1HXCOMM Use DEFHEADING() to define headings in both help text and texi 2HXCOMM Text between STEXI and ETEXI are copied to texi version and 3HXCOMM discarded from C version 4HXCOMM DEF(option, HAS_ARG/0, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask) is used to 5HXCOMM construct option structures, enums and help message for specified 6HXCOMM architectures. 7HXCOMM HXCOMM can be used for comments, discarded from both texi and C 8 9DEFHEADING(Standard options:) 10STEXI 11@table @option 12ETEXI 13 14DEF("help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h, 15 "-h or -help display this help and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 16STEXI 17@item -h 18@findex -h 19Display help and exit 20ETEXI 21 22DEF("version", 0, QEMU_OPTION_version, 23 "-version display version information and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 24STEXI 25@item -version 26@findex -version 27Display version information and exit 28ETEXI 29 30DEF("machine", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_machine, \ 31 "-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]\n" 32 " selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)\n" 33 " property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator\n" 34 " supported accelerators are kvm, xen, tcg (default: tcg)\n" 35 " kernel_irqchip=on|off controls accelerated irqchip support\n" 36 " kernel_irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=off)\n" 37 " vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)\n" 38 " kvm_shadow_mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes\n" 39 " dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)\n" 40 " mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)\n" 41 " igd-passthru=on|off controls IGD GFX passthrough support (default=off)\n" 42 " aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)\n" 43 " dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)\n" 44 " suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)\n" 45 " nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)\n" 46 " enforce-config-section=on|off enforce configuration section migration (default=off)\n", 47 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 48STEXI 49@item -machine [type=]@var{name}[,prop=@var{value}[,...]] 50@findex -machine 51Select the emulated machine by @var{name}. Use @code{-machine help} to list 52available machines. Supported machine properties are: 53@table @option 54@item accel=@var{accels1}[:@var{accels2}[:...]] 55This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target architecture, 56kvm, xen, or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is used. If there is more 57than one accelerator specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails 58to initialize. 59@item kernel_irqchip=on|off 60Controls in-kernel irqchip support for the chosen accelerator when available. 61@item gfx_passthru=on|off 62Enables IGD GFX passthrough support for the chosen machine when available. 63@item vmport=on|off|auto 64Enables emulation of VMWare IO port, for vmmouse etc. auto says to select the 65value based on accel. For accel=xen the default is off otherwise the default 66is on. 67@item kvm_shadow_mem=size 68Defines the size of the KVM shadow MMU. 69@item dump-guest-core=on|off 70Include guest memory in a core dump. The default is on. 71@item mem-merge=on|off 72Enables or disables memory merge support. This feature, when supported by 73the host, de-duplicates identical memory pages among VMs instances 74(enabled by default). 75@item aes-key-wrap=on|off 76Enables or disables AES key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts. This feature 77controls whether AES wrapping keys will be created to allow 78execution of AES cryptographic functions. The default is on. 79@item dea-key-wrap=on|off 80Enables or disables DEA key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts. This feature 81controls whether DEA wrapping keys will be created to allow 82execution of DEA cryptographic functions. The default is on. 83@item nvdimm=on|off 84Enables or disables NVDIMM support. The default is off. 85@end table 86ETEXI 87 88HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine 89DEF("M", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_M, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 90 91DEF("cpu", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cpu, 92 "-cpu cpu select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 93STEXI 94@item -cpu @var{model} 95@findex -cpu 96Select CPU model (@code{-cpu help} for list and additional feature selection) 97ETEXI 98 99DEF("smp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smp, 100 "-smp [cpus=]n[,maxcpus=cpus][,cores=cores][,threads=threads][,sockets=sockets]\n" 101 " set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]\n" 102 " maxcpus= maximum number of total cpus, including\n" 103 " offline CPUs for hotplug, etc\n" 104 " cores= number of CPU cores on one socket\n" 105 " threads= number of threads on one CPU core\n" 106 " sockets= number of discrete sockets in the system\n", 107 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 108STEXI 109@item -smp [cpus=]@var{n}[,cores=@var{cores}][,threads=@var{threads}][,sockets=@var{sockets}][,maxcpus=@var{maxcpus}] 110@findex -smp 111Simulate an SMP system with @var{n} CPUs. On the PC target, up to 255 112CPUs are supported. On Sparc32 target, Linux limits the number of usable CPUs 113to 4. 114For the PC target, the number of @var{cores} per socket, the number 115of @var{threads} per cores and the total number of @var{sockets} can be 116specified. Missing values will be computed. If any on the three values is 117given, the total number of CPUs @var{n} can be omitted. @var{maxcpus} 118specifies the maximum number of hotpluggable CPUs. 119ETEXI 120 121DEF("numa", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_numa, 122 "-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=cpu[-cpu]][,nodeid=node]\n" 123 "-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=cpu[-cpu]][,nodeid=node]\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 124STEXI 125@item -numa node[,mem=@var{size}][,cpus=@var{cpu[-cpu]}][,nodeid=@var{node}] 126@itemx -numa node[,memdev=@var{id}][,cpus=@var{cpu[-cpu]}][,nodeid=@var{node}] 127@findex -numa 128Simulate a multi node NUMA system. If @samp{mem}, @samp{memdev} 129and @samp{cpus} are omitted, resources are split equally. Also, note 130that the -@option{numa} option doesn't allocate any of the specified 131resources. That is, it just assigns existing resources to NUMA nodes. This 132means that one still has to use the @option{-m}, @option{-smp} options 133to allocate RAM and VCPUs respectively, and possibly @option{-object} 134to specify the memory backend for the @samp{memdev} suboption. 135 136@samp{mem} and @samp{memdev} are mutually exclusive. Furthermore, if one 137node uses @samp{memdev}, all of them have to use it. 138ETEXI 139 140DEF("add-fd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_add_fd, 141 "-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]\n" 142 " Add 'fd' to fd 'set'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 143STEXI 144@item -add-fd fd=@var{fd},set=@var{set}[,opaque=@var{opaque}] 145@findex -add-fd 146 147Add a file descriptor to an fd set. Valid options are: 148 149@table @option 150@item fd=@var{fd} 151This option defines the file descriptor of which a duplicate is added to fd set. 152The file descriptor cannot be stdin, stdout, or stderr. 153@item set=@var{set} 154This option defines the ID of the fd set to add the file descriptor to. 155@item opaque=@var{opaque} 156This option defines a free-form string that can be used to describe @var{fd}. 157@end table 158 159You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set: 160@example 161qemu-system-i386 162-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" 163-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" 164-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk 165@end example 166ETEXI 167 168DEF("set", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_set, 169 "-set group.id.arg=value\n" 170 " set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>\n" 171 " i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 172STEXI 173@item -set @var{group}.@var{id}.@var{arg}=@var{value} 174@findex -set 175Set parameter @var{arg} for item @var{id} of type @var{group} 176ETEXI 177 178DEF("global", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_global, 179 "-global driver.property=value\n" 180 "-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value\n" 181 " set a global default for a driver property\n", 182 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 183STEXI 184@item -global @var{driver}.@var{prop}=@var{value} 185@itemx -global driver=@var{driver},property=@var{property},value=@var{value} 186@findex -global 187Set default value of @var{driver}'s property @var{prop} to @var{value}, e.g.: 188 189@example 190qemu-system-i386 -global ide-drive.physical_block_size=4096 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=0,media=disk 191@end example 192 193In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices which are 194created automatically by the machine model. To create a device which is not 195created automatically and set properties on it, use -@option{device}. 196 197-global @var{driver}.@var{prop}=@var{value} is shorthand for -global 198driver=@var{driver},property=@var{prop},value=@var{value}. The 199longhand syntax works even when @var{driver} contains a dot. 200ETEXI 201 202DEF("boot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_boot, 203 "-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]\n" 204 " [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]\n" 205 " 'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)\n" 206 " 'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on\n" 207 " 'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms\n" 208 " 'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms\n", 209 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 210STEXI 211@item -boot [order=@var{drives}][,once=@var{drives}][,menu=on|off][,splash=@var{sp_name}][,splash-time=@var{sp_time}][,reboot-timeout=@var{rb_timeout}][,strict=on|off] 212@findex -boot 213Specify boot order @var{drives} as a string of drive letters. Valid 214drive letters depend on the target architecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b 215(floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM), n-p (Etherboot 216from network adapter 1-4), hard disk boot is the default. To apply a 217particular boot order only on the first startup, specify it via 218@option{once}. 219 220Interactive boot menus/prompts can be enabled via @option{menu=on} as far 221as firmware/BIOS supports them. The default is non-interactive boot. 222 223A splash picture could be passed to bios, enabling user to show it as logo, 224when option splash=@var{sp_name} is given and menu=on, If firmware/BIOS 225supports them. Currently Seabios for X86 system support it. 226limitation: The splash file could be a jpeg file or a BMP file in 24 BPP 227format(true color). The resolution should be supported by the SVGA mode, so 228the recommended is 320x240, 640x480, 800x640. 229 230A timeout could be passed to bios, guest will pause for @var{rb_timeout} ms 231when boot failed, then reboot. If @var{rb_timeout} is '-1', guest will not 232reboot, qemu passes '-1' to bios by default. Currently Seabios for X86 233system support it. 234 235Do strict boot via @option{strict=on} as far as firmware/BIOS 236supports it. This only effects when boot priority is changed by 237bootindex options. The default is non-strict boot. 238 239@example 240# try to boot from network first, then from hard disk 241qemu-system-i386 -boot order=nc 242# boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot 243qemu-system-i386 -boot once=d 244# boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds. 245qemu-system-i386 -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000 246@end example 247 248Note: The legacy format '-boot @var{drives}' is still supported but its 249use is discouraged as it may be removed from future versions. 250ETEXI 251 252DEF("m", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_m, 253 "-m[emory] [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]\n" 254 " configure guest RAM\n" 255 " size: initial amount of guest memory\n" 256 " slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)\n" 257 " maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)\n" 258 "NOTE: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity\n", 259 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 260STEXI 261@item -m [size=]@var{megs}[,slots=n,maxmem=size] 262@findex -m 263Sets guest startup RAM size to @var{megs} megabytes. Default is 128 MiB. 264Optionally, a suffix of ``M'' or ``G'' can be used to signify a value in 265megabytes or gigabytes respectively. Optional pair @var{slots}, @var{maxmem} 266could be used to set amount of hotpluggable memory slots and maximum amount of 267memory. Note that @var{maxmem} must be aligned to the page size. 268 269For example, the following command-line sets the guest startup RAM size to 2701GB, creates 3 slots to hotplug additional memory and sets the maximum 271memory the guest can reach to 4GB: 272 273@example 274qemu-system-x86_64 -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G 275@end example 276 277If @var{slots} and @var{maxmem} are not specified, memory hotplug won't 278be enabled and the guest startup RAM will never increase. 279ETEXI 280 281DEF("mem-path", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mempath, 282 "-mem-path FILE provide backing storage for guest RAM\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 283STEXI 284@item -mem-path @var{path} 285@findex -mem-path 286Allocate guest RAM from a temporarily created file in @var{path}. 287ETEXI 288 289DEF("mem-prealloc", 0, QEMU_OPTION_mem_prealloc, 290 "-mem-prealloc preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)\n", 291 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 292STEXI 293@item -mem-prealloc 294@findex -mem-prealloc 295Preallocate memory when using -mem-path. 296ETEXI 297 298DEF("k", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_k, 299 "-k language use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)\n", 300 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 301STEXI 302@item -k @var{language} 303@findex -k 304Use keyboard layout @var{language} (for example @code{fr} for 305French). This option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC 306keycodes (e.g. on Macs, with some X11 servers or with a VNC or curses 307display). You don't normally need to use it on PC/Linux or PC/Windows 308hosts. 309 310The available layouts are: 311@example 312ar de-ch es fo fr-ca hu ja mk no pt-br sv 313da en-gb et fr fr-ch is lt nl pl ru th 314de en-us fi fr-be hr it lv nl-be pt sl tr 315@end example 316 317The default is @code{en-us}. 318ETEXI 319 320 321DEF("audio-help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_audio_help, 322 "-audio-help print list of audio drivers and their options\n", 323 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 324STEXI 325@item -audio-help 326@findex -audio-help 327Will show the audio subsystem help: list of drivers, tunable 328parameters. 329ETEXI 330 331DEF("soundhw", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_soundhw, 332 "-soundhw c1,... enable audio support\n" 333 " and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)\n" 334 " use '-soundhw help' to get the list of supported cards\n" 335 " use '-soundhw all' to enable all of them\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 336STEXI 337@item -soundhw @var{card1}[,@var{card2},...] or -soundhw all 338@findex -soundhw 339Enable audio and selected sound hardware. Use 'help' to print all 340available sound hardware. 341 342@example 343qemu-system-i386 -soundhw sb16,adlib disk.img 344qemu-system-i386 -soundhw es1370 disk.img 345qemu-system-i386 -soundhw ac97 disk.img 346qemu-system-i386 -soundhw hda disk.img 347qemu-system-i386 -soundhw all disk.img 348qemu-system-i386 -soundhw help 349@end example 350 351Note that Linux's i810_audio OSS kernel (for AC97) module might 352require manually specifying clocking. 353 354@example 355modprobe i810_audio clocking=48000 356@end example 357ETEXI 358 359DEF("balloon", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_balloon, 360 "-balloon none disable balloon device\n" 361 "-balloon virtio[,addr=str]\n" 362 " enable virtio balloon device (default)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 363STEXI 364@item -balloon none 365@findex -balloon 366Disable balloon device. 367@item -balloon virtio[,addr=@var{addr}] 368Enable virtio balloon device (default), optionally with PCI address 369@var{addr}. 370ETEXI 371 372DEF("device", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_device, 373 "-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]\n" 374 " add device (based on driver)\n" 375 " prop=value,... sets driver properties\n" 376 " use '-device help' to print all possible drivers\n" 377 " use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties\n", 378 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 379STEXI 380@item -device @var{driver}[,@var{prop}[=@var{value}][,...]] 381@findex -device 382Add device @var{driver}. @var{prop}=@var{value} sets driver 383properties. Valid properties depend on the driver. To get help on 384possible drivers and properties, use @code{-device help} and 385@code{-device @var{driver},help}. 386 387Some drivers are: 388@item -device ipmi-bmc-sim,id=@var{id}[,slave_addr=@var{val}] 389 390Add an IPMI BMC. This is a simulation of a hardware management 391interface processor that normally sits on a system. It provides 392a watchdog and the ability to reset and power control the system. 393You need to connect this to an IPMI interface to make it useful 394 395The IPMI slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20. 396This address is the BMC's address on the I2C network of management 397controllers. If you don't know what this means, it is safe to ignore 398it. 399 400@item -device ipmi-bmc-extern,id=@var{id},chardev=@var{id}[,slave_addr=@var{val}] 401 402Add a connection to an external IPMI BMC simulator. Instead of 403locally emulating the BMC like the above item, instead connect 404to an external entity that provides the IPMI services. 405 406A connection is made to an external BMC simulator. If you do this, it 407is strongly recommended that you use the "reconnect=" chardev option 408to reconnect to the simulator if the connection is lost. Note that if 409this is not used carefully, it can be a security issue, as the 410interface has the ability to send resets, NMIs, and power off the VM. 411It's best if QEMU makes a connection to an external simulator running 412on a secure port on localhost, so neither the simulator nor QEMU is 413exposed to any outside network. 414 415See the "lanserv/README.vm" file in the OpenIPMI library for more 416details on the external interface. 417 418@item -device isa-ipmi-kcs,bmc=@var{id}[,ioport=@var{val}][,irq=@var{val}] 419 420Add a KCS IPMI interafce on the ISA bus. This also adds a 421corresponding ACPI and SMBIOS entries, if appropriate. 422 423@table @option 424@item bmc=@var{id} 425The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern above. 426@item ioport=@var{val} 427Define the I/O address of the interface. The default is 0xca0 for KCS. 428@item irq=@var{val} 429Define the interrupt to use. The default is 5. To disable interrupts, 430set this to 0. 431@end table 432 433@item -device isa-ipmi-bt,bmc=@var{id}[,ioport=@var{val}][,irq=@var{val}] 434 435Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface. The default port is 4360xe4 and the default interrupt is 5. 437 438ETEXI 439 440DEF("name", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_name, 441 "-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]\n" 442 " set the name of the guest\n" 443 " string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name (on Linux)\n" 444 " When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name (on Linux)\n" 445 " NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.\n", 446 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 447STEXI 448@item -name @var{name} 449@findex -name 450Sets the @var{name} of the guest. 451This name will be displayed in the SDL window caption. 452The @var{name} will also be used for the VNC server. 453Also optionally set the top visible process name in Linux. 454Naming of individual threads can also be enabled on Linux to aid debugging. 455ETEXI 456 457DEF("uuid", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_uuid, 458 "-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x\n" 459 " specify machine UUID\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 460STEXI 461@item -uuid @var{uuid} 462@findex -uuid 463Set system UUID. 464ETEXI 465 466STEXI 467@end table 468ETEXI 469DEFHEADING() 470 471DEFHEADING(Block device options:) 472STEXI 473@table @option 474ETEXI 475 476DEF("fda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fda, 477 "-fda/-fdb file use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 478DEF("fdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 479STEXI 480@item -fda @var{file} 481@itemx -fdb @var{file} 482@findex -fda 483@findex -fdb 484Use @var{file} as floppy disk 0/1 image (@pxref{disk_images}). 485ETEXI 486 487DEF("hda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hda, 488 "-hda/-hdb file use 'file' as IDE hard disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 489DEF("hdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 490DEF("hdc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdc, 491 "-hdc/-hdd file use 'file' as IDE hard disk 2/3 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 492DEF("hdd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdd, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 493STEXI 494@item -hda @var{file} 495@itemx -hdb @var{file} 496@itemx -hdc @var{file} 497@itemx -hdd @var{file} 498@findex -hda 499@findex -hdb 500@findex -hdc 501@findex -hdd 502Use @var{file} as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (@pxref{disk_images}). 503ETEXI 504 505DEF("cdrom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cdrom, 506 "-cdrom file use 'file' as IDE cdrom image (cdrom is ide1 master)\n", 507 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 508STEXI 509@item -cdrom @var{file} 510@findex -cdrom 511Use @var{file} as CD-ROM image (you cannot use @option{-hdc} and 512@option{-cdrom} at the same time). You can use the host CD-ROM by 513using @file{/dev/cdrom} as filename (@pxref{host_drives}). 514ETEXI 515 516DEF("drive", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_drive, 517 "-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]\n" 518 " [,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s[,trans=t]][,snapshot=on|off]\n" 519 " [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]\n" 520 " [,serial=s][,addr=A][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]\n" 521 " [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name][,aio=threads|native]\n" 522 " [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]\n" 523 " [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]\n" 524 " [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]\n" 525 " [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]\n" 526 " [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]\n" 527 " [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]\n" 528 " [[,iops_size=is]]\n" 529 " [[,group=g]]\n" 530 " use 'file' as a drive image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 531STEXI 532@item -drive @var{option}[,@var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]]] 533@findex -drive 534 535Define a new drive. Valid options are: 536 537@table @option 538@item file=@var{file} 539This option defines which disk image (@pxref{disk_images}) to use with 540this drive. If the filename contains comma, you must double it 541(for instance, "file=my,,file" to use file "my,file"). 542 543Special files such as iSCSI devices can be specified using protocol 544specific URLs. See the section for "Device URL Syntax" for more information. 545@item if=@var{interface} 546This option defines on which type on interface the drive is connected. 547Available types are: ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy, pflash, virtio. 548@item bus=@var{bus},unit=@var{unit} 549These options define where is connected the drive by defining the bus number and 550the unit id. 551@item index=@var{index} 552This option defines where is connected the drive by using an index in the list 553of available connectors of a given interface type. 554@item media=@var{media} 555This option defines the type of the media: disk or cdrom. 556@item cyls=@var{c},heads=@var{h},secs=@var{s}[,trans=@var{t}] 557These options have the same definition as they have in @option{-hdachs}. 558@item snapshot=@var{snapshot} 559@var{snapshot} is "on" or "off" and controls snapshot mode for the given drive 560(see @option{-snapshot}). 561@item cache=@var{cache} 562@var{cache} is "none", "writeback", "unsafe", "directsync" or "writethrough" and controls how the host cache is used to access block data. 563@item aio=@var{aio} 564@var{aio} is "threads", or "native" and selects between pthread based disk I/O and native Linux AIO. 565@item discard=@var{discard} 566@var{discard} is one of "ignore" (or "off") or "unmap" (or "on") and controls whether @dfn{discard} (also known as @dfn{trim} or @dfn{unmap}) requests are ignored or passed to the filesystem. Some machine types may not support discard requests. 567@item format=@var{format} 568Specify which disk @var{format} will be used rather than detecting 569the format. Can be used to specify format=raw to avoid interpreting 570an untrusted format header. 571@item serial=@var{serial} 572This option specifies the serial number to assign to the device. 573@item addr=@var{addr} 574Specify the controller's PCI address (if=virtio only). 575@item werror=@var{action},rerror=@var{action} 576Specify which @var{action} to take on write and read errors. Valid actions are: 577"ignore" (ignore the error and try to continue), "stop" (pause QEMU), 578"report" (report the error to the guest), "enospc" (pause QEMU only if the 579host disk is full; report the error to the guest otherwise). 580The default setting is @option{werror=enospc} and @option{rerror=report}. 581@item readonly 582Open drive @option{file} as read-only. Guest write attempts will fail. 583@item copy-on-read=@var{copy-on-read} 584@var{copy-on-read} is "on" or "off" and enables whether to copy read backing 585file sectors into the image file. 586@item detect-zeroes=@var{detect-zeroes} 587@var{detect-zeroes} is "off", "on" or "unmap" and enables the automatic 588conversion of plain zero writes by the OS to driver specific optimized 589zero write commands. You may even choose "unmap" if @var{discard} is set 590to "unmap" to allow a zero write to be converted to an UNMAP operation. 591@end table 592 593By default, the @option{cache=writeback} mode is used. It will report data 594writes as completed as soon as the data is present in the host page cache. 595This is safe as long as your guest OS makes sure to correctly flush disk caches 596where needed. If your guest OS does not handle volatile disk write caches 597correctly and your host crashes or loses power, then the guest may experience 598data corruption. 599 600For such guests, you should consider using @option{cache=writethrough}. This 601means that the host page cache will be used to read and write data, but write 602notification will be sent to the guest only after QEMU has made sure to flush 603each write to the disk. Be aware that this has a major impact on performance. 604 605The host page cache can be avoided entirely with @option{cache=none}. This will 606attempt to do disk IO directly to the guest's memory. QEMU may still perform 607an internal copy of the data. Note that this is considered a writeback mode and 608the guest OS must handle the disk write cache correctly in order to avoid data 609corruption on host crashes. 610 611The host page cache can be avoided while only sending write notifications to 612the guest when the data has been flushed to the disk using 613@option{cache=directsync}. 614 615In case you don't care about data integrity over host failures, use 616@option{cache=unsafe}. This option tells QEMU that it never needs to write any 617data to the disk but can instead keep things in cache. If anything goes wrong, 618like your host losing power, the disk storage getting disconnected accidentally, 619etc. your image will most probably be rendered unusable. When using 620the @option{-snapshot} option, unsafe caching is always used. 621 622Copy-on-read avoids accessing the same backing file sectors repeatedly and is 623useful when the backing file is over a slow network. By default copy-on-read 624is off. 625 626Instead of @option{-cdrom} you can use: 627@example 628qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom 629@end example 630 631Instead of @option{-hda}, @option{-hdb}, @option{-hdc}, @option{-hdd}, you can 632use: 633@example 634qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk 635qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk 636qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk 637qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk 638@end example 639 640You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set: 641@example 642qemu-system-i386 643-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" 644-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" 645-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk 646@end example 647 648You can connect a CDROM to the slave of ide0: 649@example 650qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom 651@end example 652 653If you don't specify the "file=" argument, you define an empty drive: 654@example 655qemu-system-i386 -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom 656@end example 657 658You can connect a SCSI disk with unit ID 6 on the bus #0: 659@example 660qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,if=scsi,bus=0,unit=6 661@end example 662 663Instead of @option{-fda}, @option{-fdb}, you can use: 664@example 665qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy 666qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy 667@end example 668 669By default, @var{interface} is "ide" and @var{index} is automatically 670incremented: 671@example 672qemu-system-i386 -drive file=a -drive file=b" 673@end example 674is interpreted like: 675@example 676qemu-system-i386 -hda a -hdb b 677@end example 678ETEXI 679 680DEF("mtdblock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock, 681 "-mtdblock file use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image\n", 682 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 683STEXI 684@item -mtdblock @var{file} 685@findex -mtdblock 686Use @var{file} as on-board Flash memory image. 687ETEXI 688 689DEF("sd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_sd, 690 "-sd file use 'file' as SecureDigital card image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 691STEXI 692@item -sd @var{file} 693@findex -sd 694Use @var{file} as SecureDigital card image. 695ETEXI 696 697DEF("pflash", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pflash, 698 "-pflash file use 'file' as a parallel flash image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 699STEXI 700@item -pflash @var{file} 701@findex -pflash 702Use @var{file} as a parallel flash image. 703ETEXI 704 705DEF("snapshot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_snapshot, 706 "-snapshot write to temporary files instead of disk image files\n", 707 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 708STEXI 709@item -snapshot 710@findex -snapshot 711Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case, 712the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however force 713the write back by pressing @key{C-a s} (@pxref{disk_images}). 714ETEXI 715 716DEF("hdachs", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdachs, \ 717 "-hdachs c,h,s[,t]\n" \ 718 " force hard disk 0 physical geometry and the optional BIOS\n" \ 719 " translation (t=none or lba) (usually QEMU can guess them)\n", 720 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 721STEXI 722@item -hdachs @var{c},@var{h},@var{s},[,@var{t}] 723@findex -hdachs 724Force hard disk 0 physical geometry (1 <= @var{c} <= 16383, 1 <= 725@var{h} <= 16, 1 <= @var{s} <= 63) and optionally force the BIOS 726translation mode (@var{t}=none, lba or auto). Usually QEMU can guess 727all those parameters. This option is useful for old MS-DOS disk 728images. 729ETEXI 730 731DEF("fsdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fsdev, 732 "-fsdev fsdriver,id=id[,path=path,][security_model={mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none}]\n" 733 " [,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]\n", 734 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 735 736STEXI 737 738@item -fsdev @var{fsdriver},id=@var{id},path=@var{path},[security_model=@var{security_model}][,writeout=@var{writeout}][,readonly][,socket=@var{socket}|sock_fd=@var{sock_fd}] 739@findex -fsdev 740Define a new file system device. Valid options are: 741@table @option 742@item @var{fsdriver} 743This option specifies the fs driver backend to use. 744Currently "local", "handle" and "proxy" file system drivers are supported. 745@item id=@var{id} 746Specifies identifier for this device 747@item path=@var{path} 748Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under 749this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest. 750@item security_model=@var{security_model} 751Specifies the security model to be used for this export path. 752Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr", "mapped-file" and "none". 753In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same 754credentials as they are created on the guest. This requires QEMU 755to run as root. In "mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file 756attributes like uid, gid, mode bits and link target are stored as 757file attributes. For "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the 758hidden .virtfs_metadata directory. Directories exported by this security model cannot 759interact with other unix tools. "none" security model is same as 760passthrough except the sever won't report failures if it fails to 761set file attributes like ownership. Security model is mandatory 762only for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like handle, proxy) don't take 763security model as a parameter. 764@item writeout=@var{writeout} 765This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate". 766This means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but 767write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been 768reported as written by the storage subsystem. 769@item readonly 770Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default 771read-write access is given. 772@item socket=@var{socket} 773Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for communicating 774with virtfs-proxy-helper 775@item sock_fd=@var{sock_fd} 776Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket descriptor for 777communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper. Usually a helper like libvirt 778will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd 779@end table 780 781-fsdev option is used along with -device driver "virtio-9p-pci". 782@item -device virtio-9p-pci,fsdev=@var{id},mount_tag=@var{mount_tag} 783Options for virtio-9p-pci driver are: 784@table @option 785@item fsdev=@var{id} 786Specifies the id value specified along with -fsdev option 787@item mount_tag=@var{mount_tag} 788Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this export point 789@end table 790 791ETEXI 792 793DEF("virtfs", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_virtfs, 794 "-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=[mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none]\n" 795 " [,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]\n", 796 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 797 798STEXI 799 800@item -virtfs @var{fsdriver}[,path=@var{path}],mount_tag=@var{mount_tag}[,security_model=@var{security_model}][,writeout=@var{writeout}][,readonly][,socket=@var{socket}|sock_fd=@var{sock_fd}] 801@findex -virtfs 802 803The general form of a Virtual File system pass-through options are: 804@table @option 805@item @var{fsdriver} 806This option specifies the fs driver backend to use. 807Currently "local", "handle" and "proxy" file system drivers are supported. 808@item id=@var{id} 809Specifies identifier for this device 810@item path=@var{path} 811Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under 812this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest. 813@item security_model=@var{security_model} 814Specifies the security model to be used for this export path. 815Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr", "mapped-file" and "none". 816In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same 817credentials as they are created on the guest. This requires QEMU 818to run as root. In "mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file 819attributes like uid, gid, mode bits and link target are stored as 820file attributes. For "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the 821hidden .virtfs_metadata directory. Directories exported by this security model cannot 822interact with other unix tools. "none" security model is same as 823passthrough except the sever won't report failures if it fails to 824set file attributes like ownership. Security model is mandatory only 825for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like handle, proxy) don't take security 826model as a parameter. 827@item writeout=@var{writeout} 828This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate". 829This means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but 830write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been 831reported as written by the storage subsystem. 832@item readonly 833Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default 834read-write access is given. 835@item socket=@var{socket} 836Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for 837communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper. Usually a helper like libvirt 838will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd 839@item sock_fd 840Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed 'sock_fd' as the socket 841descriptor for interfacing with virtfs-proxy-helper 842@end table 843ETEXI 844 845DEF("virtfs_synth", 0, QEMU_OPTION_virtfs_synth, 846 "-virtfs_synth Create synthetic file system image\n", 847 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 848STEXI 849@item -virtfs_synth 850@findex -virtfs_synth 851Create synthetic file system image 852ETEXI 853 854STEXI 855@end table 856ETEXI 857DEFHEADING() 858 859DEFHEADING(USB options:) 860STEXI 861@table @option 862ETEXI 863 864DEF("usb", 0, QEMU_OPTION_usb, 865 "-usb enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)\n", 866 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 867STEXI 868@item -usb 869@findex -usb 870Enable the USB driver (will be the default soon) 871ETEXI 872 873DEF("usbdevice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice, 874 "-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'\n", 875 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 876STEXI 877 878@item -usbdevice @var{devname} 879@findex -usbdevice 880Add the USB device @var{devname}. @xref{usb_devices}. 881 882@table @option 883 884@item mouse 885Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated. 886 887@item tablet 888Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a touchscreen). This 889means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without having to grab the 890mouse. Also overrides the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated. 891 892@item disk:[format=@var{format}]:@var{file} 893Mass storage device based on file. The optional @var{format} argument 894will be used rather than detecting the format. Can be used to specify 895@code{format=raw} to avoid interpreting an untrusted format header. 896 897@item host:@var{bus}.@var{addr} 898Pass through the host device identified by @var{bus}.@var{addr} (Linux only). 899 900@item host:@var{vendor_id}:@var{product_id} 901Pass through the host device identified by @var{vendor_id}:@var{product_id} 902(Linux only). 903 904@item serial:[vendorid=@var{vendor_id}][,productid=@var{product_id}]:@var{dev} 905Serial converter to host character device @var{dev}, see @code{-serial} for the 906available devices. 907 908@item braille 909Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real 910or fake device. 911 912@item net:@var{options} 913Network adapter that supports CDC ethernet and RNDIS protocols. 914 915@end table 916ETEXI 917 918STEXI 919@end table 920ETEXI 921DEFHEADING() 922 923DEFHEADING(Display options:) 924STEXI 925@table @option 926ETEXI 927 928DEF("display", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_display, 929 "-display sdl[,frame=on|off][,alt_grab=on|off][,ctrl_grab=on|off]\n" 930 " [,window_close=on|off][,gl=on|off]|curses|none|\n" 931 "-display gtk[,grab_on_hover=on|off][,gl=on|off]|\n" 932 "-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]\n" 933 "-display curses\n" 934 "-display none" 935 " select display type\n" 936 "The default display is equivalent to\n" 937#if defined(CONFIG_GTK) 938 "\t\"-display gtk\"\n" 939#elif defined(CONFIG_SDL) 940 "\t\"-display sdl\"\n" 941#elif defined(CONFIG_COCOA) 942 "\t\"-display cocoa\"\n" 943#elif defined(CONFIG_VNC) 944 "\t\"-vnc localhost:0,to=99,id=default\"\n" 945#else 946 "\t\"-display none\"\n" 947#endif 948 , QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 949STEXI 950@item -display @var{type} 951@findex -display 952Select type of display to use. This option is a replacement for the 953old style -sdl/-curses/... options. Valid values for @var{type} are 954@table @option 955@item sdl 956Display video output via SDL (usually in a separate graphics 957window; see the SDL documentation for other possibilities). 958@item curses 959Display video output via curses. For graphics device models which 960support a text mode, QEMU can display this output using a 961curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed when the graphics 962device is in graphical mode or if the graphics device does not support 963a text mode. Generally only the VGA device models support text mode. 964@item none 965Do not display video output. The guest will still see an emulated 966graphics card, but its output will not be displayed to the QEMU 967user. This option differs from the -nographic option in that it 968only affects what is done with video output; -nographic also changes 969the destination of the serial and parallel port data. 970@item gtk 971Display video output in a GTK window. This interface provides drop-down 972menus and other UI elements to configure and control the VM during 973runtime. 974@item vnc 975Start a VNC server on display <arg> 976@end table 977ETEXI 978 979DEF("nographic", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nographic, 980 "-nographic disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console\n", 981 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 982STEXI 983@item -nographic 984@findex -nographic 985Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it displays 986output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU monitor in a 987window. With this option, you can totally disable graphical output so 988that QEMU is a simple command line application. The emulated serial port 989is redirected on the console and muxed with the monitor (unless 990redirected elsewhere explicitly). Therefore, you can still use QEMU to 991debug a Linux kernel with a serial console. Use @key{C-a h} for help on 992switching between the console and monitor. 993ETEXI 994 995DEF("curses", 0, QEMU_OPTION_curses, 996 "-curses shorthand for -display curses\n", 997 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 998STEXI 999@item -curses 1000@findex -curses 1001Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it displays 1002output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU monitor in a 1003window. With this option, QEMU can display the VGA output when in text 1004mode using a curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed in graphical 1005mode. 1006ETEXI 1007 1008DEF("no-frame", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_frame, 1009 "-no-frame open SDL window without a frame and window decorations\n", 1010 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1011STEXI 1012@item -no-frame 1013@findex -no-frame 1014Do not use decorations for SDL windows and start them using the whole 1015available screen space. This makes the using QEMU in a dedicated desktop 1016workspace more convenient. 1017ETEXI 1018 1019DEF("alt-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_alt_grab, 1020 "-alt-grab use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n", 1021 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1022STEXI 1023@item -alt-grab 1024@findex -alt-grab 1025Use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this also 1026affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode switching, etc). 1027ETEXI 1028 1029DEF("ctrl-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_ctrl_grab, 1030 "-ctrl-grab use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n", 1031 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1032STEXI 1033@item -ctrl-grab 1034@findex -ctrl-grab 1035Use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this also 1036affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode switching, etc). 1037ETEXI 1038 1039DEF("no-quit", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_quit, 1040 "-no-quit disable SDL window close capability\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1041STEXI 1042@item -no-quit 1043@findex -no-quit 1044Disable SDL window close capability. 1045ETEXI 1046 1047DEF("sdl", 0, QEMU_OPTION_sdl, 1048 "-sdl shorthand for -display sdl\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1049STEXI 1050@item -sdl 1051@findex -sdl 1052Enable SDL. 1053ETEXI 1054 1055DEF("spice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_spice, 1056 "-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]\n" 1057 " [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]\n" 1058 " [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]\n" 1059 " [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr][,ipv4|ipv6|unix]\n" 1060 " [,tls-ciphers=<list>]\n" 1061 " [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]\n" 1062 " [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]\n" 1063 " [,sasl][,password=<secret>][,disable-ticketing]\n" 1064 " [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]\n" 1065 " [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]\n" 1066 " [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]\n" 1067 " [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste]\n" 1068 " [,disable-agent-file-xfer][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]\n" 1069 " [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]\n" 1070 " [,gl=[on|off]]\n" 1071 " enable spice\n" 1072 " at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory\n", 1073 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1074STEXI 1075@item -spice @var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]] 1076@findex -spice 1077Enable the spice remote desktop protocol. Valid options are 1078 1079@table @option 1080 1081@item port=<nr> 1082Set the TCP port spice is listening on for plaintext channels. 1083 1084@item addr=<addr> 1085Set the IP address spice is listening on. Default is any address. 1086 1087@item ipv4 1088@itemx ipv6 1089@itemx unix 1090Force using the specified IP version. 1091 1092@item password=<secret> 1093Set the password you need to authenticate. 1094 1095@item sasl 1096Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the spice. 1097The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled from the 1098system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This 1099is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an 1100unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used 1101to make it search alternate locations for the service config. 1102While some SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), 1103it is recommended that SASL always be combined with the 'tls' and 1104'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This 1105ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of authentication 1106credentials. 1107 1108@item disable-ticketing 1109Allow client connects without authentication. 1110 1111@item disable-copy-paste 1112Disable copy paste between the client and the guest. 1113 1114@item disable-agent-file-xfer 1115Disable spice-vdagent based file-xfer between the client and the guest. 1116 1117@item tls-port=<nr> 1118Set the TCP port spice is listening on for encrypted channels. 1119 1120@item x509-dir=<dir> 1121Set the x509 file directory. Expects same filenames as -vnc $display,x509=$dir 1122 1123@item x509-key-file=<file> 1124@itemx x509-key-password=<file> 1125@itemx x509-cert-file=<file> 1126@itemx x509-cacert-file=<file> 1127@itemx x509-dh-key-file=<file> 1128The x509 file names can also be configured individually. 1129 1130@item tls-ciphers=<list> 1131Specify which ciphers to use. 1132 1133@item tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback] 1134@itemx plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback] 1135Force specific channel to be used with or without TLS encryption. The 1136options can be specified multiple times to configure multiple 1137channels. The special name "default" can be used to set the default 1138mode. For channels which are not explicitly forced into one mode the 1139spice client is allowed to pick tls/plaintext as he pleases. 1140 1141@item image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off] 1142Configure image compression (lossless). 1143Default is auto_glz. 1144 1145@item jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always] 1146@itemx zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always] 1147Configure wan image compression (lossy for slow links). 1148Default is auto. 1149 1150@item streaming-video=[off|all|filter] 1151Configure video stream detection. Default is off. 1152 1153@item agent-mouse=[on|off] 1154Enable/disable passing mouse events via vdagent. Default is on. 1155 1156@item playback-compression=[on|off] 1157Enable/disable audio stream compression (using celt 0.5.1). Default is on. 1158 1159@item seamless-migration=[on|off] 1160Enable/disable spice seamless migration. Default is off. 1161 1162@item gl=[on|off] 1163Enable/disable OpenGL context. Default is off. 1164 1165@end table 1166ETEXI 1167 1168DEF("portrait", 0, QEMU_OPTION_portrait, 1169 "-portrait rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD)\n", 1170 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1171STEXI 1172@item -portrait 1173@findex -portrait 1174Rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD). 1175ETEXI 1176 1177DEF("rotate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_rotate, 1178 "-rotate <deg> rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD)\n", 1179 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1180STEXI 1181@item -rotate @var{deg} 1182@findex -rotate 1183Rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD). 1184ETEXI 1185 1186DEF("vga", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vga, 1187 "-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]\n" 1188 " select video card type\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1189STEXI 1190@item -vga @var{type} 1191@findex -vga 1192Select type of VGA card to emulate. Valid values for @var{type} are 1193@table @option 1194@item cirrus 1195Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting from 1196Windows 95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For optimal 1197performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and the host OS. 1198(This one is the default) 1199@item std 1200Standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions. If your guest OS 1201supports the VESA 2.0 VBE extensions (e.g. Windows XP) and if you want 1202to use high resolution modes (>= 1280x1024x16) then you should use 1203this option. 1204@item vmware 1205VMWare SVGA-II compatible adapter. Use it if you have sufficiently 1206recent XFree86/XOrg server or Windows guest with a driver for this 1207card. 1208@item qxl 1209QXL paravirtual graphic card. It is VGA compatible (including VESA 12102.0 VBE support). Works best with qxl guest drivers installed though. 1211Recommended choice when using the spice protocol. 1212@item tcx 1213(sun4m only) Sun TCX framebuffer. This is the default framebuffer for 1214sun4m machines and offers both 8-bit and 24-bit colour depths at a 1215fixed resolution of 1024x768. 1216@item cg3 1217(sun4m only) Sun cgthree framebuffer. This is a simple 8-bit framebuffer 1218for sun4m machines available in both 1024x768 (OpenBIOS) and 1152x900 (OBP) 1219resolutions aimed at people wishing to run older Solaris versions. 1220@item virtio 1221Virtio VGA card. 1222@item none 1223Disable VGA card. 1224@end table 1225ETEXI 1226 1227DEF("full-screen", 0, QEMU_OPTION_full_screen, 1228 "-full-screen start in full screen\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1229STEXI 1230@item -full-screen 1231@findex -full-screen 1232Start in full screen. 1233ETEXI 1234 1235DEF("g", 1, QEMU_OPTION_g , 1236 "-g WxH[xDEPTH] Set the initial graphical resolution and depth\n", 1237 QEMU_ARCH_PPC | QEMU_ARCH_SPARC) 1238STEXI 1239@item -g @var{width}x@var{height}[x@var{depth}] 1240@findex -g 1241Set the initial graphical resolution and depth (PPC, SPARC only). 1242ETEXI 1243 1244DEF("vnc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vnc , 1245 "-vnc <display> shorthand for -display vnc=<display>\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1246STEXI 1247@item -vnc @var{display}[,@var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]]] 1248@findex -vnc 1249Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it displays 1250output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU monitor in a 1251window. With this option, you can have QEMU listen on VNC display 1252@var{display} and redirect the VGA display over the VNC session. It is 1253very useful to enable the usb tablet device when using this option 1254(option @option{-usbdevice tablet}). When using the VNC display, you 1255must use the @option{-k} parameter to set the keyboard layout if you are 1256not using en-us. Valid syntax for the @var{display} is 1257 1258@table @option 1259 1260@item to=@var{L} 1261 1262With this option, QEMU will try next available VNC @var{display}s, until the 1263number @var{L}, if the origianlly defined "-vnc @var{display}" is not 1264available, e.g. port 5900+@var{display} is already used by another 1265application. By default, to=0. 1266 1267@item @var{host}:@var{d} 1268 1269TCP connections will only be allowed from @var{host} on display @var{d}. 1270By convention the TCP port is 5900+@var{d}. Optionally, @var{host} can 1271be omitted in which case the server will accept connections from any host. 1272 1273@item unix:@var{path} 1274 1275Connections will be allowed over UNIX domain sockets where @var{path} is the 1276location of a unix socket to listen for connections on. 1277 1278@item none 1279 1280VNC is initialized but not started. The monitor @code{change} command 1281can be used to later start the VNC server. 1282 1283@end table 1284 1285Following the @var{display} value there may be one or more @var{option} flags 1286separated by commas. Valid options are 1287 1288@table @option 1289 1290@item reverse 1291 1292Connect to a listening VNC client via a ``reverse'' connection. The 1293client is specified by the @var{display}. For reverse network 1294connections (@var{host}:@var{d},@code{reverse}), the @var{d} argument 1295is a TCP port number, not a display number. 1296 1297@item websocket 1298 1299Opens an additional TCP listening port dedicated to VNC Websocket connections. 1300By definition the Websocket port is 5700+@var{display}. If @var{host} is 1301specified connections will only be allowed from this host. 1302As an alternative the Websocket port could be specified by using 1303@code{websocket}=@var{port}. 1304If no TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection runs in 1305unencrypted mode. If TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection 1306requires encrypted client connections. 1307 1308@item password 1309 1310Require that password based authentication is used for client connections. 1311 1312The password must be set separately using the @code{set_password} command in 1313the @ref{pcsys_monitor}. The syntax to change your password is: 1314@code{set_password <protocol> <password>} where <protocol> could be either 1315"vnc" or "spice". 1316 1317If you would like to change <protocol> password expiration, you should use 1318@code{expire_password <protocol> <expiration-time>} where expiration time could 1319be one of the following options: now, never, +seconds or UNIX time of 1320expiration, e.g. +60 to make password expire in 60 seconds, or 1335196800 1321to make password expire on "Mon Apr 23 12:00:00 EDT 2012" (UNIX time for this 1322date and time). 1323 1324You can also use keywords "now" or "never" for the expiration time to 1325allow <protocol> password to expire immediately or never expire. 1326 1327@item tls-creds=@var{ID} 1328 1329Provides the ID of a set of TLS credentials to use to secure the 1330VNC server. They will apply to both the normal VNC server socket 1331and the websocket socket (if enabled). Setting TLS credentials 1332will cause the VNC server socket to enable the VeNCrypt auth 1333mechanism. The credentials should have been previously created 1334using the @option{-object tls-creds} argument. 1335 1336The @option{tls-creds} parameter obsoletes the @option{tls}, 1337@option{x509}, and @option{x509verify} options, and as such 1338it is not permitted to set both new and old type options at 1339the same time. 1340 1341@item tls 1342 1343Require that client use TLS when communicating with the VNC server. This 1344uses anonymous TLS credentials so is susceptible to a man-in-the-middle 1345attack. It is recommended that this option be combined with either the 1346@option{x509} or @option{x509verify} options. 1347 1348This option is now deprecated in favor of using the @option{tls-creds} 1349argument. 1350 1351@item x509=@var{/path/to/certificate/dir} 1352 1353Valid if @option{tls} is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used 1354for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509 certificate 1355to the client. It is recommended that a password be set on the VNC server 1356to provide authentication of the client when this is used. The path following 1357this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to be loaded from. 1358See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on generating certificates. 1359 1360This option is now deprecated in favour of using the @option{tls-creds} 1361argument. 1362 1363@item x509verify=@var{/path/to/certificate/dir} 1364 1365Valid if @option{tls} is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used 1366for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509 certificate 1367to the client, and request that the client send its own x509 certificate. 1368The server will validate the client's certificate against the CA certificate, 1369and reject clients when validation fails. If the certificate authority is 1370trusted, this is a sufficient authentication mechanism. You may still wish 1371to set a password on the VNC server as a second authentication layer. The 1372path following this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to 1373be loaded from. See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on generating 1374certificates. 1375 1376This option is now deprecated in favour of using the @option{tls-creds} 1377argument. 1378 1379@item sasl 1380 1381Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the VNC server. 1382The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled from the 1383system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This 1384is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an 1385unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used 1386to make it search alternate locations for the service config. 1387While some SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), 1388it is recommended that SASL always be combined with the 'tls' and 1389'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This 1390ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of authentication 1391credentials. See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on using 1392SASL authentication. 1393 1394@item acl 1395 1396Turn on access control lists for checking of the x509 client certificate 1397and SASL party. For x509 certs, the ACL check is made against the 1398certificate's distinguished name. This is something that looks like 1399@code{C=GB,O=ACME,L=Boston,CN=bob}. For SASL party, the ACL check is 1400made against the username, which depending on the SASL plugin, may 1401include a realm component, eg @code{bob} or @code{bob@@EXAMPLE.COM}. 1402When the @option{acl} flag is set, the initial access list will be 1403empty, with a @code{deny} policy. Thus no one will be allowed to 1404use the VNC server until the ACLs have been loaded. This can be 1405achieved using the @code{acl} monitor command. 1406 1407@item lossy 1408 1409Enable lossy compression methods (gradient, JPEG, ...). If this 1410option is set, VNC client may receive lossy framebuffer updates 1411depending on its encoding settings. Enabling this option can save 1412a lot of bandwidth at the expense of quality. 1413 1414@item non-adaptive 1415 1416Disable adaptive encodings. Adaptive encodings are enabled by default. 1417An adaptive encoding will try to detect frequently updated screen regions, 1418and send updates in these regions using a lossy encoding (like JPEG). 1419This can be really helpful to save bandwidth when playing videos. Disabling 1420adaptive encodings restores the original static behavior of encodings 1421like Tight. 1422 1423@item share=[allow-exclusive|force-shared|ignore] 1424 1425Set display sharing policy. 'allow-exclusive' allows clients to ask 1426for exclusive access. As suggested by the rfb spec this is 1427implemented by dropping other connections. Connecting multiple 1428clients in parallel requires all clients asking for a shared session 1429(vncviewer: -shared switch). This is the default. 'force-shared' 1430disables exclusive client access. Useful for shared desktop sessions, 1431where you don't want someone forgetting specify -shared disconnect 1432everybody else. 'ignore' completely ignores the shared flag and 1433allows everybody connect unconditionally. Doesn't conform to the rfb 1434spec but is traditional QEMU behavior. 1435 1436@item key-delay-ms 1437 1438Set keyboard delay, for key down and key up events, in milliseconds. 1439Default is 1. Keyboards are low-bandwidth devices, so this slowdown 1440can help the device and guest to keep up and not lose events in case 1441events are arriving in bulk. Possible causes for the latter are flaky 1442network connections, or scripts for automated testing. 1443 1444@end table 1445ETEXI 1446 1447STEXI 1448@end table 1449ETEXI 1450ARCHHEADING(, QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1451 1452ARCHHEADING(i386 target only:, QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1453STEXI 1454@table @option 1455ETEXI 1456 1457DEF("win2k-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack, 1458 "-win2k-hack use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug\n", 1459 QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1460STEXI 1461@item -win2k-hack 1462@findex -win2k-hack 1463Use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug. After 1464Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option (this option 1465slows down the IDE transfers). 1466ETEXI 1467 1468HXCOMM Deprecated by -rtc 1469DEF("rtc-td-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_rtc_td_hack, "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1470 1471DEF("no-fd-bootchk", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk, 1472 "-no-fd-bootchk disable boot signature checking for floppy disks\n", 1473 QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1474STEXI 1475@item -no-fd-bootchk 1476@findex -no-fd-bootchk 1477Disable boot signature checking for floppy disks in BIOS. May 1478be needed to boot from old floppy disks. 1479ETEXI 1480 1481DEF("no-acpi", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_acpi, 1482 "-no-acpi disable ACPI\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386 | QEMU_ARCH_ARM) 1483STEXI 1484@item -no-acpi 1485@findex -no-acpi 1486Disable ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) support. Use 1487it if your guest OS complains about ACPI problems (PC target machine 1488only). 1489ETEXI 1490 1491DEF("no-hpet", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_hpet, 1492 "-no-hpet disable HPET\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1493STEXI 1494@item -no-hpet 1495@findex -no-hpet 1496Disable HPET support. 1497ETEXI 1498 1499DEF("acpitable", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_acpitable, 1500 "-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n][,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,{data|file}=file1[:file2]...]\n" 1501 " ACPI table description\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 1502STEXI 1503@item -acpitable [sig=@var{str}][,rev=@var{n}][,oem_id=@var{str}][,oem_table_id=@var{str}][,oem_rev=@var{n}] [,asl_compiler_id=@var{str}][,asl_compiler_rev=@var{n}][,data=@var{file1}[:@var{file2}]...] 1504@findex -acpitable 1505Add ACPI table with specified header fields and context from specified files. 1506For file=, take whole ACPI table from the specified files, including all 1507ACPI headers (possible overridden by other options). 1508For data=, only data 1509portion of the table is used, all header information is specified in the 1510command line. 1511If a SLIC table is supplied to QEMU, then the SLIC's oem_id and oem_table_id 1512fields will override the same in the RSDT and the FADT (a.k.a. FACP), in order 1513to ensure the field matches required by the Microsoft SLIC spec and the ACPI 1514spec. 1515ETEXI 1516 1517DEF("smbios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smbios, 1518 "-smbios file=binary\n" 1519 " load SMBIOS entry from binary file\n" 1520 "-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]\n" 1521 " [,uefi=on|off]\n" 1522 " specify SMBIOS type 0 fields\n" 1523 "-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n" 1524 " [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]\n" 1525 " specify SMBIOS type 1 fields\n" 1526 "-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n" 1527 " [,asset=str][,location=str]\n" 1528 " specify SMBIOS type 2 fields\n" 1529 "-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]\n" 1530 " [,sku=str]\n" 1531 " specify SMBIOS type 3 fields\n" 1532 "-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n" 1533 " [,asset=str][,part=str]\n" 1534 " specify SMBIOS type 4 fields\n" 1535 "-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]\n" 1536 " [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]\n" 1537 " specify SMBIOS type 17 fields\n", 1538 QEMU_ARCH_I386 | QEMU_ARCH_ARM) 1539STEXI 1540@item -smbios file=@var{binary} 1541@findex -smbios 1542Load SMBIOS entry from binary file. 1543 1544@item -smbios type=0[,vendor=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,date=@var{str}][,release=@var{%d.%d}][,uefi=on|off] 1545Specify SMBIOS type 0 fields 1546 1547@item -smbios type=1[,manufacturer=@var{str}][,product=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,uuid=@var{uuid}][,sku=@var{str}][,family=@var{str}] 1548Specify SMBIOS type 1 fields 1549 1550@item -smbios type=2[,manufacturer=@var{str}][,product=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,asset=@var{str}][,location=@var{str}][,family=@var{str}] 1551Specify SMBIOS type 2 fields 1552 1553@item -smbios type=3[,manufacturer=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,asset=@var{str}][,sku=@var{str}] 1554Specify SMBIOS type 3 fields 1555 1556@item -smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=@var{str}][,manufacturer=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,asset=@var{str}][,part=@var{str}] 1557Specify SMBIOS type 4 fields 1558 1559@item -smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=@var{str}][,bank=@var{str}][,manufacturer=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,asset=@var{str}][,part=@var{str}][,speed=@var{%d}] 1560Specify SMBIOS type 17 fields 1561ETEXI 1562 1563STEXI 1564@end table 1565ETEXI 1566DEFHEADING() 1567 1568DEFHEADING(Network options:) 1569STEXI 1570@table @option 1571ETEXI 1572 1573HXCOMM Legacy slirp options (now moved to -net user): 1574#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP 1575DEF("tftp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tftp, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1576DEF("bootp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bootp, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1577DEF("redir", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_redir, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1578#ifndef _WIN32 1579DEF("smb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1580#endif 1581#endif 1582 1583DEF("netdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_netdev, 1584#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP 1585 "-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4[=on|off]][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]\n" 1586 " [,ipv6[=on|off]][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]\n" 1587 " [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]\n" 1588 " [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,tftp=dir]\n" 1589 " [,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule]" 1590#ifndef _WIN32 1591 "[,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]\n" 1592#endif 1593 " configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',\n" 1594 " its DHCP server and optional services\n" 1595#endif 1596#ifdef _WIN32 1597 "-netdev tap,id=str,ifname=name\n" 1598 " configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'\n" 1599#else 1600 "-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]\n" 1601 " [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]\n" 1602 " [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]\n" 1603 " [,poll-us=n]\n" 1604 " configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'\n" 1605 " connected to a bridge (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ")\n" 1606 " use network scripts 'file' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT ")\n" 1607 " to configure it and 'dfile' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT ")\n" 1608 " to deconfigure it\n" 1609 " use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution\n" 1610 " use network helper 'helper' (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ") to\n" 1611 " configure it\n" 1612 " use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface\n" 1613 " use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces\n" 1614 " use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the\n" 1615 " default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')\n" 1616 " use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag\n" 1617 " use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition\n" 1618 " use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator\n" 1619 " (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)\n" 1620 " use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests\n" 1621 " use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device\n" 1622 " use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices\n" 1623 " use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP\n" 1624 " use 'poll-us=n' to speciy the maximum number of microseconds that could be\n" 1625 " spent on busy polling for vhost net\n" 1626 "-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]\n" 1627 " configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is\n" 1628 " connected to a bridge (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ")\n" 1629 " using the program 'helper (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ")\n" 1630#endif 1631#ifdef __linux__ 1632 "-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]\n" 1633 " [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on/off][,udp=on/off]\n" 1634 " [,cookie64=on/off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]\n" 1635 " [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]\n" 1636 " configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to\n" 1637 " an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.\n" 1638 " Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk\n" 1639 " L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,\n" 1640 " VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal\n" 1641 " standard (RFC3391). Note - this implementation uses static\n" 1642 " pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).\n" 1643 " use 'src=' to specify source address\n" 1644 " use 'dst=' to specify destination address\n" 1645 " use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation\n" 1646 " use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port\n" 1647 " use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port\n" 1648 " use 'ipv6=on' to force v6\n" 1649 " L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as\n" 1650 " well as a weak security measure\n" 1651 " use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie\n" 1652 " use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie\n" 1653 " use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32\n" 1654 " use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter\n" 1655 " use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer\n" 1656 " use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data\n" 1657#endif 1658 "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]\n" 1659 " configure a network backend to connect to another network\n" 1660 " using a socket connection\n" 1661 "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]\n" 1662 " configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port\n" 1663 " use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from\n" 1664 "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]\n" 1665 " configure a network backend to connect to another network\n" 1666 " using an UDP tunnel\n" 1667#ifdef CONFIG_VDE 1668 "-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]\n" 1669 " configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch\n" 1670 " running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.\n" 1671 " Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default\n" 1672 " ownership and permissions for communication port.\n" 1673#endif 1674#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP 1675 "-netdev netmap,id=str,ifname=name[,devname=nmname]\n" 1676 " attach to the existing netmap-enabled network interface 'name', or to a\n" 1677 " VALE port (created on the fly) called 'name' ('nmname' is name of the \n" 1678 " netmap device, defaults to '/dev/netmap')\n" 1679#endif 1680 "-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]\n" 1681 " configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'\n" 1682 "-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n\n" 1683 " configure a hub port on QEMU VLAN 'n'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1684DEF("net", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_net, 1685 "-net nic[,vlan=n][,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]\n" 1686 " old way to create a new NIC and connect it to VLAN 'n'\n" 1687 " (use the '-device devtype,netdev=str' option if possible instead)\n" 1688 "-net dump[,vlan=n][,file=f][,len=n]\n" 1689 " dump traffic on vlan 'n' to file 'f' (max n bytes per packet)\n" 1690 "-net none use it alone to have zero network devices. If no -net option\n" 1691 " is provided, the default is '-net nic -net user'\n" 1692 "-net [" 1693#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP 1694 "user|" 1695#endif 1696 "tap|" 1697 "bridge|" 1698#ifdef CONFIG_VDE 1699 "vde|" 1700#endif 1701#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP 1702 "netmap|" 1703#endif 1704 "socket][,vlan=n][,option][,option][,...]\n" 1705 " old way to initialize a host network interface\n" 1706 " (use the -netdev option if possible instead)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 1707STEXI 1708@item -net nic[,vlan=@var{n}][,macaddr=@var{mac}][,model=@var{type}] [,name=@var{name}][,addr=@var{addr}][,vectors=@var{v}] 1709@findex -net 1710Create a new Network Interface Card and connect it to VLAN @var{n} (@var{n} 1711= 0 is the default). The NIC is an e1000 by default on the PC 1712target. Optionally, the MAC address can be changed to @var{mac}, the 1713device address set to @var{addr} (PCI cards only), 1714and a @var{name} can be assigned for use in monitor commands. 1715Optionally, for PCI cards, you can specify the number @var{v} of MSI-X vectors 1716that the card should have; this option currently only affects virtio cards; set 1717@var{v} = 0 to disable MSI-X. If no @option{-net} option is specified, a single 1718NIC is created. QEMU can emulate several different models of network card. 1719Valid values for @var{type} are 1720@code{virtio}, @code{i82551}, @code{i82557b}, @code{i82559er}, 1721@code{ne2k_pci}, @code{ne2k_isa}, @code{pcnet}, @code{rtl8139}, 1722@code{e1000}, @code{smc91c111}, @code{lance} and @code{mcf_fec}. 1723Not all devices are supported on all targets. Use @code{-net nic,model=help} 1724for a list of available devices for your target. 1725 1726@item -netdev user,id=@var{id}[,@var{option}][,@var{option}][,...] 1727@findex -netdev 1728@item -net user[,@var{option}][,@var{option}][,...] 1729Use the user mode network stack which requires no administrator 1730privilege to run. Valid options are: 1731 1732@table @option 1733@item vlan=@var{n} 1734Connect user mode stack to VLAN @var{n} (@var{n} = 0 is the default). 1735 1736@item id=@var{id} 1737@itemx name=@var{name} 1738Assign symbolic name for use in monitor commands. 1739 1740@option{ipv4} and @option{ipv6} specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must 1741be enabled. If neither is specified both protocols are enabled. 1742 1743@item net=@var{addr}[/@var{mask}] 1744Set IP network address the guest will see. Optionally specify the netmask, 1745either in the form a.b.c.d or as number of valid top-most bits. Default is 174610.0.2.0/24. 1747 1748@item host=@var{addr} 1749Specify the guest-visible address of the host. Default is the 2nd IP in the 1750guest network, i.e. x.x.x.2. 1751 1752@item ipv6-net=@var{addr}[/@var{int}] 1753Set IPv6 network address the guest will see (default is fec0::/64). The 1754network prefix is given in the usual hexadecimal IPv6 address 1755notation. The prefix size is optional, and is given as the number of 1756valid top-most bits (default is 64). 1757 1758@item ipv6-host=@var{addr} 1759Specify the guest-visible IPv6 address of the host. Default is the 2nd IPv6 in 1760the guest network, i.e. xxxx::2. 1761 1762@item restrict=on|off 1763If this option is enabled, the guest will be isolated, i.e. it will not be 1764able to contact the host and no guest IP packets will be routed over the host 1765to the outside. This option does not affect any explicitly set forwarding rules. 1766 1767@item hostname=@var{name} 1768Specifies the client hostname reported by the built-in DHCP server. 1769 1770@item dhcpstart=@var{addr} 1771Specify the first of the 16 IPs the built-in DHCP server can assign. Default 1772is the 15th to 31st IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.15 to x.x.x.31. 1773 1774@item dns=@var{addr} 1775Specify the guest-visible address of the virtual nameserver. The address must 1776be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in the guest network, 1777i.e. x.x.x.3. 1778 1779@item ipv6-dns=@var{addr} 1780Specify the guest-visible address of the IPv6 virtual nameserver. The address 1781must be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in the guest 1782network, i.e. xxxx::3. 1783 1784@item dnssearch=@var{domain} 1785Provides an entry for the domain-search list sent by the built-in 1786DHCP server. More than one domain suffix can be transmitted by specifying 1787this option multiple times. If supported, this will cause the guest to 1788automatically try to append the given domain suffix(es) in case a domain name 1789can not be resolved. 1790 1791Example: 1792@example 1793qemu -net user,dnssearch=mgmt.example.org,dnssearch=example.org [...] 1794@end example 1795 1796@item tftp=@var{dir} 1797When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP 1798server. The files in @var{dir} will be exposed as the root of a TFTP server. 1799The TFTP client on the guest must be configured in binary mode (use the command 1800@code{bin} of the Unix TFTP client). 1801 1802@item bootfile=@var{file} 1803When using the user mode network stack, broadcast @var{file} as the BOOTP 1804filename. In conjunction with @option{tftp}, this can be used to network boot 1805a guest from a local directory. 1806 1807Example (using pxelinux): 1808@example 1809qemu-system-i386 -hda linux.img -boot n -net user,tftp=/path/to/tftp/files,bootfile=/pxelinux.0 1810@end example 1811 1812@item smb=@var{dir}[,smbserver=@var{addr}] 1813When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in SMB 1814server so that Windows OSes can access to the host files in @file{@var{dir}} 1815transparently. The IP address of the SMB server can be set to @var{addr}. By 1816default the 4th IP in the guest network is used, i.e. x.x.x.4. 1817 1818In the guest Windows OS, the line: 1819@example 182010.0.2.4 smbserver 1821@end example 1822must be added in the file @file{C:\WINDOWS\LMHOSTS} (for windows 9x/Me) 1823or @file{C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC\LMHOSTS} (Windows NT/2000). 1824 1825Then @file{@var{dir}} can be accessed in @file{\\smbserver\qemu}. 1826 1827Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS. 1828QEMU was tested successfully with smbd versions from Red Hat 9, 1829Fedora Core 3 and OpenSUSE 11.x. 1830 1831@item hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[@var{hostaddr}]:@var{hostport}-[@var{guestaddr}]:@var{guestport} 1832Redirect incoming TCP or UDP connections to the host port @var{hostport} to 1833the guest IP address @var{guestaddr} on guest port @var{guestport}. If 1834@var{guestaddr} is not specified, its value is x.x.x.15 (default first address 1835given by the built-in DHCP server). By specifying @var{hostaddr}, the rule can 1836be bound to a specific host interface. If no connection type is set, TCP is 1837used. This option can be given multiple times. 1838 1839For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to guest 1840screen 0, use the following: 1841 1842@example 1843# on the host 1844qemu-system-i386 -net user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000 [...] 1845# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server 1846xterm -display :1 1847@end example 1848 1849To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet port on 1850the guest, use the following: 1851 1852@example 1853# on the host 1854qemu-system-i386 -net user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23 [...] 1855telnet localhost 5555 1856@end example 1857 1858Then when you use on the host @code{telnet localhost 5555}, you 1859connect to the guest telnet server. 1860 1861@item guestfwd=[tcp]:@var{server}:@var{port}-@var{dev} 1862@itemx guestfwd=[tcp]:@var{server}:@var{port}-@var{cmd:command} 1863Forward guest TCP connections to the IP address @var{server} on port @var{port} 1864to the character device @var{dev} or to a program executed by @var{cmd:command} 1865which gets spawned for each connection. This option can be given multiple times. 1866 1867You can either use a chardev directly and have that one used throughout QEMU's 1868lifetime, like in the following example: 1869 1870@example 1871# open 10.10.1.1:4321 on bootup, connect 10.0.2.100:1234 to it whenever 1872# the guest accesses it 1873qemu -net user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-tcp:10.10.1.1:4321 [...] 1874@end example 1875 1876Or you can execute a command on every TCP connection established by the guest, 1877so that QEMU behaves similar to an inetd process for that virtual server: 1878 1879@example 1880# call "netcat 10.10.1.1 4321" on every TCP connection to 10.0.2.100:1234 1881# and connect the TCP stream to its stdin/stdout 1882qemu -net 'user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-cmd:netcat 10.10.1.1 4321' 1883@end example 1884 1885@end table 1886 1887Note: Legacy stand-alone options -tftp, -bootp, -smb and -redir are still 1888processed and applied to -net user. Mixing them with the new configuration 1889syntax gives undefined results. Their use for new applications is discouraged 1890as they will be removed from future versions. 1891 1892@item -netdev tap,id=@var{id}[,fd=@var{h}][,ifname=@var{name}][,script=@var{file}][,downscript=@var{dfile}][,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}] 1893@itemx -net tap[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}][,ifname=@var{name}][,script=@var{file}][,downscript=@var{dfile}][,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}] 1894Connect the host TAP network interface @var{name} to VLAN @var{n}. 1895 1896Use the network script @var{file} to configure it and the network script 1897@var{dfile} to deconfigure it. If @var{name} is not provided, the OS 1898automatically provides one. The default network configure script is 1899@file{/etc/qemu-ifup} and the default network deconfigure script is 1900@file{/etc/qemu-ifdown}. Use @option{script=no} or @option{downscript=no} 1901to disable script execution. 1902 1903If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, use the network helper 1904@var{helper} to configure the TAP interface and attach it to the bridge. 1905The default network helper executable is @file{/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper} 1906and the default bridge device is @file{br0}. 1907 1908@option{fd}=@var{h} can be used to specify the handle of an already 1909opened host TAP interface. 1910 1911Examples: 1912 1913@example 1914#launch a QEMU instance with the default network script 1915qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net tap 1916@end example 1917 1918@example 1919#launch a QEMU instance with two NICs, each one connected 1920#to a TAP device 1921qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 1922 -net nic,vlan=0 -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tap0 \ 1923 -net nic,vlan=1 -net tap,vlan=1,ifname=tap1 1924@end example 1925 1926@example 1927#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to 1928#connect a TAP device to bridge br0 1929qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 1930 -net nic -net tap,"helper=/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper" 1931@end example 1932 1933@item -netdev bridge,id=@var{id}[,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}] 1934@itemx -net bridge[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}] 1935Connect a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device. 1936 1937Use the network helper @var{helper} to configure the TAP interface and 1938attach it to the bridge. The default network helper executable is 1939@file{/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper} and the default bridge 1940device is @file{br0}. 1941 1942Examples: 1943 1944@example 1945#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to 1946#connect a TAP device to bridge br0 1947qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net bridge -net nic,model=virtio 1948@end example 1949 1950@example 1951#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to 1952#connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0 1953qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net bridge,br=qemubr0 -net nic,model=virtio 1954@end example 1955 1956@item -netdev socket,id=@var{id}[,fd=@var{h}][,listen=[@var{host}]:@var{port}][,connect=@var{host}:@var{port}] 1957@itemx -net socket[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}] [,listen=[@var{host}]:@var{port}][,connect=@var{host}:@var{port}] 1958 1959Connect the VLAN @var{n} to a remote VLAN in another QEMU virtual 1960machine using a TCP socket connection. If @option{listen} is 1961specified, QEMU waits for incoming connections on @var{port} 1962(@var{host} is optional). @option{connect} is used to connect to 1963another QEMU instance using the @option{listen} option. @option{fd}=@var{h} 1964specifies an already opened TCP socket. 1965 1966Example: 1967@example 1968# launch a first QEMU instance 1969qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 1970 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \ 1971 -net socket,listen=:1234 1972# connect the VLAN 0 of this instance to the VLAN 0 1973# of the first instance 1974qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 1975 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 \ 1976 -net socket,connect=127.0.0.1:1234 1977@end example 1978 1979@item -netdev socket,id=@var{id}[,fd=@var{h}][,mcast=@var{maddr}:@var{port}[,localaddr=@var{addr}]] 1980@itemx -net socket[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}][,mcast=@var{maddr}:@var{port}[,localaddr=@var{addr}]] 1981 1982Create a VLAN @var{n} shared with another QEMU virtual 1983machines using a UDP multicast socket, effectively making a bus for 1984every QEMU with same multicast address @var{maddr} and @var{port}. 1985NOTES: 1986@enumerate 1987@item 1988Several QEMU can be running on different hosts and share same bus (assuming 1989correct multicast setup for these hosts). 1990@item 1991mcast support is compatible with User Mode Linux (argument @option{eth@var{N}=mcast}), see 1992@url{http://user-mode-linux.sf.net}. 1993@item 1994Use @option{fd=h} to specify an already opened UDP multicast socket. 1995@end enumerate 1996 1997Example: 1998@example 1999# launch one QEMU instance 2000qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2001 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \ 2002 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234 2003# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus" 2004qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2005 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 \ 2006 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234 2007# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus" 2008qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2009 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:58 \ 2010 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234 2011@end example 2012 2013Example (User Mode Linux compat.): 2014@example 2015# launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected 2016# is UML's default) 2017qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2018 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \ 2019 -net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102 2020# launch UML 2021/path/to/linux ubd0=/path/to/root_fs eth0=mcast 2022@end example 2023 2024Example (send packets from host's 1.2.3.4): 2025@example 2026qemu-system-i386 linux.img \ 2027 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \ 2028 -net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102,localaddr=1.2.3.4 2029@end example 2030 2031@item -netdev l2tpv3,id=@var{id},src=@var{srcaddr},dst=@var{dstaddr}[,srcport=@var{srcport}][,dstport=@var{dstport}],txsession=@var{txsession}[,rxsession=@var{rxsession}][,ipv6][,udp][,cookie64][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=@var{txcookie}][,rxcookie=@var{rxcookie}][,offset=@var{offset}] 2032@itemx -net l2tpv3[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}],src=@var{srcaddr},dst=@var{dstaddr}[,srcport=@var{srcport}][,dstport=@var{dstport}],txsession=@var{txsession}[,rxsession=@var{rxsession}][,ipv6][,udp][,cookie64][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=@var{txcookie}][,rxcookie=@var{rxcookie}][,offset=@var{offset}] 2033Connect VLAN @var{n} to L2TPv3 pseudowire. L2TPv3 (RFC3391) is a popular 2034protocol to transport Ethernet (and other Layer 2) data frames between 2035two systems. It is present in routers, firewalls and the Linux kernel 2036(from version 3.3 onwards). 2037 2038This transport allows a VM to communicate to another VM, router or firewall directly. 2039 2040@item src=@var{srcaddr} 2041 source address (mandatory) 2042@item dst=@var{dstaddr} 2043 destination address (mandatory) 2044@item udp 2045 select udp encapsulation (default is ip). 2046@item srcport=@var{srcport} 2047 source udp port. 2048@item dstport=@var{dstport} 2049 destination udp port. 2050@item ipv6 2051 force v6, otherwise defaults to v4. 2052@item rxcookie=@var{rxcookie} 2053@itemx txcookie=@var{txcookie} 2054 Cookies are a weak form of security in the l2tpv3 specification. 2055Their function is mostly to prevent misconfiguration. By default they are 32 2056bit. 2057@item cookie64 2058 Set cookie size to 64 bit instead of the default 32 2059@item counter=off 2060 Force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter as in 2061draft-mkonstan-l2tpext-keyed-ipv6-tunnel-00 2062@item pincounter=on 2063 Work around broken counter handling in peer. This may also help on 2064networks which have packet reorder. 2065@item offset=@var{offset} 2066 Add an extra offset between header and data 2067 2068For example, to attach a VM running on host 4.3.2.1 via L2TPv3 to the bridge br-lan 2069on the remote Linux host 1.2.3.4: 2070@example 2071# Setup tunnel on linux host using raw ip as encapsulation 2072# on 1.2.3.4 2073ip l2tp add tunnel remote 4.3.2.1 local 1.2.3.4 tunnel_id 1 peer_tunnel_id 1 \ 2074 encap udp udp_sport 16384 udp_dport 16384 2075ip l2tp add session tunnel_id 1 name vmtunnel0 session_id \ 2076 0xFFFFFFFF peer_session_id 0xFFFFFFFF 2077ifconfig vmtunnel0 mtu 1500 2078ifconfig vmtunnel0 up 2079brctl addif br-lan vmtunnel0 2080 2081 2082# on 4.3.2.1 2083# launch QEMU instance - if your network has reorder or is very lossy add ,pincounter 2084 2085qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net l2tpv3,src=4.2.3.1,dst=1.2.3.4,udp,srcport=16384,dstport=16384,rxsession=0xffffffff,txsession=0xffffffff,counter 2086 2087 2088@end example 2089 2090@item -netdev vde,id=@var{id}[,sock=@var{socketpath}][,port=@var{n}][,group=@var{groupname}][,mode=@var{octalmode}] 2091@itemx -net vde[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,sock=@var{socketpath}] [,port=@var{n}][,group=@var{groupname}][,mode=@var{octalmode}] 2092Connect VLAN @var{n} to PORT @var{n} of a vde switch running on host and 2093listening for incoming connections on @var{socketpath}. Use GROUP @var{groupname} 2094and MODE @var{octalmode} to change default ownership and permissions for 2095communication port. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled 2096with vde support enabled. 2097 2098Example: 2099@example 2100# launch vde switch 2101vde_switch -F -sock /tmp/myswitch 2102# launch QEMU instance 2103qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch 2104@end example 2105 2106@item -netdev hubport,id=@var{id},hubid=@var{hubid} 2107 2108Create a hub port on QEMU "vlan" @var{hubid}. 2109 2110The hubport netdev lets you connect a NIC to a QEMU "vlan" instead of a single 2111netdev. @code{-net} and @code{-device} with parameter @option{vlan} create the 2112required hub automatically. 2113 2114@item -netdev vhost-user,chardev=@var{id}[,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n] 2115 2116Establish a vhost-user netdev, backed by a chardev @var{id}. The chardev should 2117be a unix domain socket backed one. The vhost-user uses a specifically defined 2118protocol to pass vhost ioctl replacement messages to an application on the other 2119end of the socket. On non-MSIX guests, the feature can be forced with 2120@var{vhostforce}. Use 'queues=@var{n}' to specify the number of queues to 2121be created for multiqueue vhost-user. 2122 2123Example: 2124@example 2125qemu -m 512 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem,size=512M,mem-path=/hugetlbfs,share=on \ 2126 -numa node,memdev=mem \ 2127 -chardev socket,path=/path/to/socket \ 2128 -netdev type=vhost-user,id=net0,chardev=chr0 \ 2129 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0 2130@end example 2131 2132@item -net dump[,vlan=@var{n}][,file=@var{file}][,len=@var{len}] 2133Dump network traffic on VLAN @var{n} to file @var{file} (@file{qemu-vlan0.pcap} by default). 2134At most @var{len} bytes (64k by default) per packet are stored. The file format is 2135libpcap, so it can be analyzed with tools such as tcpdump or Wireshark. 2136Note: For devices created with '-netdev', use '-object filter-dump,...' instead. 2137 2138@item -net none 2139Indicate that no network devices should be configured. It is used to 2140override the default configuration (@option{-net nic -net user}) which 2141is activated if no @option{-net} options are provided. 2142ETEXI 2143 2144STEXI 2145@end table 2146ETEXI 2147DEFHEADING() 2148 2149DEFHEADING(Character device options:) 2150STEXI 2151 2152The general form of a character device option is: 2153@table @option 2154ETEXI 2155 2156DEF("chardev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_chardev, 2157 "-chardev help\n" 2158 "-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2159 "-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4][,ipv6][,nodelay][,reconnect=seconds]\n" 2160 " [,server][,nowait][,telnet][,reconnect=seconds][,mux=on|off]\n" 2161 " [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID] (tcp)\n" 2162 "-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server][,nowait][,telnet][,reconnect=seconds]\n" 2163 " [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off] (unix)\n" 2164 "-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]\n" 2165 " [,localport=localport][,ipv4][,ipv6][,mux=on|off]\n" 2166 " [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2167 "-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2168 "-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]\n" 2169 " [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2170 "-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2171 "-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2172 "-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2173#ifdef _WIN32 2174 "-chardev console,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2175 "-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2176#else 2177 "-chardev pty,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2178 "-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2179#endif 2180#ifdef CONFIG_BRLAPI 2181 "-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2182#endif 2183#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__sun__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) \ 2184 || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) 2185 "-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2186 "-chardev tty,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2187#endif 2188#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) 2189 "-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2190 "-chardev parport,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2191#endif 2192#if defined(CONFIG_SPICE) 2193 "-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2194 "-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n" 2195#endif 2196 , QEMU_ARCH_ALL 2197) 2198 2199STEXI 2200@item -chardev @var{backend} ,id=@var{id} [,mux=on|off] [,@var{options}] 2201@findex -chardev 2202Backend is one of: 2203@option{null}, 2204@option{socket}, 2205@option{udp}, 2206@option{msmouse}, 2207@option{vc}, 2208@option{ringbuf}, 2209@option{file}, 2210@option{pipe}, 2211@option{console}, 2212@option{serial}, 2213@option{pty}, 2214@option{stdio}, 2215@option{braille}, 2216@option{tty}, 2217@option{parallel}, 2218@option{parport}, 2219@option{spicevmc}. 2220@option{spiceport}. 2221The specific backend will determine the applicable options. 2222 2223Use "-chardev help" to print all available chardev backend types. 2224 2225All devices must have an id, which can be any string up to 127 characters long. 2226It is used to uniquely identify this device in other command line directives. 2227 2228A character device may be used in multiplexing mode by multiple front-ends. 2229Specify @option{mux=on} to enable this mode. 2230A multiplexer is a "1:N" device, and here the "1" end is your specified chardev 2231backend, and the "N" end is the various parts of QEMU that can talk to a chardev. 2232If you create a chardev with @option{id=myid} and @option{mux=on}, QEMU will 2233create a multiplexer with your specified ID, and you can then configure multiple 2234front ends to use that chardev ID for their input/output. Up to four different 2235front ends can be connected to a single multiplexed chardev. (Without 2236multiplexing enabled, a chardev can only be used by a single front end.) 2237For instance you could use this to allow a single stdio chardev to be used by 2238two serial ports and the QEMU monitor: 2239 2240@example 2241-chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \ 2242-mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \ 2243-serial chardev:char0 \ 2244-serial chardev:char0 2245@end example 2246 2247You can have more than one multiplexer in a system configuration; for instance 2248you could have a TCP port multiplexed between UART 0 and UART 1, and stdio 2249multiplexed between the QEMU monitor and a parallel port: 2250 2251@example 2252-chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \ 2253-mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \ 2254-parallel chardev:char0 \ 2255-chardev tcp,...,mux=on,id=char1 \ 2256-serial chardev:char1 \ 2257-serial chardev:char1 2258@end example 2259 2260When you're using a multiplexed character device, some escape sequences are 2261interpreted in the input. @xref{mux_keys, Keys in the character backend 2262multiplexer}. 2263 2264Note that some other command line options may implicitly create multiplexed 2265character backends; for instance @option{-serial mon:stdio} creates a 2266multiplexed stdio backend connected to the serial port and the QEMU monitor, 2267and @option{-nographic} also multiplexes the console and the monitor to 2268stdio. 2269 2270There is currently no support for multiplexing in the other direction 2271(where a single QEMU front end takes input and output from multiple chardevs). 2272 2273Every backend supports the @option{logfile} option, which supplies the path 2274to a file to record all data transmitted via the backend. The @option{logappend} 2275option controls whether the log file will be truncated or appended to when 2276opened. 2277 2278Further options to each backend are described below. 2279 2280@item -chardev null ,id=@var{id} 2281A void device. This device will not emit any data, and will drop any data it 2282receives. The null backend does not take any options. 2283 2284@item -chardev socket ,id=@var{id} [@var{TCP options} or @var{unix options}] [,server] [,nowait] [,telnet] [,reconnect=@var{seconds}] [,tls-creds=@var{id}] 2285 2286Create a two-way stream socket, which can be either a TCP or a unix socket. A 2287unix socket will be created if @option{path} is specified. Behaviour is 2288undefined if TCP options are specified for a unix socket. 2289 2290@option{server} specifies that the socket shall be a listening socket. 2291 2292@option{nowait} specifies that QEMU should not block waiting for a client to 2293connect to a listening socket. 2294 2295@option{telnet} specifies that traffic on the socket should interpret telnet 2296escape sequences. 2297 2298@option{reconnect} sets the timeout for reconnecting on non-server sockets when 2299the remote end goes away. qemu will delay this many seconds and then attempt 2300to reconnect. Zero disables reconnecting, and is the default. 2301 2302@option{tls-creds} requests enablement of the TLS protocol for encryption, 2303and specifies the id of the TLS credentials to use for the handshake. The 2304credentials must be previously created with the @option{-object tls-creds} 2305argument. 2306 2307TCP and unix socket options are given below: 2308 2309@table @option 2310 2311@item TCP options: port=@var{port} [,host=@var{host}] [,to=@var{to}] [,ipv4] [,ipv6] [,nodelay] 2312 2313@option{host} for a listening socket specifies the local address to be bound. 2314For a connecting socket species the remote host to connect to. @option{host} is 2315optional for listening sockets. If not specified it defaults to @code{0.0.0.0}. 2316 2317@option{port} for a listening socket specifies the local port to be bound. For a 2318connecting socket specifies the port on the remote host to connect to. 2319@option{port} can be given as either a port number or a service name. 2320@option{port} is required. 2321 2322@option{to} is only relevant to listening sockets. If it is specified, and 2323@option{port} cannot be bound, QEMU will attempt to bind to subsequent ports up 2324to and including @option{to} until it succeeds. @option{to} must be specified 2325as a port number. 2326 2327@option{ipv4} and @option{ipv6} specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used. 2328If neither is specified the socket may use either protocol. 2329 2330@option{nodelay} disables the Nagle algorithm. 2331 2332@item unix options: path=@var{path} 2333 2334@option{path} specifies the local path of the unix socket. @option{path} is 2335required. 2336 2337@end table 2338 2339@item -chardev udp ,id=@var{id} [,host=@var{host}] ,port=@var{port} [,localaddr=@var{localaddr}] [,localport=@var{localport}] [,ipv4] [,ipv6] 2340 2341Sends all traffic from the guest to a remote host over UDP. 2342 2343@option{host} specifies the remote host to connect to. If not specified it 2344defaults to @code{localhost}. 2345 2346@option{port} specifies the port on the remote host to connect to. @option{port} 2347is required. 2348 2349@option{localaddr} specifies the local address to bind to. If not specified it 2350defaults to @code{0.0.0.0}. 2351 2352@option{localport} specifies the local port to bind to. If not specified any 2353available local port will be used. 2354 2355@option{ipv4} and @option{ipv6} specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used. 2356If neither is specified the device may use either protocol. 2357 2358@item -chardev msmouse ,id=@var{id} 2359 2360Forward QEMU's emulated msmouse events to the guest. @option{msmouse} does not 2361take any options. 2362 2363@item -chardev vc ,id=@var{id} [[,width=@var{width}] [,height=@var{height}]] [[,cols=@var{cols}] [,rows=@var{rows}]] 2364 2365Connect to a QEMU text console. @option{vc} may optionally be given a specific 2366size. 2367 2368@option{width} and @option{height} specify the width and height respectively of 2369the console, in pixels. 2370 2371@option{cols} and @option{rows} specify that the console be sized to fit a text 2372console with the given dimensions. 2373 2374@item -chardev ringbuf ,id=@var{id} [,size=@var{size}] 2375 2376Create a ring buffer with fixed size @option{size}. 2377@var{size} must be a power of two and defaults to @code{64K}. 2378 2379@item -chardev file ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2380 2381Log all traffic received from the guest to a file. 2382 2383@option{path} specifies the path of the file to be opened. This file will be 2384created if it does not already exist, and overwritten if it does. @option{path} 2385is required. 2386 2387@item -chardev pipe ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2388 2389Create a two-way connection to the guest. The behaviour differs slightly between 2390Windows hosts and other hosts: 2391 2392On Windows, a single duplex pipe will be created at 2393@file{\\.pipe\@option{path}}. 2394 2395On other hosts, 2 pipes will be created called @file{@option{path}.in} and 2396@file{@option{path}.out}. Data written to @file{@option{path}.in} will be 2397received by the guest. Data written by the guest can be read from 2398@file{@option{path}.out}. QEMU will not create these fifos, and requires them to 2399be present. 2400 2401@option{path} forms part of the pipe path as described above. @option{path} is 2402required. 2403 2404@item -chardev console ,id=@var{id} 2405 2406Send traffic from the guest to QEMU's standard output. @option{console} does not 2407take any options. 2408 2409@option{console} is only available on Windows hosts. 2410 2411@item -chardev serial ,id=@var{id} ,path=@option{path} 2412 2413Send traffic from the guest to a serial device on the host. 2414 2415On Unix hosts serial will actually accept any tty device, 2416not only serial lines. 2417 2418@option{path} specifies the name of the serial device to open. 2419 2420@item -chardev pty ,id=@var{id} 2421 2422Create a new pseudo-terminal on the host and connect to it. @option{pty} does 2423not take any options. 2424 2425@option{pty} is not available on Windows hosts. 2426 2427@item -chardev stdio ,id=@var{id} [,signal=on|off] 2428Connect to standard input and standard output of the QEMU process. 2429 2430@option{signal} controls if signals are enabled on the terminal, that includes 2431exiting QEMU with the key sequence @key{Control-c}. This option is enabled by 2432default, use @option{signal=off} to disable it. 2433 2434@option{stdio} is not available on Windows hosts. 2435 2436@item -chardev braille ,id=@var{id} 2437 2438Connect to a local BrlAPI server. @option{braille} does not take any options. 2439 2440@item -chardev tty ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2441 2442@option{tty} is only available on Linux, Sun, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and 2443DragonFlyBSD hosts. It is an alias for @option{serial}. 2444 2445@option{path} specifies the path to the tty. @option{path} is required. 2446 2447@item -chardev parallel ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2448@itemx -chardev parport ,id=@var{id} ,path=@var{path} 2449 2450@option{parallel} is only available on Linux, FreeBSD and DragonFlyBSD hosts. 2451 2452Connect to a local parallel port. 2453 2454@option{path} specifies the path to the parallel port device. @option{path} is 2455required. 2456 2457@item -chardev spicevmc ,id=@var{id} ,debug=@var{debug}, name=@var{name} 2458 2459@option{spicevmc} is only available when spice support is built in. 2460 2461@option{debug} debug level for spicevmc 2462 2463@option{name} name of spice channel to connect to 2464 2465Connect to a spice virtual machine channel, such as vdiport. 2466 2467@item -chardev spiceport ,id=@var{id} ,debug=@var{debug}, name=@var{name} 2468 2469@option{spiceport} is only available when spice support is built in. 2470 2471@option{debug} debug level for spicevmc 2472 2473@option{name} name of spice port to connect to 2474 2475Connect to a spice port, allowing a Spice client to handle the traffic 2476identified by a name (preferably a fqdn). 2477ETEXI 2478 2479STEXI 2480@end table 2481ETEXI 2482DEFHEADING() 2483 2484DEFHEADING(Device URL Syntax:) 2485STEXI 2486 2487In addition to using normal file images for the emulated storage devices, 2488QEMU can also use networked resources such as iSCSI devices. These are 2489specified using a special URL syntax. 2490 2491@table @option 2492@item iSCSI 2493iSCSI support allows QEMU to access iSCSI resources directly and use as 2494images for the guest storage. Both disk and cdrom images are supported. 2495 2496Syntax for specifying iSCSI LUNs is 2497``iscsi://<target-ip>[:<port>]/<target-iqn>/<lun>'' 2498 2499By default qemu will use the iSCSI initiator-name 2500'iqn.2008-11.org.linux-kvm[:<name>]' but this can also be set from the command 2501line or a configuration file. 2502 2503Since version Qemu 2.4 it is possible to specify a iSCSI request timeout to detect 2504stalled requests and force a reestablishment of the session. The timeout 2505is specified in seconds. The default is 0 which means no timeout. Libiscsi 25061.15.0 or greater is required for this feature. 2507 2508Example (without authentication): 2509@example 2510qemu-system-i386 -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.2001-04.com.example:my-initiator \ 2511 -cdrom iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/2 \ 2512 -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1 2513@end example 2514 2515Example (CHAP username/password via URL): 2516@example 2517qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://user%password@@192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1 2518@end example 2519 2520Example (CHAP username/password via environment variables): 2521@example 2522LIBISCSI_CHAP_USERNAME="user" \ 2523LIBISCSI_CHAP_PASSWORD="password" \ 2524qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1 2525@end example 2526 2527iSCSI support is an optional feature of QEMU and only available when 2528compiled and linked against libiscsi. 2529ETEXI 2530DEF("iscsi", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_iscsi, 2531 "-iscsi [user=user][,password=password]\n" 2532 " [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE\n" 2533 " [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]\n" 2534 " [,timeout=timeout]\n" 2535 " iSCSI session parameters\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2536STEXI 2537 2538iSCSI parameters such as username and password can also be specified via 2539a configuration file. See qemu-doc for more information and examples. 2540 2541@item NBD 2542QEMU supports NBD (Network Block Devices) both using TCP protocol as well 2543as Unix Domain Sockets. 2544 2545Syntax for specifying a NBD device using TCP 2546``nbd:<server-ip>:<port>[:exportname=<export>]'' 2547 2548Syntax for specifying a NBD device using Unix Domain Sockets 2549``nbd:unix:<domain-socket>[:exportname=<export>]'' 2550 2551 2552Example for TCP 2553@example 2554qemu-system-i386 --drive file=nbd:192.0.2.1:30000 2555@end example 2556 2557Example for Unix Domain Sockets 2558@example 2559qemu-system-i386 --drive file=nbd:unix:/tmp/nbd-socket 2560@end example 2561 2562@item SSH 2563QEMU supports SSH (Secure Shell) access to remote disks. 2564 2565Examples: 2566@example 2567qemu-system-i386 -drive file=ssh://user@@host/path/to/disk.img 2568qemu-system-i386 -drive file.driver=ssh,file.user=user,file.host=host,file.port=22,file.path=/path/to/disk.img 2569@end example 2570 2571Currently authentication must be done using ssh-agent. Other 2572authentication methods may be supported in future. 2573 2574@item Sheepdog 2575Sheepdog is a distributed storage system for QEMU. 2576QEMU supports using either local sheepdog devices or remote networked 2577devices. 2578 2579Syntax for specifying a sheepdog device 2580@example 2581sheepdog[+tcp|+unix]://[host:port]/vdiname[?socket=path][#snapid|#tag] 2582@end example 2583 2584Example 2585@example 2586qemu-system-i386 --drive file=sheepdog://192.0.2.1:30000/MyVirtualMachine 2587@end example 2588 2589See also @url{http://http://www.osrg.net/sheepdog/}. 2590 2591@item GlusterFS 2592GlusterFS is an user space distributed file system. 2593QEMU supports the use of GlusterFS volumes for hosting VM disk images using 2594TCP, Unix Domain Sockets and RDMA transport protocols. 2595 2596Syntax for specifying a VM disk image on GlusterFS volume is 2597@example 2598gluster[+transport]://[server[:port]]/volname/image[?socket=...] 2599@end example 2600 2601 2602Example 2603@example 2604qemu-system-x86_64 --drive file=gluster://192.0.2.1/testvol/a.img 2605@end example 2606 2607See also @url{http://www.gluster.org}. 2608 2609@item HTTP/HTTPS/FTP/FTPS/TFTP 2610QEMU supports read-only access to files accessed over http(s), ftp(s) and tftp. 2611 2612Syntax using a single filename: 2613@example 2614<protocol>://[<username>[:<password>]@@]<host>/<path> 2615@end example 2616 2617where: 2618@table @option 2619@item protocol 2620'http', 'https', 'ftp', 'ftps', or 'tftp'. 2621 2622@item username 2623Optional username for authentication to the remote server. 2624 2625@item password 2626Optional password for authentication to the remote server. 2627 2628@item host 2629Address of the remote server. 2630 2631@item path 2632Path on the remote server, including any query string. 2633@end table 2634 2635The following options are also supported: 2636@table @option 2637@item url 2638The full URL when passing options to the driver explicitly. 2639 2640@item readahead 2641The amount of data to read ahead with each range request to the remote server. 2642This value may optionally have the suffix 'T', 'G', 'M', 'K', 'k' or 'b'. If it 2643does not have a suffix, it will be assumed to be in bytes. The value must be a 2644multiple of 512 bytes. It defaults to 256k. 2645 2646@item sslverify 2647Whether to verify the remote server's certificate when connecting over SSL. It 2648can have the value 'on' or 'off'. It defaults to 'on'. 2649 2650@item cookie 2651Send this cookie (it can also be a list of cookies separated by ';') with 2652each outgoing request. Only supported when using protocols such as HTTP 2653which support cookies, otherwise ignored. 2654 2655@item timeout 2656Set the timeout in seconds of the CURL connection. This timeout is the time 2657that CURL waits for a response from the remote server to get the size of the 2658image to be downloaded. If not set, the default timeout of 5 seconds is used. 2659@end table 2660 2661Note that when passing options to qemu explicitly, @option{driver} is the value 2662of <protocol>. 2663 2664Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 live ISO image 2665@example 2666qemu-system-x86_64 --drive media=cdrom,file=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly 2667 2668qemu-system-x86_64 --drive media=cdrom,file.driver=http,file.url=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly 2669@end example 2670 2671Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 cloud image using a local overlay for 2672writes, copy-on-read, and a readahead of 64k 2673@example 2674qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:@{"file.driver":"http",, "file.url":"https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Images/x86_64/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2",, "file.readahead":"64k"@}' /tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2 2675 2676qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2,copy-on-read=on 2677@end example 2678 2679Example: boot from an image stored on a VMware vSphere server with a self-signed 2680certificate using a local overlay for writes, a readahead of 64k and a timeout 2681of 10 seconds. 2682@example 2683qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:@{"file.driver":"https",, "file.url":"https://user:password@@vsphere.example.com/folder/test/test-flat.vmdk?dcPath=Datacenter&dsName=datastore1",, "file.sslverify":"off",, "file.readahead":"64k",, "file.timeout":10@}' /tmp/test.qcow2 2684 2685qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/tmp/test.qcow2 2686@end example 2687ETEXI 2688 2689STEXI 2690@end table 2691ETEXI 2692 2693DEFHEADING(Bluetooth(R) options:) 2694STEXI 2695@table @option 2696ETEXI 2697 2698DEF("bt", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bt, \ 2699 "-bt hci,null dumb bluetooth HCI - doesn't respond to commands\n" \ 2700 "-bt hci,host[:id]\n" \ 2701 " use host's HCI with the given name\n" \ 2702 "-bt hci[,vlan=n]\n" \ 2703 " emulate a standard HCI in virtual scatternet 'n'\n" \ 2704 "-bt vhci[,vlan=n]\n" \ 2705 " add host computer to virtual scatternet 'n' using VHCI\n" \ 2706 "-bt device:dev[,vlan=n]\n" \ 2707 " emulate a bluetooth device 'dev' in scatternet 'n'\n", 2708 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2709STEXI 2710@item -bt hci[...] 2711@findex -bt 2712Defines the function of the corresponding Bluetooth HCI. -bt options 2713are matched with the HCIs present in the chosen machine type. For 2714example when emulating a machine with only one HCI built into it, only 2715the first @code{-bt hci[...]} option is valid and defines the HCI's 2716logic. The Transport Layer is decided by the machine type. Currently 2717the machines @code{n800} and @code{n810} have one HCI and all other 2718machines have none. 2719 2720@anchor{bt-hcis} 2721The following three types are recognized: 2722 2723@table @option 2724@item -bt hci,null 2725(default) The corresponding Bluetooth HCI assumes no internal logic 2726and will not respond to any HCI commands or emit events. 2727 2728@item -bt hci,host[:@var{id}] 2729(@code{bluez} only) The corresponding HCI passes commands / events 2730to / from the physical HCI identified by the name @var{id} (default: 2731@code{hci0}) on the computer running QEMU. Only available on @code{bluez} 2732capable systems like Linux. 2733 2734@item -bt hci[,vlan=@var{n}] 2735Add a virtual, standard HCI that will participate in the Bluetooth 2736scatternet @var{n} (default @code{0}). Similarly to @option{-net} 2737VLANs, devices inside a bluetooth network @var{n} can only communicate 2738with other devices in the same network (scatternet). 2739@end table 2740 2741@item -bt vhci[,vlan=@var{n}] 2742(Linux-host only) Create a HCI in scatternet @var{n} (default 0) attached 2743to the host bluetooth stack instead of to the emulated target. This 2744allows the host and target machines to participate in a common scatternet 2745and communicate. Requires the Linux @code{vhci} driver installed. Can 2746be used as following: 2747 2748@example 2749qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -bt hci,vlan=5 -bt vhci,vlan=5 2750@end example 2751 2752@item -bt device:@var{dev}[,vlan=@var{n}] 2753Emulate a bluetooth device @var{dev} and place it in network @var{n} 2754(default @code{0}). QEMU can only emulate one type of bluetooth devices 2755currently: 2756 2757@table @option 2758@item keyboard 2759Virtual wireless keyboard implementing the HIDP bluetooth profile. 2760@end table 2761ETEXI 2762 2763STEXI 2764@end table 2765ETEXI 2766DEFHEADING() 2767 2768#ifdef CONFIG_TPM 2769DEFHEADING(TPM device options:) 2770 2771DEF("tpmdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tpmdev, \ 2772 "-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]\n" 2773 " use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0\n" 2774 " use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if\n" 2775 " not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device\n", 2776 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2777STEXI 2778 2779The general form of a TPM device option is: 2780@table @option 2781 2782@item -tpmdev @var{backend} ,id=@var{id} [,@var{options}] 2783@findex -tpmdev 2784Backend type must be: 2785@option{passthrough}. 2786 2787The specific backend type will determine the applicable options. 2788The @code{-tpmdev} option creates the TPM backend and requires a 2789@code{-device} option that specifies the TPM frontend interface model. 2790 2791Options to each backend are described below. 2792 2793Use 'help' to print all available TPM backend types. 2794@example 2795qemu -tpmdev help 2796@end example 2797 2798@item -tpmdev passthrough, id=@var{id}, path=@var{path}, cancel-path=@var{cancel-path} 2799 2800(Linux-host only) Enable access to the host's TPM using the passthrough 2801driver. 2802 2803@option{path} specifies the path to the host's TPM device, i.e., on 2804a Linux host this would be @code{/dev/tpm0}. 2805@option{path} is optional and by default @code{/dev/tpm0} is used. 2806 2807@option{cancel-path} specifies the path to the host TPM device's sysfs 2808entry allowing for cancellation of an ongoing TPM command. 2809@option{cancel-path} is optional and by default QEMU will search for the 2810sysfs entry to use. 2811 2812Some notes about using the host's TPM with the passthrough driver: 2813 2814The TPM device accessed by the passthrough driver must not be 2815used by any other application on the host. 2816 2817Since the host's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) has already initialized the TPM, 2818the VM's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) will not be able to initialize the 2819TPM again and may therefore not show a TPM-specific menu that would 2820otherwise allow the user to configure the TPM, e.g., allow the user to 2821enable/disable or activate/deactivate the TPM. 2822Further, if TPM ownership is released from within a VM then the host's TPM 2823will get disabled and deactivated. To enable and activate the 2824TPM again afterwards, the host has to be rebooted and the user is 2825required to enter the firmware's menu to enable and activate the TPM. 2826If the TPM is left disabled and/or deactivated most TPM commands will fail. 2827 2828To create a passthrough TPM use the following two options: 2829@example 2830-tpmdev passthrough,id=tpm0 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0 2831@end example 2832Note that the @code{-tpmdev} id is @code{tpm0} and is referenced by 2833@code{tpmdev=tpm0} in the device option. 2834 2835@end table 2836 2837ETEXI 2838 2839DEFHEADING() 2840 2841#endif 2842 2843DEFHEADING(Linux/Multiboot boot specific:) 2844STEXI 2845 2846When using these options, you can use a given Linux or Multiboot 2847kernel without installing it in the disk image. It can be useful 2848for easier testing of various kernels. 2849 2850@table @option 2851ETEXI 2852 2853DEF("kernel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_kernel, \ 2854 "-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2855STEXI 2856@item -kernel @var{bzImage} 2857@findex -kernel 2858Use @var{bzImage} as kernel image. The kernel can be either a Linux kernel 2859or in multiboot format. 2860ETEXI 2861 2862DEF("append", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_append, \ 2863 "-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2864STEXI 2865@item -append @var{cmdline} 2866@findex -append 2867Use @var{cmdline} as kernel command line 2868ETEXI 2869 2870DEF("initrd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_initrd, \ 2871 "-initrd file use 'file' as initial ram disk\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2872STEXI 2873@item -initrd @var{file} 2874@findex -initrd 2875Use @var{file} as initial ram disk. 2876 2877@item -initrd "@var{file1} arg=foo,@var{file2}" 2878 2879This syntax is only available with multiboot. 2880 2881Use @var{file1} and @var{file2} as modules and pass arg=foo as parameter to the 2882first module. 2883ETEXI 2884 2885DEF("dtb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_dtb, \ 2886 "-dtb file use 'file' as device tree image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2887STEXI 2888@item -dtb @var{file} 2889@findex -dtb 2890Use @var{file} as a device tree binary (dtb) image and pass it to the kernel 2891on boot. 2892ETEXI 2893 2894STEXI 2895@end table 2896ETEXI 2897DEFHEADING() 2898 2899DEFHEADING(Debug/Expert options:) 2900STEXI 2901@table @option 2902ETEXI 2903 2904DEF("fw_cfg", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fwcfg, 2905 "-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>\n" 2906 " add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file\n" 2907 "-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>\n" 2908 " add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string\n", 2909 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2910STEXI 2911 2912@item -fw_cfg [name=]@var{name},file=@var{file} 2913@findex -fw_cfg 2914Add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file @var{file}. 2915 2916@item -fw_cfg [name=]@var{name},string=@var{str} 2917Add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string @var{str}. 2918 2919The terminating NUL character of the contents of @var{str} will not be 2920included as part of the fw_cfg item data. To insert contents with 2921embedded NUL characters, you have to use the @var{file} parameter. 2922 2923The fw_cfg entries are passed by QEMU through to the guest. 2924 2925Example: 2926@example 2927 -fw_cfg name=opt/com.mycompany/blob,file=./my_blob.bin 2928@end example 2929creates an fw_cfg entry named opt/com.mycompany/blob with contents 2930from ./my_blob.bin. 2931 2932ETEXI 2933 2934DEF("serial", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_serial, \ 2935 "-serial dev redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'\n", 2936 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 2937STEXI 2938@item -serial @var{dev} 2939@findex -serial 2940Redirect the virtual serial port to host character device 2941@var{dev}. The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and 2942@code{stdio} in non graphical mode. 2943 2944This option can be used several times to simulate up to 4 serial 2945ports. 2946 2947Use @code{-serial none} to disable all serial ports. 2948 2949Available character devices are: 2950@table @option 2951@item vc[:@var{W}x@var{H}] 2952Virtual console. Optionally, a width and height can be given in pixel with 2953@example 2954vc:800x600 2955@end example 2956It is also possible to specify width or height in characters: 2957@example 2958vc:80Cx24C 2959@end example 2960@item pty 2961[Linux only] Pseudo TTY (a new PTY is automatically allocated) 2962@item none 2963No device is allocated. 2964@item null 2965void device 2966@item chardev:@var{id} 2967Use a named character device defined with the @code{-chardev} option. 2968@item /dev/XXX 2969[Linux only] Use host tty, e.g. @file{/dev/ttyS0}. The host serial port 2970parameters are set according to the emulated ones. 2971@item /dev/parport@var{N} 2972[Linux only, parallel port only] Use host parallel port 2973@var{N}. Currently SPP and EPP parallel port features can be used. 2974@item file:@var{filename} 2975Write output to @var{filename}. No character can be read. 2976@item stdio 2977[Unix only] standard input/output 2978@item pipe:@var{filename} 2979name pipe @var{filename} 2980@item COM@var{n} 2981[Windows only] Use host serial port @var{n} 2982@item udp:[@var{remote_host}]:@var{remote_port}[@@[@var{src_ip}]:@var{src_port}] 2983This implements UDP Net Console. 2984When @var{remote_host} or @var{src_ip} are not specified 2985they default to @code{0.0.0.0}. 2986When not using a specified @var{src_port} a random port is automatically chosen. 2987 2988If you just want a simple readonly console you can use @code{netcat} or 2989@code{nc}, by starting QEMU with: @code{-serial udp::4555} and nc as: 2990@code{nc -u -l -p 4555}. Any time QEMU writes something to that port it 2991will appear in the netconsole session. 2992 2993If you plan to send characters back via netconsole or you want to stop 2994and start QEMU a lot of times, you should have QEMU use the same 2995source port each time by using something like @code{-serial 2996udp::4555@@:4556} to QEMU. Another approach is to use a patched 2997version of netcat which can listen to a TCP port and send and receive 2998characters via udp. If you have a patched version of netcat which 2999activates telnet remote echo and single char transfer, then you can 3000use the following options to step up a netcat redirector to allow 3001telnet on port 5555 to access the QEMU port. 3002@table @code 3003@item QEMU Options: 3004-serial udp::4555@@:4556 3005@item netcat options: 3006-u -P 4555 -L 0.0.0.0:4556 -t -p 5555 -I -T 3007@item telnet options: 3008localhost 5555 3009@end table 3010 3011@item tcp:[@var{host}]:@var{port}[,@var{server}][,nowait][,nodelay][,reconnect=@var{seconds}] 3012The TCP Net Console has two modes of operation. It can send the serial 3013I/O to a location or wait for a connection from a location. By default 3014the TCP Net Console is sent to @var{host} at the @var{port}. If you use 3015the @var{server} option QEMU will wait for a client socket application 3016to connect to the port before continuing, unless the @code{nowait} 3017option was specified. The @code{nodelay} option disables the Nagle buffering 3018algorithm. The @code{reconnect} option only applies if @var{noserver} is 3019set, if the connection goes down it will attempt to reconnect at the 3020given interval. If @var{host} is omitted, 0.0.0.0 is assumed. Only 3021one TCP connection at a time is accepted. You can use @code{telnet} to 3022connect to the corresponding character device. 3023@table @code 3024@item Example to send tcp console to 192.168.0.2 port 4444 3025-serial tcp:192.168.0.2:4444 3026@item Example to listen and wait on port 4444 for connection 3027-serial tcp::4444,server 3028@item Example to not wait and listen on ip 192.168.0.100 port 4444 3029-serial tcp:192.168.0.100:4444,server,nowait 3030@end table 3031 3032@item telnet:@var{host}:@var{port}[,server][,nowait][,nodelay] 3033The telnet protocol is used instead of raw tcp sockets. The options 3034work the same as if you had specified @code{-serial tcp}. The 3035difference is that the port acts like a telnet server or client using 3036telnet option negotiation. This will also allow you to send the 3037MAGIC_SYSRQ sequence if you use a telnet that supports sending the break 3038sequence. Typically in unix telnet you do it with Control-] and then 3039type "send break" followed by pressing the enter key. 3040 3041@item unix:@var{path}[,server][,nowait][,reconnect=@var{seconds}] 3042A unix domain socket is used instead of a tcp socket. The option works the 3043same as if you had specified @code{-serial tcp} except the unix domain socket 3044@var{path} is used for connections. 3045 3046@item mon:@var{dev_string} 3047This is a special option to allow the monitor to be multiplexed onto 3048another serial port. The monitor is accessed with key sequence of 3049@key{Control-a} and then pressing @key{c}. 3050@var{dev_string} should be any one of the serial devices specified 3051above. An example to multiplex the monitor onto a telnet server 3052listening on port 4444 would be: 3053@table @code 3054@item -serial mon:telnet::4444,server,nowait 3055@end table 3056When the monitor is multiplexed to stdio in this way, Ctrl+C will not terminate 3057QEMU any more but will be passed to the guest instead. 3058 3059@item braille 3060Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real 3061or fake device. 3062 3063@item msmouse 3064Three button serial mouse. Configure the guest to use Microsoft protocol. 3065@end table 3066ETEXI 3067 3068DEF("parallel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_parallel, \ 3069 "-parallel dev redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'\n", 3070 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3071STEXI 3072@item -parallel @var{dev} 3073@findex -parallel 3074Redirect the virtual parallel port to host device @var{dev} (same 3075devices as the serial port). On Linux hosts, @file{/dev/parportN} can 3076be used to use hardware devices connected on the corresponding host 3077parallel port. 3078 3079This option can be used several times to simulate up to 3 parallel 3080ports. 3081 3082Use @code{-parallel none} to disable all parallel ports. 3083ETEXI 3084 3085DEF("monitor", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_monitor, \ 3086 "-monitor dev redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'\n", 3087 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3088STEXI 3089@item -monitor @var{dev} 3090@findex -monitor 3091Redirect the monitor to host device @var{dev} (same devices as the 3092serial port). 3093The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and @code{stdio} in 3094non graphical mode. 3095Use @code{-monitor none} to disable the default monitor. 3096ETEXI 3097DEF("qmp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_qmp, \ 3098 "-qmp dev like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode\n", 3099 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3100STEXI 3101@item -qmp @var{dev} 3102@findex -qmp 3103Like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode. 3104ETEXI 3105DEF("qmp-pretty", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_qmp_pretty, \ 3106 "-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting\n", 3107 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3108STEXI 3109@item -qmp-pretty @var{dev} 3110@findex -qmp-pretty 3111Like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting. 3112ETEXI 3113 3114DEF("mon", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mon, \ 3115 "-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control]\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3116STEXI 3117@item -mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control] 3118@findex -mon 3119Setup monitor on chardev @var{name}. 3120ETEXI 3121 3122DEF("debugcon", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_debugcon, \ 3123 "-debugcon dev redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'\n", 3124 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3125STEXI 3126@item -debugcon @var{dev} 3127@findex -debugcon 3128Redirect the debug console to host device @var{dev} (same devices as the 3129serial port). The debug console is an I/O port which is typically port 31300xe9; writing to that I/O port sends output to this device. 3131The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and @code{stdio} in 3132non graphical mode. 3133ETEXI 3134 3135DEF("pidfile", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pidfile, \ 3136 "-pidfile file write PID to 'file'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3137STEXI 3138@item -pidfile @var{file} 3139@findex -pidfile 3140Store the QEMU process PID in @var{file}. It is useful if you launch QEMU 3141from a script. 3142ETEXI 3143 3144DEF("singlestep", 0, QEMU_OPTION_singlestep, \ 3145 "-singlestep always run in singlestep mode\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3146STEXI 3147@item -singlestep 3148@findex -singlestep 3149Run the emulation in single step mode. 3150ETEXI 3151 3152DEF("S", 0, QEMU_OPTION_S, \ 3153 "-S freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)\n", 3154 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3155STEXI 3156@item -S 3157@findex -S 3158Do not start CPU at startup (you must type 'c' in the monitor). 3159ETEXI 3160 3161DEF("realtime", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_realtime, 3162 "-realtime [mlock=on|off]\n" 3163 " run qemu with realtime features\n" 3164 " mlock=on|off controls mlock support (default: on)\n", 3165 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3166STEXI 3167@item -realtime mlock=on|off 3168@findex -realtime 3169Run qemu with realtime features. 3170mlocking qemu and guest memory can be enabled via @option{mlock=on} 3171(enabled by default). 3172ETEXI 3173 3174DEF("gdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_gdb, \ 3175 "-gdb dev wait for gdb connection on 'dev'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3176STEXI 3177@item -gdb @var{dev} 3178@findex -gdb 3179Wait for gdb connection on device @var{dev} (@pxref{gdb_usage}). Typical 3180connections will likely be TCP-based, but also UDP, pseudo TTY, or even 3181stdio are reasonable use case. The latter is allowing to start QEMU from 3182within gdb and establish the connection via a pipe: 3183@example 3184(gdb) target remote | exec qemu-system-i386 -gdb stdio ... 3185@end example 3186ETEXI 3187 3188DEF("s", 0, QEMU_OPTION_s, \ 3189 "-s shorthand for -gdb tcp::" DEFAULT_GDBSTUB_PORT "\n", 3190 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3191STEXI 3192@item -s 3193@findex -s 3194Shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234, i.e. open a gdbserver on TCP port 1234 3195(@pxref{gdb_usage}). 3196ETEXI 3197 3198DEF("d", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_d, \ 3199 "-d item1,... enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)\n", 3200 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3201STEXI 3202@item -d @var{item1}[,...] 3203@findex -d 3204Enable logging of specified items. Use '-d help' for a list of log items. 3205ETEXI 3206 3207DEF("D", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_D, \ 3208 "-D logfile output log to logfile (default stderr)\n", 3209 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3210STEXI 3211@item -D @var{logfile} 3212@findex -D 3213Output log in @var{logfile} instead of to stderr 3214ETEXI 3215 3216DEF("dfilter", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_DFILTER, \ 3217 "-dfilter range,.. filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)\n", 3218 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3219STEXI 3220@item -dfilter @var{range1}[,...] 3221@findex -dfilter 3222Filter debug output to that relevant to a range of target addresses. The filter 3223spec can be either @var{start}+@var{size}, @var{start}-@var{size} or 3224@var{start}..@var{end} where @var{start} @var{end} and @var{size} are the 3225addresses and sizes required. For example: 3226@example 3227 -dfilter 0x8000..0x8fff,0xffffffc000080000+0x200,0xffffffc000060000-0x1000 3228@end example 3229Will dump output for any code in the 0x1000 sized block starting at 0x8000 and 3230the 0x200 sized block starting at 0xffffffc000080000 and another 0x1000 sized 3231block starting at 0xffffffc00005f000. 3232ETEXI 3233 3234DEF("L", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_L, \ 3235 "-L path set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps\n", 3236 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3237STEXI 3238@item -L @var{path} 3239@findex -L 3240Set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps. 3241 3242To list all the data directories, use @code{-L help}. 3243ETEXI 3244 3245DEF("bios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bios, \ 3246 "-bios file set the filename for the BIOS\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3247STEXI 3248@item -bios @var{file} 3249@findex -bios 3250Set the filename for the BIOS. 3251ETEXI 3252 3253DEF("enable-kvm", 0, QEMU_OPTION_enable_kvm, \ 3254 "-enable-kvm enable KVM full virtualization support\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3255STEXI 3256@item -enable-kvm 3257@findex -enable-kvm 3258Enable KVM full virtualization support. This option is only available 3259if KVM support is enabled when compiling. 3260ETEXI 3261 3262DEF("xen-domid", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_xen_domid, 3263 "-xen-domid id specify xen guest domain id\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3264DEF("xen-create", 0, QEMU_OPTION_xen_create, 3265 "-xen-create create domain using xen hypercalls, bypassing xend\n" 3266 " warning: should not be used when xend is in use\n", 3267 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3268DEF("xen-attach", 0, QEMU_OPTION_xen_attach, 3269 "-xen-attach attach to existing xen domain\n" 3270 " xend will use this when starting QEMU\n", 3271 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3272STEXI 3273@item -xen-domid @var{id} 3274@findex -xen-domid 3275Specify xen guest domain @var{id} (XEN only). 3276@item -xen-create 3277@findex -xen-create 3278Create domain using xen hypercalls, bypassing xend. 3279Warning: should not be used when xend is in use (XEN only). 3280@item -xen-attach 3281@findex -xen-attach 3282Attach to existing xen domain. 3283xend will use this when starting QEMU (XEN only). 3284ETEXI 3285 3286DEF("no-reboot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_reboot, \ 3287 "-no-reboot exit instead of rebooting\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3288STEXI 3289@item -no-reboot 3290@findex -no-reboot 3291Exit instead of rebooting. 3292ETEXI 3293 3294DEF("no-shutdown", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_shutdown, \ 3295 "-no-shutdown stop before shutdown\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3296STEXI 3297@item -no-shutdown 3298@findex -no-shutdown 3299Don't exit QEMU on guest shutdown, but instead only stop the emulation. 3300This allows for instance switching to monitor to commit changes to the 3301disk image. 3302ETEXI 3303 3304DEF("loadvm", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_loadvm, \ 3305 "-loadvm [tag|id]\n" \ 3306 " start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)\n", 3307 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3308STEXI 3309@item -loadvm @var{file} 3310@findex -loadvm 3311Start right away with a saved state (@code{loadvm} in monitor) 3312ETEXI 3313 3314#ifndef _WIN32 3315DEF("daemonize", 0, QEMU_OPTION_daemonize, \ 3316 "-daemonize daemonize QEMU after initializing\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3317#endif 3318STEXI 3319@item -daemonize 3320@findex -daemonize 3321Daemonize the QEMU process after initialization. QEMU will not detach from 3322standard IO until it is ready to receive connections on any of its devices. 3323This option is a useful way for external programs to launch QEMU without having 3324to cope with initialization race conditions. 3325ETEXI 3326 3327DEF("option-rom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_option_rom, \ 3328 "-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space\n", 3329 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3330STEXI 3331@item -option-rom @var{file} 3332@findex -option-rom 3333Load the contents of @var{file} as an option ROM. 3334This option is useful to load things like EtherBoot. 3335ETEXI 3336 3337HXCOMM Silently ignored for compatibility 3338DEF("clock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_clock, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3339 3340HXCOMM Options deprecated by -rtc 3341DEF("localtime", 0, QEMU_OPTION_localtime, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3342DEF("startdate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_startdate, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3343 3344DEF("rtc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_rtc, \ 3345 "-rtc [base=utc|localtime|date][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]\n" \ 3346 " set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)\n", 3347 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3348 3349STEXI 3350 3351@item -rtc [base=utc|localtime|@var{date}][,clock=host|vm][,driftfix=none|slew] 3352@findex -rtc 3353Specify @option{base} as @code{utc} or @code{localtime} to let the RTC start at the current 3354UTC or local time, respectively. @code{localtime} is required for correct date in 3355MS-DOS or Windows. To start at a specific point in time, provide @var{date} in the 3356format @code{2006-06-17T16:01:21} or @code{2006-06-17}. The default base is UTC. 3357 3358By default the RTC is driven by the host system time. This allows using of the 3359RTC as accurate reference clock inside the guest, specifically if the host 3360time is smoothly following an accurate external reference clock, e.g. via NTP. 3361If you want to isolate the guest time from the host, you can set @option{clock} 3362to @code{rt} instead. To even prevent it from progressing during suspension, 3363you can set it to @code{vm}. 3364 3365Enable @option{driftfix} (i386 targets only) if you experience time drift problems, 3366specifically with Windows' ACPI HAL. This option will try to figure out how 3367many timer interrupts were not processed by the Windows guest and will 3368re-inject them. 3369ETEXI 3370 3371DEF("icount", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_icount, \ 3372 "-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>]\n" \ 3373 " enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per\n" \ 3374 " instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks\n" \ 3375 " or disable real time cpu sleeping\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3376STEXI 3377@item -icount [shift=@var{N}|auto][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=@var{filename}] 3378@findex -icount 3379Enable virtual instruction counter. The virtual cpu will execute one 3380instruction every 2^@var{N} ns of virtual time. If @code{auto} is specified 3381then the virtual cpu speed will be automatically adjusted to keep virtual 3382time within a few seconds of real time. 3383 3384When the virtual cpu is sleeping, the virtual time will advance at default 3385speed unless @option{sleep=on|off} is specified. 3386With @option{sleep=on|off}, the virtual time will jump to the next timer deadline 3387instantly whenever the virtual cpu goes to sleep mode and will not advance 3388if no timer is enabled. This behavior give deterministic execution times from 3389the guest point of view. 3390 3391Note that while this option can give deterministic behavior, it does not 3392provide cycle accurate emulation. Modern CPUs contain superscalar out of 3393order cores with complex cache hierarchies. The number of instructions 3394executed often has little or no correlation with actual performance. 3395 3396@option{align=on} will activate the delay algorithm which will try 3397to synchronise the host clock and the virtual clock. The goal is to 3398have a guest running at the real frequency imposed by the shift option. 3399Whenever the guest clock is behind the host clock and if 3400@option{align=on} is specified then we print a message to the user 3401to inform about the delay. 3402Currently this option does not work when @option{shift} is @code{auto}. 3403Note: The sync algorithm will work for those shift values for which 3404the guest clock runs ahead of the host clock. Typically this happens 3405when the shift value is high (how high depends on the host machine). 3406 3407When @option{rr} option is specified deterministic record/replay is enabled. 3408Replay log is written into @var{filename} file in record mode and 3409read from this file in replay mode. 3410ETEXI 3411 3412DEF("watchdog", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_watchdog, \ 3413 "-watchdog model\n" \ 3414 " enable virtual hardware watchdog [default=none]\n", 3415 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3416STEXI 3417@item -watchdog @var{model} 3418@findex -watchdog 3419Create a virtual hardware watchdog device. Once enabled (by a guest 3420action), the watchdog must be periodically polled by an agent inside 3421the guest or else the guest will be restarted. Choose a model for 3422which your guest has drivers. 3423 3424The @var{model} is the model of hardware watchdog to emulate. Use 3425@code{-watchdog help} to list available hardware models. Only one 3426watchdog can be enabled for a guest. 3427 3428The following models may be available: 3429@table @option 3430@item ib700 3431iBASE 700 is a very simple ISA watchdog with a single timer. 3432@item i6300esb 3433Intel 6300ESB I/O controller hub is a much more featureful PCI-based 3434dual-timer watchdog. 3435@item diag288 3436A virtual watchdog for s390x backed by the diagnose 288 hypercall 3437(currently KVM only). 3438@end table 3439ETEXI 3440 3441DEF("watchdog-action", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_watchdog_action, \ 3442 "-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|pause|debug|none\n" \ 3443 " action when watchdog fires [default=reset]\n", 3444 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3445STEXI 3446@item -watchdog-action @var{action} 3447@findex -watchdog-action 3448 3449The @var{action} controls what QEMU will do when the watchdog timer 3450expires. 3451The default is 3452@code{reset} (forcefully reset the guest). 3453Other possible actions are: 3454@code{shutdown} (attempt to gracefully shutdown the guest), 3455@code{poweroff} (forcefully poweroff the guest), 3456@code{pause} (pause the guest), 3457@code{debug} (print a debug message and continue), or 3458@code{none} (do nothing). 3459 3460Note that the @code{shutdown} action requires that the guest responds 3461to ACPI signals, which it may not be able to do in the sort of 3462situations where the watchdog would have expired, and thus 3463@code{-watchdog-action shutdown} is not recommended for production use. 3464 3465Examples: 3466 3467@table @code 3468@item -watchdog i6300esb -watchdog-action pause 3469@itemx -watchdog ib700 3470@end table 3471ETEXI 3472 3473DEF("echr", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_echr, \ 3474 "-echr chr set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a\n", 3475 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3476STEXI 3477 3478@item -echr @var{numeric_ascii_value} 3479@findex -echr 3480Change the escape character used for switching to the monitor when using 3481monitor and serial sharing. The default is @code{0x01} when using the 3482@code{-nographic} option. @code{0x01} is equal to pressing 3483@code{Control-a}. You can select a different character from the ascii 3484control keys where 1 through 26 map to Control-a through Control-z. For 3485instance you could use the either of the following to change the escape 3486character to Control-t. 3487@table @code 3488@item -echr 0x14 3489@itemx -echr 20 3490@end table 3491ETEXI 3492 3493DEF("virtioconsole", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_virtiocon, \ 3494 "-virtioconsole c\n" \ 3495 " set virtio console\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3496STEXI 3497@item -virtioconsole @var{c} 3498@findex -virtioconsole 3499Set virtio console. 3500 3501This option is maintained for backward compatibility. 3502 3503Please use @code{-device virtconsole} for the new way of invocation. 3504ETEXI 3505 3506DEF("show-cursor", 0, QEMU_OPTION_show_cursor, \ 3507 "-show-cursor show cursor\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3508STEXI 3509@item -show-cursor 3510@findex -show-cursor 3511Show cursor. 3512ETEXI 3513 3514DEF("tb-size", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tb_size, \ 3515 "-tb-size n set TB size\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3516STEXI 3517@item -tb-size @var{n} 3518@findex -tb-size 3519Set TB size. 3520ETEXI 3521 3522DEF("incoming", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_incoming, \ 3523 "-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4][,ipv6]\n" \ 3524 "-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4][,ipv6]\n" \ 3525 "-incoming unix:socketpath\n" \ 3526 " prepare for incoming migration, listen on\n" \ 3527 " specified protocol and socket address\n" \ 3528 "-incoming fd:fd\n" \ 3529 "-incoming exec:cmdline\n" \ 3530 " accept incoming migration on given file descriptor\n" \ 3531 " or from given external command\n" \ 3532 "-incoming defer\n" \ 3533 " wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming\n", 3534 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3535STEXI 3536@item -incoming tcp:[@var{host}]:@var{port}[,to=@var{maxport}][,ipv4][,ipv6] 3537@itemx -incoming rdma:@var{host}:@var{port}[,ipv4][,ipv6] 3538@findex -incoming 3539Prepare for incoming migration, listen on a given tcp port. 3540 3541@item -incoming unix:@var{socketpath} 3542Prepare for incoming migration, listen on a given unix socket. 3543 3544@item -incoming fd:@var{fd} 3545Accept incoming migration from a given filedescriptor. 3546 3547@item -incoming exec:@var{cmdline} 3548Accept incoming migration as an output from specified external command. 3549 3550@item -incoming defer 3551Wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming. The monitor can 3552be used to change settings (such as migration parameters) prior to issuing 3553the migrate_incoming to allow the migration to begin. 3554ETEXI 3555 3556DEF("nodefaults", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nodefaults, \ 3557 "-nodefaults don't create default devices\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3558STEXI 3559@item -nodefaults 3560@findex -nodefaults 3561Don't create default devices. Normally, QEMU sets the default devices like serial 3562port, parallel port, virtual console, monitor device, VGA adapter, floppy and 3563CD-ROM drive and others. The @code{-nodefaults} option will disable all those 3564default devices. 3565ETEXI 3566 3567#ifndef _WIN32 3568DEF("chroot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_chroot, \ 3569 "-chroot dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM\n", 3570 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3571#endif 3572STEXI 3573@item -chroot @var{dir} 3574@findex -chroot 3575Immediately before starting guest execution, chroot to the specified 3576directory. Especially useful in combination with -runas. 3577ETEXI 3578 3579#ifndef _WIN32 3580DEF("runas", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_runas, \ 3581 "-runas user change to user id user just before starting the VM\n", 3582 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3583#endif 3584STEXI 3585@item -runas @var{user} 3586@findex -runas 3587Immediately before starting guest execution, drop root privileges, switching 3588to the specified user. 3589ETEXI 3590 3591DEF("prom-env", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_prom_env, 3592 "-prom-env variable=value\n" 3593 " set OpenBIOS nvram variables\n", 3594 QEMU_ARCH_PPC | QEMU_ARCH_SPARC) 3595STEXI 3596@item -prom-env @var{variable}=@var{value} 3597@findex -prom-env 3598Set OpenBIOS nvram @var{variable} to given @var{value} (PPC, SPARC only). 3599ETEXI 3600DEF("semihosting", 0, QEMU_OPTION_semihosting, 3601 "-semihosting semihosting mode\n", 3602 QEMU_ARCH_ARM | QEMU_ARCH_M68K | QEMU_ARCH_XTENSA | QEMU_ARCH_LM32 | 3603 QEMU_ARCH_MIPS) 3604STEXI 3605@item -semihosting 3606@findex -semihosting 3607Enable semihosting mode (ARM, M68K, Xtensa, MIPS only). 3608ETEXI 3609DEF("semihosting-config", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_semihosting_config, 3610 "-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,arg=str[,...]]\n" \ 3611 " semihosting configuration\n", 3612QEMU_ARCH_ARM | QEMU_ARCH_M68K | QEMU_ARCH_XTENSA | QEMU_ARCH_LM32 | 3613QEMU_ARCH_MIPS) 3614STEXI 3615@item -semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,arg=str[,...]] 3616@findex -semihosting-config 3617Enable and configure semihosting (ARM, M68K, Xtensa, MIPS only). 3618@table @option 3619@item target=@code{native|gdb|auto} 3620Defines where the semihosting calls will be addressed, to QEMU (@code{native}) 3621or to GDB (@code{gdb}). The default is @code{auto}, which means @code{gdb} 3622during debug sessions and @code{native} otherwise. 3623@item arg=@var{str1},arg=@var{str2},... 3624Allows the user to pass input arguments, and can be used multiple times to build 3625up a list. The old-style @code{-kernel}/@code{-append} method of passing a 3626command line is still supported for backward compatibility. If both the 3627@code{--semihosting-config arg} and the @code{-kernel}/@code{-append} are 3628specified, the former is passed to semihosting as it always takes precedence. 3629@end table 3630ETEXI 3631DEF("old-param", 0, QEMU_OPTION_old_param, 3632 "-old-param old param mode\n", QEMU_ARCH_ARM) 3633STEXI 3634@item -old-param 3635@findex -old-param (ARM) 3636Old param mode (ARM only). 3637ETEXI 3638 3639DEF("sandbox", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_sandbox, \ 3640 "-sandbox <arg> Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').\n", 3641 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3642STEXI 3643@item -sandbox @var{arg} 3644@findex -sandbox 3645Enable Seccomp mode 2 system call filter. 'on' will enable syscall filtering and 'off' will 3646disable it. The default is 'off'. 3647ETEXI 3648 3649DEF("readconfig", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_readconfig, 3650 "-readconfig <file>\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3651STEXI 3652@item -readconfig @var{file} 3653@findex -readconfig 3654Read device configuration from @var{file}. This approach is useful when you want to spawn 3655QEMU process with many command line options but you don't want to exceed the command line 3656character limit. 3657ETEXI 3658DEF("writeconfig", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_writeconfig, 3659 "-writeconfig <file>\n" 3660 " read/write config file\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3661STEXI 3662@item -writeconfig @var{file} 3663@findex -writeconfig 3664Write device configuration to @var{file}. The @var{file} can be either filename to save 3665command line and device configuration into file or dash @code{-}) character to print the 3666output to stdout. This can be later used as input file for @code{-readconfig} option. 3667ETEXI 3668DEF("nodefconfig", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nodefconfig, 3669 "-nodefconfig\n" 3670 " do not load default config files at startup\n", 3671 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3672STEXI 3673@item -nodefconfig 3674@findex -nodefconfig 3675Normally QEMU loads configuration files from @var{sysconfdir} and @var{datadir} at startup. 3676The @code{-nodefconfig} option will prevent QEMU from loading any of those config files. 3677ETEXI 3678DEF("no-user-config", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nouserconfig, 3679 "-no-user-config\n" 3680 " do not load user-provided config files at startup\n", 3681 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3682STEXI 3683@item -no-user-config 3684@findex -no-user-config 3685The @code{-no-user-config} option makes QEMU not load any of the user-provided 3686config files on @var{sysconfdir}, but won't make it skip the QEMU-provided config 3687files from @var{datadir}. 3688ETEXI 3689DEF("trace", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_trace, 3690 "-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n" 3691 " specify tracing options\n", 3692 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3693STEXI 3694HXCOMM This line is not accurate, as some sub-options are backend-specific but 3695HXCOMM HX does not support conditional compilation of text. 3696@item -trace [[enable=]@var{pattern}][,events=@var{file}][,file=@var{file}] 3697@findex -trace 3698@include qemu-option-trace.texi 3699ETEXI 3700 3701HXCOMM Internal use 3702DEF("qtest", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_qtest, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3703DEF("qtest-log", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_qtest_log, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3704 3705#ifdef __linux__ 3706DEF("enable-fips", 0, QEMU_OPTION_enablefips, 3707 "-enable-fips enable FIPS 140-2 compliance\n", 3708 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3709#endif 3710STEXI 3711@item -enable-fips 3712@findex -enable-fips 3713Enable FIPS 140-2 compliance mode. 3714ETEXI 3715 3716HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine accel=tcg property 3717DEF("no-kvm", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm, "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 3718 3719HXCOMM Deprecated by kvm-pit driver properties 3720DEF("no-kvm-pit-reinjection", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_pit_reinjection, 3721 "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 3722 3723HXCOMM Deprecated (ignored) 3724DEF("no-kvm-pit", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_pit, "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 3725 3726HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine kernel_irqchip=on|off property 3727DEF("no-kvm-irqchip", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_irqchip, "", QEMU_ARCH_I386) 3728 3729HXCOMM Deprecated (ignored) 3730DEF("tdf", 0, QEMU_OPTION_tdf,"", QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3731 3732DEF("msg", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_msg, 3733 "-msg timestamp[=on|off]\n" 3734 " change the format of messages\n" 3735 " on|off controls leading timestamps (default:on)\n", 3736 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3737STEXI 3738@item -msg timestamp[=on|off] 3739@findex -msg 3740prepend a timestamp to each log message.(default:on) 3741ETEXI 3742 3743DEF("dump-vmstate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_dump_vmstate, 3744 "-dump-vmstate <file>\n" 3745 " Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.\n" 3746 " Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to\n" 3747 " check for possible regressions in migration code\n" 3748 " by comparing two such vmstate dumps.\n", 3749 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3750STEXI 3751@item -dump-vmstate @var{file} 3752@findex -dump-vmstate 3753Dump json-encoded vmstate information for current machine type to file 3754in @var{file} 3755ETEXI 3756 3757DEFHEADING(Generic object creation) 3758 3759DEF("object", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_object, 3760 "-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]\n" 3761 " create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties\n" 3762 " in the order they are specified. Note that the 'id'\n" 3763 " property must be set. These objects are placed in the\n" 3764 " '/objects' path.\n", 3765 QEMU_ARCH_ALL) 3766STEXI 3767@item -object @var{typename}[,@var{prop1}=@var{value1},...] 3768@findex -object 3769Create a new object of type @var{typename} setting properties 3770in the order they are specified. Note that the 'id' 3771property must be set. These objects are placed in the 3772'/objects' path. 3773 3774@table @option 3775 3776@item -object memory-backend-file,id=@var{id},size=@var{size},mem-path=@var{dir},share=@var{on|off} 3777 3778Creates a memory file backend object, which can be used to back 3779the guest RAM with huge pages. The @option{id} parameter is a 3780unique ID that will be used to reference this memory region 3781when configuring the @option{-numa} argument. The @option{size} 3782option provides the size of the memory region, and accepts 3783common suffixes, eg @option{500M}. The @option{mem-path} provides 3784the path to either a shared memory or huge page filesystem mount. 3785The @option{share} boolean option determines whether the memory 3786region is marked as private to QEMU, or shared. The latter allows 3787a co-operating external process to access the QEMU memory region. 3788 3789@item -object rng-random,id=@var{id},filename=@var{/dev/random} 3790 3791Creates a random number generator backend which obtains entropy from 3792a device on the host. The @option{id} parameter is a unique ID that 3793will be used to reference this entropy backend from the @option{virtio-rng} 3794device. The @option{filename} parameter specifies which file to obtain 3795entropy from and if omitted defaults to @option{/dev/random}. 3796 3797@item -object rng-egd,id=@var{id},chardev=@var{chardevid} 3798 3799Creates a random number generator backend which obtains entropy from 3800an external daemon running on the host. The @option{id} parameter is 3801a unique ID that will be used to reference this entropy backend from 3802the @option{virtio-rng} device. The @option{chardev} parameter is 3803the unique ID of a character device backend that provides the connection 3804to the RNG daemon. 3805 3806@item -object tls-creds-anon,id=@var{id},endpoint=@var{endpoint},dir=@var{/path/to/cred/dir},verify-peer=@var{on|off} 3807 3808Creates a TLS anonymous credentials object, which can be used to provide 3809TLS support on network backends. The @option{id} parameter is a unique 3810ID which network backends will use to access the credentials. The 3811@option{endpoint} is either @option{server} or @option{client} depending 3812on whether the QEMU network backend that uses the credentials will be 3813acting as a client or as a server. If @option{verify-peer} is enabled 3814(the default) then once the handshake is completed, the peer credentials 3815will be verified, though this is a no-op for anonymous credentials. 3816 3817The @var{dir} parameter tells QEMU where to find the credential 3818files. For server endpoints, this directory may contain a file 3819@var{dh-params.pem} providing diffie-hellman parameters to use 3820for the TLS server. If the file is missing, QEMU will generate 3821a set of DH parameters at startup. This is a computationally 3822expensive operation that consumes random pool entropy, so it is 3823recommended that a persistent set of parameters be generated 3824upfront and saved. 3825 3826@item -object tls-creds-x509,id=@var{id},endpoint=@var{endpoint},dir=@var{/path/to/cred/dir},verify-peer=@var{on|off},passwordid=@var{id} 3827 3828Creates a TLS anonymous credentials object, which can be used to provide 3829TLS support on network backends. The @option{id} parameter is a unique 3830ID which network backends will use to access the credentials. The 3831@option{endpoint} is either @option{server} or @option{client} depending 3832on whether the QEMU network backend that uses the credentials will be 3833acting as a client or as a server. If @option{verify-peer} is enabled 3834(the default) then once the handshake is completed, the peer credentials 3835will be verified. With x509 certificates, this implies that the clients 3836must be provided with valid client certificates too. 3837 3838The @var{dir} parameter tells QEMU where to find the credential 3839files. For server endpoints, this directory may contain a file 3840@var{dh-params.pem} providing diffie-hellman parameters to use 3841for the TLS server. If the file is missing, QEMU will generate 3842a set of DH parameters at startup. This is a computationally 3843expensive operation that consumes random pool entropy, so it is 3844recommended that a persistent set of parameters be generated 3845upfront and saved. 3846 3847For x509 certificate credentials the directory will contain further files 3848providing the x509 certificates. The certificates must be stored 3849in PEM format, in filenames @var{ca-cert.pem}, @var{ca-crl.pem} (optional), 3850@var{server-cert.pem} (only servers), @var{server-key.pem} (only servers), 3851@var{client-cert.pem} (only clients), and @var{client-key.pem} (only clients). 3852 3853For the @var{server-key.pem} and @var{client-key.pem} files which 3854contain sensitive private keys, it is possible to use an encrypted 3855version by providing the @var{passwordid} parameter. This provides 3856the ID of a previously created @code{secret} object containing the 3857password for decryption. 3858 3859@item -object filter-buffer,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{netdevid},interval=@var{t}[,queue=@var{all|rx|tx}][,status=@var{on|off}] 3860 3861Interval @var{t} can't be 0, this filter batches the packet delivery: all 3862packets arriving in a given interval on netdev @var{netdevid} are delayed 3863until the end of the interval. Interval is in microseconds. 3864@option{status} is optional that indicate whether the netfilter is 3865on (enabled) or off (disabled), the default status for netfilter will be 'on'. 3866 3867queue @var{all|rx|tx} is an option that can be applied to any netfilter. 3868 3869@option{all}: the filter is attached both to the receive and the transmit 3870 queue of the netdev (default). 3871 3872@option{rx}: the filter is attached to the receive queue of the netdev, 3873 where it will receive packets sent to the netdev. 3874 3875@option{tx}: the filter is attached to the transmit queue of the netdev, 3876 where it will receive packets sent by the netdev. 3877 3878@item -object filter-mirror,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{netdevid},outdev=@var{chardevid}[,queue=@var{all|rx|tx}] 3879 3880filter-mirror on netdev @var{netdevid},mirror net packet to chardev 3881@var{chardevid} 3882 3883@item -object filter-redirector,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{netdevid},indev=@var{chardevid}, 3884outdev=@var{chardevid}[,queue=@var{all|rx|tx}] 3885 3886filter-redirector on netdev @var{netdevid},redirect filter's net packet to chardev 3887@var{chardevid},and redirect indev's packet to filter. 3888Create a filter-redirector we need to differ outdev id from indev id, id can not 3889be the same. we can just use indev or outdev, but at least one of indev or outdev 3890need to be specified. 3891 3892@item -object filter-rewriter,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{netdevid},rewriter-mode=@var{mode}[,queue=@var{all|rx|tx}] 3893 3894Filter-rewriter is a part of COLO project.It will rewrite tcp packet to 3895secondary from primary to keep secondary tcp connection,and rewrite 3896tcp packet to primary from secondary make tcp packet can be handled by 3897client. 3898 3899usage: 3900colo secondary: 3901-object filter-redirector,id=f1,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,indev=red0 3902-object filter-redirector,id=f2,netdev=hn0,queue=rx,outdev=red1 3903-object filter-rewriter,id=rew0,netdev=hn0,queue=all 3904 3905@item -object filter-dump,id=@var{id},netdev=@var{dev}[,file=@var{filename}][,maxlen=@var{len}] 3906 3907Dump the network traffic on netdev @var{dev} to the file specified by 3908@var{filename}. At most @var{len} bytes (64k by default) per packet are stored. 3909The file format is libpcap, so it can be analyzed with tools such as tcpdump 3910or Wireshark. 3911 3912@item -object colo-compare,id=@var{id},primary_in=@var{chardevid},secondary_in=@var{chardevid}, 3913outdev=@var{chardevid} 3914 3915Colo-compare gets packet from primary_in@var{chardevid} and secondary_in@var{chardevid}, than compare primary packet with 3916secondary packet. If the packets are same, we will output primary 3917packet to outdev@var{chardevid}, else we will notify colo-frame 3918do checkpoint and send primary packet to outdev@var{chardevid}. 3919 3920we must use it with the help of filter-mirror and filter-redirector. 3921 3922@example 3923 3924primary: 3925-netdev tap,id=hn0,vhost=off,script=/etc/qemu-ifup,downscript=/etc/qemu-ifdown 3926-device e1000,id=e0,netdev=hn0,mac=52:a4:00:12:78:66 3927-chardev socket,id=mirror0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9003,server,nowait 3928-chardev socket,id=compare1,host=3.3.3.3,port=9004,server,nowait 3929-chardev socket,id=compare0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9001,server,nowait 3930-chardev socket,id=compare0-0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9001 3931-chardev socket,id=compare_out,host=3.3.3.3,port=9005,server,nowait 3932-chardev socket,id=compare_out0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9005 3933-object filter-mirror,id=m0,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,outdev=mirror0 3934-object filter-redirector,netdev=hn0,id=redire0,queue=rx,indev=compare_out 3935-object filter-redirector,netdev=hn0,id=redire1,queue=rx,outdev=compare0 3936-object colo-compare,id=comp0,primary_in=compare0-0,secondary_in=compare1,outdev=compare_out0 3937 3938secondary: 3939-netdev tap,id=hn0,vhost=off,script=/etc/qemu-ifup,down script=/etc/qemu-ifdown 3940-device e1000,netdev=hn0,mac=52:a4:00:12:78:66 3941-chardev socket,id=red0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9003 3942-chardev socket,id=red1,host=3.3.3.3,port=9004 3943-object filter-redirector,id=f1,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,indev=red0 3944-object filter-redirector,id=f2,netdev=hn0,queue=rx,outdev=red1 3945 3946@end example 3947 3948If you want to know the detail of above command line, you can read 3949the colo-compare git log. 3950 3951@item -object secret,id=@var{id},data=@var{string},format=@var{raw|base64}[,keyid=@var{secretid},iv=@var{string}] 3952@item -object secret,id=@var{id},file=@var{filename},format=@var{raw|base64}[,keyid=@var{secretid},iv=@var{string}] 3953 3954Defines a secret to store a password, encryption key, or some other sensitive 3955data. The sensitive data can either be passed directly via the @var{data} 3956parameter, or indirectly via the @var{file} parameter. Using the @var{data} 3957parameter is insecure unless the sensitive data is encrypted. 3958 3959The sensitive data can be provided in raw format (the default), or base64. 3960When encoded as JSON, the raw format only supports valid UTF-8 characters, 3961so base64 is recommended for sending binary data. QEMU will convert from 3962which ever format is provided to the format it needs internally. eg, an 3963RBD password can be provided in raw format, even though it will be base64 3964encoded when passed onto the RBD sever. 3965 3966For added protection, it is possible to encrypt the data associated with 3967a secret using the AES-256-CBC cipher. Use of encryption is indicated 3968by providing the @var{keyid} and @var{iv} parameters. The @var{keyid} 3969parameter provides the ID of a previously defined secret that contains 3970the AES-256 decryption key. This key should be 32-bytes long and be 3971base64 encoded. The @var{iv} parameter provides the random initialization 3972vector used for encryption of this particular secret and should be a 3973base64 encrypted string of the 16-byte IV. 3974 3975The simplest (insecure) usage is to provide the secret inline 3976 3977@example 3978 3979 # $QEMU -object secret,id=sec0,data=letmein,format=raw 3980 3981@end example 3982 3983The simplest secure usage is to provide the secret via a file 3984 3985 # echo -n "letmein" > mypasswd.txt 3986 # $QEMU -object secret,id=sec0,file=mypasswd.txt,format=raw 3987 3988For greater security, AES-256-CBC should be used. To illustrate usage, 3989consider the openssl command line tool which can encrypt the data. Note 3990that when encrypting, the plaintext must be padded to the cipher block 3991size (32 bytes) using the standard PKCS#5/6 compatible padding algorithm. 3992 3993First a master key needs to be created in base64 encoding: 3994 3995@example 3996 # openssl rand -base64 32 > key.b64 3997 # KEY=$(base64 -d key.b64 | hexdump -v -e '/1 "%02X"') 3998@end example 3999 4000Each secret to be encrypted needs to have a random initialization vector 4001generated. These do not need to be kept secret 4002 4003@example 4004 # openssl rand -base64 16 > iv.b64 4005 # IV=$(base64 -d iv.b64 | hexdump -v -e '/1 "%02X"') 4006@end example 4007 4008The secret to be defined can now be encrypted, in this case we're 4009telling openssl to base64 encode the result, but it could be left 4010as raw bytes if desired. 4011 4012@example 4013 # SECRET=$(echo -n "letmein" | 4014 openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -a -K $KEY -iv $IV) 4015@end example 4016 4017When launching QEMU, create a master secret pointing to @code{key.b64} 4018and specify that to be used to decrypt the user password. Pass the 4019contents of @code{iv.b64} to the second secret 4020 4021@example 4022 # $QEMU \ 4023 -object secret,id=secmaster0,format=base64,file=key.b64 \ 4024 -object secret,id=sec0,keyid=secmaster0,format=base64,\ 4025 data=$SECRET,iv=$(<iv.b64) 4026@end example 4027 4028@end table 4029 4030ETEXI 4031 4032 4033HXCOMM This is the last statement. Insert new options before this line! 4034STEXI 4035@end table 4036ETEXI 4037
