1731     uint32_t tmp, magic, grains, gd_sectors, gt_size, gt_count;
1732     uint32_t *gd_buf = NULL;
1733     int gd_buf_size;
1734 
1735     ret = bdrv_create_file(filename, opts, &local_err);
1736     if (ret < 0) {
1737         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1738         goto exit;
1739     }
1740 
1741     blk = blk_new_open(filename, NULL, NULL,
1742                        BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_PROTOCOL, &local_err);
1743     if (blk == NULL) {
1744         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1745         ret = -EIO;
1746         goto exit;
1747     }
1748 
1749     blk_set_allow_write_beyond_eof(blk, true);
1750 
1751     if (flat) {
1752         ret = blk_truncate(blk, filesize);
1753         if (ret < 0) {
1754             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not truncate file");
1755         }
1756         goto exit;
1757     }
1758     magic = cpu_to_be32(VMDK4_MAGIC);
1759     memset(&header, 0, sizeof(header));
1760     if (compress) {
1761         header.version = 3;
1762     } else if (zeroed_grain) {
1763         header.version = 2;
1764     } else {
1765         header.version = 1;
1766     }
1767     header.flags = VMDK4_FLAG_RGD | VMDK4_FLAG_NL_DETECT
1768                    | (compress ? VMDK4_FLAG_COMPRESS | VMDK4_FLAG_MARKER : 0)
1769                    | (zeroed_grain ? VMDK4_FLAG_ZERO_GRAIN : 0);
1770     header.compressAlgorithm = compress ? VMDK4_COMPRESSION_DEFLATE : 0;
1771     header.capacity = filesize / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1772     header.granularity = 128;
1773     header.num_gtes_per_gt = BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1774 
1775     grains = DIV_ROUND_UP(filesize / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, header.granularity);
1776     gt_size = DIV_ROUND_UP(header.num_gtes_per_gt * sizeof(uint32_t),
1777                            BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1778     gt_count = DIV_ROUND_UP(grains, header.num_gtes_per_gt);
1779     gd_sectors = DIV_ROUND_UP(gt_count * sizeof(uint32_t), BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1780 
1781     header.desc_offset = 1;
1782     header.desc_size = 20;
1783     header.rgd_offset = header.desc_offset + header.desc_size;
1784     header.gd_offset = header.rgd_offset + gd_sectors + (gt_size * gt_count);
1785     header.grain_offset =
1786         ROUND_UP(header.gd_offset + gd_sectors + (gt_size * gt_count),
1787                  header.granularity);
1788     /* swap endianness for all header fields */
1789     header.version = cpu_to_le32(header.version);
1790     header.flags = cpu_to_le32(header.flags);
1791     header.capacity = cpu_to_le64(header.capacity);
1792     header.granularity = cpu_to_le64(header.granularity);
1793     header.num_gtes_per_gt = cpu_to_le32(header.num_gtes_per_gt);
1794     header.desc_offset = cpu_to_le64(header.desc_offset);
1795     header.desc_size = cpu_to_le64(header.desc_size);
1796     header.rgd_offset = cpu_to_le64(header.rgd_offset);
1797     header.gd_offset = cpu_to_le64(header.gd_offset);
1798     header.grain_offset = cpu_to_le64(header.grain_offset);
1799     header.compressAlgorithm = cpu_to_le16(header.compressAlgorithm);
1800 
1801     header.check_bytes[0] = 0xa;
1802     header.check_bytes[1] = 0x20;
1803     header.check_bytes[2] = 0xd;
1804     header.check_bytes[3] = 0xa;
1805 
1806     /* write all the data */
1807     ret = blk_pwrite(blk, 0, &magic, sizeof(magic), 0);
1808     if (ret < 0) {
1809         error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
1810         goto exit;
1811     }
1812     ret = blk_pwrite(blk, sizeof(magic), &header, sizeof(header), 0);
1813     if (ret < 0) {
1814         error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
1815         goto exit;
1816     }
1817 
1818     ret = blk_truncate(blk, le64_to_cpu(header.grain_offset) << 9);
1819     if (ret < 0) {
1820         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not truncate file");
1821         goto exit;
1822     }
1823 
1824     /* write grain directory */
1825     gd_buf_size = gd_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1826     gd_buf = g_malloc0(gd_buf_size);
1827     for (i = 0, tmp = le64_to_cpu(header.rgd_offset) + gd_sectors;
1828          i < gt_count; i++, tmp += gt_size) {
1829         gd_buf[i] = cpu_to_le32(tmp);
1830     }
1831     ret = blk_pwrite(blk, le64_to_cpu(header.rgd_offset) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
1832                      gd_buf, gd_buf_size, 0);
1833     if (ret < 0) {
1834         error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
1835         goto exit;
1836     }
1837 
1838     /* write backup grain directory */
1839     for (i = 0, tmp = le64_to_cpu(header.gd_offset) + gd_sectors;
1840          i < gt_count; i++, tmp += gt_size) {
1841         gd_buf[i] = cpu_to_le32(tmp);
1842     }
1843     ret = blk_pwrite(blk, le64_to_cpu(header.gd_offset) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
1844                      gd_buf, gd_buf_size, 0);
1845     if (ret < 0) {
1846         error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
1847         goto exit;
1848     }
1849 
1850     ret = 0;
1851 exit:
1852     if (blk) {
1853         blk_unref(blk);
1854     }
1855     g_free(gd_buf);
1856     return ret;
1857 }
1858 
1859 static int filename_decompose(const char *filename, char *path, char *prefix,
1860                               char *postfix, size_t buf_len, Error **errp)
1861 {
1862     const char *p, *q;
1863 
1864     if (filename == NULL || !strlen(filename)) {
1865         error_setg(errp, "No filename provided");
1866         return VMDK_ERROR;
1867     }
1868     p = strrchr(filename, '/');
1869     if (p == NULL) {
1870         p = strrchr(filename, '\\');
1871     }
1872     if (p == NULL) {
1873         p = strrchr(filename, ':');
1874     }
1875     if (p != NULL) {
1876         p++;
1877         if (p - filename >= buf_len) {
1878             return VMDK_ERROR;
1879         }
1880         pstrcpy(path, p - filename + 1, filename);
1881     } else {
1882         p = filename;
1883         path[0] = '\0';
1884     }
1885     q = strrchr(p, '.');
1886     if (q == NULL) {
1887         pstrcpy(prefix, buf_len, p);
1888         postfix[0] = '\0';
1889     } else {
1890         if (q - p >= buf_len) {
1891             return VMDK_ERROR;
1892         }
1893         pstrcpy(prefix, q - p + 1, p);
1894         pstrcpy(postfix, buf_len, q);
1895     }
1896     return VMDK_OK;
1897 }
1898 
1899 static int vmdk_create(const char *filename, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
1900 {
1901     int idx = 0;
1902     BlockBackend *new_blk = NULL;
1903     Error *local_err = NULL;
1904     char *desc = NULL;
1905     int64_t total_size = 0, filesize;
1906     char *adapter_type = NULL;
1907     char *backing_file = NULL;
1908     char *hw_version = NULL;
1909     char *fmt = NULL;
1910     int ret = 0;
1911     bool flat, split, compress;
1912     GString *ext_desc_lines;
1913     char *path = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
1914     char *prefix = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
1915     char *postfix = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
1916     char *desc_line = g_malloc0(BUF_SIZE);
1917     char *ext_filename = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
1918     char *desc_filename = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
1919     const int64_t split_size = 0x80000000;  /* VMDK has constant split size */
1920     const char *desc_extent_line;
1921     char *parent_desc_line = g_malloc0(BUF_SIZE);
1922     uint32_t parent_cid = 0xffffffff;
1923     uint32_t number_heads = 16;
1924     bool zeroed_grain = false;
1925     uint32_t desc_offset = 0, desc_len;
1926     const char desc_template[] =
1927         "# Disk DescriptorFile\n"
1928         "version=1\n"
1929         "CID=%" PRIx32 "\n"
1930         "parentCID=%" PRIx32 "\n"
1931         "createType=\"%s\"\n"
1932         "%s"
1933         "\n"
1934         "# Extent description\n"
1935         "%s"
1936         "\n"
1937         "# The Disk Data Base\n"
1938         "#DDB\n"
1939         "\n"
1940         "ddb.virtualHWVersion = \"%s\"\n"
1941         "ddb.geometry.cylinders = \"%" PRId64 "\"\n"
1942         "ddb.geometry.heads = \"%" PRIu32 "\"\n"
1943         "ddb.geometry.sectors = \"63\"\n"
1944         "ddb.adapterType = \"%s\"\n";
1945 
1946     ext_desc_lines = g_string_new(NULL);
1947 
1948     if (filename_decompose(filename, path, prefix, postfix, PATH_MAX, errp)) {
1949         ret = -EINVAL;
1950         goto exit;
1951     }
1952     /* Read out options */
1953     total_size = ROUND_UP(qemu_opt_get_size_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0),
1954                           BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1955     adapter_type = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ADAPTER_TYPE);
1956     backing_file = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
1957     hw_version = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_HWVERSION);
1958     if (qemu_opt_get_bool_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT6, false)) {
1959         if (strcmp(hw_version, "undefined")) {
1960             error_setg(errp,
1961                        "compat6 cannot be enabled with hwversion set");
1962             ret = -EINVAL;
1963             goto exit;
1964         }
1965         g_free(hw_version);
1966         hw_version = g_strdup("6");
1967     }
1968     if (strcmp(hw_version, "undefined") == 0) {
1969         g_free(hw_version);
1970         hw_version = g_strdup("4");
1971     }
1972     fmt = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SUBFMT);
1973     if (qemu_opt_get_bool_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ZEROED_GRAIN, false)) {
1974         zeroed_grain = true;
1975     }
1976 
1977     if (!adapter_type) {
1978         adapter_type = g_strdup("ide");
1979     } else if (strcmp(adapter_type, "ide") &&
1980                strcmp(adapter_type, "buslogic") &&
1981                strcmp(adapter_type, "lsilogic") &&
1982                strcmp(adapter_type, "legacyESX")) {
1983         error_setg(errp, "Unknown adapter type: '%s'", adapter_type);
1984         ret = -EINVAL;
1985         goto exit;
1986     }
1987     if (strcmp(adapter_type, "ide") != 0) {
1988         /* that's the number of heads with which vmware operates when
1989            creating, exporting, etc. vmdk files with a non-ide adapter type */
1990         number_heads = 255;
1991     }
1992     if (!fmt) {
1993         /* Default format to monolithicSparse */
1994         fmt = g_strdup("monolithicSparse");
1995     } else if (strcmp(fmt, "monolithicFlat") &&
1996                strcmp(fmt, "monolithicSparse") &&
1997                strcmp(fmt, "twoGbMaxExtentSparse") &&
1998                strcmp(fmt, "twoGbMaxExtentFlat") &&
1999                strcmp(fmt, "streamOptimized")) {
2000         error_setg(errp, "Unknown subformat: '%s'", fmt);
2001         ret = -EINVAL;
2002         goto exit;
2003     }
2004     split = !(strcmp(fmt, "twoGbMaxExtentFlat") &&
2005               strcmp(fmt, "twoGbMaxExtentSparse"));
2006     flat = !(strcmp(fmt, "monolithicFlat") &&
2007              strcmp(fmt, "twoGbMaxExtentFlat"));
2008     compress = !strcmp(fmt, "streamOptimized");
2009     if (flat) {
2010         desc_extent_line = "RW %" PRId64 " FLAT \"%s\" 0\n";
2011     } else {
2012         desc_extent_line = "RW %" PRId64 " SPARSE \"%s\"\n";
2013     }
2014     if (flat && backing_file) {
2015         error_setg(errp, "Flat image can't have backing file");
2016         ret = -ENOTSUP;
2017         goto exit;
2018     }
2019     if (flat && zeroed_grain) {
2020         error_setg(errp, "Flat image can't enable zeroed grain");
2021         ret = -ENOTSUP;
2022         goto exit;
2023     }
2024     if (backing_file) {
2025         BlockBackend *blk;
2026         char *full_backing = g_new0(char, PATH_MAX);
2027         bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(filename, backing_file,
2028                                                      full_backing, PATH_MAX,
2029                                                      &local_err);
2030         if (local_err) {
2031             g_free(full_backing);
2032             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
2033             ret = -ENOENT;
2034             goto exit;
2035         }
2036 
2037         blk = blk_new_open(full_backing, NULL, NULL,
2038                            BDRV_O_NO_BACKING, errp);
2039         g_free(full_backing);
2040         if (blk == NULL) {
2041             ret = -EIO;
2042             goto exit;
2043         }
2044         if (strcmp(blk_bs(blk)->drv->format_name, "vmdk")) {
2045             blk_unref(blk);
2046             ret = -EINVAL;
2047             goto exit;
2048         }
2049         parent_cid = vmdk_read_cid(blk_bs(blk), 0);
2050         blk_unref(blk);
2051         snprintf(parent_desc_line, BUF_SIZE,
2052                 "parentFileNameHint=\"%s\"", backing_file);
2053     }
2054 
2055     /* Create extents */
2056     filesize = total_size;
2057     while (filesize > 0) {
2058         int64_t size = filesize;
2059 
2060         if (split && size > split_size) {
2061             size = split_size;
2062         }
2063         if (split) {
2064             snprintf(desc_filename, PATH_MAX, "%s-%c%03d%s",
2065                     prefix, flat ? 'f' : 's', ++idx, postfix);
2066         } else if (flat) {
2067             snprintf(desc_filename, PATH_MAX, "%s-flat%s", prefix, postfix);
2068         } else {
2069             snprintf(desc_filename, PATH_MAX, "%s%s", prefix, postfix);
2070         }
2071         snprintf(ext_filename, PATH_MAX, "%s%s", path, desc_filename);
2072 
2073         if (vmdk_create_extent(ext_filename, size,
2074                                flat, compress, zeroed_grain, opts, errp)) {
2075             ret = -EINVAL;
2076             goto exit;
2077         }
2078         filesize -= size;
2079 
2080         /* Format description line */
2081         snprintf(desc_line, BUF_SIZE,
2082                     desc_extent_line, size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, desc_filename);
2083         g_string_append(ext_desc_lines, desc_line);
2084     }
2085     /* generate descriptor file */
2086     desc = g_strdup_printf(desc_template,
2087                            g_random_int(),
2088                            parent_cid,
2089                            fmt,
2090                            parent_desc_line,
2091                            ext_desc_lines->str,
2092                            hw_version,
2093                            total_size /
2094                                (int64_t)(63 * number_heads * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE),
2095                            number_heads,
2096                            adapter_type);
2097     desc_len = strlen(desc);
2098     /* the descriptor offset = 0x200 */
2099     if (!split && !flat) {
2100         desc_offset = 0x200;
2101     } else {
2102         ret = bdrv_create_file(filename, opts, &local_err);
2103         if (ret < 0) {
2104             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
2105             goto exit;
2106         }
2107     }
2108 
2109     new_blk = blk_new_open(filename, NULL, NULL,
2110                            BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_PROTOCOL, &local_err);
2111     if (new_blk == NULL) {
2112         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
2113         ret = -EIO;
2114         goto exit;
2115     }
2116 
2117     blk_set_allow_write_beyond_eof(new_blk, true);
2118 
2119     ret = blk_pwrite(new_blk, desc_offset, desc, desc_len, 0);
2120     if (ret < 0) {
2121         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not write description");
2122         goto exit;
2123     }
2124     /* bdrv_pwrite write padding zeros to align to sector, we don't need that
2125      * for description file */
2126     if (desc_offset == 0) {
2127         ret = blk_truncate(new_blk, desc_len);
2128         if (ret < 0) {
2129             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not truncate file");
2130         }
2131     }
2132 exit:
2133     if (new_blk) {
2134         blk_unref(new_blk);
2135     }
2136     g_free(adapter_type);
2137     g_free(backing_file);
2138     g_free(hw_version);
2139     g_free(fmt);
2140     g_free(desc);
2141     g_free(path);
2142     g_free(prefix);
2143     g_free(postfix);
2144     g_free(desc_line);
2145     g_free(ext_filename);
2146     g_free(desc_filename);
2147     g_free(parent_desc_line);
2148     g_string_free(ext_desc_lines, true);
2149     return ret;
2150 }
2151 
2152 static void vmdk_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
2153 {
2154     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
2155 
2156     vmdk_free_extents(bs);
2157     g_free(s->create_type);
2158 
2159     migrate_del_blocker(s->migration_blocker);
2160     error_free(s->migration_blocker);
2161 }
2162 
2163 static coroutine_fn int vmdk_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
2164 {
2165     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
2166     int i, err;
2167     int ret = 0;
2168 
2169     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
2170         err = bdrv_co_flush(s->extents[i].file->bs);
2171         if (err < 0) {
2172             ret = err;
2173         }
2174     }
2175     return ret;
2176 }
2177 
2178 static int64_t vmdk_get_allocated_file_size(BlockDriverState *bs)
2179 {
2180     int i;
2181     int64_t ret = 0;
2182     int64_t r;
2183     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
2184 
2185     ret = bdrv_get_allocated_file_size(bs->file->bs);
2186     if (ret < 0) {
2187         return ret;
2188     }
2189     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
2190         if (s->extents[i].file == bs->file) {
2191             continue;
2192         }
2193         r = bdrv_get_allocated_file_size(s->extents[i].file->bs);
2194         if (r < 0) {
2195             return r;
2196         }
2197         ret += r;
2198     }
2199     return ret;
2200 }
2201 
2202 static int vmdk_has_zero_init(BlockDriverState *bs)
2203 {
2204     int i;
2205     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
2206 
2207     /* If has a flat extent and its underlying storage doesn't have zero init,
2208      * return 0. */
2209     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
2210         if (s->extents[i].flat) {
2211             if (!bdrv_has_zero_init(s->extents[i].file->bs)) {
2212                 return 0;
2213             }
2214         }
2215     }
2216     return 1;
2217 }
2218 
2219 static ImageInfo *vmdk_get_extent_info(VmdkExtent *extent)
2220 {
2221     ImageInfo *info = g_new0(ImageInfo, 1);
2222 
2223     *info = (ImageInfo){
2224         .filename         = g_strdup(extent->file->bs->filename),
2225         .format           = g_strdup(extent->type),
2226         .virtual_size     = extent->sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2227         .compressed       = extent->compressed,
2228         .has_compressed   = extent->compressed,
2229         .cluster_size     = extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2230         .has_cluster_size = !extent->flat,
2231     };
2232 
2233     return info;
2234 }
2235 
2236 static int vmdk_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result,
2237                       BdrvCheckMode fix)
2238 {
2239     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
2240     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
2241     int64_t sector_num = 0;
2242     int64_t total_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs);
2243     int ret;
2244     uint64_t cluster_offset;
2245 
2246     if (fix) {
2247         return -ENOTSUP;
2248     }
2249 
2250     for (;;) {
2251         if (sector_num >= total_sectors) {
2252             return 0;
2253         }
2254         extent = find_extent(s, sector_num, extent);
2255         if (!extent) {
2256             fprintf(stderr,
2257                     "ERROR: could not find extent for sector %" PRId64 "\n",
2258                     sector_num);
2259             break;
2260         }
2261         ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, NULL,
2262                                  sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
2263                                  false, &cluster_offset, 0, 0);
2264         if (ret == VMDK_ERROR) {
2265             fprintf(stderr,
2266                     "ERROR: could not get cluster_offset for sector %"
2267                     PRId64 "\n", sector_num);
2268             break;
2269         }
2270         if (ret == VMDK_OK &&
2271             cluster_offset >= bdrv_getlength(extent->file->bs))
2272         {
2273             fprintf(stderr,
2274                     "ERROR: cluster offset for sector %"
2275                     PRId64 " points after EOF\n", sector_num);
2276             break;
2277         }
2278         sector_num += extent->cluster_sectors;
2279     }
2280 
2281     result->corruptions++;
2282     return 0;
2283 }
2284 
2285 static ImageInfoSpecific *vmdk_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs)
2286 {
2287     int i;
2288     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
2289     ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info = g_new0(ImageInfoSpecific, 1);
2290     ImageInfoList **next;
2291 
2292     *spec_info = (ImageInfoSpecific){
2293         .type = IMAGE_INFO_SPECIFIC_KIND_VMDK,
2294         .u = {
2295             .vmdk.data = g_new0(ImageInfoSpecificVmdk, 1),
2296         },
2297     };
2298 
2299     *spec_info->u.vmdk.data = (ImageInfoSpecificVmdk) {
2300         .create_type = g_strdup(s->create_type),
2301         .cid = s->cid,
2302         .parent_cid = s->parent_cid,
2303     };
2304 
2305     next = &spec_info->u.vmdk.data->extents;
2306     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
2307         *next = g_new0(ImageInfoList, 1);
2308         (*next)->value = vmdk_get_extent_info(&s->extents[i]);
2309         (*next)->next = NULL;
2310         next = &(*next)->next;
2311     }
2312 
2313     return spec_info;
2314 }
2315 
2316 static bool vmdk_extents_type_eq(const VmdkExtent *a, const VmdkExtent *b)
2317 {
2318     return a->flat == b->flat &&
2319            a->compressed == b->compressed &&
2320            (a->flat || a->cluster_sectors == b->cluster_sectors);
2321 }
2322 
2323 static int vmdk_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
2324 {
2325     int i;
2326     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
2327     assert(s->num_extents);
2328 
2329     /* See if we have multiple extents but they have different cases */
2330     for (i = 1; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
2331         if (!vmdk_extents_type_eq(&s->extents[0], &s->extents[i])) {
2332             return -ENOTSUP;
2333         }
2334     }
2335     bdi->needs_compressed_writes = s->extents[0].compressed;
2336     if (!s->extents[0].flat) {
2337         bdi->cluster_size = s->extents[0].cluster_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2338     }
2339     return 0;
2340 }
2341 
2342 static QemuOptsList vmdk_create_opts = {
2343     .name = "vmdk-create-opts",
2344     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(vmdk_create_opts.head),
2345     .desc = {
2346         {
2347             .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
2348             .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
2349             .help = "Virtual disk size"
2350         },
2351         {
2352             .name = BLOCK_OPT_ADAPTER_TYPE,
2353             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
2354             .help = "Virtual adapter type, can be one of "
2355                     "ide (default), lsilogic, buslogic or legacyESX"
2356         },
2357         {
2358             .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE,
2359             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
2360             .help = "File name of a base image"
2361         },
2362         {
2363             .name = BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT6,
2364             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
2365             .help = "VMDK version 6 image",
2366             .def_value_str = "off"
2367         },
2368         {
2369             .name = BLOCK_OPT_HWVERSION,
2370             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
2371             .help = "VMDK hardware version",
2372             .def_value_str = "undefined"
2373         },
2374         {
2375             .name = BLOCK_OPT_SUBFMT,
2376             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
2377             .help =
2378                 "VMDK flat extent format, can be one of "
2379                 "{monolithicSparse (default) | monolithicFlat | twoGbMaxExtentSparse | twoGbMaxExtentFlat | streamOptimized} "
2380         },
2381         {
2382             .name = BLOCK_OPT_ZEROED_GRAIN,
2383             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
2384             .help = "Enable efficient zero writes "
2385                     "using the zeroed-grain GTE feature"
2386         },
2387         { /* end of list */ }
2388     }
2389 };
2390 
2391 static BlockDriver bdrv_vmdk = {
2392     .format_name                  = "vmdk",
2393     .instance_size                = sizeof(BDRVVmdkState),
2394     .bdrv_probe                   = vmdk_probe,
2395     .bdrv_open                    = vmdk_open,
2396     .bdrv_check                   = vmdk_check,
2397     .bdrv_reopen_prepare          = vmdk_reopen_prepare,
2398     .bdrv_co_preadv               = vmdk_co_preadv,
2399     .bdrv_co_pwritev              = vmdk_co_pwritev,
2400     .bdrv_write_compressed        = vmdk_write_compressed,
2401     .bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes        = vmdk_co_pwrite_zeroes,
2402     .bdrv_close                   = vmdk_close,
2403     .bdrv_create                  = vmdk_create,
2404     .bdrv_co_flush_to_disk        = vmdk_co_flush,
2405     .bdrv_co_get_block_status     = vmdk_co_get_block_status,
2406     .bdrv_get_allocated_file_size = vmdk_get_allocated_file_size,
2407     .bdrv_has_zero_init           = vmdk_has_zero_init,
2408     .bdrv_get_specific_info       = vmdk_get_specific_info,
2409     .bdrv_refresh_limits          = vmdk_refresh_limits,
2410     .bdrv_get_info                = vmdk_get_info,
2411 
2412     .supports_backing             = true,
2413     .create_opts                  = &vmdk_create_opts,
2414 };
2415 
2416 static void bdrv_vmdk_init(void)
2417 {
2418     bdrv_register(&bdrv_vmdk);
2419 }
2420 
2421 block_init(bdrv_vmdk_init);
2422