1# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE 2# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team 3# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. 4# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. 5# 6# Translators: 7# Susanna Pujol, 2020 8# 9#, fuzzy 10msgid "" 11msgstr "" 12"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" 13"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n" 14"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n" 15"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-01-06 16:35+0000\n" 16"Last-Translator: Susanna Pujol, 2020\n" 17"Language-Team: Catalan (https://www.transifex.com/stellarium/teams/80998/ca/)\n" 18"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" 19"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" 20"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" 21"Language: ca\n" 22"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" 23 24#. type: Content of: <h1> 25#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1 26msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")" 27msgstr "" 28 29#. type: Content of: <p> 30#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2 31msgid "" 32"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul " 33"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the " 34"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in" 35" Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 " 36"classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in " 37"Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the " 38"following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation " 39"and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of " 40"the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a " 41"record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation," 42" and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding" 43" Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is " 44"seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. " 45"Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal " 46"description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and " 47"magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star " 48"catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In " 49"addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. " 50"Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were " 51"neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to " 52"Ptolemy star catalog." 53msgstr "" 54 55#. type: Content of: <p> 56#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3 57msgid "" 58"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of " 59"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in " 60"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by " 61"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or " 62"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by " 63"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 " 64"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for " 65"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. " 66"Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and" 67" 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units," 68" Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I " 69"came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and " 70"relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a " 71"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research." 72msgstr "" 73 74#. type: Content of: <h2> 75#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5 76msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi" 77msgstr "" 78 79#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 80#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10 81msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>" 82msgstr "" 83 84#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 85#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11 86msgid "<b>Khalid</b>" 87msgstr "" 88 89#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 90#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14 91msgid "<b>unit</b>" 92msgstr "" 93 94#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 95#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15 96#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17 97msgid "<b>cubits</b>" 98msgstr "" 99 100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 101#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16 102#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18 103msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>" 104msgstr "" 105 106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 107#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21 108msgid "spear" 109msgstr "" 110 111#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 112#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22 113#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24 114msgid "6 cubits" 115msgstr "" 116 117#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 118#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28 119msgid "Man-Height" 120msgstr "" 121 122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 123#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31 124msgid "3 cubits" 125msgstr "" 126 127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 128#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35 129msgid "cubit" 130msgstr "" 131 132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 133#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36 134#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38 135msgid "1 cubit" 136msgstr "" 137 138#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 139#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42 140msgid "span" 141msgstr "" 142 143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 144#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43 145msgid "1/3 of a cubit" 146msgstr "" 147 148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 149#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45 150msgid "1/2 of a cubit" 151msgstr "" 152 153#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 154#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49 155msgid "finger" 156msgstr "" 157 158#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 159#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50 160msgid "1/32 of a cubit" 161msgstr "" 162 163#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 164#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52 165msgid "1/16 of a cubit" 166msgstr "" 167 168#. type: Content of: <p> 169#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57 170msgid "" 171"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous " 172"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact " 173"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic " 174"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at " 175"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one." 176msgstr "" 177 178#. type: Content of: <h2> 179#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59 180msgid "The Sky Culture" 181msgstr "" 182 183#. type: Content of: <p> 184#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60 185msgid "" 186"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of " 187"the book, oldest of which is the <a " 188"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\"" 189" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh " 190"144 dated 1009 AD</a>." 191msgstr "" 192 193#. type: Content of: <p> 194#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61 195msgid "" 196"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, " 197"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations" 198" was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built " 199"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and " 200"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and " 201"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous " 202"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars" 203" plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a " 204"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 205msgstr "" 206 207#. type: Content of: <p> 208#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62 209msgid "" 210"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the " 211"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for " 212"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>." 213" The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the " 214"primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a " 215"secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the" 216" star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this " 217"constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, " 218"which will display \"The star on the end of the tail\" on the top of the " 219"screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the " 220"constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. " 221"For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the " 222"star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined " 223"through asterism names and asterism lines files." 224msgstr "" 225 226#. type: Content of: <p> 227#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63 228msgid "" 229"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted " 230"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which " 231"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a " 232"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few " 233"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording." 234msgstr "" 235 236#. type: Content of: <p> 237#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64 238msgid "" 239"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the " 240"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content." 241msgstr "" 242 243#. type: Content of: <h2> 244#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66 245#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522 246#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464 247#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496 248#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299 249#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288 250msgid "Fair Use" 251msgstr "" 252 253#. type: Content of: <p> 254#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67 255msgid "" 256"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International " 257"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the " 258"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work " 259"be cited according to the common rules." 260msgstr "" 261 262#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 263#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69 264#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45 265#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32 266#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61 267#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475 268#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23 269#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48 270#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17 271#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302 272#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291 273#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12 274#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10 275#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17 276#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9 277#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63 278#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11 279#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85 280#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23 281msgid "Author" 282msgstr "Autoria" 283 284#. type: Content of: <p> 285#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70 286msgid "" 287"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: " 288"turath.alfalak@gmail.com" 289msgstr "" 290 291#. type: Content of: <h3> 292#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72 293#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151 294#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77 295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960 296#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57 297msgid "Notes" 298msgstr "" 299 300#. type: Content of: <p> 301#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73 302msgid "" 303"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-" 304"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: " 305"Variorum Reprints, 1989." 306msgstr "" 307 308#. type: Content of: <p> 309#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74 310msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga." 311msgstr "" 312 313#. type: Content of: <p> 314#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75 315msgid "" 316"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par " 317"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27." 318msgstr "" 319 320#. type: Content of: <p> 321#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76 322msgid "" 323"[4] <a " 324"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\"" 325" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical " 326"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>." 327msgstr "" 328 329#. type: Content of: <p> 330#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77 331msgid "" 332"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" " 333"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān " 334"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque " 335"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>." 336msgstr "" 337 338#. type: Content of: <p> 339#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78 340msgid "" 341"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 342"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 343"of the Almagest Catalog</a>." 344msgstr "" 345 346#. type: Content of: <p> 347#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79 348msgid "" 349"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., " 350"1998." 351msgstr "" 352 353#. type: Content of: <h2> 354#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1 355msgid "Anutan" 356msgstr "" 357 358#. type: Content of: <p> 359#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2 360msgid "" 361"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon " 362"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the " 363"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars " 364"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed " 365"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) " 366"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major " 367"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or " 368"undistinguished)." 369msgstr "" 370 371#. type: Content of: <h3> 372#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9 373#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43 374msgid "Nomenclature" 375msgstr "" 376 377#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 378#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 379msgid "Anutan name" 380msgstr "" 381 382#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 383#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 384msgid "English translation" 385msgstr "" 386 387#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 388#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 389msgid "Western skylore" 390msgstr "" 391 392#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 393#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 394msgid "Te Tino A Manu" 395msgstr "" 396 397#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 398#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 399msgid "The Bird's Body" 400msgstr "" 401 402#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 403#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 404#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191 405#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36 406#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61 407msgid "Sirius" 408msgstr "" 409 410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 411#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 412msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga" 413msgstr "" 414 415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 416#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 417msgid "The East Wing" 418msgstr "" 419 420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 421#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 422#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428 423#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372 424#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186 425#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60 426msgid "Canopus" 427msgstr "" 428 429#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 430#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 431msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau" 432msgstr "" 433 434#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 435#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 436msgid "The North Wing" 437msgstr "" 438 439#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 440#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 441msgid "Procyon" 442msgstr "" 443 444#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 445#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 446msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu" 447msgstr "" 448 449#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 450#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 451msgid "The Bird's Armpit" 452msgstr "" 453 454#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 455#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 456msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body" 457msgstr "" 458 459#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 460#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 461msgid "Te Kope" 462msgstr "" 463 464#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 465#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 466msgid "The Bamboo" 467msgstr "" 468 469#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 470#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 471msgid "Grus" 472msgstr "" 473 474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 475#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 476msgid "Ara Toru" 477msgstr "" 478 479#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 480#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 481msgid "Path of Three" 482msgstr "" 483 484#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 485#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 486#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66 487msgid "Orion's belt" 488msgstr "" 489 490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 491#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 492msgid "Te Angaanga" 493msgstr "" 494 495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 496#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 497msgid "The Tongs" 498msgstr "" 499 500#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 501#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 502msgid "Taurus's forehead" 503msgstr "" 504 505#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 506#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 507msgid "Matariki" 508msgstr "" 509 510#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 511#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 512msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes" 513msgstr "" 514 515#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 516#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 517#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306 518#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251 519#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96 520#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129 521#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41 522#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13 523#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66 524msgid "Pleiades" 525msgstr "" 526 527#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 528#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 529msgid "Kaavei" 530msgstr "" 531 532#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 533#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 534msgid "Octopus Tentacle" 535msgstr "" 536 537#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 538#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 539msgid "Aries" 540msgstr "" 541 542#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 543#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 544msgid "Taki Roto" 545msgstr "" 546 547#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 548#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 549msgid "Middle Precursor" 550msgstr "" 551 552#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 553#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 554msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)" 555msgstr "" 556 557#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 558#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 559msgid "Taki Mua" 560msgstr "" 561 562#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 563#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 564msgid "Forward Precursor" 565msgstr "" 566 567#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 568#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 569msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder" 570msgstr "" 571 572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 573#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 574msgid "Toki" 575msgstr "" 576 577#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 578#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 579msgid "Adze" 580msgstr "" 581 582#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 583#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 584#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131 585msgid "Delphinus" 586msgstr "" 587 588#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 589#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 590msgid "Te Aamonga" 591msgstr "" 592 593#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 594#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 595msgid "The Carrying Stick" 596msgstr "" 597 598#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 599#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 600msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line" 601msgstr "" 602 603#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 604#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 605msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu" 606msgstr "" 607 608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 609#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 610msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish" 611msgstr "" 612 613#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 614#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 615msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius" 616msgstr "" 617 618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 619#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 620msgid "Te Rua Tangata" 621msgstr "" 622 623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 624#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 625msgid "Double Man" 626msgstr "" 627 628#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 629#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 630#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21 631msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri" 632msgstr "" 633 634#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 635#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 636#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 637msgid "Te Rakau Tapu" 638msgstr "" 639 640#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 641#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 642#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 643msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber" 644msgstr "" 645 646#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 647#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 648#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 649#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68 650msgid "Southern Cross" 651msgstr "" 652 653#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 654#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 655msgid "Taro" 656msgstr "" 657 658#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 659#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 660msgid "Taro plant" 661msgstr "" 662 663#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 664#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 665msgid "" 666"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau " 667"(its leaves)" 668msgstr "" 669 670#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 671#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 672msgid "Te Tukaniva" 673msgstr "" 674 675#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 676#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 677#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41 678#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82 679msgid "—" 680msgstr "" 681 682#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 683#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 684msgid "Milky way" 685msgstr "Via Làctia" 686 687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 688#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 689msgid "Te Aro Rere" 690msgstr "" 691 692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 693#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 694msgid "The Running Cloud" 695msgstr "El núvol que corre" 696 697#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 698#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 699msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud" 700msgstr "Gran Núvol de Magallanes" 701 702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 703#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 704msgid "Te Ao Toka" 705msgstr "" 706 707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 708#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 709msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)" 710msgstr "" 711 712#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 713#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 714msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud" 715msgstr "Petit Núvol de Magallanes" 716 717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 718#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 719msgid "Te Petuu Ao" 720msgstr "" 721 722#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 723#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 724msgid "The Morning Star" 725msgstr "" 726 727#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 728#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 729#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 730#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 731#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 732#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 733#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377 734#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36 735#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26 736#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58 737msgid "Venus" 738msgstr "" 739 740#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 741#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 742msgid "Tiuriuri" 743msgstr "" 744 745#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 746#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 747msgid "The Morning Star(?)" 748msgstr "" 749 750#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 751#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 752msgid "Venus(?)" 753msgstr "" 754 755#. type: Content of: <h3> 756#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37 757#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486 758#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293 759#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275 760#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35 761#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381 762#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30 763msgid "References" 764msgstr "Referències" 765 766#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 767#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39 768msgid "" 769"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean " 770"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, " 771"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4." 772msgstr "" 773 774#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 775#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41 776msgid "" 777"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa," 778" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University " 779"of California : ISBN 9780959378771." 780msgstr "" 781 782#. type: Content of: <p> 783#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46 784msgid "" 785"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 786"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 787msgstr "" 788 789#. type: Content of: <h1> 790#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1 791msgid "Arabian Peninsula" 792msgstr "" 793 794#. type: Content of: <h4> 795#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2 796#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2 797#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2 798#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3 799msgid "Introduction" 800msgstr "" 801 802#. type: Content of: <p> 803#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3 804msgid "" 805"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian " 806"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs." 807msgstr "" 808 809#. type: Content of: <h2> 810#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4 811#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4 812#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4 813msgid "Description" 814msgstr "" 815 816#. type: Content of: <p> 817#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6 818msgid "" 819"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia," 820" bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and " 821"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is " 822"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by " 823"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a " 824"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a " 825"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and " 826"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, " 827"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq." 828msgstr "" 829 830#. type: Content of: <p> 831#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9 832msgid "" 833"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars " 834"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and " 835"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs" 836" and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented " 837"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these " 838"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the " 839"people of this region." 840msgstr "" 841 842#. type: Content of: <p> 843#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10 844msgid "" 845"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the " 846"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of" 847" al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13" 848" days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This " 849"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle." 850" Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon " 851"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper." 852msgstr "" 853 854#. type: Content of: <p> 855#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11 856msgid "" 857"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of " 858"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and " 859"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up " 860"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain " 861"but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a " 862"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by " 863"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar " 864"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a " 865"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 866msgstr "" 867 868#. type: Content of: <h4> 869#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13 870msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms" 871msgstr "" 872 873#. type: Content of: <p> 874#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14 875msgid "" 876"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral " 877"traditions and the following books:" 878msgstr "" 879 880#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 881#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16 882msgid "" 883"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The folk " 884"proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010." 885msgstr "" 886 887#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 888#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18 889msgid "" 890"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-" 891"dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 " 892"volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009." 893msgstr "" 894 895#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 896#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20 897msgid "" 898"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins poetry " 899"by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif " 900"library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia." 901msgstr "" 902 903#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 904#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22 905msgid "" 906"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of poetry " 907"by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 " 908"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." 909msgstr "" 910 911#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 912#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24 913msgid "" 914"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat " 915"Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, " 916"2007." 917msgstr "" 918 919#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 920#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26 921msgid "" 922"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of folk " 923"poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999." 924msgstr "" 925 926#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 927#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28 928msgid "" 929"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The Poets of the" 930" mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 931msgstr "" 932 933#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 934#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30 935msgid "" 936"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation " 937"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 938msgstr "" 939 940#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 941#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32 942msgid "" 943"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation of al-" 944"Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018." 945msgstr "" 946 947#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 948#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35 949#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24 950#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69 951#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8 952#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5 953#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4 954#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15 955#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4 956#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4 957#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4 958msgid "Constellations" 959msgstr "Constelacions" 960 961#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 962#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 963msgid "ID" 964msgstr "" 965 966#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 967#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 968msgid "<b>Arabic</b>" 969msgstr "" 970 971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 972#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 973msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>" 974msgstr "" 975 976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 977#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 978msgid "<b>Translation</b>" 979msgstr "" 980 981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 982#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 983msgid "<b>Comment</b>" 984msgstr "" 985 986#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 987#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 988msgid "<b>References</b>" 989msgstr "" 990 991#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 992#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39 993msgid "<b>Constellations</b>" 994msgstr "" 995 996#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 997#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 998msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain" 999msgstr "" 1000 1001#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1002#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1003msgid "The Two Guards" 1004msgstr "" 1005 1006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1007#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1008msgid "" 1009"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards" 1010" comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven" 1011" sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big " 1012"Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father " 1013"until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name" 1014" is The Two Guards." 1015msgstr "" 1016 1017#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1018#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1019msgid "al-Diḫīlain" 1020msgstr "" 1021 1022#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1023#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1024msgid "The Two Refugees" 1025msgstr "" 1026 1027#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1028#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1029msgid "" 1030"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes " 1031"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the " 1032"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection." 1033msgstr "" 1034 1035#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1036#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1037msgid "Āl Aba Bzay" 1038msgstr "" 1039 1040#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1041#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1042msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay" 1043msgstr "" 1044 1045#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1046#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1047msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi" 1048msgstr "" 1049 1050#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1051#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1052#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1053msgid "al-Naʿāyem" 1054msgstr "" 1055 1056#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1057#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1058msgid "Al-Nayem" 1059msgstr "" 1060 1061#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1062#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1063msgid "" 1064"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the " 1065"seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1066msgstr "" 1067 1068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1069#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1070msgid "al-Sibbaʿ" 1071msgstr "" 1072 1073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1074#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1075msgid "The Seven" 1076msgstr "" 1077 1078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1079#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1080msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1081msgstr "" 1082 1083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1084#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1085msgid "Banāt Naʿš" 1086msgstr "" 1087 1088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1089#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1090msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh" 1091msgstr "" 1092 1093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1094#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1095msgid "" 1096"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their " 1097"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)." 1098msgstr "" 1099 1100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1101#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1102msgid "al-Šdād" 1103msgstr "" 1104 1105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1106#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1107msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel" 1108msgstr "" 1109 1110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1111#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1112msgid "" 1113"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas " 1114"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia." 1115msgstr "" 1116 1117#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1118#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1119msgid "al-Miġzal" 1120msgstr "" 1121 1122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1123#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1124msgid "The Wool Spindle" 1125msgstr "" 1126 1127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1128#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1129msgid "" 1130"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ " 1131"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of " 1132"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia." 1133msgstr "" 1134 1135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1136#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1137msgid "al-Muqaddam" 1138msgstr "" 1139 1140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1141#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1142msgid "The Front" 1143msgstr "" 1144 1145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1146#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1147msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)" 1148msgstr "" 1149 1150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1151#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1152msgid "al-Muḫḫar" 1153msgstr "" 1154 1155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1156#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1157msgid "The Rear" 1158msgstr "" 1159 1160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1161#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1162msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)" 1163msgstr "" 1164 1165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1166#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1167msgid "al-Rša" 1168msgstr "" 1169 1170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1171#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1172msgid "The Bucket Rope" 1173msgstr "" 1174 1175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1176#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1177msgid "" 1178"The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)" 1179msgstr "" 1180 1181#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1182#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1183msgid "al-Šarṭain" 1184msgstr "" 1185 1186#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1187#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1188msgid "The Two Signs" 1189msgstr "" 1190 1191#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1192#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1193msgid "" 1194"The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)" 1195msgstr "" 1196 1197#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1198#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1199msgid "al-Bṭain" 1200msgstr "" 1201 1202#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1203#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1204msgid "The Little Abdomen" 1205msgstr "" 1206 1207#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1208#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1209msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)." 1210msgstr "" 1211 1212#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1213#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1214msgid "al-Thrayyā" 1215msgstr "" 1216 1217#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1218#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1219msgid "Al-Thurayya" 1220msgstr "" 1221 1222#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1223#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1224msgid "" 1225"al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)." 1226msgstr "" 1227 1228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1229#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1230msgid "al-Dhraʿ" 1231msgstr "" 1232 1233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1234#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1235msgid "The Arm" 1236msgstr "" 1237 1238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1239#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1240msgid "" 1241"The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)." 1242msgstr "" 1243 1244#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1245#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1246msgid "al-Klaibain" 1247msgstr "" 1248 1249#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1250#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1251msgid "The Two Little Dogs" 1252msgstr "" 1253 1254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1255#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1256msgid "" 1257"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used" 1258" for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common " 1259"in central Arabia." 1260msgstr "" 1261 1262#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1263#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1264msgid "al-Nathrah" 1265msgstr "" 1266 1267#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1268#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1269msgid "The Nostrils" 1270msgstr "" 1271 1272#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1273#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1274msgid "" 1275"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th " 1276"mansion of the Moon)." 1277msgstr "" 1278 1279#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1280#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1281msgid "al-Ṭarf" 1282msgstr "" 1283 1284#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1285#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1286msgid "The Eyes" 1287msgstr "" 1288 1289#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1290#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1291msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)." 1292msgstr "" 1293 1294#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1295#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1296msgid "al-Ǧabhah" 1297msgstr "" 1298 1299#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1300#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1301msgid "The Forehead" 1302msgstr "" 1303 1304#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1305#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1306msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)." 1307msgstr "" 1308 1309#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1310#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1311msgid "al-Zubrah" 1312msgstr "" 1313 1314#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1315#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1316msgid "The Mane" 1317msgstr "" 1318 1319#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1320#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1321msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)." 1322msgstr "" 1323 1324#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1325#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1326msgid "al-ʿAwwā" 1327msgstr "" 1328 1329#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1330#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1331msgid "The Bend" 1332msgstr "" 1333 1334#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1335#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1336msgid "" 1337"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs " 1338"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)." 1339msgstr "" 1340 1341#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1342#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1343msgid "al-Ġafr" 1344msgstr "" 1345 1346#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1347#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1348msgid "The Cover" 1349msgstr "" 1350 1351#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1352#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1353msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)" 1354msgstr "" 1355 1356#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1357#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1358msgid "al-Zubānā" 1359msgstr "" 1360 1361#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1362#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1363msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion" 1364msgstr "" 1365 1366#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1367#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1368msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)." 1369msgstr "" 1370 1371#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1372#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1373msgid "al-Iklīl" 1374msgstr "" 1375 1376#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1377#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1378msgid "The Diadem" 1379msgstr "" 1380 1381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1382#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1383msgid "" 1384"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the " 1385"Moon)." 1386msgstr "" 1387 1388#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1389#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1390#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 1391msgid "al-Šawlah" 1392msgstr "" 1393 1394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1395#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1396#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 1397msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion" 1398msgstr "" 1399 1400#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1401#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1402msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)." 1403msgstr "" 1404 1405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1406#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1407msgid "aal-ʿAqrab" 1408msgstr "" 1409 1410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1411#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1412msgid "The Scorpion" 1413msgstr "" 1414 1415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1416#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1417msgid "The scorpion image" 1418msgstr "" 1419 1420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1421#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1422msgid "al-Baldah" 1423msgstr "" 1424 1425#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1426#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1427msgid "The Empty Place" 1428msgstr "" 1429 1430#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1431#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1432msgid "" 1433"An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)." 1434msgstr "" 1435 1436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1437#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1438msgid "The Ostriches" 1439msgstr "" 1440 1441#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1442#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1443msgid "" 1444"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the " 1445"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches " 1446"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is " 1447"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion " 1448"of the Moon)." 1449msgstr "" 1450 1451#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1452#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1453msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ" 1454msgstr "" 1455 1456#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1457#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1458msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer" 1459msgstr "" 1460 1461#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1462#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1463msgid "" 1464"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion " 1465"of the Moon)." 1466msgstr "" 1467 1468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1469#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1470msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ" 1471msgstr "" 1472 1473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1474#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1475msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower" 1476msgstr "" 1477 1478#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1479#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1480msgid "" 1481"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of " 1482"the Moon)." 1483msgstr "" 1484 1485#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1486#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1487msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd" 1488msgstr "" 1489 1490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1491#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1492msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars" 1493msgstr "" 1494 1495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1496#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1497msgid "" 1498"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring " 1499"(22nd mansion of the Moon)." 1500msgstr "" 1501 1502#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1503#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1504msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah" 1505msgstr "" 1506 1507#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1508#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1509msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents" 1510msgstr "" 1511 1512#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1513#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1514msgid "" 1515"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is " 1516"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)." 1517msgstr "" 1518 1519#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1520#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1521#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 1522msgid "al-Haqʿah" 1523msgstr "" 1524 1525#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1526#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1527#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 1528msgid "The Circular Mark" 1529msgstr "" 1530 1531#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1532#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1533msgid "" 1534"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) " 1535"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)." 1536msgstr "" 1537 1538#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1539#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1540msgid "al-Hanʿah" 1541msgstr "" 1542 1543#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1544#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1545msgid "Stoopness" 1546msgstr "" 1547 1548#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1549#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1550msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)" 1551msgstr "" 1552 1553#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1554#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1555msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā" 1556msgstr "" 1557 1558#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1559#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1560msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza" 1561msgstr "" 1562 1563#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1564#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1565msgid "" 1566"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of" 1567" Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the " 1568"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The " 1569"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 1570msgstr "" 1571 1572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1573#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1574msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā" 1575msgstr "" 1576 1577#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1578#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1579#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1580msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza" 1581msgstr "" 1582 1583#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1584#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1585#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1586msgid "" 1587"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem" 1588" region of Saudi Arabia." 1589msgstr "" 1590 1591#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1592#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1593msgid "al-Zibban" 1594msgstr "" 1595 1596#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1597#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1598msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā" 1599msgstr "" 1600 1601#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1602#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1603msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya" 1604msgstr "" 1605 1606#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1607#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1608msgid "" 1609"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is " 1610"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this " 1611"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern " 1612"Saudi Arabia." 1613msgstr "" 1614 1615#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1616#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1617msgid "al-Ǧawā" 1618msgstr "" 1619 1620#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1621#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1622msgid "Al-Jawza" 1623msgstr "" 1624 1625#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1626#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1627msgid "" 1628"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape " 1629"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral " 1630"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt." 1631msgstr "" 1632 1633#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1634#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79 1635msgid "<b>Planets</b>" 1636msgstr "" 1637 1638#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1639#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1640msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ" 1641msgstr "" 1642 1643#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1644#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1645msgid "Morning Star" 1646msgstr "" 1647 1648#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1649#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1650msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun." 1651msgstr "" 1652 1653#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1654#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1655msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā" 1656msgstr "" 1657 1658#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1659#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1660msgid "Evening Star" 1661msgstr "" 1662 1663#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1664#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1665msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun." 1666msgstr "" 1667 1668#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1669#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1670msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah" 1671msgstr "" 1672 1673#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1674#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1675msgid "The Sip, The Sipper" 1676msgstr "" 1677 1678#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1679#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1680msgid "" 1681"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The " 1682"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children " 1683"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it." 1684msgstr "" 1685 1686#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1687#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1688msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān" 1689msgstr "" 1690 1691#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1692#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1693msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan" 1694msgstr "" 1695 1696#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1697#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1698msgid "" 1699"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in " 1700"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for " 1701"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is " 1702"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises " 1703"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening " 1704"when Venus sets." 1705msgstr "" 1706 1707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1708#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84 1709msgid "<b>Stars</b>" 1710msgstr "" 1711 1712#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1713#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1714msgid "al-Ǧady" 1715msgstr "" 1716 1717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1718#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1719msgid "The Kid" 1720msgstr "" 1721 1722#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1723#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1724msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name." 1725msgstr "" 1726 1727#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1728#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1729msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1" 1730msgstr "" 1731 1732#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1733#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1734msgid "The Two Guards 1" 1735msgstr "" 1736 1737#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1738#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1739#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1740#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1741#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1742#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1743#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1744msgid "See CON100" 1745msgstr "" 1746 1747#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1748#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1749msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2" 1750msgstr "" 1751 1752#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1753#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1754msgid "The Two Guards 2" 1755msgstr "" 1756 1757#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1758#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1759msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1" 1760msgstr "" 1761 1762#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1763#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1764msgid "The Two Refugees 1" 1765msgstr "" 1766 1767#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1768#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1769msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2" 1770msgstr "" 1771 1772#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1773#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1774msgid "The Two Refugees 2" 1775msgstr "" 1776 1777#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1778#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1779msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1" 1780msgstr "" 1781 1782#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1783#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1784msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1" 1785msgstr "" 1786 1787#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1788#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1789msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2" 1790msgstr "" 1791 1792#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1793#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1794msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2" 1795msgstr "" 1796 1797#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1798#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1799msgid "al-Ḫilj 1" 1800msgstr "" 1801 1802#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1803#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1804msgid "Al-Khilj 1" 1805msgstr "" 1806 1807#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1808#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1809#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1810#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1811#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1812msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise" 1813msgstr "" 1814 1815#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1816#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1817msgid "al-Ḫilj 2" 1818msgstr "" 1819 1820#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1821#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1822msgid "Al-Khilj 2" 1823msgstr "" 1824 1825#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1826#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1827msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1" 1828msgstr "" 1829 1830#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1831#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1832msgid "The first Khilj 1" 1833msgstr "" 1834 1835#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1836#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1837msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2" 1838msgstr "" 1839 1840#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1841#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1842msgid "The first Khilj 2" 1843msgstr "" 1844 1845#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1846#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1847msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1" 1848msgstr "" 1849 1850#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1851#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1852msgid "The Latter Khilj 1" 1853msgstr "" 1854 1855#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1856#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1857#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1858#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1859#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1860msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise" 1861msgstr "" 1862 1863#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1864#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1865msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2" 1866msgstr "" 1867 1868#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1869#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1870msgid "The Latter Khilj 2" 1871msgstr "" 1872 1873#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1874#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1875msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1" 1876msgstr "" 1877 1878#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1879#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1880msgid "The fourth ones 1" 1881msgstr "" 1882 1883#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1884#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1885msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2" 1886msgstr "" 1887 1888#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1889#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1890msgid "The fourth ones 2" 1891msgstr "" 1892 1893#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1894#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1895msgid "al-Ḫamis" 1896msgstr "" 1897 1898#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1899#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1900msgid "The Fifth" 1901msgstr "" 1902 1903#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1904#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1905msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1906msgstr "" 1907 1908#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1909#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1910msgid "al-Satt" 1911msgstr "" 1912 1913#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1914#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1915msgid "The Sixth" 1916msgstr "" 1917 1918#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1919#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1920msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1921msgstr "" 1922 1923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1924#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1925msgid "al-Swaibiʿ" 1926msgstr "" 1927 1928#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1929#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1930msgid "The Seventh" 1931msgstr "" 1932 1933#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1934#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1935msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1936msgstr "" 1937 1938#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1939#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1940msgid "al-Reqīb" 1941msgstr "" 1942 1943#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1944#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1945msgid "The Watcher" 1946msgstr "" 1947 1948#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1949#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1950msgid "" 1951"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region." 1952msgstr "" 1953 1954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1955#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1956msgid "al-Iḥaimir" 1957msgstr "" 1958 1959#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1960#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1961msgid "The Reddish One" 1962msgstr "" 1963 1964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1965#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1966msgid "" 1967"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers " 1968"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula." 1969msgstr "" 1970 1971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1972#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 1973msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf" 1974msgstr "" 1975 1976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1977#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 1978msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle" 1979msgstr "" 1980 1981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1982#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 1983msgid "" 1984"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms " 1985"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region." 1986msgstr "" 1987 1988#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1989#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 1990msgid "al-Mbarī" 1991msgstr "" 1992 1993#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1994#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 1995msgid "The Parallel One" 1996msgstr "" 1997 1998#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1999#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2000msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)" 2001msgstr "" 2002 2003#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2004#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2005msgid "al-Ǧinīb" 2006msgstr "" 2007 2008#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2009#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2010msgid "The Sided One" 2011msgstr "" 2012 2013#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2014#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2015msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)" 2016msgstr "" 2017 2018#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2019#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2020msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ" 2021msgstr "" 2022 2023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2024#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2025msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle" 2026msgstr "" 2027 2028#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2029#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2030msgid "" 2031"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms " 2032"the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region." 2033msgstr "" 2034 2035#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2036#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2037msgid "aal-Kanūn" 2038msgstr "" 2039 2040#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2041#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2042msgid "Al-Kanoon" 2043msgstr "" 2044 2045#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2046#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2047msgid "" 2048"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī." 2049msgstr "" 2050 2051#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2052#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2053msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2" 2054msgstr "" 2055 2056#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2057#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2058msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2" 2059msgstr "" 2060 2061#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2062#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2063#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2064msgid "See CON2504" 2065msgstr "" 2066 2067#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2068#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2069msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1" 2070msgstr "" 2071 2072#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2073#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2074msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1" 2075msgstr "" 2076 2077#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2078#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2079msgid "al-Mqaddam 2" 2080msgstr "" 2081 2082#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2083#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2084msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2" 2085msgstr "" 2086 2087#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2088#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2089#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2090msgid "See CON2502" 2091msgstr "" 2092 2093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2094#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2095msgid "al-Mqaddam 1" 2096msgstr "" 2097 2098#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2099#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2100msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1" 2101msgstr "" 2102 2103#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2104#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2105msgid "al-Twaibiʿ" 2106msgstr "" 2107 2108#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2109#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2110msgid "The Follower" 2111msgstr "" 2112 2113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2114#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2115#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2116msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)" 2117msgstr "" 2118 2119#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2120#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2121msgid "al-Twailī" 2122msgstr "" 2123 2124#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2125#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2126msgid "The Latter" 2127msgstr "" 2128 2129#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2130#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2131msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ" 2132msgstr "" 2133 2134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2135#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2136msgid "Al-Mjaidih" 2137msgstr "" 2138 2139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2140#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2141msgid "" 2142"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef " 2143"region, western Saudi Arabia." 2144msgstr "" 2145 2146#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2147#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2148msgid "al-Aẓfār 1" 2149msgstr "" 2150 2151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2152#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2153msgid "The Claws 1" 2154msgstr "" 2155 2156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2157#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2158#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2159#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2160#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2161#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2162#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2163msgid "" 2164"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of " 2165"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia." 2166msgstr "" 2167 2168#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2169#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2170msgid "al-Aẓfār 2" 2171msgstr "" 2172 2173#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2174#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2175msgid "The Claws 2" 2176msgstr "" 2177 2178#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2179#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2180msgid "al-Aẓfār 3" 2181msgstr "" 2182 2183#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2184#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2185msgid "The Claws 3" 2186msgstr "" 2187 2188#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2189#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2190msgid "al-Aẓfār 4" 2191msgstr "" 2192 2193#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2194#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2195msgid "The Claws 4" 2196msgstr "" 2197 2198#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2199#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2200msgid "al-Aẓfār 5" 2201msgstr "" 2202 2203#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2204#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2205msgid "The Claws 5" 2206msgstr "" 2207 2208#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2209#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2210msgid "al-Aẓfār 6" 2211msgstr "" 2212 2213#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2214#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2215msgid "The Claws 6" 2216msgstr "" 2217 2218#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2219#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2220msgid "al-Ṣarfah" 2221msgstr "" 2222 2223#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2224#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2225msgid "Star Of Weather Change" 2226msgstr "" 2227 2228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2229#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2230msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)" 2231msgstr "" 2232 2233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2234#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2235msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal" 2236msgstr "" 2237 2238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2239#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2240msgid "The High Unarmed One" 2241msgstr "" 2242 2243#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2244#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2245msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)" 2246msgstr "" 2247 2248#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2249#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2250msgid "al-Qalb" 2251msgstr "" 2252 2253#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2254#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2255msgid "The Heart" 2256msgstr "" 2257 2258#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2259#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2260msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)" 2261msgstr "" 2262 2263#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2264#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 2265msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)" 2266msgstr "" 2267 2268#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2269#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 2270msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)" 2271msgstr "" 2272 2273#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2274#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2275msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī" 2276msgstr "" 2277 2278#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2279#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2280msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza" 2281msgstr "" 2282 2283#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2284#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2285msgid "" 2286"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2287" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2288"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2289msgstr "" 2290 2291#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2292#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2293msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī" 2294msgstr "" 2295 2296#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2297#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2298msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza" 2299msgstr "" 2300 2301#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2302#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2303msgid "" 2304"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" " 2305"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd " 2306"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical " 2307"edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, " 2308"2012, pg. 292.\"." 2309msgstr "" 2310 2311#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2312#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2313msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza" 2314msgstr "" 2315 2316#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2317#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2318msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza" 2319msgstr "" 2320 2321#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2322#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2323msgid "" 2324"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2325" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2326"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2327msgstr "" 2328 2329#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2330#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2331msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī" 2332msgstr "" 2333 2334#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2335#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2336msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza" 2337msgstr "" 2338 2339#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2340#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2341msgid "" 2342"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2343" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2344"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2345msgstr "" 2346 2347#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2348#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2349msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī" 2350msgstr "" 2351 2352#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2353#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2354msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza" 2355msgstr "" 2356 2357#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2358#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2359msgid "" 2360"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern " 2361"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1" 2362msgstr "" 2363 2364#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2365#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2366msgid "al-Mirzam" 2367msgstr "" 2368 2369#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2370#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2371msgid "Al-Mirzam" 2372msgstr "" 2373 2374#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2375#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2376msgid "" 2377"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar " 2378"mansion." 2379msgstr "" 2380 2381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2382#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2383msgid "al-Šiʿla" 2384msgstr "" 2385 2386#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2387#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2388msgid "Al-Shi'la" 2389msgstr "" 2390 2391#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2392#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2393msgid "" 2394"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian " 2395"Peninsula." 2396msgstr "" 2397 2398#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2399#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2400msgid "Shail" 2401msgstr "" 2402 2403#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2404#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2405msgid "Suhayl" 2406msgstr "" 2407 2408#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2409#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2410msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin." 2411msgstr "" 2412 2413#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2414#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2415msgid "Miḥlif" 2416msgstr "" 2417 2418#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2419#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2420msgid "The Oath Star" 2421msgstr "" 2422 2423#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2424#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2425msgid "" 2426"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with " 2427"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that" 2428" it is or is not Suhayl." 2429msgstr "" 2430 2431#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2432#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2433msgid "Aba al-sihil" 2434msgstr "" 2435 2436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2437#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2438msgid "Aba Alsihil" 2439msgstr "" 2440 2441#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2442#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2443#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2444#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2445msgid "Another name of α Eri." 2446msgstr "" 2447 2448#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2449#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2450msgid "al-Mishil" 2451msgstr "" 2452 2453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2454#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2455msgid "Al-Miss.hil" 2456msgstr "" 2457 2458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2459#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2460msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)" 2461msgstr "" 2462 2463#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2464#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2465msgid "As-S.hali" 2466msgstr "" 2467 2468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2469#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2470msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1" 2471msgstr "" 2472 2473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2474#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2475msgid "al-Naayem 1" 2476msgstr "" 2477 2478#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2479#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2480#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2481msgid "" 2482"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the " 2483"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and " 2484"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper " 2485"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the " 2486"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion." 2487msgstr "" 2488 2489#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2490#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2491msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2" 2492msgstr "" 2493 2494#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2495#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2496msgid "al-Naayem 2" 2497msgstr "" 2498 2499#. type: Content of: <h3> 2500#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145 2501#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71 2502#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539 2503#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42 2504#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220 2505#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980 2506#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57 2507#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505 2508#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31 2509#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377 2510#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73 2511#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259 2512#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57 2513#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48 2514#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59 2515#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78 2516msgid "Authors" 2517msgstr "Autors" 2518 2519#. type: Content of: <p> 2520#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147 2521msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com." 2522msgstr "" 2523 2524#. type: Content of: <h2> 2525#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149 2526#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34 2527#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74 2528msgid "License" 2529msgstr "" 2530 2531#. type: Content of: <p> 2532#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150 2533#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75 2534msgid "" 2535"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)." 2536msgstr "" 2537 2538#. type: Content of: <p> 2539#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152 2540msgid "" 2541"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich " 2542"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47." 2543msgstr "" 2544 2545#. type: Content of: <p><p> 2546#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153 2547msgid "" 2548"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de " 2549"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1." 2550msgstr "" 2551 2552#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 2553#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154 2554msgid "" 2555"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation " 2556"of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018." 2557msgstr "" 2558 2559#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 2560#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155 2561msgid "" 2562"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, " 2563"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 2564msgstr "" 2565 2566#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 2567#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156 2568msgid "" 2569"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ " 2570"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition " 2571"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. " 2572"292." 2573msgstr "" 2574 2575#. type: Content of: <h1> 2576#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1 2577msgid "Arabic" 2578msgstr "" 2579 2580#. type: Content of: <p> 2581#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3 2582msgid "" 2583"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient" 2584" Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy " 2585"influence in the ninth century." 2586msgstr "" 2587 2588#. type: Content of: <p> 2589#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5 2590msgid "" 2591"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in " 2592"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of " 2593"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star " 2594"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. " 2595"The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th century) listed " 2596"twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and " 2597"tenth century<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely" 2598" preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many " 2599"of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the " 2600"indigenous Arab star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ " 2601"964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the " 2602"indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek " 2603"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>." 2604msgstr "" 2605 2606#. type: Content of: <h4> 2607#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6 2608msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture" 2609msgstr "" 2610 2611#. type: Content of: <p> 2612#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7 2613msgid "" 2614"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge " 2615"of ancient Arabs from the following books:" 2616msgstr "" 2617 2618#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2619#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9 2620msgid "" 2621"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), " 2622"Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, " 2623"Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)" 2624msgstr "" 2625 2626#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2627#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11 2628msgid "" 2629"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah " 2630"wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in " 2631"2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)." 2632msgstr "" 2633 2634#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2635#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13 2636msgid "" 2637"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-" 2638"azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996," 2639" Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)." 2640msgstr "" 2641 2642#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2643#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15 2644msgid "" 2645"<a " 2646"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book" 2647" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by " 2648"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>" 2649msgstr "" 2650 2651#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2652#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17 2653msgid "" 2654"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-" 2655"ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic " 2656"print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)." 2657msgstr "" 2658 2659#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2660#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19 2661msgid "" 2662"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, " 2663"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923." 2664msgstr "" 2665 2666#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2667#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21 2668msgid "" 2669"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-" 2670"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925." 2671msgstr "" 2672 2673#. type: Content of: <p> 2674#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25 2675msgid "" 2676"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the " 2677"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars. Single stars were named " 2678"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, " 2679"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a " 2680"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat). If" 2681" two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given " 2682"a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves. " 2683"Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are " 2684"adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and" 2685" their youngsters, The horses and the foals. Particular shapes of stars " 2686"were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper " 2687"name of a woman for Orion stars. Other asterisms are given names according " 2688"to legends and stories." 2689msgstr "" 2690 2691#. type: Content of: <p> 2692#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33 2693msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com" 2694msgstr "" 2695 2696#. type: Content of: <p> 2697#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35 2698msgid "" 2699"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)." 2700" The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules." 2701msgstr "" 2702 2703#. type: Content of: <p> 2704#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36 2705msgid "" 2706"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’a" 2707" (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic print of the original book in 1956" 2708" in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد." 2709msgstr "" 2710 2711#. type: Content of: <p> 2712#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37 2713msgid "" 2714"[2]: <a " 2715"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book" 2716" of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital " 2717"edition</a>" 2718msgstr "" 2719 2720#. type: Content of: <h1> 2721#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1 2722msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations" 2723msgstr "" 2724 2725#. type: Content of: <p> 2726#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3 2727msgid "" 2728"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient " 2729"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip " 2730"around the sky." 2731msgstr "" 2732 2733#. type: Content of: <h4> 2734#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5 2735msgid "Historical Overview" 2736msgstr "Resum històric" 2737 2738#. type: Content of: <p> 2739#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6 2740msgid "" 2741"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or" 2742" stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots " 2743"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its " 2744"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar " 2745"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority " 2746"of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. " 2747"However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, " 2748"prior to the 7th century of the common era." 2749msgstr "" 2750 2751#. type: Content of: <p> 2752#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9 2753msgid "" 2754"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to " 2755"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days " 2756"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are " 2757"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is " 2758"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning " 2759"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning" 2760" of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, " 2761"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting" 2762" and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a " 2763"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict " 2764"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The " 2765"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a " 2766"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a " 2767"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>." 2768msgstr "" 2769 2770#. type: Content of: <p> 2771#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11 2772msgid "" 2773"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of " 2774"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological " 2775"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of " 2776"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 " 2777"- d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was " 2778"printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 2779msgstr "" 2780 2781#. type: Content of: <p> 2782#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14 2783msgid "" 2784"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of " 2785"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of " 2786"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been " 2787"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 " 2788"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions" 2789" was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his " 2790"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to Muḥammad " 2791"al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a " 2792"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by " 2793"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for farmers</em>" 2794" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>." 2795msgstr "" 2796 2797#. type: Content of: <h4> 2798#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16 2799msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations" 2800msgstr "" 2801 2802#. type: Content of: <p> 2803#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18 2804msgid "" 2805"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are " 2806"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes " 2807"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an " 2808"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days" 2809" period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em>" 2810" (Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:" 2811msgstr "" 2812 2813#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote> 2814#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20 2815msgid "" 2816"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells" 2817" gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to " 2818"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to " 2819"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when " 2820"grapes start to get its color." 2821msgstr "" 2822 2823#. type: Content of: <h4> 2824#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23 2825msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations" 2826msgstr "" 2827 2828#. type: Content of: <p> 2829#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24 2830msgid "" 2831"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> " 2832"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an " 2833"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by " 2834"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs" 2835" to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations. An example of al-Sufi " 2836"definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of " 2837"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a " 2838"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:" 2839msgstr "" 2840 2841#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote> 2842#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27 2843msgid "" 2844"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the " 2845"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] " 2846"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion." 2847msgstr "" 2848 2849#. type: Content of: <p> 2850#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29 2851msgid "" 2852"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it" 2853" is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names." 2854msgstr "" 2855 2856#. type: Content of: <h4> 2857#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31 2858msgid "The 28 lunar stations" 2859msgstr "" 2860 2861#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2862#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33 2863msgid "" 2864"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) " 2865"<em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β" 2866" Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)" 2867msgstr "" 2868 2869#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2870#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34 2871msgid "" 2872"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little ram]) " 2873"composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari" 2874msgstr "" 2875 2876#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2877#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35 2878msgid "" 2879"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star " 2880"cluster of the Pleiades" 2881msgstr "" 2882 2883#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2884#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36 2885msgid "" 2886"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) " 2887"composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)" 2888msgstr "" 2889 2890#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2891#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37 2892msgid "" 2893"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) composed of" 2894" the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and" 2895" φ<sup>2</sup> Ori" 2896msgstr "" 2897 2898#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2899#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38 2900msgid "" 2901"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed" 2902" of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem" 2903msgstr "" 2904 2905#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2906#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39 2907msgid "" 2908"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed " 2909"of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)" 2910msgstr "" 2911 2912#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2913#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40 2914msgid "" 2915"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) " 2916"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) " 2917"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)" 2918msgstr "" 2919 2920#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2921#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41 2922msgid "" 2923"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 " 2924"stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)" 2925msgstr "" 2926 2927#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2928#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42 2929msgid "" 2930"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4" 2931" stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo " 2932"(Regulus)" 2933msgstr "" 2934 2935#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2936#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43 2937msgid "" 2938"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2" 2939" stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)" 2940msgstr "" 2941 2942#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2943#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44 2944msgid "" 2945"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) composed " 2946"of one star: β Leo (Denebola)" 2947msgstr "" 2948 2949#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2950#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45 2951msgid "" 2952"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir " 2953"(Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)" 2954msgstr "" 2955 2956#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2957#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46 2958msgid "" 2959"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of the " 2960"star α Vir (Spica)" 2961msgstr "" 2962 2963#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2964#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47 2965msgid "" 2966"(Arabic: الغفر) <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir " 2967"(Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir" 2968msgstr "" 2969 2970#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2971#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48 2972msgid "" 2973"(Arabic: الزبانى) <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) composed " 2974"of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)" 2975msgstr "" 2976 2977#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2978#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49 2979msgid "" 2980"(Arabic: الإكليل) <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The diadem) " 2981"composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π " 2982"Sco." 2983msgstr "" 2984 2985#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2986#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50 2987msgid "" 2988"(Arabic: القلب) <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed of " 2989"the star α Sco (Antares)" 2990msgstr "" 2991 2992#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2993#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51 2994msgid "" 2995"(Arabic: الشولة) <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) composed " 2996"of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)" 2997msgstr "" 2998 2999#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3000#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52 3001msgid "" 3002"(Arabic: النعائم) <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ " 3003"Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr" 3004msgstr "" 3005 3006#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3007#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53 3008msgid "" 3009"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where there " 3010"are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)" 3011msgstr "" 3012 3013#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3014#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54 3015msgid "" 3016"(Arabic: سعد الذابح) <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star of the " 3017"Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap " 3018"(Dabih), and ν Cap" 3019msgstr "" 3020 3021#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3022#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55 3023msgid "" 3024"(Arabic: سعد بلع) <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the swallower) " 3025"composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)" 3026msgstr "" 3027 3028#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3029#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56 3030msgid "" 3031"(Arabic: سعد السعود) <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of the lucky " 3032"stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap" 3033msgstr "" 3034 3035#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3036#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57 3037msgid "" 3038"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية) <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky stars of the tent" 3039" dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> " 3040"Aqr and η Aqr" 3041msgstr "" 3042 3043#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3044#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58 3045msgid "" 3046"(Arabic: المقدم) <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) composed of " 3047"the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)" 3048msgstr "" 3049 3050#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3051#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59 3052msgid "" 3053"(Arabic: المؤخر) <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) composed of " 3054"the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)" 3055msgstr "" 3056 3057#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3058#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60 3059msgid "" 3060"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت) <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or <em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope " 3061"of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two " 3062"arcs of stars making a figure of a fish" 3063msgstr "" 3064 3065#. type: Content of: <h5> 3066#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62 3067msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore" 3068msgstr "" 3069 3070#. type: Content of: <p> 3071#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64 3072msgid "" 3073"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that " 3074"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 " 3075"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of " 3076"these stars a lion figure can be constructed." 3077msgstr "" 3078 3079#. type: Content of: <p> 3080#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67 3081msgid "" 3082"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are " 3083"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some " 3084"stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a " 3085"woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced " 3086"from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as" 3087" well as Greek traces of constellations). Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed " 3088"these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: <a " 3089"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-" 3090"vault\">Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed " 3091"discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: "Le Ciel des" 3092" Arabes" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>." 3093msgstr "" 3094 3095#. type: Content of: <p> 3096#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70 3097msgid "" 3098"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms " 3099"have been added." 3100msgstr "" 3101 3102#. type: Content of: <p> 3103#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73 3104msgid "" 3105"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M " 3106"Hoffmann." 3107msgstr "" 3108 3109#. type: Content of: <p> 3110#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78 3111msgid "" 3112"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton " 3113"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7." 3114msgstr "" 3115 3116#. type: Content of: <p> 3117#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79 3118msgid "" 3119"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and" 3120" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, " 3121"Kunitzsch P. p 520" 3122msgstr "" 3123 3124#. type: Content of: <p> 3125#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80 3126msgid "" 3127"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic " 3128"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)" 3129msgstr "" 3130 3131#. type: Content of: <p> 3132#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81 3133msgid "" 3134"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and" 3135" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429" 3136msgstr "" 3137 3138#. type: Content of: <p> 3139#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82 3140msgid "" 3141"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad " 3142"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie " 3143"orientale, 1899." 3144msgstr "" 3145 3146#. type: Content of: <p> 3147#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83 3148msgid "" 3149"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī " 3150"poem</a>" 3151msgstr "" 3152 3153#. type: Content of: <p> 3154#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84 3155msgid "" 3156"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala " 3157"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN " 3158"9960-49-971-5" 3159msgstr "" 3160 3161#. type: Content of: <p> 3162#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85 3163msgid "" 3164"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the " 3165"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" 3166msgstr "" 3167 3168#. type: Content of: <p> 3169#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86 3170msgid "" 3171"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture " 3172"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002" 3173msgstr "" 3174 3175#. type: Content of: <p> 3176#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87 3177msgid "" 3178"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with " 3179"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي " 3180"الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد" 3181" الله ." 3182msgstr "" 3183 3184#. type: Content of: <p> 3185#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88 3186msgid "" 3187"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation" 3188" into French)" 3189msgstr "" 3190 3191#. type: Content of: <p> 3192#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89 3193msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012" 3194msgstr "" 3195 3196#. type: Content of: <h3> 3197#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1 3198msgid "Aztec" 3199msgstr "" 3200 3201#. type: Content of: <p> 3202#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2 3203msgid "" 3204"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had " 3205"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both " 3206"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was " 3207"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental " 3208"America in the 16th century." 3209msgstr "" 3210 3211#. type: Content of: <p> 3212#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3 3213msgid "" 3214"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is " 3215"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient " 3216"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>." 3217" These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: " 3218"books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word" 3219" that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book." 3220msgstr "" 3221 3222#. type: Content of: <p> 3223#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4 3224msgid "" 3225"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed," 3226" their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials " 3227"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no " 3228"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican " 3229"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some " 3230"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial " 3231"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new " 3232"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also " 3233"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and " 3234"Nahuatl." 3235msgstr "" 3236 3237#. type: Content of: <h5> 3238#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6 3239msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>" 3240msgstr "" 3241 3242#. type: Content of: <p> 3243#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7 3244msgid "" 3245"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really " 3246"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and " 3247"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the " 3248"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial " 3249"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun." 3250msgstr "" 3251 3252#. type: Content of: <p> 3253#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9 3254msgid "" 3255"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for " 3256"Stellarium." 3257msgstr "" 3258 3259#. type: Content of: <h4> 3260#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10 3261msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>" 3262msgstr "" 3263 3264#. type: Content of: <p> 3265#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11 3266msgid "" 3267"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it " 3268"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration " 3269"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named " 3270"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with" 3271" the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>." 3272msgstr "" 3273 3274#. type: Content of: <h4> 3275#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13 3276msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>" 3277msgstr "" 3278 3279#. type: Content of: <p> 3280#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14 3281msgid "" 3282"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas " 3283"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that " 3284"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a" 3285" circle with goods." 3286msgstr "" 3287 3288#. type: Content of: <p> 3289#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16 3290msgid "" 3291"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called " 3292"<em>Tianguis</em>." 3293msgstr "" 3294 3295#. type: Content of: <h4> 3296#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17 3297msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>" 3298msgstr "" 3299 3300#. type: Content of: <p> 3301#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18 3302msgid "" 3303"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means " 3304"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance" 3305" and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball " 3306"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon." 3307msgstr "" 3308 3309#. type: Content of: <h4> 3310#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19 3311msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>" 3312msgstr "" 3313 3314#. type: Content of: <p> 3315#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20 3316msgid "" 3317"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which " 3318"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is " 3319"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and " 3320"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god." 3321msgstr "" 3322 3323#. type: Content of: <p> 3324#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22 3325msgid "" 3326"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern " 3327"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For " 3328"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of " 3329"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>." 3330msgstr "" 3331 3332#. type: Content of: <p> 3333#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23 3334msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>" 3335msgstr "" 3336 3337#. type: Content of: <h4> 3338#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24 3339msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>" 3340msgstr "" 3341 3342#. type: Content of: <p> 3343#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25 3344msgid "" 3345"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of" 3346" stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc" 3347" also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, " 3348"which means face of a scorpion." 3349msgstr "" 3350 3351#. type: Content of: <h5> 3352#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27 3353msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>" 3354msgstr "" 3355 3356#. type: Content of: <p> 3357#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28 3358msgid "" 3359"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in" 3360" this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the " 3361"Celestial Dragon." 3362msgstr "" 3363 3364#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3> 3365#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29 3366#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237 3367msgid "Conclusion" 3368msgstr "Conclusió" 3369 3370#. type: Content of: <p> 3371#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30 3372msgid "" 3373"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are" 3374" still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to " 3375"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to " 3376"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture." 3377msgstr "" 3378 3379#. type: Content of: <h3> 3380#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31 3381#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31 3382#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969 3383#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14 3384#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29 3385#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50 3386#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7 3387#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86 3388#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25 3389#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273 3390#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7 3391#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62 3392#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4 3393#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6 3394#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3 3395#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41 3396#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4 3397#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17 3398#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53 3399#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14 3400#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12 3401#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73 3402msgid "External links" 3403msgstr "Enllaços externs" 3404 3405#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3406#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33 3407msgid "" 3408"<a " 3409"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego" 3410" Nuevo</a>" 3411msgstr "" 3412 3413#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3414#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34 3415msgid "" 3416"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones " 3417"Prehispánicas</a>" 3418msgstr "" 3419 3420#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3421#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35 3422msgid "" 3423"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question" 3424" of the Zodiac in America</a>" 3425msgstr "" 3426 3427#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3428#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37 3429msgid "" 3430"<a " 3431"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec " 3432"Mythology</a>" 3433msgstr "" 3434 3435#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3436#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38 3437msgid "" 3438"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los códices de " 3439"México</a>" 3440msgstr "" 3441 3442#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3443#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39 3444msgid "" 3445"<a " 3446"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los" 3447" códices coloniales de México</a>" 3448msgstr "" 3449 3450#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3451#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41 3452msgid "" 3453"<a " 3454"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real" 3455" cédula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva " 3456"España de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún</a>" 3457msgstr "" 3458 3459#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3460#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44 3461msgid "" 3462"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>" 3463msgstr "" 3464 3465#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3466#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45 3467msgid "" 3468"<a " 3469"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Colotlixayac&source=bl&ots=F6xlTU1rer&sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&hl=es&ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Colotlixayac&f=false\">Iconografía" 3470" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>" 3471msgstr "" 3472 3473#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3474#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46 3475msgid "" 3476"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El " 3477"Códice París</a>" 3478msgstr "" 3479 3480#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3481#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47 3482msgid "" 3483"<a " 3484"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El" 3485" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>" 3486msgstr "" 3487 3488#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3489#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48 3490msgid "" 3491"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario náhuatl - " 3492"español en línea en AULEX</a>" 3493msgstr "" 3494 3495#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3496#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49 3497msgid "" 3498"<a " 3499"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>" 3500msgstr "" 3501 3502#. type: Content of: <h3> 3503#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51 3504#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527 3505#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467 3506msgid "Thanks to" 3507msgstr "" 3508 3509#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3510#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53 3511msgid "Javier Gómez Sandoval" 3512msgstr "" 3513 3514#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3515#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54 3516msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera" 3517msgstr "" 3518 3519#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3520#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55 3521msgid "Emilio Ramón Bolaños Guerra" 3522msgstr "" 3523 3524#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3525#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56 3526msgid "Hector Vega" 3527msgstr "" 3528 3529#. type: Content of: <h5> 3530#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57 3531#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64 3532msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano" 3533msgstr "" 3534 3535#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3536#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58 3537msgid "Juan Caballero" 3538msgstr "" 3539 3540#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3541#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59 3542msgid "SAAGS" 3543msgstr "" 3544 3545#. type: Content of: <p> 3546#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62 3547msgid "<strong>Enrique Gómez Candelario</strong>" 3548msgstr "" 3549 3550#. type: Content of: <p> 3551#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62 3552msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>" 3553msgstr "" 3554 3555#. type: Content of: <h5> 3556#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64 3557msgid "English translation by:" 3558msgstr "" 3559 3560#. type: Content of: <h1> 3561#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1 3562msgid "Babylonian — MUL.APIN" 3563msgstr "" 3564 3565#. type: Content of: <p> 3566#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2 3567msgid "" 3568"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek" 3569" one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the" 3570" 12th century BCE. The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE " 3571"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the " 3572"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150." 3573msgstr "" 3574 3575#. type: Content of: <p> 3576#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7 3577msgid "" 3578"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper" 3579" (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>" 3580msgstr "" 3581 3582#. type: Content of: <p> 3583#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8 3584msgid "" 3585"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five" 3586" lists of different content. On the first tablet, there is the so called " 3587"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed " 3588"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu " 3589"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path. " 3590"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the" 3591" sundial and rules for omina." 3592msgstr "" 3593 3594#. type: Content of: <h2> 3595#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14 3596msgid "Zodiac" 3597msgstr "" 3598 3599#. type: Content of: <p> 3600#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15 3601msgid "" 3602"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source. It is not " 3603"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to " 3604"Greek mathematical astronomy. We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. " 3605"BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE) with a zodiac " 3606"divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the" 3607" 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the" 3608" zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical " 3609"astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians. Taking Eudoxus' " 3610"writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the " 3611"genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE. In other fragments of " 3612"mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac " 3613"is not present. Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of " 3614"invention - but to be honest, we don't know. The common sense is that the " 3615"zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE." 3616msgstr "" 3617 3618#. type: Content of: <p> 3619#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25 3620msgid "" 3621"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of " 3622"the Moon. There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path" 3623" of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes " 3624"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and" 3625" Steele, 2018, p. 143). This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not " 3626"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are " 3627"not highlighted." 3628msgstr "" 3629 3630#. type: Content of: <h3> 3631#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31 3632#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20 3633msgid "Planets" 3634msgstr "" 3635 3636#. type: Content of: <p> 3637#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32 3638msgid "" 3639"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the " 3640"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'. It is not a real star catalogue" 3641" because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given " 3642"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects " 3643"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we " 3644"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The " 3645"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have" 3646" a fixed position. However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to " 3647"mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky. They are usually " 3648"denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the " 3649"later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two " 3650"<em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one)." 3651msgstr "" 3652 3653#. type: Content of: <p> 3654#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38 3655msgid "" 3656"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in" 3657" the sky and not of the gods associated with them. The list below shows " 3658"that almost every asterism was associated with a deity. According to " 3659"Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one " 3660"on Earth as statue in the temple. That means a celestial object `is' not " 3661"the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case " 3662"for the planets. For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the " 3663"goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian " 3664"Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus. This " 3665"goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and " 3666"even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros " 3667"(Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but " 3668"associated with the goddess. Similar cases exist for most of the " 3669"constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN." 3670msgstr "" 3671 3672#. type: Content of: <p> 3673#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47 3674msgid "" 3675"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object " 3676"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated " 3677"deity." 3678msgstr "" 3679 3680#. type: Content of: <h2> 3681#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49 3682msgid "Star Catalogue" 3683msgstr "" 3684 3685#. type: Content of: <p> 3686#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50 3687msgid "" 3688"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by " 3689"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik " 3690"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) " 3691"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations " 3692"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche " 3693"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)." 3694msgstr "" 3695 3696#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3697#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57 3698#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273 3699#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407 3700#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21 3701#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209 3702#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347 3703msgid "constellation number" 3704msgstr "" 3705 3706#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3707#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58 3708#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274 3709#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408 3710msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)" 3711msgstr "" 3712 3713#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3714#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59 3715#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275 3716#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409 3717msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)" 3718msgstr "" 3719 3720#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3721#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60 3722#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276 3723#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410 3724#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24 3725#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212 3726#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350 3727msgid "position in the sky" 3728msgstr "" 3729 3730#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3731#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64 3732#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29 3733msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)" 3734msgstr "" 3735 3736#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3737#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65 3738msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 3739msgstr "" 3740 3741#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3742#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70 3743msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)" 3744msgstr "" 3745 3746#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3747#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71 3748msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>" 3749msgstr "" 3750 3751#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3752#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76 3753#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42 3754msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĪBU</i>(Old Man)" 3755msgstr "" 3756 3757#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3758#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77 3759msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enmešarra" 3760msgstr "" 3761 3762#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3763#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82 3764#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49 3765msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)" 3766msgstr "" 3767 3768#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3769#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83 3770msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)" 3771msgstr "" 3772 3773#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3774#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84 3775#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196 3776#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342 3777#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446 3778#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51 3779#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155 3780#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293 3781#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393 3782msgid "in" 3783msgstr "" 3784 3785#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3786#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88 3787#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55 3788msgid "" 3789"<sup>STAR</sup><i>TŪ'AMŪ·RABÛTU</i>(Great Twins)" 3790msgstr "" 3791 3792#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3793#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89 3794msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamtaʾea" 3795msgstr "" 3796 3797#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3798#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94 3799#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63 3800msgid "" 3801"<sup>STAR</sup><i>TŪ'AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU</i>(Little" 3802" Twins)" 3803msgstr "" 3804 3805#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3806#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95 3807msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammuš and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga" 3808msgstr "" 3809 3810#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3811#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100 3812#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69 3813msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)" 3814msgstr "" 3815 3816#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3817#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101 3818msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 3819msgstr "" 3820 3821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3822#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106 3823#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75 3824msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>(Lion)" 3825msgstr "" 3826 3827#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3828#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107 3829msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak" 3830msgstr "" 3831 3832#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3833#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112 3834msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>" 3835msgstr "" 3836 3837#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3838#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113 3839msgid "STAR (of the) King" 3840msgstr "" 3841 3842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3843#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114 3844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83 3845msgid "Regulus" 3846msgstr "" 3847 3848#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3849#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118 3850msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>" 3851msgstr "" 3852 3853#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3854#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119 3855msgid "" 3856""date-palm spadix" (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, " 3857"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpanītum" 3858msgstr "" 3859 3860#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3861#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124 3862msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ŠU.PA(The Bright?)" 3863msgstr "" 3864 3865#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3866#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125 3867msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land" 3868msgstr "" 3869 3870#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3871#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130 3872msgid "STAR in front of it" 3873msgstr "" 3874 3875#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3876#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131 3877msgid "" 3878"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪENGALLĀYU</i>(Abundant), vizier of " 3879"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil" 3880msgstr "" 3881 3882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3883#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132 3884#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330 3885#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101 3886#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279 3887msgid "or" 3888msgstr "" 3889 3890#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3891#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136 3892#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230 3893#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298 3894#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328 3895msgid "STAR behind it" 3896msgstr "" 3897 3898#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3899#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137 3900msgid "" 3901"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BĀŠTUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of " 3902"<sup>GOD</sup>Tišpak" 3903msgstr "" 3904 3905#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3906#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142 3907msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)" 3908msgstr "" 3909 3910#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3911#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143 3912msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil" 3913msgstr "" 3914 3915#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3916#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147 3917msgid "15" 3918msgstr "15" 3919 3920#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3921#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148 3922msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>" 3923msgstr "" 3924 3925#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3926#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149 3927msgid "" 3928"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĒLEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the " 3929"strong of the gods" 3930msgstr "" 3931 3932#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3933#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150 3934msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)" 3935msgstr "" 3936 3937#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3938#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154 3939msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>" 3940msgstr "" 3941 3942#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3943#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155 3944msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LAḪRU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya" 3945msgstr "" 3946 3947#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3948#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160 3949msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA(Hitched yoke?)" 3950msgstr "" 3951 3952#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3953#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161 3954msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rabû</i> of heaven" 3955msgstr "" 3956 3957#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3958#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166 3959msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)" 3960msgstr "" 3961 3962#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3963#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167 3964msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna" 3965msgstr "" 3966 3967#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3968#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168 3969#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137 3970msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?" 3971msgstr "" 3972 3973#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3974#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172 3975msgid "STAR in its bond" 3976msgstr "" 3977 3978#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3979#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173 3980msgid "" 3981"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMAḪ</i>(Heir of the Emaḫ-temple), " 3982"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 3983msgstr "" 3984 3985#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3986#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179 3987msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple" 3988msgstr "" 3989 3990#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3991#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183 3992msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple" 3993msgstr "" 3994 3995#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3996#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188 3997#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147 3998msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)" 3999msgstr "" 4000 4001#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4002#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189 4003msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula" 4004msgstr "" 4005 4006#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4007#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194 4008msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>" 4009msgstr "" 4010 4011#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4012#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195 4013msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)" 4014msgstr "" 4015 4016#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4017#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200 4018#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159 4019msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>" 4020msgstr "" 4021 4022#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4023#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201 4024msgid "" 4025"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-" 4026"la)" 4027msgstr "" 4028 4029#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4030#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206 4031#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450 4032msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it" 4033msgstr "" 4034 4035#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4036#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207 4037msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal" 4038msgstr "" 4039 4040#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4041#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212 4042msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A" 4043msgstr "" 4044 4045#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4046#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213 4047msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)" 4048msgstr "" 4049 4050#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4051#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218 4052msgid "STAR to the right of it" 4053msgstr "" 4054 4055#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4056#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219 4057msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>Š<i>AḪÛ</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu" 4058msgstr "" 4059 4060#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4061#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224 4062msgid "STAR to the left of it" 4063msgstr "" 4064 4065#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4066#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225 4067msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SISÛ</i>(Horse)" 4068msgstr "" 4069 4070#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4071#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231 4072msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)" 4073msgstr "" 4074 4075#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4076#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236 4077msgid "" 4078"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)" 4079msgstr "" 4080 4081#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4082#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237 4083msgid "" 4084"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse), " 4085"<sup>GOD</sup>Manzât(Rainbow)" 4086msgstr "" 4087 4088#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4089#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242 4090msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>" 4091msgstr "" 4092 4093#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4094#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243 4095msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>PĀŠITTU</i>(Deleter)" 4096msgstr "" 4097 4098#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4099#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248 4100msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:" 4101msgstr "" 4102 4103#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4104#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252 4105msgid "big STAR, its "light" is dim, it divides the sky and stands" 4106msgstr "" 4107 4108#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4109#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253 4110msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>Nēberu(Ford)" 4111msgstr "" 4112 4113#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4114#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254 4115msgid "Milky Way???" 4116msgstr "" 4117 4118#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4119#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258 4120msgid "" 4121"<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky" 4122msgstr "" 4123 4124#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4125#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259 4126msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]" 4127msgstr "" 4128 4129#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4130#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263 4131msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4132msgstr "" 4133 4134#. type: Content of: <p> 4135#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267 4136msgid "" 4137"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of " 4138"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer" 4139" which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The " 4140"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>" 4141msgstr "" 4142 4143#. type: Content of: <p> 4144#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268 4145msgid "" 4146"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 " 4147"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) " 4148"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the " 4149"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are " 4150"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all" 4151" versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them " 4152"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the " 4153"scientific community.</i>" 4154msgstr "" 4155 4156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4157#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280 4158#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217 4159msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE·"FIELD"(area measure)" 4160msgstr "" 4161 4162#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4163#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281 4164msgid "" 4165"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of " 4166"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4167msgstr "" 4168 4169#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4170#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286 4171msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD'" 4172msgstr "" 4173 4174#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4175#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287 4176msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠINŪNUTU</i>(Swallow)" 4177msgstr "" 4178 4179#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4180#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292 4181msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD'" 4182msgstr "" 4183 4184#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4185#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293 4186msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNNĪTU</i>" 4187msgstr "" 4188 4189#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4190#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299 4191msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz" 4192msgstr "" 4193 4194#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4195#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304 4196msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)" 4197msgstr "" 4198 4199#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4200#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305 4201msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods" 4202msgstr "" 4203 4204#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4205#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310 4206msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL·OF·HEAVEN(<i>ALÛ</i>)" 4207msgstr "" 4208 4209#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4210#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311 4211msgid "" 4212"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-lê</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of " 4213"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4214msgstr "" 4215 4216#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4217#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316 4218#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263 4219msgid "" 4220"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE·SHEPHERD·OF·HEAVEN " 4221"(<i>ŠITADDALLU</i>, Orion)" 4222msgstr "" 4223 4224#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4225#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317 4226msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4227msgstr "" 4228 4229#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4230#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322 4231#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270 4232msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠITADDALLU</i>" 4233msgstr "" 4234 4235#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4236#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323 4237msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak" 4238msgstr "" 4239 4240#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub> 4241#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 4242#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272 4243msgid "3" 4244msgstr "3" 4245 4246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub> 4247#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 4248#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272 4249msgid "4" 4250msgstr "4" 4251 4252#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4253#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329 4254msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)" 4255msgstr "" 4256 4257#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4258#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334 4259msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.SÁ(Arrow)" 4260msgstr "" 4261 4262#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4263#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335 4264msgid "" 4265"<i>Šiltāḫu</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) " 4266"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta" 4267msgstr "" 4268 4269#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4270#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336 4271#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286 4272msgid "Sirius +" 4273msgstr "" 4274 4275#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4276#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340 4277msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QAŠTU</i>(Bow)" 4278msgstr "" 4279 4280#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4281#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341 4282msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ištar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4283msgstr "" 4284 4285#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4286#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346 4287msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRAḪ(Snake-god)" 4288msgstr "" 4289 4290#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4291#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347 4292msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningišzida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)" 4293msgstr "" 4294 4295#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4296#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352 4297msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ĀRIBU</i>(Raven)" 4298msgstr "" 4299 4300#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4301#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353 4302msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4303msgstr "" 4304 4305#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4306#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358 4307msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠERʾU</i>(Furrow)" 4308msgstr "" 4309 4310#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4311#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359 4312msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Šala, ear of grain" 4313msgstr "" 4314 4315#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4316#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364 4317#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319 4318msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBĀNĪTU</i>(Scales)" 4319msgstr "" 4320 4321#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4322#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365 4323msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>(Scorpion)" 4324msgstr "" 4325 4326#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4327#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366 4328#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321 4329msgid "circa Lib" 4330msgstr "" 4331 4332#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4333#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370 4334#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326 4335msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa" 4336msgstr "" 4337 4338#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4339#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371 4340msgid "" 4341"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ERÛ</i>(Eagle) and " 4342"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)" 4343msgstr "" 4344 4345#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4346#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376 4347msgid "" 4348"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the " 4349"sky" 4350msgstr "" 4351 4352#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4353#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381 4354msgid "" 4355"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ṢALBATĀNU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and " 4356"crosses the sky" 4357msgstr "" 4358 4359#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 4360#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382 4361#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59 4362msgid "Mars" 4363msgstr "" 4364 4365#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4366#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386 4367msgid "" 4368"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY·"WILD·SHEEP"(<i>KAJJAMĀNU</i>," 4369" Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky" 4370msgstr "" 4371 4372#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4373#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387 4374msgid "Saturn" 4375msgstr "" 4376 4377#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4378#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391 4379msgid "" 4380"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING·"WILD·SHEEP"(<i>ŠIḪṬU</i>," 4381" Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the" 4382" West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it " 4383"disappears" 4384msgstr "" 4385 4386#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4387#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393 4388msgid "Mercury" 4389msgstr "" 4390 4391#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4392#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397 4393msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum" 4394msgstr "" 4395 4396#. type: Content of: <p> 4397#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402 4398msgid "" 4399"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern " 4400"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to" 4401" this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure " 4402"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at " 4403"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is " 4404"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could " 4405"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation " 4406"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we " 4407"give \"Aql+\".</i>" 4408msgstr "" 4409 4410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4411#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414 4412#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355 4413msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>NŪNU</i>(Fish)" 4414msgstr "" 4415 4416#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4417#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415 4418msgid "" 4419"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of " 4420"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4421msgstr "" 4422 4423#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4424#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420 4425msgid "GREAT·STAR" 4426msgstr "" 4427 4428#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4429#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421 4430#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427 4431msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4432msgstr "" 4433 4434#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4435#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426 4436#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370 4437msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu" 4438msgstr "" 4439 4440#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4441#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432 4442#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444 4443msgid "STAR to its right" 4444msgstr "" 4445 4446#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4447#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433 4448msgid "STAR (of) <sup><GOD></sup>Ninmaḫ" 4449msgstr "" 4450 4451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4452#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438 4453#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384 4454msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪAB(B)AṢṢĒRĀNU</i>" 4455msgstr "" 4456 4457#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4458#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439 4459msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu" 4460msgstr "" 4461 4462#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4463#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445 4464msgid "" 4465"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAŠKAKĀTU</i>(Harrow), weapon of " 4466"<sup>GOD</sup>Mār-bīti, in the centre of which the Apsû is " 4467"visible" 4468msgstr "" 4469 4470#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4471#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451 4472msgid "" 4473"<sup>GOD</sup>Šullat and <sup>GOD</sup>Ḫaniš, " 4474"<sup>GOD</sup>Šamaš and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4475msgstr "" 4476 4477#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4478#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456 4479msgid "" 4480"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea" 4481msgstr "" 4482 4483#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4484#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457 4485msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numušda, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4486msgstr "" 4487 4488#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4489#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462 4490msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>(Scorpion)" 4491msgstr "" 4492 4493#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4494#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463 4495msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu" 4496msgstr "" 4497 4498#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4499#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468 4500#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416 4501msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>" 4502msgstr "" 4503 4504#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4505#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469 4506msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Išḫara, lady of the inhabited world" 4507msgstr "" 4508 4509#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i> 4510#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 4511#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422 4512msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT·ZUQAQĪPI" 4513msgstr "" 4514 4515#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4516#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 4517msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)" 4518msgstr "" 4519 4520#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4521#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475 4522msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nabû" 4523msgstr "" 4524 4525#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 4526#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476 4527#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424 4528#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61 4529msgid "Antares" 4530msgstr "" 4531 4532#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4533#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480 4534msgid "" 4535"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of " 4536"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>" 4537msgstr "" 4538 4539#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4540#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481 4541msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Šarur and <sup>GOD</sup>Šargaz" 4542msgstr "" 4543 4544#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4545#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486 4546msgid "STAR behind them" 4547msgstr "" 4548 4549#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4550#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487 4551msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsaĝ" 4552msgstr "" 4553 4554#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4555#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492 4556msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) <<and>>" 4557msgstr "" 4558 4559#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4560#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493 4561msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SUḪURMĀŠU</i>(Goat-fish)" 4562msgstr "" 4563 4564#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4565#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498 4566msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4567msgstr "" 4568 4569#. type: Content of: <h3> 4570#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503 4571#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12 4572msgid "Source(s)" 4573msgstr "" 4574 4575#. type: Content of: <p> 4576#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504 4577msgid "" 4578"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some " 4579"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research. In some cases they " 4580"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other " 4581"scholars since 1950 or earlier. Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) " 4582"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's " 4583"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek " 4584"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were " 4585"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten " 4586"together with other, mainly German, planetariums. A first scientific " 4587"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared " 4588"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius " 4589"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017. Further publications are in preparation (e.g. " 4590"together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre " 4591"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below." 4592msgstr "" 4593 4594#. type: Content of: <h2> 4595#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513 4596msgid "Sources / Further Reading" 4597msgstr "" 4598 4599#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4600#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515 4601msgid "" 4602"British Museum <a " 4603"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image " 4604"Tablet No 152339001</a>" 4605msgstr "" 4606 4607#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li> 4608#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 4609#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 4610#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 4611#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 4612#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 4613#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461 4614msgid "fr" 4615msgstr "" 4616 4617#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4618#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 4619msgid "" 4620"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium " 4621"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018." 4622msgstr "" 4623 4624#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4625#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517 4626msgid "" 4627"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a " 4628"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs " 4629"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017." 4630msgstr "" 4631 4632#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4633#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518 4634msgid "" 4635"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of " 4636"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a " 4637"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-" 4638"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-" 4639"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-" 4640"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius " 4641"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017." 4642msgstr "" 4643 4644#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4645#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519 4646msgid "" 4647"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the " 4648"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre " 4649"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)." 4650msgstr "" 4651 4652#. type: Content of: <p> 4653#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523 4654msgid "" 4655"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars." 4656" We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to" 4657" be cited according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under" 4658" CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it " 4659"without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!" 4660msgstr "" 4661 4662#. type: Content of: <p> 4663#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528 4664msgid "" 4665"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the " 4666"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann. As an " 4667"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very" 4668" enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes." 4669msgstr "" 4670 4671#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4672#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531 4673msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)" 4674msgstr "" 4675 4676#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4677#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532 4678msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)" 4679msgstr "" 4680 4681#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4682#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533 4683#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470 4684msgid "" 4685"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of " 4686"German-speaking Planetariums)" 4687msgstr "" 4688 4689#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4690#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534 4691msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)" 4692msgstr "" 4693 4694#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4695#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535 4696#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471 4697msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)" 4698msgstr "" 4699 4700#. type: Content of: <p> 4701#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540 4702msgid "" 4703"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to" 4704" Stellarium:" 4705msgstr "" 4706 4707#. type: Content of: <p> 4708#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541 4709msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>" 4710msgstr "" 4711 4712#. type: Content of: <p> 4713#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542 4714msgid "" 4715"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and " 4716"Susanne M Hoffmann)" 4717msgstr "" 4718 4719#. type: Content of: <h5> 4720#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 4721#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 4722#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294 4723msgid "written in English:" 4724msgstr "" 4725 4726#. type: Content of: <h5> 4727#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 4728msgid "SMH" 4729msgstr "" 4730 4731#. type: Content of: <h1> 4732#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1 4733msgid "Babylonian — Seleucid" 4734msgstr "" 4735 4736#. type: Content of: <p> 4737#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2 4738msgid "" 4739"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of " 4740"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN" 4741" (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have " 4742"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there " 4743"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch." 4744msgstr "" 4745 4746#. type: Content of: <p> 4747#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3 4748msgid "" 4749"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed " 4750"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to " 4751"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with " 4752"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since " 4753"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there " 4754"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in " 4755"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, " 4756"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions" 4757" of the constellations around the ecliptic." 4758msgstr "" 4759 4760#. type: Content of: <p> 4761#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6 4762msgid "" 4763"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the " 4764"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of " 4765"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture " 4766"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression " 4767"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture." 4768msgstr "" 4769 4770#. type: Content of: <h3> 4771#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8 4772msgid "Single Stars" 4773msgstr "" 4774 4775#. type: Content of: <p> 4776#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10 4777msgid "" 4778"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars " 4779"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky" 4780" culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i>" 4781" lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, " 4782"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = " 4783"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the " 4784"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error" 4785" concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes " 4786"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can" 4787" be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)." 4788msgstr "" 4789 4790#. type: Content of: <p> 4791#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13 4792msgid "" 4793"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the " 4794"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 " 4795"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by " 4796"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and " 4797"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for " 4798"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his " 4799"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late" 4800" Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium." 4801msgstr "" 4802 4803#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 4804#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16 4805msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked" 4806msgstr "" 4807 4808#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4809#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22 4810#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210 4811#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348 4812msgid "asterism" 4813msgstr "" 4814 4815#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4816#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23 4817#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211 4818#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349 4819msgid "our commentary" 4820msgstr "" 4821 4822#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4823#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35 4824msgid "" 4825"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>" 4826msgstr "" 4827 4828#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4829#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36 4830msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough." 4831msgstr "" 4832 4833#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4834#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64 4835msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)" 4836msgstr "" 4837 4838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4839#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81 4840msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>: STAR (of the) King" 4841msgstr "" 4842 4843#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87 4845msgid "" 4846"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>: " 4847""date-palm spadix" (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua" 4848msgstr "" 4849 4850#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4851#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93 4852msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ŠU.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4853msgstr "" 4854 4855#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4856#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99 4857msgid "" 4858"STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪENGALLĀYU</i> (Abundant)" 4859msgstr "" 4860 4861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4862#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105 4863msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>BĀŠTUM</i> (Dignity)" 4864msgstr "" 4865 4866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4867#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111 4868msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)" 4869msgstr "" 4870 4871#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4872#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117 4873msgid "" 4874"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: " 4875"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĒLEBU</i>(Fox)" 4876msgstr "" 4877 4878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4879#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119 4880msgid "Alcor" 4881msgstr "" 4882 4883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4884#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123 4885msgid "" 4886"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: " 4887"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LAḪRU</i>(Ewe)" 4888msgstr "" 4889 4890#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4891#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129 4892msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)" 4893msgstr "" 4894 4895#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4896#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135 4897msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)" 4898msgstr "" 4899 4900#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4901#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141 4902msgid "" 4903"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMAḪ</i> (Heir of the " 4904"Emaḫ-temple)" 4905msgstr "" 4906 4907#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4908#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153 4909msgid "" 4910"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: " 4911"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]" 4912msgstr "" 4913 4914#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4915#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165 4916msgid "" 4917"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and " 4918"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal" 4919msgstr "" 4920 4921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4922#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171 4923msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)" 4924msgstr "" 4925 4926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4927#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172 4928msgid "" 4929"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this " 4930"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word " 4931"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems " 4932"to have been replaced." 4933msgstr "" 4934 4935#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4936#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177 4937msgid "" 4938"STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>Š<i>AḪÛ</i> (Pig)" 4939msgstr "" 4940 4941#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4942#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183 4943msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SISÛ</i> (Horse)" 4944msgstr "" 4945 4946#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4947#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189 4948msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)" 4949msgstr "" 4950 4951#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4952#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190 4953msgid "" 4954"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther " 4955"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in" 4956" this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field" 4957" Mouse\"." 4958msgstr "" 4959 4960#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4961#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195 4962msgid "" 4963"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): " 4964"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse)" 4965msgstr "" 4966 4967#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4968#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201 4969msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished." 4970msgstr "" 4971 4972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4973#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223 4974msgid "" 4975"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD': " 4976"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠINŪNUTU</i>(Swallow)" 4977msgstr "" 4978 4979#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4980#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224 4981msgid "" 4982"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier " 4983"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards" 4984msgstr "" 4985 4986#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4987#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229 4988msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)" 4989msgstr "" 4990 4991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4992#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230 4993msgid "" 4994"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was" 4995" shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained " 4996"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but " 4997"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band " 4998"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of " 4999"Anunitu." 5000msgstr "" 5001 5002#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5003#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236 5004msgid "" 5005"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD': " 5006"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNNĪTU</i>" 5007msgstr "" 5008 5009#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5010#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237 5011msgid "" 5012"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is" 5013" another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was " 5014"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish." 5015msgstr "" 5016 5017#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5018#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242 5019msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)" 5020msgstr "" 5021 5022#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5023#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243 5024msgid "" 5025"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the " 5026"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU " 5027"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely " 5028"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not " 5029"supposed to really look like a sheep." 5030msgstr "" 5031 5032#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5033#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249 5034msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu" 5035msgstr "" 5036 5037#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5038#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250 5039msgid "" 5040"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists " 5041"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. " 5042"Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the neck of the " 5043"Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one." 5044msgstr "" 5045 5046#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5047#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256 5048msgid "" 5049"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL·OF·HEAVEN(<i>ALÛ</i>) and " 5050"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-lê</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)" 5051msgstr "" 5052 5053#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5054#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257 5055msgid "" 5056"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. " 5057"Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction" 5058" in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades." 5059msgstr "" 5060 5061#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5062#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258 5063msgid "and Hyades" 5064msgstr "" 5065 5066#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5067#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277 5068msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)" 5069msgstr "" 5070 5071#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5072#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278 5073msgid "" 5074"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make " 5075"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very " 5076"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro " 5077"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures " 5078"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for " 5079"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, " 5080"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a " 5081"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius." 5082msgstr "" 5083 5084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5085#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284 5086msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.SÁ (Arrow)" 5087msgstr "" 5088 5089#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5090#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285 5091msgid "" 5092"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, " 5093"there are multiple options." 5094msgstr "" 5095 5096#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5097#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291 5098msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QAŠTU</i> (Bow)" 5099msgstr "" 5100 5101#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5102#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292 5103msgid "" 5104"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing " 5105"options)." 5106msgstr "" 5107 5108#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5109#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298 5110msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRAḪ (Snake-god)" 5111msgstr "" 5112 5113#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5114#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305 5115msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ĀRIBU</i> (Raven)" 5116msgstr "" 5117 5118#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5119#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312 5120msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>Šala</i>, ear of grain" 5121msgstr "" 5122 5123#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5124#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313 5125msgid "" 5126"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess " 5127"Šala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for " 5128"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)." 5129msgstr "" 5130 5131#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5132#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320 5133msgid "" 5134"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion " 5135"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in" 5136" early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier " 5137"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not " 5138"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the " 5139"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden Šala) " 5140"does not need so much space." 5141msgstr "" 5142 5143#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5144#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327 5145msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus." 5146msgstr "" 5147 5148#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5149#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332 5150msgid "" 5151"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ERÛ</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> " 5152"(Corpse)" 5153msgstr "" 5154 5155#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5156#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333 5157msgid "" 5158"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest " 5159"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the " 5160"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated " 5161"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries" 5162" preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do " 5163"not distinguish eagles and vultures." 5164msgstr "" 5165 5166#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5167#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339 5168msgid "Path of Anum completed." 5169msgstr "" 5170 5171#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5172#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356 5173msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\"" 5174msgstr "" 5175 5176#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5177#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363 5178msgid "GREAT·STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 5179msgstr "" 5180 5181#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5182#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364 5183msgid "" 5184"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of " 5185"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image " 5186"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the " 5187"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or \"Water-" 5188"Carrier\"." 5189msgstr "" 5190 5191#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5192#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377 5193msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup><GOD></sup>Ninmaḫ" 5194msgstr "" 5195 5196#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5197#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378 5198msgid "" 5199"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where " 5200"this asterism is to be located." 5201msgstr "" 5202 5203#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5204#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385 5205msgid "still unclear" 5206msgstr "" 5207 5208#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5209#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391 5210msgid "" 5211"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MAŠKAKĀTU</i>(Harrow), in " 5212"the centre of which the Apsû is visible" 5213msgstr "" 5214 5215#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5216#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392 5217msgid "" 5218"still unclear - but maybe the Apsû is the southernmost part of the " 5219"Milky Way." 5220msgstr "" 5221 5222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5223#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397 5224msgid "" 5225"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Šullat and " 5226"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫaniš" 5227msgstr "" 5228 5229#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5230#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398 5231msgid "no hints, no clue" 5232msgstr "" 5233 5234#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5235#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403 5236msgid "" 5237"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: " 5238"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numušda" 5239msgstr "" 5240 5241#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5242#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404 5243msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)" 5244msgstr "" 5245 5246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5247#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410 5248msgid "" 5249"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i> (Scorpion): " 5250"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>" 5251msgstr "" 5252 5253#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5254#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422 5255msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin" 5256msgstr "" 5257 5258#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5259#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423 5260msgid "single star name" 5261msgstr "" 5262 5263#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5264#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428 5265msgid "" 5266"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of " 5267"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>Šarur and " 5268"<sup>GOD</sup>Šargaz" 5269msgstr "" 5270 5271#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5272#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429 5273msgid "" 5274"Since Šargaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and " 5275"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016." 5276msgstr "" 5277 5278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5279#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434 5280msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsaĝ" 5281msgstr "" 5282 5283#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5284#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435 5285msgid "" 5286"The depiction of god Pabilsaĝ is iconographically clear. It can easily " 5287"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)." 5288msgstr "" 5289 5290#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5291#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440 5292msgid "" 5293"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) " 5294"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SUḪURMĀŠU</i> (Goat-fish)" 5295msgstr "" 5296 5297#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5298#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441 5299msgid "" 5300"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms " 5301"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs " 5302"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). " 5303"Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the" 5304" west, under the feet of Pabilsaĝ (Sagittarius). That explains " 5305"Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a " 5306"ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be " 5307"identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)." 5308msgstr "" 5309 5310#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5311#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447 5312msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed." 5313msgstr "" 5314 5315#. type: Content of: <h2> 5316#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452 5317#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45 5318msgid "Further Reading" 5319msgstr "" 5320 5321#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5322#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 5323msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig." 5324msgstr "" 5325 5326#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5327#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 5328msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40." 5329msgstr "" 5330 5331#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5332#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 5333msgid "" 5334"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, " 5335"Brill, Leiden." 5336msgstr "" 5337 5338#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5339#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 5340msgid "" 5341"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical " 5342"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York." 5343msgstr "" 5344 5345#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5346#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458 5347msgid "" 5348"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a " 5349"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs " 5350"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York." 5351msgstr "" 5352 5353#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5354#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459 5355msgid "" 5356"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization " 5357"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a " 5358"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-" 5359"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-" 5360"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-" 5361"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius " 5362"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg." 5363msgstr "" 5364 5365#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5366#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460 5367msgid "" 5368"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near " 5369"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences." 5370msgstr "" 5371 5372#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5373#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461 5374msgid "" 5375"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi)," 5376" Utopica, Oberhaid." 5377msgstr "" 5378 5379#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5380#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462 5381msgid "" 5382"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. " 5383"Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the" 5384" above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why " 5385"we do not list them in detail here." 5386msgstr "" 5387 5388#. type: Content of: <p> 5389#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465 5390msgid "" 5391"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence " 5392"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting " 5393"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!" 5394msgstr "" 5395 5396#. type: Content of: <p> 5397#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468 5398msgid "" 5399"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and " 5400"development time in their domes." 5401msgstr "" 5402 5403#. type: Content of: <p> 5404#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476 5405msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and" 5406msgstr "" 5407 5408#. type: Content of: <p> 5409#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477 5410msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:" 5411msgstr "" 5412 5413#. type: Content of: <p> 5414#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478 5415msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>" 5416msgstr "" 5417 5418#. type: Content of: <h2> 5419#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1 5420msgid "Belarusian" 5421msgstr "" 5422 5423#. type: Content of: <p> 5424#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2 5425msgid "" 5426"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in " 5427"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, " 5428"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the " 5429"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land " 5430"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is " 5431"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional " 5432"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present " 5433"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms " 5434"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized." 5435msgstr "" 5436 5437#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5438#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10 5439msgid "" 5440"Elias's Cart — the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the " 5441"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> " 5442"a large cart." 5443msgstr "" 5444 5445#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5446#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11 5447msgid "The Bride" 5448msgstr "" 5449 5450#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5451#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12 5452msgid "The Chicks" 5453msgstr "" 5454 5455#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5456#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13 5457msgid "The Cross — a Peter’s cross" 5458msgstr "" 5459 5460#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5461#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14 5462msgid "The Crown — the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head." 5463msgstr "" 5464 5465#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5466#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15 5467msgid "The Goat" 5468msgstr "" 5469 5470#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5471#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16 5472msgid "The Grass Snakes" 5473msgstr "" 5474 5475#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5476#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17 5477msgid "" 5478"The Kingdoms — These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the " 5479"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom." 5480msgstr "" 5481 5482#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5483#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18 5484msgid "" 5485"The Mowers — These three stars stand one after another in the manner " 5486"of people mowing the fields." 5487msgstr "" 5488 5489#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5490#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19 5491msgid "" 5492"The Nail — The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies " 5493"revolve." 5494msgstr "" 5495 5496#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5497#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20 5498msgid "The Ploughman" 5499msgstr "" 5500 5501#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5502#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21 5503msgid "The Rake" 5504msgstr "" 5505 5506#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5507#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22 5508msgid "The Ram" 5509msgstr "" 5510 5511#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5512#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23 5513msgid "" 5514"The Serpent — St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star " 5515"that always stands in the same place" 5516msgstr "" 5517 5518#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5519#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24 5520msgid "" 5521"The Sieve — It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> " 5522"through it." 5523msgstr "" 5524 5525#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5526#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25 5527msgid "" 5528"The Small Cart — Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major." 5529msgstr "" 5530 5531#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5532#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26 5533msgid "The Throne — Lord Jesus’s chair." 5534msgstr "" 5535 5536#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5537#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27 5538msgid "The Twins" 5539msgstr "" 5540 5541#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5542#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28 5543msgid "The Goose's Way" 5544msgstr "" 5545 5546#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5547#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33 5548msgid "" 5549"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The " 5550"author's website, in Belarusian." 5551msgstr "" 5552 5553#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5554#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34 5555msgid "" 5556"<a " 5557"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian" 5558" Ethnoastronomy.</a>" 5559msgstr "" 5560 5561#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5562#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35 5563msgid "" 5564"<a " 5565"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical" 5566" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>" 5567msgstr "" 5568 5569#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5570#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36 5571msgid "" 5572"<a " 5573"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-" 5574"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5575msgstr "" 5576 5577#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5578#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37 5579msgid "" 5580"<a " 5581"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-" 5582"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5583msgstr "" 5584 5585#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5586#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38 5587msgid "" 5588"<a " 5589"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms" 5590" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>" 5591msgstr "" 5592 5593#. type: Content of: <p> 5594#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43 5595msgid "" 5596"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander " 5597"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk " 5598"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal " 5599"Archaeologia Baltica." 5600msgstr "" 5601 5602#. type: Content of: <p> 5603#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45 5604msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris." 5605msgstr "Il·lustracions de Johan Meuris." 5606 5607#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5608#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1 5609#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24 5610msgid "Boorong" 5611msgstr "" 5612 5613#. type: Content of: <p> 5614#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2 5615msgid "" 5616"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-" 5617"Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their " 5618"stories relating to the night sky. Some forty stars, constellations and " 5619"other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and " 5620"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in " 5621"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European " 5622"equivalent. What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial " 5623"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way " 5624"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to " 5625"create the constellation figures in Stellarium." 5626msgstr "" 5627 5628#. type: Content of: <p> 5629#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8 5630msgid "" 5631"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William " 5632"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they "Pride themselves upon knowing more " 5633"of Astronomy than any other tribe"." 5634msgstr "" 5635 5636#. type: Content of: <h3> 5637#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11 5638msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects" 5639msgstr "" 5640 5641#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5642#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14 5643msgid "<b>Name</b>" 5644msgstr "<b>Nom</b>" 5645 5646#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5647#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15 5648msgid "<b>Explanation</b>" 5649msgstr "<b>Explicació</b>" 5650 5651#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5652#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16 5653msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>" 5654msgstr "" 5655 5656#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5657#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19 5658msgid "Berm-berm-gle" 5659msgstr "" 5660 5661#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5662#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20 5663msgid "Red-kneed dotterel" 5664msgstr "" 5665 5666#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5667#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25 5668msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament" 5669msgstr "" 5670 5671#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5672#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26 5673msgid "Starry firmament at night" 5674msgstr "" 5675 5676#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5677#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29 5678msgid "Bunya" 5679msgstr "" 5680 5681#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5682#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30 5683msgid "Ring-tail possum" 5684msgstr "" 5685 5686#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5687#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31 5688msgid "Top star in Southern Cross" 5689msgstr "" 5690 5691#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5692#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34 5693msgid "Chargee Gnowee" 5694msgstr "" 5695 5696#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5697#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35 5698msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun" 5699msgstr "" 5700 5701#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5702#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39 5703msgid "Bittur" 5704msgstr "" 5705 5706#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5707#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40 5708msgid "Larvae of the woodant" 5709msgstr "" 5710 5711#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5712#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44 5713msgid "Collenbitchick" 5714msgstr "" 5715 5716#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5717#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45 5718msgid "Species of ant" 5719msgstr "" 5720 5721#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5722#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46 5723msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus" 5724msgstr "" 5725 5726#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5727#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49 5728msgid "Collowgulloric War" 5729msgstr "" 5730 5731#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5732#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50 5733msgid "Female crow, wife of War" 5734msgstr "" 5735 5736#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5737#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51 5738msgid "Eta Carinae" 5739msgstr "" 5740 5741#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5742#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54 5743msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil" 5744msgstr "" 5745 5746#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5747#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55 5748msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil" 5749msgstr "" 5750 5751#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5752#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56 5753msgid "Rigel In Orion" 5754msgstr "" 5755 5756#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5757#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59 5758msgid "Djuit" 5759msgstr "" 5760 5761#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5762#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60 5763msgid "Red-rumped parrot" 5764msgstr "" 5765 5766#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5767#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64 5768msgid "Gellarlec" 5769msgstr "" 5770 5771#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5772#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65 5773msgid "Pink cockatoo" 5774msgstr "" 5775 5776#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5777#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66 5778msgid "Aldebaran" 5779msgstr "" 5780 5781#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5782#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69 5783msgid "Ginabongbearp" 5784msgstr "" 5785 5786#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5787#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70 5788msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight" 5789msgstr "" 5790 5791#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 5792#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71 5793#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46 5794msgid "Jupiter" 5795msgstr "" 5796 5797#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5798#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74 5799msgid "Gnowee" 5800msgstr "" 5801 5802#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5803#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75 5804msgid "Day; Sun" 5805msgstr "" 5806 5807#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5808#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76 5809#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66 5810#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16 5811#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141 5812#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53 5813msgid "Sun" 5814msgstr "Sol" 5815 5816#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5817#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79 5818msgid "Karik Karik" 5819msgstr "" 5820 5821#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5822#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80 5823msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel" 5824msgstr "" 5825 5826#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5827#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81 5828msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius" 5829msgstr "" 5830 5831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5832#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84 5833msgid "Kourt-chin" 5834msgstr "" 5835 5836#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5837#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85 5838msgid "Male and female brolga" 5839msgstr "" 5840 5841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5842#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86 5843msgid "Clouds of Magellan" 5844msgstr "" 5845 5846#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5847#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89 5848msgid "Kulkanbulla" 5849msgstr "" 5850 5851#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5852#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90 5853msgid "Two teenage boys" 5854msgstr "" 5855 5856#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5857#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91 5858msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion" 5859msgstr "" 5860 5861#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5862#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94 5863msgid "Lamankurrk" 5864msgstr "" 5865 5866#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5867#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95 5868msgid "Girls, young women" 5869msgstr "" 5870 5871#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5872#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99 5873msgid "Marpeankurrk" 5874msgstr "" 5875 5876#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5877#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100 5878msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper" 5879msgstr "" 5880 5881#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5882#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101 5883#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64 5884msgid "Arcturus" 5885msgstr "" 5886 5887#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5888#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104 5889msgid "Millee" 5890msgstr "" 5891 5892#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5893#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105 5894msgid "Murray River" 5895msgstr "" 5896 5897#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5898#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106 5899#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111 5900msgid "Part of the Milky Way" 5901msgstr "" 5902 5903#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5904#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109 5905msgid "Mindi" 5906msgstr "" 5907 5908#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5909#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110 5910msgid "The maned snake" 5911msgstr "" 5912 5913#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5914#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114 5915msgid "Mityan" 5916msgstr "" 5917 5918#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5919#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115 5920msgid "Quoll" 5921msgstr "" 5922 5923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5924#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116 5925#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67 5926#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21 5927#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52 5928msgid "Moon" 5929msgstr "Lluna" 5930 5931#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5932#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119 5933msgid "Neilloan" 5934msgstr "" 5935 5936#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5937#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120 5938msgid "Mallee fowl" 5939msgstr "" 5940 5941#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5942#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121 5943msgid "Lyra" 5944msgstr "" 5945 5946#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5947#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124 5948msgid "Nurrumbunguttias" 5949msgstr "" 5950 5951#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5952#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125 5953msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo" 5954msgstr "" 5955 5956#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5957#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126 5958msgid "White aura of the Milky Way" 5959msgstr "" 5960 5961#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5962#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129 5963msgid "Otchocut" 5964msgstr "" 5965 5966#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5967#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130 5968msgid "Great fish" 5969msgstr "" 5970 5971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5972#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134 5973msgid "Porkelong toute" 5974msgstr "" 5975 5976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5977#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135 5978msgid "Loss of tooth" 5979msgstr "" 5980 5981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5982#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136 5983msgid "Shooting star" 5984msgstr "Estrelles fugaces" 5985 5986#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5987#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139 5988msgid "Pupperimbul" 5989msgstr "" 5990 5991#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5992#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140 5993msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola" 5994msgstr "" 5995 5996#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5997#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141 5998msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun" 5999msgstr "" 6000 6001#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6002#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144 6003msgid "Purra" 6004msgstr "" 6005 6006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6007#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145 6008msgid "Red kangaroo" 6009msgstr "" 6010 6011#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6012#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146 6013msgid "Capella" 6014msgstr "" 6015 6016#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6017#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149 6018msgid "Tchingal" 6019msgstr "" 6020 6021#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6022#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150 6023msgid "The tall one; emu" 6024msgstr "" 6025 6026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6027#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151 6028msgid "Dark space near Cross" 6029msgstr "" 6030 6031#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6032#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154 6033msgid "Totyarguil" 6034msgstr "" 6035 6036#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6037#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155 6038msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet" 6039msgstr "" 6040 6041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6042#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156 6043msgid "Altair" 6044msgstr "" 6045 6046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6047#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159 6048msgid "Tourchingboiongerra" 6049msgstr "" 6050 6051#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6052#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160 6053msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails" 6054msgstr "" 6055 6056#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6057#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161 6058#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126 6059msgid "Coma Berenices" 6060msgstr "" 6061 6062#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6063#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164 6064msgid "Tourte" 6065msgstr "" 6066 6067#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6068#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165 6069msgid "Star" 6070msgstr "" 6071 6072#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6073#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166 6074msgid "Any star" 6075msgstr "" 6076 6077#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6078#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169 6079msgid "Tyrille" 6080msgstr "" 6081 6082#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6083#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170 6084#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171 6085msgid "Space; night sky" 6086msgstr "" 6087 6088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6089#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174 6090msgid "Unurgunite" 6091msgstr "" 6092 6093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6094#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175 6095msgid "Jacky lizard" 6096msgstr "" 6097 6098#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6099#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176 6100msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris" 6101msgstr "" 6102 6103#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6104#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179 6105msgid "Wanjel" 6106msgstr "" 6107 6108#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6109#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180 6110msgid "Long-necked tortoise" 6111msgstr "" 6112 6113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6114#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181 6115msgid "Pollux" 6116msgstr "" 6117 6118#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6119#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184 6120msgid "War" 6121msgstr "" 6122 6123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6124#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185 6125msgid "Crow" 6126msgstr "" 6127 6128#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6129#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189 6130msgid "Warepil" 6131msgstr "" 6132 6133#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6134#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190 6135msgid "Wedge tailed eagle" 6136msgstr "" 6137 6138#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6139#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194 6140msgid "Warring" 6141msgstr "" 6142 6143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6144#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195 6145msgid "Galaxy" 6146msgstr "Galàxia" 6147 6148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6149#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196 6150#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31 6151#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7 6152#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47 6153msgid "Milky Way" 6154msgstr "Via Làctia" 6155 6156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6157#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199 6158msgid "Weetkurrk" 6159msgstr "" 6160 6161#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6162#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200 6163msgid "Singing bushlark" 6164msgstr "" 6165 6166#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6167#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201 6168msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus" 6169msgstr "" 6170 6171#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6172#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204 6173msgid "Won" 6174msgstr "" 6175 6176#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6177#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205 6178msgid "Boomerang" 6179msgstr "" 6180 6181#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6182#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206 6183#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121 6184msgid "Corona Australis" 6185msgstr "" 6186 6187#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6188#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209 6189msgid "Yerredetkurrk" 6190msgstr "" 6191 6192#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6193#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210 6194msgid "Owlet nightjar" 6195msgstr "" 6196 6197#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6198#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211 6199msgid "Achernar" 6200msgstr "" 6201 6202#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6203#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214 6204msgid "Yurree" 6205msgstr "" 6206 6207#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6208#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215 6209msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo" 6210msgstr "" 6211 6212#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6213#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216 6214msgid "Castor" 6215msgstr "" 6216 6217#. type: Content of: <p> 6218#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221 6219msgid "" 6220"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a " 6221"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' " 6222"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>" 6223" and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' " 6224"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>." 6225msgstr "" 6226 6227#. type: Content of: <h2> 6228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1 6229msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture" 6230msgstr "Cultura del cel xinesa tradicional" 6231 6232#. type: Content of: <p> 6233#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3 6234msgid "" 6235"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system" 6236" to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān," 6237" meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching " 6238"implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were " 6239"associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the " 6240"current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th " 6241"centuries." 6242msgstr "" 6243 6244#. type: Content of: <p> 6245#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4 6246msgid "" 6247"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 " 6248"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: " 6249"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies " 6250"of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). " 6251"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy " 6252"finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a " 6253"revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of " 6254"Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese " 6255"Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual " 6256"research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western " 6257"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; " 6258"pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo)." 6259msgstr "" 6260 6261#. type: Content of: <p> 6262#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5 6263msgid "" 6264"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside " 6265"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and " 6266"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>." 6267msgstr "" 6268 6269#. type: Content of: <p> 6270#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6 6271msgid "" 6272"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of " 6273"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó " 6274"Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> " 6275"Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star " 6276"Catalogue)</i>." 6277msgstr "" 6278 6279#. type: Content of: <p> 6280#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7 6281msgid "" 6282"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to " 6283"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>." 6284msgstr "" 6285 6286#. type: Content of: <p> 6287#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8 6288msgid "" 6289"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to " 6290"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully " 6291"certified." 6292msgstr "" 6293 6294#. type: Content of: <h3> 6295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11 6296msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets" 6297msgstr "El Sol, la Lluna i els planetes" 6298 6299#. type: Content of: <p> 6300#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13 6301msgid "" 6302"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient " 6303"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. " 6304"Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is " 6305"named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star." 6306msgstr "" 6307 6308#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6309#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14 6310msgid "" 6311"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix " 6312"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳;" 6313" pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other" 6314" name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue " 6315"(Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang" 6316" (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)." 6317msgstr "" 6318 6319#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6320#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15 6321msgid "" 6322"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; " 6323"pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang." 6324msgstr "" 6325 6326#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6327#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17 6328msgid "Xingguans" 6329msgstr "" 6330 6331#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6332#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19 6333msgid "" 6334"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere " 6335"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern " 6336"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans " 6337"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries " 6338"between Xingguans." 6339msgstr "" 6340 6341#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6342#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20 6343msgid "" 6344"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the " 6345"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the " 6346"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world." 6347msgstr "" 6348 6349#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21 6351msgid "" 6352"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic " 6353"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only " 6354"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 " 6355"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are " 6356"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿;pinyin: " 6357"Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; " 6358"pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, " 6359"six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. " 6360"They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing " 6361"Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of " 6362"Astronomical</i>." 6363msgstr "" 6364 6365#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6366#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22 6367msgid "" 6368"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around " 6369"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: " 6370"JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based " 6371"on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern" 6372" Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system." 6373msgstr "" 6374 6375#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23 6377msgid "" 6378"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial " 6379"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but" 6380" changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to " 6381"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: " 6382"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: 正星; " 6383"pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number." 6384" The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of " 6385"Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few " 6386"Xingguans, each star has a special name." 6387msgstr "" 6388 6389#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24 6391msgid "" 6392"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has" 6393" 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total." 6394msgstr "" 6395 6396#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6397#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25 6398msgid "" 6399"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the " 6400"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star " 6401"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than " 6402"Western names." 6403msgstr "" 6404 6405#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27 6407msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>" 6408msgstr "" 6409 6410#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30 6412msgid "Three Enclosures" 6413msgstr "" 6414 6415#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6416#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32 6417msgid "" 6418"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the " 6419"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; " 6420"pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: " 6421"Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)." 6422msgstr "" 6423 6424#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6425#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33 6426msgid "" 6427"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which " 6428"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There " 6429"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this " 6430"Enclosure." 6431msgstr "" 6432 6433#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6434#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34 6435msgid "" 6436"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the" 6437" northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient " 6438"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is" 6439" circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa " 6440"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts" 6441" of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden " 6442"enclosure has 37 Xingguans." 6443msgstr "" 6444 6445#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6446#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36 6447msgid "" 6448"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple " 6449"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6450msgstr "" 6451 6452#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6453#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38 6454msgid "" 6455"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers " 6456"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of " 6457"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations " 6458"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and " 6459"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans." 6460msgstr "" 6461 6462#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6463#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40 6464msgid "" 6465"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme " 6466"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6467msgstr "" 6468 6469#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6470#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42 6471msgid "" 6472"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary " 6473"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations " 6474"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. " 6475"Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the " 6476"participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar." 6477msgstr "" 6478 6479#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6480#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44 6481msgid "" 6482"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly" 6483" Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6484msgstr "" 6485 6486#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6487#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47 6488msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions" 6489msgstr "" 6490 6491#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6492#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49 6493msgid "" 6494"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as " 6495"28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the " 6496"sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according " 6497"to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; " 6498"pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest." 6499msgstr "" 6500 6501#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6502#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50 6503msgid "" 6504"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the" 6505" main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion." 6506msgstr "" 6507 6508#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6509#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51 6510msgid "" 6511"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; " 6512"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight " 6513"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial " 6514"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative " 6515"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: " 6516"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial " 6517"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the " 6518"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial " 6519"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion." 6520msgstr "" 6521 6522#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6523#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52 6524msgid "" 6525"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each " 6526"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also " 6527"changed in history." 6528msgstr "" 6529 6530#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6531#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53 6532msgid "" 6533"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the " 6534"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial " 6535"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies." 6536msgstr "" 6537 6538#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6539#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54 6540msgid "" 6541"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its " 6542"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, " 6543"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the " 6544"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; " 6545"pinyin: rùxiùdù)." 6546msgstr "" 6547 6548#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6549#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55 6550msgid "" 6551"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which" 6552" is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we " 6553"can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion " 6554"distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two " 6555"components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system." 6556msgstr "" 6557 6558#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6559#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56 6560msgid "" 6561"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; " 6562"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing " 6563"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between " 6564"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk " 6565"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, " 6566"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the " 6567"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west." 6568msgstr "" 6569 6570#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6571#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58 6572msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)" 6573msgstr "" 6574 6575#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6576#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61 6577msgid "Seven Luminaries" 6578msgstr "" 6579 6580#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6581#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63 6582msgid "Wood" 6583msgstr "" 6584 6585#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6586#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64 6587msgid "Metal" 6588msgstr "" 6589 6590#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6591#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65 6592msgid "Earth" 6593msgstr "" 6594 6595#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6596#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68 6597msgid "Fire" 6598msgstr "" 6599 6600#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6601#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69 6602msgid "Water" 6603msgstr "" 6604 6605#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6606#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72 6607#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160 6608#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248 6609#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336 6610#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440 6611#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910 6612msgid "Chinese Name" 6613msgstr "" 6614 6615#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6616#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83 6617#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171 6618#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259 6619#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347 6620#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441 6621#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911 6622msgid "Pinyin" 6623msgstr "" 6624 6625#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6626#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94 6627#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182 6628#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270 6629#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358 6630#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442 6631#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912 6632msgid "Translation" 6633msgstr "" 6634 6635#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6636#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95 6637msgid "Azure Dragon of the East" 6638msgstr "" 6639 6640#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6641#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96 6642#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016 6643msgid "Horn Mansion" 6644msgstr "" 6645 6646#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6647#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97 6648#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100 6649msgid "Neck Mansion" 6650msgstr "" 6651 6652#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98 6654#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156 6655msgid "Root Mansion" 6656msgstr "" 6657 6658#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6659#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99 6660#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240 6661msgid "Room Mansion" 6662msgstr "" 6663 6664#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6665#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100 6666#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303 6667msgid "Heart Mansion" 6668msgstr "" 6669 6670#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6671#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101 6672#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324 6673msgid "Tail Mansion" 6674msgstr "" 6675 6676#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6677#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102 6678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373 6679msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion" 6680msgstr "" 6681 6682#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105 6684#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193 6685#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281 6686#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369 6687msgid "Number of xingguans" 6688msgstr "" 6689 6690#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6691#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116 6692#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204 6693#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292 6694#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380 6695msgid "Determinative Star" 6696msgstr "Estrela determinant" 6697 6698#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6699#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127 6700#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215 6701#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303 6702#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391 6703msgid "RA of Determinative Star" 6704msgstr "" 6705 6706#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6707#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138 6708#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226 6709#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314 6710#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402 6711msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1" 6712msgstr "" 6713 6714#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6715#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149 6716#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237 6717#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325 6718#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413 6719msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2" 6720msgstr "" 6721 6722#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6723#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183 6724msgid "Black Tortoise of the North" 6725msgstr "" 6726 6727#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184 6729#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401 6730msgid "Dipper Mansion" 6731msgstr "" 6732 6733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185 6735#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478 6736msgid "Ox Mansion" 6737msgstr "" 6738 6739#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6740#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186 6741#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562 6742msgid "Girl Mansion" 6743msgstr "" 6744 6745#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6746#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187 6747#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625 6748msgid "Emptiness Mansion" 6749msgstr "" 6750 6751#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6752#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188 6753#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702 6754msgid "Rooftop Mansion" 6755msgstr "" 6756 6757#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6758#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189 6759#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786 6760msgid "Encampment Mansion" 6761msgstr "" 6762 6763#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6764#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190 6765#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870 6766msgid "Wall Mansion" 6767msgstr "" 6768 6769#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6770#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271 6771msgid "White Tiger of the West" 6772msgstr "" 6773 6774#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6775#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272 6776#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919 6777msgid "Legs Mansion" 6778msgstr "" 6779 6780#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6781#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273 6782#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989 6783msgid "Bond Mansion" 6784msgstr "" 6785 6786#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6787#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274 6788#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038 6789msgid "Stomach Mansion" 6790msgstr "" 6791 6792#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6793#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275 6794#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094 6795msgid "Hairy Head Mansion" 6796msgstr "" 6797 6798#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6799#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276 6800#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164 6801msgid "Net Mansion" 6802msgstr "" 6803 6804#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6805#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277 6806#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276 6807msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion" 6808msgstr "" 6809 6810#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6811#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278 6812#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304 6813msgid "Three Stars Mansion" 6814msgstr "" 6815 6816#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6817#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359 6818msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South" 6819msgstr "" 6820 6821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6822#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360 6823#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360 6824msgid "Well Mansion" 6825msgstr "" 6826 6827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6828#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361 6829#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507 6830msgid "Ghosts Mansion" 6831msgstr "" 6832 6833#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6834#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362 6835#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563 6836msgid "Willow Mansion" 6837msgstr "" 6838 6839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6840#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363 6841#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584 6842#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591 6843msgid "Star Mansion" 6844msgstr "" 6845 6846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6847#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364 6848#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626 6849msgid "Extended Net Mansion" 6850msgstr "" 6851 6852#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6853#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365 6854#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647 6855msgid "Wings Mansion" 6856msgstr "" 6857 6858#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6859#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366 6860#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668 6861msgid "Chariot Mansion" 6862msgstr "" 6863 6864#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6865#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424 6866msgid "" 6867"note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system." 6868msgstr "" 6869 6870#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6871#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425 6872msgid "" 6873"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate " 6874"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees." 6875msgstr "" 6876 6877#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a> 6878#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428 6879msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)" 6880msgstr "" 6881 6882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6883#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432 6884#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731 6885msgid "The Southern Sky" 6886msgstr "" 6887 6888#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6889#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434 6890msgid "" 6891"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. " 6892"Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight " 6893"Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: " 6894"徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the " 6895"European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the " 6896"traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of " 6897"Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals." 6898msgstr "" 6899 6900#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6901#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436 6902msgid "The list of Xingguans" 6903msgstr "" 6904 6905#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6906#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443 6907msgid "Number of Primary Stars" 6908msgstr "" 6909 6910#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6911#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444 6912msgid "Number of Added Stars" 6913msgstr "" 6914 6915#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6916#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449 6917msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure" 6918msgstr "" 6919 6920#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6921#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456 6922msgid "Northern Pole" 6923msgstr "Pol Nord" 6924 6925#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6926#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463 6927msgid "Four Advisors" 6928msgstr "" 6929 6930#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6931#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470 6932msgid "Celestial Great One" 6933msgstr "" 6934 6935#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6936#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477 6937msgid "First Great One" 6938msgstr "" 6939 6940#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6941#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484 6942msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall" 6943msgstr "" 6944 6945#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6946#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491 6947msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall" 6948msgstr "" 6949 6950#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6951#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498 6952msgid "Hidden Virtue" 6953msgstr "" 6954 6955#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6956#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505 6957msgid "Royal Secretary" 6958msgstr "" 6959 6960#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6961#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512 6962msgid "Female Protocol" 6963msgstr "" 6964 6965#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6966#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519 6967msgid "Official of Royal Archives" 6968msgstr "" 6969 6970#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6971#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526 6972msgid "Maids-in-waiting" 6973msgstr "" 6974 6975#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6976#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533 6977msgid "Celestial Pillar" 6978msgstr "" 6979 6980#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6981#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540 6982msgid "Chief Judge" 6983msgstr "" 6984 6985#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6986#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547 6987msgid "Curved Array" 6988msgstr "" 6989 6990#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6991#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554 6992msgid "Six Jia" 6993msgstr "" 6994 6995#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6996#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561 6997msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven" 6998msgstr "" 6999 7000#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7001#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568 7002msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors" 7003msgstr "" 7004 7005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7006#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575 7007msgid "Canopy of the Emperor" 7008msgstr "" 7009 7010#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7011#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582 7012msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )" 7013msgstr "" 7014 7015#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7016#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589 7017msgid "Guest House" 7018msgstr "" 7019 7020#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7021#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596 7022msgid "Inner Steps" 7023msgstr "" 7024 7025#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7026#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603 7027msgid "Celestial Kitchen" 7028msgstr "" 7029 7030#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7031#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610 7032msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops" 7033msgstr "" 7034 7035#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7036#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617 7037msgid "Celestial Flail" 7038msgstr "" 7039 7040#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7041#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624 7042msgid "Inner Kitchen" 7043msgstr "" 7044 7045#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7046#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631 7047msgid "Administrative Center" 7048msgstr "" 7049 7050#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7051#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638 7052msgid "Three Top Instructors" 7053msgstr "" 7054 7055#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7056#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645 7057#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757 7058msgid "Three Excellencies" 7059msgstr "" 7060 7061#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7062#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652 7063msgid "Celestial Bed" 7064msgstr "" 7065 7066#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7067#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659 7068msgid "Royals" 7069msgstr "" 7070 7071#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7072#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666 7073msgid "Celestial Prison" 7074msgstr "" 7075 7076#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7077#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673 7078msgid "Guard of the Sun" 7079msgstr "" 7080 7081#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7082#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680 7083msgid "Eunuch" 7084msgstr "" 7085 7086#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7087#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687 7088msgid "Prime Minister" 7089msgstr "" 7090 7091#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7092#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694 7093msgid "Sombre Lance" 7094msgstr "" 7095 7096#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7097#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701 7098msgid "Judge for Nobility" 7099msgstr "" 7100 7101#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7102#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708 7103msgid "Northern Dipper" 7104msgstr "" 7105 7106#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7107#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715 7108msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)" 7109msgstr "" 7110 7111#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7112#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722 7113msgid "Celestial Spear" 7114msgstr "" 7115 7116#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7117#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729 7118msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure" 7119msgstr "" 7120 7121#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7122#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736 7123msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall" 7124msgstr "" 7125 7126#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7127#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743 7128msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall" 7129msgstr "" 7130 7131#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7132#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750 7133msgid "Usher to the Court" 7134msgstr "" 7135 7136#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7137#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764 7138msgid "Nine Senior Officers" 7139msgstr "" 7140 7141#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7142#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771 7143msgid "Five Lords" 7144msgstr "" 7145 7146#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7147#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778 7148msgid "Inner Screen" 7149msgstr "" 7150 7151#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7152#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785 7153msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors" 7154msgstr "" 7155 7156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7157#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792 7158msgid "Officer of Honour" 7159msgstr "" 7160 7161#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7162#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799 7163msgid "Crown Prince" 7164msgstr "" 7165 7166#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7167#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806 7168#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296 7169msgid "Retinue" 7170msgstr "" 7171 7172#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7173#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813 7174msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards" 7175msgstr "" 7176 7177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7178#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820 7179msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard" 7180msgstr "" 7181 7182#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7183#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827 7184msgid "Royal Guards" 7185msgstr "" 7186 7187#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7188#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834 7189msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard" 7190msgstr "" 7191 7192#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7193#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841 7194msgid "The Hall of Glory" 7195msgstr "" 7196 7197#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7198#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848 7199msgid "Astronomical Observatory" 7200msgstr "" 7201 7202#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7203#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855 7204msgid "Junior Officers" 7205msgstr "" 7206 7207#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7208#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862 7209msgid "Long Wall" 7210msgstr "" 7211 7212#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7213#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869 7214msgid "Three Steps" 7215msgstr "" 7216 7217#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7218#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876 7219msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure" 7220msgstr "" 7221 7222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7223#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883 7224msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall" 7225msgstr "" 7226 7227#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890 7229msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall" 7230msgstr "" 7231 7232#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7233#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897 7234msgid "Municipal Office" 7235msgstr "" 7236 7237#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7238#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904 7239msgid "Commodity Market" 7240msgstr "" 7241 7242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7243#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911 7244msgid "Official for the Royal Clan" 7245msgstr "" 7246 7247#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7248#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918 7249msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies" 7250msgstr "" 7251 7252#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7253#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925 7254msgid "Patriarchal Clan" 7255msgstr "" 7256 7257#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7258#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932 7259msgid "Textile Ruler" 7260msgstr "" 7261 7262#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7263#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939 7264msgid "Butcher's Shops" 7265msgstr "" 7266 7267#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7268#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946 7269msgid "Astrologer" 7270msgstr "" 7271 7272#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7273#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953 7274msgid "Emperor's Seat" 7275msgstr "" 7276 7277#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7278#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960 7279msgid "Eunuch Official" 7280msgstr "" 7281 7282#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7283#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967 7284msgid "Jewel Market" 7285msgstr "" 7286 7287#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7288#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974 7289msgid "Dipper for Liquids" 7290msgstr "" 7291 7292#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7293#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981 7294msgid "Dipper for Solids" 7295msgstr "" 7296 7297#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7298#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988 7299msgid "Coiled Thong" 7300msgstr "" 7301 7302#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7303#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995 7304msgid "Seven Excellencies" 7305msgstr "" 7306 7307#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7308#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002 7309msgid "Celestial Discipline" 7310msgstr "" 7311 7312#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7313#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009 7314msgid "Woman's Bed" 7315msgstr "" 7316 7317#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7318#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023 7319msgid "Horn" 7320msgstr "" 7321 7322#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7323#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030 7324msgid "Flat Road" 7325msgstr "" 7326 7327#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7328#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037 7329#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492 7330msgid "Celestial Farmland" 7331msgstr "" 7332 7333#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7334#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044 7335msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men" 7336msgstr "" 7337 7338#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7339#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051 7340msgid "Tripod of the Zhou" 7341msgstr "" 7342 7343#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7344#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058 7345msgid "Celestial Gate" 7346msgstr "" 7347 7348#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7349#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065 7350msgid "Justice" 7351msgstr "" 7352 7353#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7354#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072 7355msgid "Arsenal" 7356msgstr "" 7357 7358#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7359#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079 7360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227 7361msgid "Pillars" 7362msgstr "" 7363 7364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086 7366msgid "Railings" 7367msgstr "" 7368 7369#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7370#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093 7371msgid "Southern Gate" 7372msgstr "" 7373 7374#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7375#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107 7376msgid "Neck" 7377msgstr "" 7378 7379#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7380#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114 7381msgid "Great Horn" 7382msgstr "" 7383 7384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7385#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121 7386msgid "Left Conductor" 7387msgstr "" 7388 7389#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128 7391msgid "Right Conductor" 7392msgstr "" 7393 7394#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7395#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135 7396msgid "Trials" 7397msgstr "" 7398 7399#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7400#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142 7401msgid "Gate of Yang" 7402msgstr "" 7403 7404#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7405#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149 7406msgid "Executions" 7407msgstr "" 7408 7409#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7410#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163 7411msgid "Root" 7412msgstr "" 7413 7414#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7415#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170 7416msgid "Celestial Milk" 7417msgstr "" 7418 7419#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7420#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177 7421msgid "Twinkling Indicator" 7422msgstr "" 7423 7424#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7425#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184 7426msgid "Celestial Lance" 7427msgstr "" 7428 7429#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7430#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191 7431msgid "Mattress of the Emperor" 7432msgstr "" 7433 7434#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7435#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198 7436msgid "Boats and Lake" 7437msgstr "" 7438 7439#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7440#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205 7441msgid "Battle Chariots" 7442msgstr "" 7443 7444#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7445#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212 7446msgid "Imperial Guards" 7447msgstr "" 7448 7449#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7450#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219 7451msgid "Chariots and Cavalry" 7452msgstr "" 7453 7454#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7455#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226 7456msgid "Celestial Spokes" 7457msgstr "" 7458 7459#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7460#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233 7461msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General" 7462msgstr "" 7463 7464#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7465#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247 7466msgid "Room" 7467msgstr "" 7468 7469#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7470#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254 7471msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)" 7472msgstr "" 7473 7474#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7475#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261 7476msgid "Door Bolt" 7477msgstr "" 7478 7479#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7480#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268 7481msgid "Punishment" 7482msgstr "" 7483 7484#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7485#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275 7486msgid "Eastern Door" 7487msgstr "" 7488 7489#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7490#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282 7491msgid "Western Door" 7492msgstr "" 7493 7494#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7495#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289 7496msgid "Solar Star" 7497msgstr "" 7498 7499#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7500#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310 7501#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69 7502msgid "Heart" 7503msgstr "" 7504 7505#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7506#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317 7507msgid "Group of Soldiers" 7508msgstr "" 7509 7510#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7511#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331 7512#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76 7513msgid "Tail" 7514msgstr "" 7515 7516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7517#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338 7518msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)" 7519msgstr "" 7520 7521#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7522#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345 7523msgid "Tortoise" 7524msgstr "" 7525 7526#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7527#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352 7528msgid "Celestial River" 7529msgstr "" 7530 7531#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359 7533msgid "Fu Yue" 7534msgstr "" 7535 7536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366 7538#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926 7539msgid "Fish" 7540msgstr "" 7541 7542#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7543#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380 7544msgid "Winnowing Basket" 7545msgstr "" 7546 7547#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7548#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387 7549msgid "Chaff" 7550msgstr "" 7551 7552#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7553#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394 7554#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730 7555msgid "Pestle" 7556msgstr "" 7557 7558#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7559#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408 7560msgid "Dipper" 7561msgstr "" 7562 7563#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7564#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415 7565msgid "Establishment" 7566msgstr "" 7567 7568#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7569#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422 7570msgid "Celestial Keyhole" 7571msgstr "" 7572 7573#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7574#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429 7575msgid "Market Officer" 7576msgstr "" 7577 7578#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7579#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436 7580msgid "River Turtle" 7581msgstr "" 7582 7583#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7584#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443 7585msgid "Celestial Cock" 7586msgstr "" 7587 7588#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7589#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450 7590msgid "Territory of Dog" 7591msgstr "" 7592 7593#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7594#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457 7595msgid "Celestial Spring" 7596msgstr "" 7597 7598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7599#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464 7600#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399 7601#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241 7602#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222 7603msgid "Dog" 7604msgstr "" 7605 7606#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7607#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471 7608msgid "Peasant" 7609msgstr "" 7610 7611#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7612#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485 7613msgid "Ox" 7614msgstr "" 7615 7616#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7617#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499 7618msgid "Nine Water Wells" 7619msgstr "" 7620 7621#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7622#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506 7623msgid "Drum at the River" 7624msgstr "" 7625 7626#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7627#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513 7628msgid "Weaving Girl" 7629msgstr "" 7630 7631#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7632#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520 7633msgid "Left Flag" 7634msgstr "" 7635 7636#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7637#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527 7638msgid "Right Flag" 7639msgstr "" 7640 7641#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7642#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534 7643msgid "Celestial Drumstick" 7644msgstr "" 7645 7646#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7647#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541 7648msgid "Network of Dykes" 7649msgstr "" 7650 7651#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7652#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548 7653msgid "Clepsydra Terrace" 7654msgstr "" 7655 7656#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7657#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555 7658msgid "Imperial Passageway" 7659msgstr "" 7660 7661#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7662#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569 7663msgid "Girl" 7664msgstr "" 7665 7666#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7667#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576 7668msgid "Twelve States" 7669msgstr "" 7670 7671#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7672#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583 7673msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear" 7674msgstr "" 7675 7676#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7677#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590 7678msgid "Rotten Gourd" 7679msgstr "" 7680 7681#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7682#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597 7683msgid "Good Gourd" 7684msgstr "" 7685 7686#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7687#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604 7688msgid "Celestial Ford" 7689msgstr "" 7690 7691#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7692#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611 7693msgid "Xi Zhong" 7694msgstr "" 7695 7696#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7697#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618 7698msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves" 7699msgstr "" 7700 7701#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7702#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632 7703#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124 7704msgid "Emptiness" 7705msgstr "" 7706 7707#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7708#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639 7709msgid "Deified Judge of Life" 7710msgstr "" 7711 7712#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7713#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646 7714msgid "Deified Judge of Rank" 7715msgstr "" 7716 7717#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7718#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653 7719msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune" 7720msgstr "" 7721 7722#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7723#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660 7724msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong" 7725msgstr "" 7726 7727#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667 7729msgid "Crying" 7730msgstr "" 7731 7732#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7733#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674 7734msgid "Weeping" 7735msgstr "" 7736 7737#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7738#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681 7739msgid "Celestial Ramparts" 7740msgstr "" 7741 7742#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7743#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688 7744msgid "Decayed Mortar" 7745msgstr "" 7746 7747#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7748#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695 7749msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear" 7750msgstr "" 7751 7752#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7753#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709 7754msgid "Rooftop" 7755msgstr "" 7756 7757#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7758#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716 7759msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)" 7760msgstr "" 7761 7762#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7763#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723 7764msgid "Humans" 7765msgstr "" 7766 7767#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7768#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737 7769msgid "Mortar" 7770msgstr "" 7771 7772#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7773#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744 7774msgid "Big Yard for Chariots" 7775msgstr "" 7776 7777#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7778#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751 7779msgid "Celestial Hook" 7780msgstr "" 7781 7782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7783#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758 7784msgid "Zaofu" 7785msgstr "" 7786 7787#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7788#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765 7789msgid "Roofing" 7790msgstr "" 7791 7792#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7793#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772 7794msgid "Temple" 7795msgstr "" 7796 7797#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7798#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779 7799msgid "Celestial Money" 7800msgstr "" 7801 7802#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7803#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793 7804msgid "Encampment" 7805msgstr "" 7806 7807#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7808#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800 7809msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)" 7810msgstr "" 7811 7812#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7813#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807 7814msgid "Thunder and Lightning" 7815msgstr "" 7816 7817#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7818#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814 7819msgid "Line of Ramparts" 7820msgstr "" 7821 7822#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7823#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821 7824msgid "Palace Guard" 7825msgstr "" 7826 7827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7828#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828 7829msgid "Axe" 7830msgstr "" 7831 7832#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7833#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835 7834msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp" 7835msgstr "" 7836 7837#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7838#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842 7839msgid "Net for Catching Birds" 7840msgstr "" 7841 7842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7843#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849 7844msgid "Materials for Making Tents" 7845msgstr "" 7846 7847#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7848#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856 7849msgid "Official for Materials Supply" 7850msgstr "" 7851 7852#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7853#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863 7854msgid "Flying Serpent" 7855msgstr "" 7856 7857#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7858#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877 7859#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145 7860msgid "Wall" 7861msgstr "" 7862 7863#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7864#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884 7865msgid "Thunderbolt" 7866msgstr "" 7867 7868#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7869#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891 7870msgid "Cloud and Rain" 7871msgstr "" 7872 7873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7874#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898 7875msgid "Celestial Stable" 7876msgstr "" 7877 7878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7879#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905 7880msgid "Sickle" 7881msgstr "" 7882 7883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7884#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912 7885msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings" 7886msgstr "" 7887 7888#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7889#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926 7890msgid "Legs" 7891msgstr "" 7892 7893#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7894#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933 7895msgid "Outer Fence" 7896msgstr "" 7897 7898#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7899#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940 7900msgid "Celestial Pigsty" 7901msgstr "" 7902 7903#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7904#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947 7905#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717 7906msgid "Master of Constructions" 7907msgstr "" 7908 7909#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7910#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954 7911msgid "Southern Military Gate" 7912msgstr "" 7913 7914#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7915#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961 7916msgid "Flying Corridor" 7917msgstr "" 7918 7919#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7920#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968 7921msgid "Auxiliary Road" 7922msgstr "" 7923 7924#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7925#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975 7926msgid "Wang Liang" 7927msgstr "" 7928 7929#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7930#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982 7931msgid "Whip" 7932msgstr "" 7933 7934#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7935#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996 7936msgid "Bond" 7937msgstr "" 7938 7939#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7940#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003 7941msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest" 7942msgstr "" 7943 7944#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7945#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010 7946msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing" 7947msgstr "" 7948 7949#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7950#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017 7951msgid "Square Celestial Granary" 7952msgstr "" 7953 7954#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7955#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024 7956msgid "Ricks of Grain" 7957msgstr "" 7958 7959#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7960#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031 7961msgid "Great General of Heaven" 7962msgstr "" 7963 7964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7965#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045 7966#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178 7967msgid "Stomach" 7968msgstr "" 7969 7970#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7971#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052 7972msgid "Celestial Foodstuff" 7973msgstr "" 7974 7975#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7976#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059 7977msgid "Circular Celestial Granary" 7978msgstr "" 7979 7980#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7981#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066 7982msgid "Mausoleum" 7983msgstr "" 7984 7985#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7986#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073 7987msgid "Celestial Boat" 7988msgstr "" 7989 7990#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7991#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080 7992msgid "Heap of Corpses" 7993msgstr "" 7994 7995#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7996#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087 7997msgid "Stored Water" 7998msgstr "" 7999 8000#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8001#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101 8002msgid "Hairy Head" 8003msgstr "" 8004 8005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8006#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108 8007msgid "Celestial Concave" 8008msgstr "" 8009 8010#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8011#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115 8012msgid "Lunar Star" 8013msgstr "" 8014 8015#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8016#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122 8017msgid "Celestial Yin Force" 8018msgstr "" 8019 8020#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8021#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129 8022msgid "Hay" 8023msgstr "" 8024 8025#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8026#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136 8027msgid "Celestial Meadows" 8028msgstr "" 8029 8030#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8031#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143 8032msgid "Rolled Tongue" 8033msgstr "" 8034 8035#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8036#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150 8037msgid "Celestial Slander" 8038msgstr "" 8039 8040#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8041#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157 8042msgid "Whetstone" 8043msgstr "" 8044 8045#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8046#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171 8047msgid "Net" 8048msgstr "" 8049 8050#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8051#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178 8052msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)" 8053msgstr "" 8054 8055#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8056#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185 8057msgid "Celestial Street" 8058msgstr "" 8059 8060#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8061#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192 8062msgid "Celestial Tally" 8063msgstr "" 8064 8065#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8066#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199 8067msgid "Feudal Kings" 8068msgstr "" 8069 8070#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8071#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206 8072msgid "Celestial High Terrace" 8073msgstr "" 8074 8075#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8076#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213 8077msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects" 8078msgstr "" 8079 8080#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8081#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220 8082msgid "Five Chariots" 8083msgstr "" 8084 8085#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8086#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234 8087msgid "Celestial Pier" 8088msgstr "" 8089 8090#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8091#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241 8092msgid "Pool of Harmony" 8093msgstr "" 8094 8095#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8096#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248 8097msgid "Celestial Pass" 8098msgstr "" 8099 8100#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8101#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255 8102msgid "Banner of Three Stars" 8103msgstr "" 8104 8105#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8106#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262 8107msgid "Imperial Military Flag" 8108msgstr "" 8109 8110#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8111#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269 8112msgid "Celestial Orchard" 8113msgstr "" 8114 8115#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8116#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283 8117msgid "Turtle Beak" 8118msgstr "" 8119 8120#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8121#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290 8122msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters" 8123msgstr "" 8124 8125#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8126#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297 8127msgid "Seat Flags" 8128msgstr "" 8129 8130#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8131#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311 8132msgid "Three Stars" 8133msgstr "" 8134 8135#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8136#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318 8137msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)" 8138msgstr "" 8139 8140#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8141#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325 8142msgid "Jade Well" 8143msgstr "" 8144 8145#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8146#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332 8147msgid "Screen" 8148msgstr "" 8149 8150#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8151#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339 8152msgid "Military well" 8153msgstr "" 8154 8155#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8156#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346 8157msgid "Toilet" 8158msgstr "" 8159 8160#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8161#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353 8162msgid "Excrement" 8163msgstr "" 8164 8165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8166#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367 8167#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225 8168msgid "Well" 8169msgstr "" 8170 8171#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8172#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374 8173msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)" 8174msgstr "" 8175 8176#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8177#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381 8178msgid "South River" 8179msgstr "" 8180 8181#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8182#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388 8183msgid "North River" 8184msgstr "" 8185 8186#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8187#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395 8188msgid "Celestial Wine Cup" 8189msgstr "" 8190 8191#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8192#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402 8193msgid "Five Feudal Kings" 8194msgstr "" 8195 8196#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8197#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409 8198msgid "Accumulated Water" 8199msgstr "" 8200 8201#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8202#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416 8203msgid "Pile of Firewood" 8204msgstr "" 8205 8206#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8207#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423 8208msgid "Official for Irrigation" 8209msgstr "" 8210 8211#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8212#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430 8213msgid "Water Level" 8214msgstr "" 8215 8216#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8217#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437 8218msgid "Four Channels" 8219msgstr "" 8220 8221#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8222#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444 8223msgid "Market for Soldiers" 8224msgstr "" 8225 8226#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8227#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451 8228msgid "Wild Cockerel" 8229msgstr "" 8230 8231#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8232#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458 8233msgid "Grandfather" 8234msgstr "" 8235 8236#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8237#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465 8238msgid "Son" 8239msgstr "" 8240 8241#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8242#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472 8243msgid "Grandson" 8244msgstr "" 8245 8246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8247#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479 8248msgid "Palace Gate" 8249msgstr "" 8250 8251#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8252#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486 8253msgid "Celestial Wolf" 8254msgstr "" 8255 8256#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8257#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493 8258msgid "Bow and Arrow" 8259msgstr "" 8260 8261#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8262#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500 8263msgid "Old Man" 8264msgstr "" 8265 8266#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8267#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514 8268msgid "Ghosts" 8269msgstr "" 8270 8271#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8272#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521 8273#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933 8274msgid "Cumulative Corpses" 8275msgstr "" 8276 8277#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8278#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528 8279msgid "Beacon Fire" 8280msgstr "" 8281 8282#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8283#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535 8284msgid "Celestial Dog" 8285msgstr "" 8286 8287#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8288#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542 8289msgid "Outer Kitchen" 8290msgstr "" 8291 8292#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8293#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549 8294msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple" 8295msgstr "" 8296 8297#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8298#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556 8299msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals" 8300msgstr "" 8301 8302#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8303#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570 8304#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239 8305msgid "Willow" 8306msgstr "" 8307 8308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8309#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577 8310msgid "Banner of Wine Shop" 8311msgstr "" 8312 8313#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8314#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598 8315msgid "Celestial Premier" 8316msgstr "" 8317 8318#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8319#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605 8320msgid "Celestial Cereals" 8321msgstr "" 8322 8323#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8324#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612 8325msgid "Xuanyuan" 8326msgstr "" 8327 8328#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8329#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619 8330msgid "High Judge" 8331msgstr "" 8332 8333#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8334#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633 8335msgid "Extended Net" 8336msgstr "" 8337 8338#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8339#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640 8340msgid "Celestial Temple" 8341msgstr "" 8342 8343#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8344#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654 8345#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260 8346msgid "Wings" 8347msgstr "" 8348 8349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661 8351msgid "Dongou" 8352msgstr "" 8353 8354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675 8356msgid "Chariot" 8357msgstr "" 8358 8359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682 8361msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)" 8362msgstr "" 8363 8364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689 8366msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)" 8367msgstr "" 8368 8369#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8370#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696 8371msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)" 8372msgstr "" 8373 8374#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8375#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703 8376msgid "Green Hill" 8377msgstr "" 8378 8379#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8380#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710 8381msgid "Military Gate" 8382msgstr "" 8383 8384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8385#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724 8386msgid "House for Musical Instruments" 8387msgstr "" 8388 8389#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738 8391msgid "Sea and Mountain" 8392msgstr "" 8393 8394#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8395#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745 8396msgid "Cross" 8397msgstr "" 8398 8399#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8400#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752 8401msgid "Horse's Tail" 8402msgstr "" 8403 8404#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8405#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759 8406msgid "Horse's Abdomen" 8407msgstr "" 8408 8409#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8410#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766 8411msgid "Bee" 8412msgstr "" 8413 8414#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8415#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773 8416#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263 8417#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139 8418#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113 8419msgid "Triangle" 8420msgstr "" 8421 8422#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8423#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780 8424msgid "Exotic Bird" 8425msgstr "" 8426 8427#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8428#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787 8429msgid "Peafowl" 8430msgstr "" 8431 8432#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8433#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794 8434msgid "Persia" 8435msgstr "" 8436 8437#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8438#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801 8439msgid "Snake's Tail" 8440msgstr "" 8441 8442#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8443#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808 8444msgid "Snake's Abdomen" 8445msgstr "" 8446 8447#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8448#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815 8449msgid "Snake's Head" 8450msgstr "" 8451 8452#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8453#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822 8454msgid "Bird's Beak" 8455msgstr "" 8456 8457#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8458#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829 8459msgid "Crane" 8460msgstr "" 8461 8462#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8463#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836 8464msgid "Firebird" 8465msgstr "" 8466 8467#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8468#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843 8469msgid "Crooked Running Water" 8470msgstr "" 8471 8472#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8473#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850 8474msgid "White Patched Nearby" 8475msgstr "" 8476 8477#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8478#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857 8479msgid "White Patches Attached" 8480msgstr "" 8481 8482#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8483#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864 8484msgid "Goldfish" 8485msgstr "" 8486 8487#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8488#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871 8489msgid "Sea Rock" 8490msgstr "" 8491 8492#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8493#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878 8494msgid "Flying Fish" 8495msgstr "" 8496 8497#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8498#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885 8499msgid "Southern Boat" 8500msgstr "" 8501 8502#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8503#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892 8504msgid "Little Dipper" 8505msgstr "" 8506 8507#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8508#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897 8509msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752." 8510msgstr "" 8511 8512#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8513#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898 8514msgid "" 8515"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the " 8516"parent Xingguan." 8517msgstr "" 8518 8519#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 8520#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901 8521msgid "Deep Space Objects" 8522msgstr "" 8523 8524#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8525#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904 8526msgid "" 8527"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were " 8528"also included in the Xingguans." 8529msgstr "" 8530 8531#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905 8533msgid "Include the following:" 8534msgstr "" 8535 8536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909 8538msgid "General name" 8539msgstr "" 8540 8541#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8542#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913 8543msgid "Nick name" 8544msgstr "" 8545 8546#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919 8548msgid "God's Palace" 8549msgstr "" 8550 8551#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8552#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920 8553msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster" 8554msgstr "" 8555 8556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8557#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927 8558msgid "Ptolemy Cluster" 8559msgstr "" 8560 8561#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8562#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934 8563msgid "Beehive Cluster" 8564msgstr "" 8565 8566#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8567#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940 8568msgid "Arsenal Added I" 8569msgstr "" 8570 8571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8572#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941 8573msgid "Omega Centauri" 8574msgstr "" 8575 8576#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8577#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947 8578msgid "Legs Mansion XXI" 8579msgstr "" 8580 8581#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8582#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948 8583msgid "Andromeda Galaxy" 8584msgstr "" 8585 8586#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8587#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954 8588msgid "Sea and Mountain II" 8589msgstr "" 8590 8591#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8592#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955 8593msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae" 8594msgstr "" 8595 8596#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8597#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962 8598msgid "" 8599"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western " 8600"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: " 8601"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: " 8602"仪象考成)." 8603msgstr "" 8604 8605#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8606#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963 8607msgid "" 8608"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western " 8609"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced " 8610"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium " 8611"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference." 8612msgstr "" 8613 8614#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8615#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964 8616msgid "" 8617"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar " 8618"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)." 8619msgstr "" 8620 8621#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8622#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965 8623msgid "" 8624"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese " 8625"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: " 8626"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the " 8627"translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two " 8628"different Xingguans are the same." 8629msgstr "" 8630 8631#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8632#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966 8633msgid "" 8634"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP " 8635"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and " 8636"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending " 8637"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head " 8638"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)." 8639msgstr "" 8640 8641#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 8642#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967 8643msgid "" 8644"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because" 8645" thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are " 8646"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are " 8647"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names " 8648"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is " 8649"provided only to make star names readable." 8650msgstr "" 8651 8652#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972 8654msgid "" 8655"<a " 8656"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-" 8657"Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>" 8658msgstr "" 8659 8660#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8661#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973 8662msgid "" 8663"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA " 8664"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>" 8665msgstr "" 8666 8667#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974 8669msgid "" 8670"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese " 8671"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>" 8672msgstr "" 8673 8674#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8675#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975 8676msgid "" 8677"<a " 8678"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional" 8679" Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>" 8680msgstr "" 8681 8682#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976 8684msgid "" 8685"<a " 8686"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>" 8687msgstr "" 8688 8689#. a 8690#. href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive- 8691#. star-maps.html" 8692#. /a 8693#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 8694#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982 8695msgid "" 8696"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of " 8697"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star " 8698"maps (no longer available online)." 8699msgstr "" 8700 8701#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 8702#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983 8703msgid "" 8704"Sun Shuwei <a " 8705"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> " 8706"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based " 8707"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and " 8708"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description." 8709msgstr "" 8710 8711#. type: Content of: <h2> 8712#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1 8713msgid "Chinese Contemporary" 8714msgstr "" 8715 8716#. type: Content of: <p> 8717#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3 8718msgid "" 8719"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions " 8720"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western " 8721"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture " 8722"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value." 8723msgstr "" 8724 8725#. type: Content of: <p> 8726#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7 8727msgid "" 8728"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International " 8729"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific " 8730"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright" 8731" stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into " 8732"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy." 8733msgstr "" 8734 8735#. type: Content of: <h3> 8736#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9 8737msgid "star names" 8738msgstr "" 8739 8740#. type: Content of: <p> 8741#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11 8742msgid "" 8743"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. " 8744"More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign " 8745"astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be " 8746"translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars" 8747" that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, " 8748"which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special " 8749"astronomical significance." 8750msgstr "" 8751 8752#. type: Content of: <p> 8753#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12 8754msgid "" 8755"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and " 8756"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for " 8757"Stellarium</i>." 8758msgstr "" 8759 8760#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8761#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17 8762msgid "" 8763"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese " 8764"constellations </a> Wikipedia" 8765msgstr "" 8766 8767#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8768#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18 8769msgid "" 8770"<a " 8771"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional" 8772" Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia" 8773msgstr "" 8774 8775#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8776#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19 8777msgid "" 8778"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> " 8779"Wikipedia" 8780msgstr "" 8781 8782#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8783#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20 8784msgid "" 8785"<a " 8786"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation" 8787" image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope " 8788"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings." 8789msgstr "" 8790 8791#. type: Content of: <p> 8792#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25 8793msgid "" 8794"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a " 8795"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>." 8796msgstr "" 8797 8798#. type: Content of: <p> 8799#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26 8800msgid "" 8801"Constellation art,Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for " 8802"Stellarium</i>." 8803msgstr "" 8804 8805#. type: Content of: <p> 8806#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27 8807msgid "" 8808"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese " 8809"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>." 8810msgstr "" 8811 8812#. type: Content of: <h2> 8813#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1 8814msgid "Chinese Medieval" 8815msgstr "" 8816 8817#. type: Content of: <p> 8818#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3 8819msgid "" 8820"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years " 8821"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as " 8822"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese " 8823"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the " 8824"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for " 8825"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of " 8826"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD." 8827msgstr "" 8828 8829#. type: Content of: <h3> 8830#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5 8831msgid "Medieval Xingguans" 8832msgstr "" 8833 8834#. type: Content of: <p> 8835#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6 8836msgid "" 8837"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of " 8838"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar." 8839msgstr "" 8840 8841#. type: Content of: <p> 8842#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7 8843msgid "" 8844"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th" 8845" century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States " 8846"Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During " 8847"the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the " 8848"Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and" 8849" 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and " 8850"after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th " 8851"century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the " 8852"shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of" 8853" the constellations maintained the medieval style." 8854msgstr "" 8855 8856#. type: Content of: <p> 8857#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8 8858msgid "" 8859"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese " 8860"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major" 8861" star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements" 8862" measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were " 8863"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected " 8864"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used" 8865" mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance " 8866"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the " 8867"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for " 8868"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>." 8869msgstr "" 8870 8871#. type: Content of: <p> 8872#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9 8873msgid "" 8874"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue " 8875"in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars." 8876msgstr "" 8877 8878#. type: Content of: <p> 8879#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11 8880msgid "" 8881"Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)." 8882msgstr "" 8883 8884#. type: Content of: <p> 8885#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12 8886msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>" 8887msgstr "" 8888 8889#. type: Content of: <h3> 8890#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14 8891msgid "Restore Sky Map" 8892msgstr "" 8893 8894#. type: Content of: <p> 8895#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15 8896msgid "" 8897"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. " 8898"In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar " 8899"measurements, leaving a lot of data." 8900msgstr "" 8901 8902#. type: Content of: <p> 8903#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16 8904msgid "" 8905"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the " 8906"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's " 8907"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in " 8908"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan " 8909"Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book " 8910"<i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book." 8911msgstr "" 8912 8913#. type: Content of: <p> 8914#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17 8915msgid "" 8916"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined " 8917"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars " 8918"restored the sky map is somewhat different." 8919msgstr "" 8920 8921#. type: Content of: <p> 8922#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18 8923msgid "" 8924"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese " 8925"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)." 8926msgstr "" 8927 8928#. type: Content of: <p> 8929#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21 8930msgid "" 8931"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang," 8932msgstr "" 8933 8934#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8935#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22 8936msgid "" 8937"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin," 8938msgstr "" 8939 8940#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 8941#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23 8942msgid "" 8943"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 " 8944"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun." 8945msgstr "" 8946 8947#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 8948#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24 8949msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white." 8950msgstr "" 8951 8952#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 8953#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25 8954msgid "" 8955"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is " 8956"confusing." 8957msgstr "" 8958 8959#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 8960#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26 8961msgid "" 8962"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the " 8963"celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's " 8964"position as the standard of the chronology." 8965msgstr "" 8966 8967#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 8968#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27 8969msgid "" 8970"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels " 8971"around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a" 8972" Lunar Mansion every year." 8973msgstr "" 8974 8975#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 8976#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31 8977msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>" 8978msgstr "" 8979 8980#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 8981#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32 8982msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>" 8983msgstr "" 8984 8985#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 8986#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33 8987msgid "" 8988"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand " 8989"Historian</a>" 8990msgstr "" 8991 8992#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 8993#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34 8994msgid "" 8995"<a " 8996"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese)" 8997" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>" 8998msgstr "" 8999 9000#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9001#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35 9002msgid "" 9003"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia -" 9004" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>" 9005msgstr "" 9006 9007#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9008#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36 9009msgid "" 9010"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese " 9011"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>" 9012msgstr "" 9013 9014#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3> 9015#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38 9016msgid "Reference" 9017msgstr "" 9018 9019#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9020#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40 9021msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China" 9022msgstr "" 9023 9024#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9025#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41 9026msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens" 9027msgstr "" 9028 9029#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9030#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42 9031msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>" 9032msgstr "" 9033 9034#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9035#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43 9036msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>" 9037msgstr "" 9038 9039#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9040#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44 9041msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>" 9042msgstr "" 9043 9044#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9045#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45 9046msgid "<i>History of Song</i>" 9047msgstr "" 9048 9049#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p> 9050#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49 9051msgid "" 9052"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) " 9053". <a href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>" 9054msgstr "" 9055 9056#. type: Content of: <h2> 9057#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1 9058msgid "Dakota" 9059msgstr "" 9060 9061#. type: Content of: <p> 9062#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2 9063msgid "" 9064"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of " 9065"north-central United States and Canada. Known as the Oceti Sakowin – " 9066"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands," 9067" two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic " 9068"distinctions. Well known for following the buffalo. The word D(N/L)akota " 9069"means \"Alliance\". Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation. The D(L)akota" 9070" Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the " 9071"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. " 9072"Lee, J. Rock, 2012. More details can be found in the constellation " 9073"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to " 9074"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map " 9075"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources." 9076msgstr "" 9077 9078#. type: Content of: <h3> 9079#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12 9080#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5 9081msgid "Celestial Objects" 9082msgstr "" 9083 9084#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9085#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14 9086msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & β Eridanus" 9087msgstr "" 9088 9089#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9090#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15 9091msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini" 9092msgstr "" 9093 9094#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9095#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16 9096msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9097msgstr "" 9098 9099#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9100#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17 9101msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9102msgstr "" 9103 9104#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9105#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18 9106msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9107msgstr "" 9108 9109#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9110#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19 9111msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades" 9112msgstr "" 9113 9114#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9115#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20 9116msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major" 9117msgstr "" 9118 9119#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9120#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21 9121msgid "" 9122"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper – inside " 9123"Bowl" 9124msgstr "" 9125 9126#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9127#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22 9128msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades" 9129msgstr "" 9130 9131#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9132#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23 9133msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper – Bowl stars" 9134msgstr "" 9135 9136#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9137#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24 9138msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper – Handle stars" 9139msgstr "" 9140 9141#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9142#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25 9143msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper" 9144msgstr "" 9145 9146#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9147#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26 9148msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper" 9149msgstr "" 9150 9151#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9152#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27 9153msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper" 9154msgstr "" 9155 9156#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9157#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28 9158msgid "" 9159"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>," 9160" North star, Polaris" 9161msgstr "" 9162 9163#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9164#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29 9165msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor" 9166msgstr "" 9167 9168#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9169#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30 9170msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus" 9171msgstr "" 9172 9173#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9174#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31 9175msgid "" 9176"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood – " 9177"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum" 9178msgstr "" 9179 9180#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9181#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32 9182msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces" 9183msgstr "" 9184 9185#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9186#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33 9187msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades" 9188msgstr "" 9189 9190#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9191#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34 9192msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus" 9193msgstr "" 9194 9195#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9196#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35 9197msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo" 9198msgstr "" 9199 9200#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9201#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36 9202msgid "" 9203"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi " 9204"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in " 9205"Bootes)" 9206msgstr "" 9207 9208#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9209#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37 9210msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star" 9211msgstr "" 9212 9213#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9214#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38 9215msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon" 9216msgstr "" 9217 9218#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9219#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39 9220msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon" 9221msgstr "" 9222 9223#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9224#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40 9225msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun" 9226msgstr "" 9227 9228#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9229#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41 9230msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus" 9231msgstr "" 9232 9233#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9234#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42 9235msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way" 9236msgstr "" 9237 9238#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9239#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43 9240msgid "" 9241"<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star" 9242msgstr "" 9243 9244#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9245#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44 9246msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe" 9247msgstr "" 9248 9249#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9250#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45 9251msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet" 9252msgstr "" 9253 9254#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9255#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52 9256msgid "" 9257"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota " 9258"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other " 9259"resources.</a>" 9260msgstr "" 9261 9262#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9263#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53 9264msgid "" 9265"<a " 9266"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-" 9267"top-" 9268"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12" 9269" " 9270"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota" 9271" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com" 9272msgstr "" 9273 9274#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9275#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54 9276#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45 9277msgid "" 9278"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main" 9279" webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other " 9280"resources.</a>" 9281msgstr "" 9282 9283#. type: Content of: <p> 9284#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58 9285msgid "" 9286"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of" 9287" <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at " 9288"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. " 9289"Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star " 9290"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map" 9291" Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by" 9292" A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke." 9293msgstr "" 9294 9295#. type: Content of: <p> 9296#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59 9297msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee." 9298msgstr "" 9299 9300#. type: Content of: <p> 9301#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60 9302#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51 9303msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information." 9304msgstr "" 9305 9306#. type: Content of: <h2> 9307#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1 9308msgid "Egyptian" 9309msgstr "" 9310 9311#. type: Content of: <p> 9312#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2 9313msgid "" 9314"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The " 9315"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have " 9316"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah " 9317"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a " 9318"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point." 9319msgstr "" 9320 9321#. type: Content of: <p> 9322#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3 9323msgid "" 9324"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is " 9325"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales " 9326"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]." 9327msgstr "" 9328 9329#. type: Content of: <p> 9330#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4 9331msgid "" 9332"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that" 9333" some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the " 9334"constellations did change significantly over time [3]." 9335msgstr "" 9336 9337#. type: Content of: <p> 9338#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5 9339msgid "" 9340"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew " 9341"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the " 9342"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet " 9343"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was" 9344" \"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; " 9345"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the " 9346"Morning\" [7]." 9347msgstr "" 9348 9349#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9350#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9 9351msgid "" 9352"<a href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-" 9353"Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, <a " 9354"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-" 9355"Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform " 9356"Tablets, etc" 9357msgstr "" 9358 9359#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9360#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10 9361msgid "" 9362"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic " 9363"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?" 9364msgstr "" 9365 9366#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9367#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11 9368msgid "" 9369"<a " 9370"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>" 9371msgstr "" 9372 9373#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9374#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12 9375msgid "" 9376"<a " 9377"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>" 9378msgstr "" 9379 9380#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9381#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13 9382msgid "" 9383"<a " 9384"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>" 9385msgstr "" 9386 9387#. type: Content of: <p> 9388#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18 9389msgid "" 9390"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 9391"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian" 9392" Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte." 9393msgstr "" 9394 9395#. type: Content of: <p> 9396#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19 9397msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)" 9398msgstr "" 9399 9400#. type: Content of: <h1> 9401#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1 9402msgid "Greek (Almagest)" 9403msgstr "" 9404 9405#. type: Content of: <p> 9406#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3 9407msgid "" 9408"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of " 9409"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from " 9410"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius " 9411"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in " 9412"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical " 9413"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title " 9414"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek. The name <i>Almagest</i>, " 9415"meaning “The Largest [Book]”, was developed from Arabian " 9416"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by " 9417"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal " 9418"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we" 9419" made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright." 9420msgstr "" 9421 9422#. type: Content of: <p> 9423#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17 9424msgid "" 9425"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and " 9426"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations " 9427"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters). It" 9428" is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position" 9429" in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, " 9430"latitude, magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic " 9431"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the " 9432"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from" 9433" Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus’ catalog is not " 9434"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of " 9435"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible." 9436msgstr "" 9437 9438#. type: Content of: <p> 9439#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30 9440msgid "" 9441"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model " 9442"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, " 9443"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by " 9444"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the " 9445"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always " 9446"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's " 9447"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial " 9448"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the " 9449"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession " 9450"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore " 9451"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a " 9452"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude." 9453msgstr "" 9454 9455#. type: Content of: <h2> 9456#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43 9457msgid "How this sky culture was made" 9458msgstr "Creació de la cultura del cel" 9459 9460#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 9461#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45 9462#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7 9463#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9 9464msgid "Star names" 9465msgstr "Noms de les estrelles" 9466 9467#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 9468#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47 9469msgid "" 9470"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15. " 9471"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on " 9472"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such " 9473"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for " 9474"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they " 9475"appear in the catalogue. For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi " 9476"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi). " 9477"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations " 9478"and IAU abbreviations. In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying" 9479" outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label." 9480" To see the long description for a given star, users should enable \"Use " 9481"additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and click on " 9482"the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the " 9483"screen." 9484msgstr "" 9485 9486#. type: Content of: <h3> 9487#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61 9488msgid "Constellation lines" 9489msgstr "" 9490 9491#. type: Content of: <p> 9492#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63 9493msgid "" 9494"The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:" 9495msgstr "" 9496"Aquest procés es pot descriure tal com s'indica a l'exemple mostrat a " 9497"continuació a Corvus:" 9498 9499#. type: Content of: <p> 9500#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66 9501msgid "" 9502"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), α Crv is the star in the " 9503""head of the raven". It is connected with the "star in the " 9504"neck", ε Crv. This one is connected with "the star in the" 9505" breast" ζ Crv. From there two lines go to the tips of the wings." 9506" γ Crv is the star in the advanced wing and δ Crv the star in " 9507"the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the " 9508""foot of the raven", the star β Crv." 9509msgstr "" 9510 9511#. type: Content of: <p> 9512#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77 9513msgid "" 9514"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we " 9515"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented " 9516"in the <i>Almagest</i>." 9517msgstr "" 9518 9519#. type: Content of: <p> 9520#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81 9521msgid "" 9522"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, " 9523"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name " 9524""λαμπαδίας (The Torch-" 9525"like)" for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but " 9526"this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in " 9527"the Almagest." 9528msgstr "" 9529 9530#. type: Content of: <p> 9531#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87 9532msgid "" 9533"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and " 9534"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in " 9535"the reconstruction (column 6)." 9536msgstr "" 9537 9538#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9539#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93 9540#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17 9541msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>" 9542msgstr "" 9543 9544#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9545#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94 9546msgid "<b>Original name</b>" 9547msgstr "<b>Nom original</b>" 9548 9549#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9550#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95 9551msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)" 9552msgstr "<b>Traducció</b> (directe)" 9553 9554#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9555#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96 9556msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>" 9557msgstr "" 9558 9559#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9560#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97 9561msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>" 9562msgstr "" 9563 9564#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9565#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98 9566msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>" 9567msgstr "" 9568 9569#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9570#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103 9571msgid "Small She-Bear" 9572msgstr "" 9573 9574#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9575#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105 9576#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113 9577#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425 9578#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441 9579#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465 9580msgid "like IAU constellation" 9581msgstr "" 9582 9583#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9584#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111 9585#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31 9586msgid "Great She-Bear" 9587msgstr "" 9588 9589#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9590#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119 9591#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37 9592msgid "Dragon" 9593msgstr "" 9594 9595#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9596#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121 9597msgid "" 9598"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head" 9599" is the tongue" 9600msgstr "" 9601 9602#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9603#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127 9604#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35 9605msgid "Kepheus" 9606msgstr "" 9607 9608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9609#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129 9610msgid "king, upside down" 9611msgstr "" 9612 9613#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9614#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130 9615msgid "" 9616"three head stars are tiara; β seen as part of the belt, although " 9617"Almagest says beneath belt" 9618msgstr "" 9619 9620#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9621#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135 9622msgid "Ploughman" 9623msgstr "" 9624 9625#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9626#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137 9627msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (ω)" 9628msgstr "" 9629 9630#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9631#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138 9632msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star" 9633msgstr "" 9634 9635#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9636#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143 9637msgid "Crown" 9638msgstr "" 9639 9640#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9641#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145 9642msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text" 9643msgstr "" 9644 9645#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9646#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151 9647#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61 9648msgid "Kneeler" 9649msgstr "" 9650 9651#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9652#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153 9653msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes" 9654msgstr "" 9655 9656#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9657#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154 9658msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star" 9659msgstr "" 9660 9661#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9662#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159 9663#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59 9664msgid "Lyre" 9665msgstr "" 9666 9667#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9668#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167 9669msgid "Bird" 9670msgstr "" 9671 9672#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9673#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169 9674msgid "swan with legs" 9675msgstr "" 9676 9677#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9678#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170 9679msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail" 9680msgstr "" 9681 9682#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9683#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175 9684msgid "Kassiepeia" 9685msgstr "" 9686 9687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9688#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177 9689msgid "Queen sitting on a throne" 9690msgstr "" 9691 9692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9693#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178 9694msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne" 9695msgstr "" 9696 9697#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9698#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183 9699#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85 9700#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 9701msgid "Perseus" 9702msgstr "Perseu" 9703 9704#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9705#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185 9706msgid "" 9707"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - >one of the " 9708"stars in the cluster was used for drawing" 9709msgstr "" 9710 9711#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9712#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186 9713msgid "" 9714"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more " 9715"spherical" 9716msgstr "" 9717 9718#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9719#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191 9720#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91 9721#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83 9722msgid "Charioteer" 9723msgstr "" 9724 9725#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9726#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193 9727msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem" 9728msgstr "" 9729 9730#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9731#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194 9732msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star" 9733msgstr "" 9734 9735#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9736#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199 9737msgid "Serpent Bearer" 9738msgstr "" 9739 9740#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9741#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201 9742msgid "has serpent in his hand" 9743msgstr "" 9744 9745#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9746#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202 9747msgid "a star added as neck star" 9748msgstr "" 9749 9750#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9751#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207 9752msgid "Snake" 9753msgstr "" 9754 9755#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9756#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209 9757msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head" 9758msgstr "" 9759 9760#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9761#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215 9762#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103 9763msgid "Arrow" 9764msgstr "" 9765 9766#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9767#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217 9768msgid "Like IAU constellation, η Sge is missing" 9769msgstr "" 9770 9771#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9772#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223 9773#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109 9774msgid "Eagle" 9775msgstr "" 9776 9777#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9778#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225 9779msgid "" 9780"τ Aql as head star, β as neck, Altair is between shoulders, γ" 9781" and μ are shoulders" 9782msgstr "" 9783 9784#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9785#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231 9786#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115 9787#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95 9788msgid "Dolphin" 9789msgstr "" 9790 9791#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9792#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234 9793msgid "refined shape" 9794msgstr "" 9795 9796#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9797#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239 9798#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121 9799msgid "Bust [of a horse]" 9800msgstr "" 9801 9802#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9803#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247 9804msgid "Horse" 9805msgstr "" 9806 9807#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9808#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249 9809msgid "with mane and one wing" 9810msgstr "" 9811 9812#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9813#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255 9814msgid "Andromeda" 9815msgstr "" 9816 9817#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9818#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257 9819msgid "dress and belt" 9820msgstr "" 9821 9822#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9823#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265 9824msgid "four given stars  middle star of one side" 9825msgstr "" 9826 9827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9828#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271 9829#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145 9830#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119 9831msgid "Ram" 9832msgstr "" 9833 9834#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9835#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273 9836msgid "turned head; only one horn" 9837msgstr "" 9838 9839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9840#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279 9841#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151 9842#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125 9843msgid "Bull" 9844msgstr "" 9845 9846#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9847#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281 9848msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer" 9849msgstr "" 9850 9851#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9852#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287 9853#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157 9854#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137 9855msgid "Twins" 9856msgstr "Bessons" 9857 9858#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9859#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289 9860msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands" 9861msgstr "" 9862 9863#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9864#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295 9865msgid "Crab" 9866msgstr "" 9867 9868#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9869#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297 9870msgid "square body" 9871msgstr "" 9872 9873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9874#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303 9875#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169 9876#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 9877msgid "Lion" 9878msgstr "Lleó" 9879 9880#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9881#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305 9882msgid "opens jaw" 9883msgstr "" 9884 9885#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9886#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311 9887msgid "Maiden" 9888msgstr "" 9889 9890#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9891#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313 9892msgid "no separate head" 9893msgstr "" 9894 9895#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9896#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314 9897msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings" 9898msgstr "" 9899 9900#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9901#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319 9902msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]" 9903msgstr "" 9904 9905#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9906#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321 9907msgid "" 9908"Ptolemy always uses the term "claws", never "the " 9909"balance"." 9910msgstr "" 9911 9912#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9913#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327 9914#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187 9915msgid "Scorpion" 9916msgstr "Escorpí" 9917 9918#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9919#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330 9920msgid "arms added around the head: ν and ρ" 9921msgstr "" 9922 9923#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9924#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335 9925#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174 9926msgid "Archer" 9927msgstr "" 9928 9929#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9930#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337 9931msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; „cloak“ behind" 9932msgstr "" 9933 9934#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9935#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338 9936msgid "" 9937"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the " 9938"picture clear." 9939msgstr "" 9940 9941#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9942#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343 9943msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn" 9944msgstr "" 9945 9946#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9947#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345 9948msgid "fish tail; two legs visible" 9949msgstr "" 9950 9951#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9952#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351 9953msgid "Water-Carrier" 9954msgstr "" 9955 9956#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9957#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353 9958msgid "water out of jug" 9959msgstr "" 9960 9961#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9962#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359 9963msgid "[2] Fish" 9964msgstr "" 9965 9966#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9967#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362 9968msgid "" 9969"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we " 9970"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and τ Psc. Additional " 9971"change on tail fin: extended to ρ" 9972msgstr "" 9973 9974#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9975#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367 9976#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217 9977msgid "Sea Monster" 9978msgstr "" 9979 9980#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9981#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370 9982msgid "Body does not go through star τ, but through star υ" 9983msgstr "" 9984 9985#. type: Content of: <h3> 9986#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375 9987#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223 9988#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 9989#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116 9990#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22 9991msgid "Orion" 9992msgstr "" 9993 9994#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9995#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378 9996msgid "" 9997"The "head" is labeled as "nebulous" which means Ptolemy " 9998"interpreted φ<sub>1</sub>, φ<sub>2</sub>, and λ, together " 9999"with fainter stars between them as a "cluster" (or association " 10000"which is more extended than the modern "λ Ori Assoc."). " 10001"Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a " 10002"connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders." 10003msgstr "" 10004 10005#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10006#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383 10007msgid "River [nameless]" 10008msgstr "" 10009 10010#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10011#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385 10012msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter" 10013msgstr "" 10014 10015#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10016#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391 10017#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235 10018#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216 10019msgid "Hare" 10020msgstr "" 10021 10022#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10023#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394 10024msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear" 10025msgstr "" 10026 10027#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10028#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407 10029msgid "The One before the Dog" 10030msgstr "" 10031 10032#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10033#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410 10034msgid "" 10035"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is "The One before the " 10036"Dog" or "Harbinger of Sirius" as Toomer puts it. However, " 10037"β CMi is called "the neck" (of whom is unknown). We drew a " 10038"little dog with γ and ε as head; α, β, η and " 10039"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with " 10040"δ<sub>2</sub> and δ<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634" 10041msgstr "" 10042 10043#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10044#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415 10045#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253 10046#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234 10047msgid "Ship "Argo"" 10048msgstr "" 10049 10050#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10051#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417 10052msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel" 10053msgstr "" 10054 10055#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10056#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418 10057msgid "" 10058"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape;" 10059" in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a " 10060"ship is painted." 10061msgstr "" 10062 10063#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10064#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423 10065msgid "Water Snake" 10066msgstr "Serp d'aigua" 10067 10068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10069#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431 10070msgid "Krater (vessel)" 10071msgstr "" 10072 10073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10074#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434 10075msgid "" 10076"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or " 10077"vase: <a " 10078"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a>" 10079" Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (α Crt) and two handles " 10080"(η, θ Crt)" 10081msgstr "" 10082 10083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10084#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439 10085msgid "Raven" 10086msgstr "" 10087 10088#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10089#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447 10090#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265 10091#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10092msgid "Kentauros" 10093msgstr "" 10094 10095#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10096#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450 10097msgid "" 10098"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of ω Cen (cluster) taken" 10099" as star on the back. ‘Thyrsus‘ not drawn (to avoid confusion), " 10100"backward arm added." 10101msgstr "" 10102 10103#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10104#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455 10105msgid "Beast" 10106msgstr "" 10107 10108#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10109#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458 10110msgid "" 10111"β described as ‘End of hind leg‘ -> taken as star in the " 10112"belly; τ<sub>1</sub> as hindleg Χ removed from head, because " 10113"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg" 10114msgstr "" 10115 10116#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10117#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463 10118#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277 10119#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258 10120msgid "Altar" 10121msgstr "" 10122 10123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10124#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471 10125msgid "Southern Crown" 10126msgstr "" 10127 10128#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10129#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473 10130msgid "" 10131"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC " 10132"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in " 10133"Stellarium" 10134msgstr "" 10135 10136#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10137#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479 10138#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289 10139#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 10140msgid "Southern Fish" 10141msgstr "" 10142 10143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10144#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481 10145msgid "the fish is laying on his back" 10146msgstr "" 10147 10148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10149#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482 10150msgid "" 10151"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (β should be the tip of " 10152"the tail but we used it as its root)" 10153msgstr "" 10154 10155#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10156#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488 10157msgid "" 10158"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, " 10159"1990" 10160msgstr "" 10161 10162#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10163#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489 10164#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295 10165#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284 10166msgid "" 10167"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, " 10168"Leipzig, 1898" 10169msgstr "" 10170 10171#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10172#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490 10173msgid "" 10174"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, " 10175"2017" 10176msgstr "" 10177 10178#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10179#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491 10180#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297 10181#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286 10182msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984" 10183msgstr "" 10184 10185#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10186#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492 10187msgid "" 10188"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 10189"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 10190"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006" 10191msgstr "" 10192 10193#. type: Content of: <p> 10194#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497 10195msgid "" 10196"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide " 10197"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited " 10198"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND " 10199"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without " 10200"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!" 10201msgstr "" 10202 10203#. type: Content of: <h2> 10204#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502 10205msgid "Thanks" 10206msgstr "Moltes gràcies" 10207 10208#. type: Content of: <p> 10209#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503 10210msgid "" 10211"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading " 10212"and interesting discussions." 10213msgstr "" 10214 10215#. type: Content of: <p> 10216#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506 10217msgid "" 10218"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea " 10219"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-" 10220"uraniae.com" 10221msgstr "" 10222 10223#. type: Content of: <p> 10224#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507 10225msgid "Written in English: the authors" 10226msgstr "" 10227 10228#. type: Content of: <h1> 10229#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1 10230msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue" 10231msgstr "" 10232 10233#. type: Content of: <p> 10234#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2 10235msgid "" 10236"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the " 10237"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd " 10238"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model," 10239" which itself has not survived." 10240msgstr "" 10241 10242#. type: Content of: <p> 10243#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3 10244msgid "" 10245"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter" 10246" of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point " 10247"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics" 10248" and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in " 10249"\"latitude circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles " 10250"provide a four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers " 10251"used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings." 10252msgstr "" 10253 10254#. type: Content of: <p> 10255#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4 10256msgid "" 10257"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who " 10258"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 " 10259"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular " 10260"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star " 10261"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, " 10262"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic " 10263"representations speak against it." 10264msgstr "" 10265 10266#. type: Content of: <p> 10267#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6 10268msgid "" 10269"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel " 10270"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>" 10271msgstr "" 10272 10273#. type: Content of: <p> 10274#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7 10275msgid "" 10276"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything " 10277"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the " 10278"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, " 10279"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north " 10280"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. " 10281"Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of " 10282"the dragon are missing." 10283msgstr "" 10284 10285#. type: Content of: <h2> 10286#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9 10287msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?" 10288msgstr "" 10289 10290#. type: Content of: <p> 10291#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10 10292msgid "" 10293"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble " 10294"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the " 10295"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that " 10296"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. " 10297"Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble " 10298"globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to " 10299"point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the " 10300"historical stonemason." 10301msgstr "" 10302 10303#. type: Content of: <p> 10304#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11 10305msgid "" 10306"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the " 10307"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the " 10308"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was" 10309" written in Greek as scientific literature." 10310msgstr "" 10311 10312#. type: Content of: <p> 10313#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12 10314msgid "" 10315"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a " 10316"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, " 10317"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star " 10318"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show " 10319"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region " 10320"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar " 10321"distortions in the Scorpion." 10322msgstr "" 10323 10324#. type: Content of: <p> 10325#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13 10326msgid "" 10327"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in " 10328"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe." 10329msgstr "" 10330 10331#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10332#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18 10333msgid "<b>Original Name</b>" 10334msgstr "" 10335 10336#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10337#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19 10338#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23 10339msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)" 10340msgstr "" 10341 10342#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10343#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20 10344#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24 10345msgid "<b>Picture</b>" 10346msgstr "" 10347 10348#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10349#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25 10350msgid "Little She-Bear" 10351msgstr "" 10352 10353#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10354#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26 10355#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32 10356#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104 10357#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140 10358#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156 10359#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163 10360#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247 10361#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253 10362#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265 10363msgid "missing" 10364msgstr "" 10365 10366#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10367#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38 10368msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted" 10369msgstr "" 10370 10371#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10372#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43 10373msgid "King Kepheus" 10374msgstr "" 10375 10376#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10377#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49 10378msgid "Ploughing Man" 10379msgstr "" 10380 10381#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10382#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55 10383msgid "Wreath" 10384msgstr "" 10385 10386#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10387#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67 10388msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)" 10389msgstr "" 10390 10391#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10392#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73 10393#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65 10394msgid "Bird [not specified]" 10395msgstr "" 10396 10397#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10398#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79 10399#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71 10400msgid "Queen Kassiepeia" 10401msgstr "" 10402 10403#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10404#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97 10405msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake" 10406msgstr "" 10407 10408#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10409#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122 10410msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)" 10411msgstr "" 10412 10413#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10414#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127 10415msgid "Horse [unnamed]" 10416msgstr "" 10417 10418#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10419#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133 10420#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107 10421msgid "Princess Andromeda" 10422msgstr "" 10423 10424#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10425#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163 10426#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143 10427msgid "Cancer" 10428msgstr "Càncer" 10429 10430#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10431#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175 10432#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155 10433msgid "Young Lady" 10434msgstr "" 10435 10436#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10437#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181 10438msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]" 10439msgstr "" 10440 10441#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10442#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193 10443msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)" 10444msgstr "" 10445 10446#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10447#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199 10448msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat" 10449msgstr "" 10450 10451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10452#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205 10453msgid "Water-Pourer" 10454msgstr "" 10455 10456#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10457#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211 10458msgid "Two Fishes" 10459msgstr "" 10460 10461#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10462#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229 10463msgid "River [unnamed]" 10464msgstr "" 10465 10466#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10467#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247 10468msgid "The asterism before the Dog" 10469msgstr "" 10470 10471#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10472#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248 10473msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]" 10474msgstr "" 10475 10476#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10477#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259 10478msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven" 10479msgstr "" 10480 10481#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10482#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271 10483msgid "Monster" 10484msgstr "" 10485 10486#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10487#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283 10488msgid "Southern Wreath" 10489msgstr "" 10490 10491#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10492#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290 10493msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]" 10494msgstr "" 10495 10496#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10497#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296 10498#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285 10499msgid "" 10500"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, " 10501"2017" 10502msgstr "" 10503 10504#. type: Content of: <p> 10505#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300 10506#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289 10507msgid "" 10508"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be " 10509"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC " 10510"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do " 10511"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!" 10512msgstr "" 10513 10514#. type: Content of: <p> 10515#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303 10516msgid "" 10517"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann " 10518"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)." 10519msgstr "" 10520 10521#. type: Content of: <h5> 10522#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 10523msgid "the author" 10524msgstr "" 10525 10526#. type: Content of: <h1> 10527#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1 10528msgid "Leiden Aratea" 10529msgstr "" 10530 10531#. type: Content of: <p> 10532#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2 10533msgid "" 10534"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are " 10535"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden " 10536"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious" 10537" (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)." 10538msgstr "" 10539 10540#. type: Content of: <p> 10541#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3 10542msgid "" 10543"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz " 10544"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is " 10545"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by " 10546"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to" 10547" graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic " 10548"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures " 10549"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations." 10550msgstr "" 10551 10552#. type: Content of: <p> 10553#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4 10554msgid "" 10555"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a " 10556"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only " 10557"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure" 10558" is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold " 10559"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of " 10560"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay" 10561" discusses her proposed identifications in detail." 10562msgstr "" 10563 10564#. type: Content of: <p> 10565#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6 10566msgid "" 10567"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images" 10568" Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>" 10569msgstr "" 10570 10571#. type: Content of: <h2> 10572#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8 10573msgid "How this Sky Culture was made" 10574msgstr "" 10575 10576#. type: Content of: <p> 10577#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9 10578msgid "" 10579"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the " 10580"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications)." 10581" Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the " 10582"astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be " 10583"locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be " 10584"distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the " 10585"illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was " 10586"possible." 10587msgstr "" 10588 10589#. type: Content of: <p> 10590#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10 10591msgid "" 10592"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and " 10593"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts " 10594"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the " 10595"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be " 10596"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in " 10597"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark " 10598"colours) is shown in the table below." 10599msgstr "" 10600 10601#. type: Content of: <p> 10602#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11 10603msgid "" 10604"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup," 10605" Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky. Both, Virgo and Centaur are " 10606"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the " 10607"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir). The artist of the Leiden Aratea never " 10608"mapped the images onto the stars. In order to make these depictions " 10609"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and " 10610"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from " 10611"the Almagest. The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd " 10612"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem " 10613"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture. Both, the Almagest " 10614"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea " 10615"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork." 10616msgstr "" 10617 10618#. type: Content of: <p> 10619#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17 10620msgid "" 10621"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in " 10622"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the " 10623"manuscript." 10624msgstr "" 10625 10626#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10627#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21 10628msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>" 10629msgstr "" 10630 10631#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10632#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22 10633msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>" 10634msgstr "" 10635 10636#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10637#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29 10638msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)" 10639msgstr "" 10640 10641#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10642#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41 10643msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)" 10644msgstr "" 10645 10646#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10647#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47 10648msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)" 10649msgstr "" 10650 10651#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10652#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53 10653msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)" 10654msgstr "" 10655 10656#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10657#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53 10658msgid "" 10659"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this " 10660"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, " 10661"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees " 10662"are the same." 10663msgstr "" 10664 10665#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10666#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 10667#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 10668#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 10669#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10670#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234 10671msgid "mirrored depiction" 10672msgstr "" 10673 10674#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10675#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87 10676#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88 10677#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166 10678#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167 10679msgid "and" 10680msgstr "" 10681 10682#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10683#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89 10684msgid "Eagle with Arrow" 10685msgstr "" 10686 10687#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10688#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95 10689msgid "" 10690"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation " 10691"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe)" 10692" depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why " 10693"I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea." 10694msgstr "" 10695 10696#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10697#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101 10698msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)" 10699msgstr "" 10700 10701#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10702#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119 10703msgid "" 10704"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was " 10705"in spring)." 10706msgstr "" 10707 10708#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10709#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131 10710msgid "The Pleiades" 10711msgstr "" 10712 10713#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10714#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131 10715msgid "or Seven Sisters" 10716msgstr "" 10717 10718#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10719#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143 10720msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>" 10721msgstr "" 10722 10723#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10724#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155 10725msgid "" 10726"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are " 10727"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the " 10728"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the" 10729" second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing." 10730msgstr "" 10731 10732#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10733#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161 10734msgid "" 10735"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in" 10736" a style epoch of Babylonian revival)," 10737msgstr "" 10738 10739#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10740#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162 10741msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)" 10742msgstr "" 10743 10744#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10745#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162 10746msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area." 10747msgstr "" 10748 10749#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10750#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 10751msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)" 10752msgstr "" 10753 10754#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10755#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180 10756msgid "The Goat-Horned One" 10757msgstr "" 10758 10759#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10760#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186 10761msgid "Water Pourer" 10762msgstr "" 10763 10764#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10765#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186 10766msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)" 10767msgstr "" 10768 10769#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10770#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192 10771msgid "Fishes" 10772msgstr "" 10773 10774#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10775#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198 10776msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus" 10777msgstr "" 10778 10779#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10780#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10781msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>" 10782msgstr "" 10783 10784#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10785#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10786msgid "" 10787"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from " 10788"his own single-page painting." 10789msgstr "" 10790 10791#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10792#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210 10793msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);" 10794msgstr "" 10795 10796#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10797#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210 10798msgid "here a river god is depicted" 10799msgstr "" 10800 10801#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10802#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216 10803msgid "" 10804"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the " 10805"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately " 10806"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between " 10807"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The " 10808"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation " 10809"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare " 10810"between Orion's legs.</i>" 10811msgstr "" 10812 10813#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10814#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222 10815msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog" 10816msgstr "" 10817 10818#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10819#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10820msgid "The star in front of the dog" 10821msgstr "" 10822 10823#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10824#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10825msgid "" 10826"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by " 10827"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is" 10828" a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized." 10829msgstr "" 10830 10831#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10832#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240 10833msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven" 10834msgstr "" 10835 10836#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10837#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10838msgid "" 10839"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: " 10840"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation " 10841"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted" 10842msgstr "" 10843 10844#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10845#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10846msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)" 10847msgstr "" 10848 10849#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10850#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252 10851msgid "monster" 10852msgstr "" 10853 10854#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10855#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252 10856msgid "" 10857"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone " 10858"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is " 10859"missing here)." 10860msgstr "" 10861 10862#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10863#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264 10864msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)" 10865msgstr "" 10866 10867#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10868#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 10869msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)" 10870msgstr "" 10871 10872#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10873#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 10874msgid "" 10875"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. " 10876"That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of" 10877" the original red-purple one." 10878msgstr "" 10879 10880#. type: Content of: <h3> 10881#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276 10882msgid "For the Aratea itself:" 10883msgstr "" 10884 10885#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10886#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278 10887msgid "" 10888"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des " 10889"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der " 10890"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016" 10891msgstr "" 10892 10893#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10894#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279 10895msgid "" 10896"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book," 10897" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37" 10898msgstr "" 10899 10900#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10901#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280 10902msgid "" 10903"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea — " 10904"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, " 10905"Malibu California, 1988" 10906msgstr "" 10907 10908#. type: Content of: <h3> 10909#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282 10910msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue" 10911msgstr "" 10912 10913#. type: Content of: <p> 10914#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292 10915msgid "" 10916"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann " 10917"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with " 10918"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium " 10919"Jena." 10920msgstr "" 10921 10922#. type: Content of: <h5> 10923#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294 10924msgid "the authors" 10925msgstr "" 10926 10927#. type: Content of: <h2> 10928#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1 10929msgid "Hawaiian Starlines" 10930msgstr "" 10931 10932#. type: Content of: <p> 10933#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2 10934msgid "" 10935"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the " 10936"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using " 10937"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of " 10938"miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the " 10939"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing. " 10940"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help " 10941"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing " 10942"the sky into four evenly sized star lines." 10943msgstr "" 10944 10945#. type: Content of: <h2> 10946#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8 10947msgid "History" 10948msgstr "" 10949 10950#. type: Content of: <p> 10951#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9 10952msgid "" 10953"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for " 10954"many generations. Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation " 10955"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s. Polynesian " 10956"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975. Hokule’a " 10957"is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art " 10958"of way finding. A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a " 10959"master navigator/wayfinder. The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky " 10960"to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors. Nainoa Thompson, " 10961"current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to " 10962"him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the " 10963"Hawaiians. With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass " 10964"and star lines were created." 10965msgstr "" 10966 10967#. type: Content of: <h2> 10968#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19 10969msgid "Star Lines" 10970msgstr "" 10971 10972#. type: Content of: <p> 10973#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20 10974msgid "" 10975"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the " 10976"navigators. The stars connect making constellations. Navigators remember " 10977"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each " 10978"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South. The star lines’" 10979" position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more" 10980" prevalent at night according to the season. The star lines with their " 10981"according season are as follows:" 10982msgstr "" 10983 10984#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10985#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27 10986msgid "November to April" 10987msgstr "" 10988 10989#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10990#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28 10991msgid "April to July" 10992msgstr "" 10993 10994#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10995#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29 10996msgid "May to October" 10997msgstr "" 10998 10999#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11000#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30 11001msgid "September to February" 11002msgstr "" 11003 11004#. type: Content of: <p> 11005#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35 11006msgid "" 11007"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines " 11008"are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> " 11009"(Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky. In voyaging" 11010" a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls." 11011msgstr "" 11012 11013#. type: Content of: <p> 11014#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38 11015msgid "" 11016"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are " 11017"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> " 11018"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius). These stars" 11019" connect together to create the bailer in the sky. Mintaka in Orion is an " 11020"important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west " 11021"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction. Mirzim (next to " 11022"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) " 11023"connect together to create a southern pointer. <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> " 11024"(θ Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (β Aur, Menkalinan)" 11025" connect to create a northern pointer. Different north/south pointers are " 11026"found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators." 11027msgstr "" 11028 11029#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11030#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46 11031msgid "" 11032"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-" 11033"lizard). This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or " 11034"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture. It can also be representing a " 11035"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation." 11036msgstr "" 11037 11038#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11039#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50 11040msgid "" 11041"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the " 11042"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always " 11043"above north. <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big " 11044"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars " 11045"in the Big Dipper. <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> " 11046"(Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line. The two PVS " 11047"canoes are named after these two stars. <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” " 11048"star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the " 11049"latitude of the Hawaiian Islands. <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to " 11050"navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i. The meaning of " 11051"<em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to " 11052"find home bringing joy. Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a " 11053"combination of four stars that create a box. <em>Me’e</em> connects down to" 11054" <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for " 11055"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>." 11056msgstr "" 11057 11058#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11059#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61 11060msgid "" 11061"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to " 11062"the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook. Maui is credited for " 11063"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook." 11064msgstr "" 11065 11066#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11067#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64 11068msgid "" 11069"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on " 11070"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south. The Navigator’s Triangle is " 11071"made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and " 11072"<em>Humu</em> (Altair). (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for " 11073"modern amateur astronomers.) These stars also represent the Polynesian " 11074"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa " 11075"(<em>Humu</em>). These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui " 11076"(Scorpius)." 11077msgstr "" 11078 11079#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11080#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70 11081msgid "" 11082"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect " 11083"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (γ Cyg, Sadr). " 11084"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> " 11085"(δ Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (π Sco, Nur), the stars on the " 11086"top of the hook." 11087msgstr "" 11088 11089#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11090#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74 11091msgid "" 11092"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a " 11093"great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which" 11094" was lost as a child." 11095msgstr "" 11096 11097#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11098#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76 11099msgid "" 11100"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird " 11101"(<em>Fregata Minor</em>). The shape of this constellation (which is " 11102"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known " 11103"for leading voyagers to land. The center of the star line is the Kite of " 11104"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus). The four stars that make the" 11105" kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> " 11106"(δ Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (β Peg, Scheat), " 11107"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (γ Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (α Peg, " 11108"Markab). All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then " 11109"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (β Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and " 11110"<em>Kukaniloko</em> (α PsA, Fomalhaut)." 11111msgstr "" 11112 11113#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11114#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83 11115msgid "" 11116"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (δ Peg, " 11117"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (β Cas, Caph) of " 11118"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>. The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> " 11119"(α Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (α PsA, Fomalhaut)." 11120msgstr "" 11121 11122#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11123#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88 11124msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>" 11125msgstr "" 11126 11127#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11128#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89 11129msgid "" 11130"<a " 11131"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian" 11132" Voyaging Society</a>" 11133msgstr "" 11134 11135#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11136#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90 11137msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>" 11138msgstr "" 11139 11140#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11141#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91 11142msgid "" 11143"<a " 11144"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian" 11145" Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>" 11146msgstr "" 11147 11148#. type: Content of: <p><p> 11149#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94 11150msgid "" 11151"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this " 11152"skyculture is available at the <a " 11153"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> " 11154"collection." 11155msgstr "" 11156 11157#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2> 11158#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96 11159msgid "Background and Acknowledgements" 11160msgstr "" 11161 11162#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11163#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98 11164msgid "" 11165"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of " 11166"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa " 11167"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from " 11168"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage" 11169" of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a " 11170"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for" 11171" practicing Polynesian navigation." 11172msgstr "" 11173 11174#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11175#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102 11176msgid "" 11177"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was " 11178"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, " 11179"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial " 11180"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork" 11181" by Kealoha Kaneakua." 11182msgstr "" 11183 11184#. type: Content of: <h2> 11185#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1 11186msgid "Indian Vedic" 11187msgstr "" 11188 11189#. type: Content of: <p> 11190#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2 11191msgid "" 11192"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to " 11193"Nakṣatra-s." 11194msgstr "" 11195 11196#. type: Content of: <p> 11197#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6 11198msgid "" 11199"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical " 11200"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is " 11201"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)." 11202msgstr "" 11203 11204#. type: Content of: <p> 11205#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7 11206msgid "" 11207"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding " 11208"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their " 11209"original locations to account for precession." 11210msgstr "" 11211 11212#. type: Content of: <p> 11213#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8 11214msgid "" 11215"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar " 11216"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months " 11217"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' " 11218"names." 11219msgstr "" 11220 11221#. type: Content of: <p> 11222#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11 11223msgid "" 11224"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately " 11225"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full " 11226"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the " 11227"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is " 11228"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the " 11229"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they " 11230"are also technically constellations." 11231msgstr "" 11232 11233#. type: Content of: <p> 11234#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12 11235msgid "" 11236"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the " 11237"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a " 11238"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11239"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this page</a>)" 11240msgstr "" 11241 11242#. type: Content of: <p> 11243#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13 11244msgid "" 11245"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and " 11246"the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual " 11247"which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some " 11248"scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, " 11249"the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic " 11250"period." 11251msgstr "" 11252 11253#. type: Content of: <p> 11254#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14 11255msgid "" 11256"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same " 11257"constellations and stars (Example: <a " 11258"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on " 11259"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others " 11260"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological " 11261"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, " 11262"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See " 11263"references below.)" 11264msgstr "" 11265 11266#. type: Content of: <p> 11267#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15 11268msgid "" 11269"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which " 11270"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a " 11271"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra " 11272"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in " 11273"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people " 11274"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most " 11275"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months " 11276"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year." 11277msgstr "" 11278 11279#. type: Content of: <p> 11280#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16 11281msgid "" 11282"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by " 11283"their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation " 11284"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual " 11285"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose " 11286"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)." 11287msgstr "" 11288 11289#. type: Content of: <h3> 11290#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18 11291msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\"" 11292msgstr "" 11293 11294#. type: Content of: <p> 11295#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19 11296msgid "" 11297"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to " 11298"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun " 11299"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as " 11300"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name " 11301"of vedic days originated from these planet's names." 11302msgstr "" 11303 11304#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11305#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11306msgid "Graha" 11307msgstr "" 11308 11309#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11310#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11311#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45 11312msgid "Designation" 11313msgstr "" 11314 11315#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11316#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11317msgid "Name of Solar days" 11318msgstr "" 11319 11320#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11321#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11322msgid "(Sun)" 11323msgstr "" 11324 11325#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11326#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11327msgid "Sun God" 11328msgstr "" 11329 11330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11331#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11332msgid "(Sunday)" 11333msgstr "" 11334 11335#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11336#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11337msgid "(Moon)" 11338msgstr "" 11339 11340#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11341#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11342msgid "Moon god" 11343msgstr "" 11344 11345#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11346#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11347msgid "(Monday)" 11348msgstr "" 11349 11350#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11351#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11352msgid "(Mars)" 11353msgstr "" 11354 11355#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11356#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11357msgid "God of war" 11358msgstr "" 11359 11360#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11361#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11362msgid "(Tuesday)" 11363msgstr "" 11364 11365#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11366#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11367msgid "(Mercury)" 11368msgstr "" 11369 11370#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11371#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11372msgid "Son of Moon" 11373msgstr "" 11374 11375#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11376#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11377msgid "(Wednesday)" 11378msgstr "" 11379 11380#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11381#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11382msgid "(Jupiter)" 11383msgstr "" 11384 11385#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11386#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11387msgid "Teacher of Gods" 11388msgstr "" 11389 11390#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11391#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11392msgid "(Thursday)" 11393msgstr "" 11394 11395#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11396#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11397msgid "(Venus)" 11398msgstr "" 11399 11400#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11401#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11402msgid "Mentor of Demons" 11403msgstr "" 11404 11405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11406#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11407msgid "(Friday)" 11408msgstr "" 11409 11410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11411#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11412msgid "(Saturn)" 11413msgstr "" 11414 11415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11416#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11417msgid "God of Misfortune" 11418msgstr "" 11419 11420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11421#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11422msgid "(Saturday)" 11423msgstr "" 11424 11425#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11426#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 11427#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31 11428msgid "lunar node" 11429msgstr "" 11430 11431#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11432#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 11433#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31 11434msgid "-" 11435msgstr "" 11436 11437#. type: Content of: <h4> 11438#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36 11439msgid "General" 11440msgstr "" 11441 11442#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11443#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38 11444msgid "" 11445"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" class='external text' " 11446"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia" 11447msgstr "" 11448 11449#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11450#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39 11451msgid "" 11452"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' " 11453"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia" 11454msgstr "" 11455 11456#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11457#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40 11458msgid "" 11459"<a " 11460"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11461"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' " 11462"rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>" 11463msgstr "" 11464 11465#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11466#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41 11467msgid "" 11468"<a " 11469"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\"" 11470" class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and " 11471"Abhijit\"</a>" 11472msgstr "" 11473 11474#. type: Content of: <h4> 11475#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44 11476msgid "Mythology" 11477msgstr "" 11478 11479#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 11480#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45 11481msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org." 11482msgstr "" 11483 11484#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11485#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48 11486msgid "" 11487"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata" 11488" Index, Vedic Indix" 11489msgstr "" 11490 11491#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11492#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49 11493#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54 11494msgid "Vedas, Agamas" 11495msgstr "" 11496 11497#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11498#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50 11499msgid "" 11500"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" " 11501"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala " 11502"Gangadhar Tilak</a>" 11503msgstr "" 11504 11505#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11506#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51 11507msgid "" 11508"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external " 11509"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>" 11510msgstr "" 11511 11512#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11513#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52 11514msgid "" 11515"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" " 11516"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar " 11517"Tilak</a>" 11518msgstr "" 11519 11520#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11521#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53 11522msgid "" 11523"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external " 11524"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de " 11525"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>" 11526msgstr "" 11527 11528#. type: Content of: <h3> 11529#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58 11530msgid "Contributors" 11531msgstr "" 11532 11533#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11534#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60 11535msgid "Tanmoy Saha" 11536msgstr "" 11537 11538#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11539#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61 11540msgid "" 11541"Contributors from the <a href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-" 11542"coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a " 11543"href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>." 11544msgstr "" 11545 11546#. type: Content of: <h2> 11547#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1 11548msgid "Inuit" 11549msgstr "" 11550 11551#. type: Content of: <p> 11552#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2 11553msgid "" 11554"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of " 11555"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, " 11556"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit " 11557"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in " 11558"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic " 11559"universe." 11560msgstr "" 11561 11562#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11563#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27 11564msgid "" 11565"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-" 11566"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and " 11567"Legend</a> book at amazon.com" 11568msgstr "" 11569 11570#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11571#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28 11572msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>" 11573msgstr "" 11574 11575#. type: Content of: <p> 11576#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32 11577msgid "" 11578"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 11579"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: " 11580"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald." 11581msgstr "" 11582 11583#. type: Content of: <p> 11584#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34 11585msgid "" 11586"Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License." 11587msgstr "" 11588 11589#. type: Content of: <h2> 11590#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1 11591msgid "Japanese Moon Stations" 11592msgstr "" 11593 11594#. type: Content of: <p> 11595#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2 11596msgid "" 11597"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was " 11598"closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean" 11599" and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is " 11600"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), " 11601"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and " 11602"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each " 11603"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei " 11604"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\". The moon " 11605"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun" 11606" and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been " 11607"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are" 11608" obscure and even controversial." 11609msgstr "" 11610 11611#. type: Content of: <p> 11612#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10 11613msgid "" 11614"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" " 11615"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent" 11616" some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent " 11617"anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move" 11618" in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some" 11619" scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being " 11620"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but " 11621"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun " 11622"through seasons." 11623msgstr "" 11624 11625#. type: Content of: <p> 11626#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15 11627msgid "" 11628"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated " 11629"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the " 11630"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, " 11631"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the " 11632"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not " 11633"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now." 11634msgstr "" 11635 11636#. type: Content of: <p> 11637#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19 11638msgid "" 11639"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield " 11640"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this " 11641"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed " 11642"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather" 11643" complex." 11644msgstr "" 11645 11646#. type: Content of: <p> 11647#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22 11648msgid "" 11649"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of " 11650"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended " 11651"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike " 11652"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the " 11653"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature." 11654msgstr "" 11655 11656#. type: Content of: <p> 11657#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25 11658msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan." 11659msgstr "" 11660 11661#. type: Content of: <p> 11662#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26 11663msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>" 11664msgstr "" 11665 11666#. type: Content of: <h3> 11667#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28 11668msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)" 11669msgstr "" 11670 11671#. type: Content of: <p> 11672#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29 11673msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"." 11674msgstr "" 11675 11676#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11677#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33 11678#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95 11679#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156 11680#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217 11681msgid "Chinese Character" 11682msgstr "" 11683 11684#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11685#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34 11686#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96 11687#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157 11688#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218 11689msgid "Meaning" 11690msgstr "" 11691 11692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11693#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35 11694#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97 11695#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158 11696#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219 11697msgid "Key Star" 11698msgstr "" 11699 11700#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11701#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36 11702#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98 11703#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159 11704#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220 11705msgid "Japanese Name" 11706msgstr "" 11707 11708#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11709#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41 11710msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner" 11711msgstr "" 11712 11713#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11714#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48 11715msgid "Neck, Throat" 11716msgstr "" 11717 11718#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11719#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55 11720msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base" 11721msgstr "" 11722 11723#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11724#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56 11725#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63 11726#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84 11727#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186 11728#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207 11729#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233 11730msgid "sometimes" 11731msgstr "" 11732 11733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11734#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62 11735msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts" 11736msgstr "" 11737 11738#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11739#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83 11740msgid "Basket" 11741msgstr "" 11742 11743#. type: Content of: <h3> 11744#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90 11745msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)" 11746msgstr "" 11747 11748#. type: Content of: <p> 11749#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91 11750msgid "" 11751"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\"" 11752" (also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)." 11753msgstr "" 11754 11755#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11756#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103 11757msgid "Dipper; Measure" 11758msgstr "" 11759 11760#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11761#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110 11762msgid "Cow" 11763msgstr "" 11764 11765#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11766#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117 11767msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid" 11768msgstr "" 11769 11770#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11771#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131 11772msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep" 11773msgstr "" 11774 11775#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11776#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138 11777msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment" 11778msgstr "" 11779 11780#. type: Content of: <h3> 11781#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151 11782msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)" 11783msgstr "" 11784 11785#. type: Content of: <p> 11786#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152 11787msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"." 11788msgstr "" 11789 11790#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11791#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164 11792msgid "Stride, Foot" 11793msgstr "" 11794 11795#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11796#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171 11797msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows" 11798msgstr "" 11799 11800#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11801#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185 11802msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\"" 11803msgstr "" 11804 11805#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11806#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192 11807msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain" 11808msgstr "" 11809 11810#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11811#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199 11812msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head" 11813msgstr "" 11814 11815#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11816#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206 11817msgid "Investigator, Three" 11818msgstr "" 11819 11820#. type: Content of: <h3> 11821#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212 11822msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)" 11823msgstr "" 11824 11825#. type: Content of: <p> 11826#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213 11827msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"." 11828msgstr "" 11829 11830#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11831#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232 11832msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost" 11833msgstr "" 11834 11835#. type: Content of: <h3> 11836#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246 11837#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25 11838msgid "Stars" 11839msgstr "" 11840 11841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11842#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253 11843msgid "Stretched Net" 11844msgstr "" 11845 11846#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11847#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267 11848msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto" 11849msgstr "" 11850 11851#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a> 11852#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275 11853msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan" 11854msgstr "" 11855 11856#. type: Content of: <h2> 11857#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1 11858msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi" 11859msgstr "" 11860 11861#. type: Content of: <p> 11862#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2 11863msgid "" 11864"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian " 11865"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. " 11866"They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country. " 11867"Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an " 11868"extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s." 11869msgstr "" 11870 11871#. type: Content of: <h3> 11872#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4 11873msgid "Background" 11874msgstr "" 11875 11876#. type: Content of: <p> 11877#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5 11878msgid "" 11879"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project" 11880" by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. " 11881"Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the " 11882"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of" 11883" a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study " 11884"Guide. Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate" 11885" certain sky objects." 11886msgstr "" 11887 11888#. type: Content of: <h2> 11889#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7 11890msgid "Cultural objects" 11891msgstr "" 11892 11893#. type: Content of: <h3> 11894#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9 11895msgid "Gawaargay" 11896msgstr "" 11897 11898#. type: Content of: <p> 11899#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10 11900msgid "" 11901"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal " 11902"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the " 11903"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius. The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it " 11904"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males. From " 11905"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males " 11906"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs. In the evening" 11907" in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two " 11908"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected. Later in the year, it " 11909"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, " 11910"meaning the waterholes are full. When it is below the horizon, then it is " 11911"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen." 11912msgstr "" 11913 11914#. type: Content of: <h3> 11915#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12 11916msgid "Birringoloo" 11917msgstr "" 11918 11919#. type: Content of: <p> 11920#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13 11921msgid "" 11922"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits" 11923" by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women " 11924"with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah " 11925"(Heaven behind Warrambul). They wait at this camp until all their girl " 11926"children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to " 11927"Bulimah." 11928msgstr "" 11929 11930#. type: Content of: <h3> 11931#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15 11932msgid "Yarran" 11933msgstr "" 11934 11935#. type: Content of: <p> 11936#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16 11937msgid "" 11938"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, " 11939"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to" 11940" die (and the Cockatoos). It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the " 11941"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots " 11942"spreading around. When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through " 11943"the hollow of the Yarran." 11944msgstr "" 11945 11946#. type: Content of: <h3> 11947#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18 11948msgid "Old Wiringin" 11949msgstr "" 11950 11951#. type: Content of: <p> 11952#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19 11953msgid "" 11954"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor. This Wiringin located " 11955"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to " 11956"Bulimah. If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, " 11957"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in " 11958"the Large Magellanic Cloud. This birth spirit will send the unitiated back " 11959"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated. This Wiringin is " 11960"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)." 11961msgstr "" 11962 11963#. type: Content of: <h3> 11964#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21 11965msgid "Birray Birray" 11966msgstr "" 11967 11968#. type: Content of: <p> 11969#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22 11970msgid "" 11971"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the " 11972"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star " 11973"cluster. They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this" 11974" they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of " 11975"Orion. Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker. " 11976"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is " 11977"Aldebaran." 11978msgstr "" 11979 11980#. type: Content of: <h3> 11981#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24 11982msgid "Miyay Miyay" 11983msgstr "" 11984 11985#. type: Content of: <p> 11986#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25 11987msgid "" 11988"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the" 11989" sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins " 11990"or other bad persons. They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one " 11991"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars. They are protected from the " 11992"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran." 11993msgstr "" 11994 11995#. type: Content of: <h3> 11996#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27 11997msgid "Old Dthillar" 11998msgstr "" 11999 12000#. type: Content of: <p> 12001#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28 12002msgid "" 12003"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, " 12004"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) " 12005"in the Pleiades. Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha " 12006"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray " 12007"Birray. The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri" 12008" is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)." 12009msgstr "" 12010 12011#. type: Content of: <h3> 12012#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30 12013msgid "Wamba Wamba" 12014msgstr "" 12015 12016#. type: Content of: <p> 12017#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31 12018msgid "" 12019"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\". In this case, the star Canopus is " 12020"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is " 12021"told. The planet Venus is also called Wamba. One speculation is that both " 12022"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to " 12023"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results" 12024" in rapid changes in colour. This might be interpreted as madness." 12025msgstr "" 12026 12027#. type: Content of: <h3> 12028#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33 12029msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan" 12030msgstr "" 12031 12032#. type: Content of: <p> 12033#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34 12034msgid "" 12035"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic " 12036"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies. She \"sings\" the " 12037"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old " 12038"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to " 12039"Earth as babies." 12040msgstr "" 12041 12042#. type: Content of: <h3> 12043#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36 12044msgid "Bandaarr" 12045msgstr "" 12046 12047#. type: Content of: <p> 12048#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37 12049msgid "" 12050"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located " 12051"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu. " 12052"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has" 12053" significance in ceremony." 12054msgstr "" 12055 12056#. type: Content of: <h3> 12057#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39 12058msgid "Muraay Muyaay" 12059msgstr "" 12060 12061#. type: Content of: <p> 12062#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40 12063msgid "" 12064"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo," 12065" who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri). They " 12066"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged " 12067"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran." 12068msgstr "" 12069 12070#. type: Content of: <h3> 12071#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42 12072msgid "Warrawilbaarru" 12073msgstr "" 12074 12075#. type: Content of: <p> 12076#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43 12077msgid "" 12078"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation " 12079"Scorpius. Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September " 12080"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during " 12081"September, and doesn't go back until around March. During this time he is " 12082"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to " 12083"children and uninitiated men." 12084msgstr "" 12085 12086#. type: Content of: <p> 12087#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46 12088msgid "" 12089"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi " 12090"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" " 12091"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>." 12092msgstr "" 12093 12094#. type: Content of: <h2> 12095#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1 12096msgid "Korean" 12097msgstr "" 12098 12099#. type: Content of: <h3> 12100#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2 12101msgid "Origin" 12102msgstr "" 12103 12104#. type: Content of: <p> 12105#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3 12106msgid "" 12107"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and " 12108"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun " 12109"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map" 12110" and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their " 12111"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations " 12112"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty " 12113"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C." 12114msgstr "" 12115 12116#. type: Content of: <p> 12117#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5 12118msgid "" 12119"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on" 12120" the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which " 12121"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map " 12122"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about" 12123" 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese " 12124"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only" 12125" about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of " 12126"the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the " 12127"southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with " 12128"respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations " 12129"were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that " 12130"there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. " 12131"The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at" 12132" a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation " 12133"are like." 12134msgstr "" 12135 12136#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 12137#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9 12138msgid "" 12139"<a " 12140"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang " 12141"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>" 12142msgstr "" 12143 12144#. type: Content of: <p><p> 12145#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13 12146msgid "" 12147"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a " 12148"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>" 12149msgstr "" 12150 12151#. type: Content of: <h2> 12152#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1 12153msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)" 12154msgstr "" 12155 12156#. type: Content of: <p> 12157#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3 12158msgid "" 12159"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people" 12160" of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic " 12161"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French " 12162"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak" 12163" a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family—one of the " 12164"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic" 12165" relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of " 12166"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and" 12167" gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups " 12168"that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono " 12169"have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 " 12170"years.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has " 12171"intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono" 12172" language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in " 12173"subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of " 12174"<em>medicine-men</em>—the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge," 12175" most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the " 12176"modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what" 12177" the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned " 12178"in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the" 12179" combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining " 12180"their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented " 12181"here includes only identified constellations but the following description " 12182"provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge " 12183"including information extracted from historical sources about all the " 12184"celestial objects named in the table below." 12185msgstr "" 12186 12187#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption> 12188#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7 12189msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects" 12190msgstr "" 12191 12192#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12193#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9 12194msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>" 12195msgstr "" 12196 12197#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12198#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10 12199msgid "Literal translation in English" 12200msgstr "" 12201 12202#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12203#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11 12204msgid "Approximate location" 12205msgstr "" 12206 12207#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12208#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30 12209msgid "Path of the carriers of clay" 12210msgstr "" 12211 12212#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12213#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40 12214msgid "Scores of stars" 12215msgstr "" 12216 12217#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12218#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45 12219msgid "Shining star" 12220msgstr "" 12221 12222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12223#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50 12224msgid "Grill" 12225msgstr "" 12226 12227#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12228#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51 12229msgid "Pegasus" 12230msgstr "" 12231 12232#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12233#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55 12234msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda" 12235msgstr "" 12236 12237#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12238#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56 12239msgid "unclear" 12240msgstr "" 12241 12242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12243#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60 12244msgid "Spirit of the capibara" 12245msgstr "" 12246 12247#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12248#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61 12249#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96 12250#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111 12251#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131 12252#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136 12253#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141 12254#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146 12255#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151 12256#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156 12257#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161 12258#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166 12259#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171 12260#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176 12261#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181 12262#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186 12263#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191 12264#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196 12265#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201 12266#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206 12267#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211 12268#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216 12269msgid "unknown" 12270msgstr "" 12271 12272#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12273#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65 12274msgid "Man without a thigh" 12275msgstr "" 12276 12277#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12278#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70 12279msgid "Jaw of the tapir" 12280msgstr "" 12281 12282#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12283#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71 12284#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67 12285msgid "Hyades" 12286msgstr "" 12287 12288#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12289#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75 12290msgid "Spirit of the black curassow" 12291msgstr "" 12292 12293#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12294#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76 12295msgid "Crux" 12296msgstr "" 12297 12298#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12299#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80 12300msgid "Hunter" 12301msgstr "" 12302 12303#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12304#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81 12305msgid "α Centauri" 12306msgstr "" 12307 12308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12309#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85 12310msgid "Torch" 12311msgstr "" 12312 12313#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12314#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86 12315msgid "β Centauri" 12316msgstr "" 12317 12318#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12319#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90 12320msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron" 12321msgstr "" 12322 12323#. type: Content of: <h3> 12324#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91 12325#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18 12326msgid "Ursa Major" 12327msgstr "" 12328 12329#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12330#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95 12331msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron" 12332msgstr "" 12333 12334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12335#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100 12336msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish" 12337msgstr "" 12338 12339#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12340#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101 12341msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco" 12342msgstr "" 12343 12344#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12345#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105 12346msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle" 12347msgstr "" 12348 12349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12350#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106 12351msgid "Hercules" 12352msgstr "" 12353 12354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12355#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110 12356msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise" 12357msgstr "" 12358 12359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12360#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115 12361msgid "Spirit of the blue crab" 12362msgstr "" 12363 12364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12365#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120 12366msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck" 12367msgstr "" 12368 12369#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12370#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125 12371msgid "Spirit of the awara palm" 12372msgstr "" 12373 12374#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12375#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130 12376msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi" 12377msgstr "" 12378 12379#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12380#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135 12381msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti" 12382msgstr "" 12383 12384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12385#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140 12386msgid "Spirit of the jaguar" 12387msgstr "" 12388 12389#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12390#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145 12391msgid "Spirit of the ocelot" 12392msgstr "" 12393 12394#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12395#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150 12396msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth" 12397msgstr "" 12398 12399#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12400#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155 12401msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth" 12402msgstr "" 12403 12404#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12405#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160 12406msgid "Spirit of the green iguana" 12407msgstr "" 12408 12409#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12410#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165 12411msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot" 12412msgstr "" 12413 12414#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12415#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170 12416msgid "Spirit of the marail guan" 12417msgstr "" 12418 12419#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12420#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175 12421msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo" 12422msgstr "" 12423 12424#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12425#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180 12426msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin" 12427msgstr "" 12428 12429#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12430#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185 12431msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki" 12432msgstr "" 12433 12434#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12435#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190 12436msgid "Spirit of the scorpion" 12437msgstr "" 12438 12439#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12440#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195 12441msgid "Spirit of the parrot" 12442msgstr "" 12443 12444#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12445#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200 12446msgid "Spirit of a tortoise" 12447msgstr "" 12448 12449#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12450#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205 12451msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow" 12452msgstr "" 12453 12454#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12455#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210 12456msgid "Spirit of the gun" 12457msgstr "" 12458 12459#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12460#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215 12461msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle" 12462msgstr "" 12463 12464#. type: Content of: <h3> 12465#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221 12466msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction" 12467msgstr "" 12468 12469#. type: Content of: <p> 12470#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222 12471msgid "" 12472"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical " 12473"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. " 12474"However, it was the medicine-men in particular—the spiritual leaders " 12475"of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>—who were required to master the " 12476"various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for " 12477"passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to " 12478"another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first " 12479"accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:" 12480msgstr "" 12481 12482#. type: Content of: <p> 12483#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223 12484msgid "" 12485"<em>“old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses " 12486"designed for their meetings and […] recount the traditions and " 12487"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those " 12488"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember" 12489" the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner " 12490"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, " 12491"and stars.”</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>" 12492msgstr "" 12493 12494#. type: Content of: <p> 12495#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224 12496msgid "" 12497"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as " 12498"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be " 12499"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been " 12500"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today." 12501" Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by " 12502"early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples" 12503" of which is illustrated below." 12504msgstr "" 12505 12506#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption> 12507#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229 12508msgid "" 12509"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a " 12510"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>" 12511msgstr "" 12512 12513#. type: Content of: <p> 12514#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233 12515msgid "" 12516"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar" 12517" knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial " 12518"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a " 12519"mention, namely:" 12520msgstr "" 12521 12522#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12523#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235 12524msgid "" 12525"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous " 12526"groups." 12527msgstr "" 12528 12529#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12530#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236 12531msgid "" 12532"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial " 12533"bodies." 12534msgstr "" 12535 12536#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12537#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237 12538msgid "" 12539"the use of the term <em>koya</em> ‘spirit’ in the names of " 12540"numerous constellations." 12541msgstr "" 12542 12543#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12544#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238 12545msgid "" 12546"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> ‘star, year’ and the " 12547"lack of other astronomical terms." 12548msgstr "" 12549 12550#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12551#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239 12552msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono." 12553msgstr "" 12554 12555#. type: Content of: <h3> 12556#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243 12557msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge" 12558msgstr "" 12559 12560#. type: Content of: <p> 12561#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244 12562msgid "" 12563"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous" 12564" peoples, the Kari’na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, " 12565"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not " 12566"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and " 12567"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also " 12568"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, " 12569"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This" 12570" speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of " 12571"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual " 12572"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these " 12573"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further " 12574"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these " 12575"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono " 12576"ethnoastronomy." 12577msgstr "" 12578 12579#. type: Content of: <h3> 12580#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246 12581msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions" 12582msgstr "" 12583 12584#. type: Content of: <p> 12585#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247 12586msgid "" 12587"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell" 12588" of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, " 12589"and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation " 12590"<em>Hithikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the black curassow’, for instance," 12591" is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> " 12592"‘Hunter’ and <em>Alêti</em> ‘Torch’, all three" 12593" of which have Kari’na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral " 12594"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main " 12595"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation " 12596"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in " 12597"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the " 12598"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are " 12599"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial " 12600"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and" 12601" the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono " 12602"astronomical knowledge is justified." 12603msgstr "" 12604 12605#. type: Content of: <h3> 12606#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249 12607msgid "3. Calendar of spirits" 12608msgstr "" 12609 12610#. type: Content of: <p> 12611#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250 12612msgid "" 12613"The term <em>koya</em> ‘spirit’, found in numerous constellation" 12614" names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key" 12615" feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, " 12616"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding " 12617"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when" 12618" the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to " 12619"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the " 12620"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best " 12621"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and " 12622"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where " 12623"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called " 12624"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of " 12625"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red " 12626"acouchi’ would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place " 12627"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation " 12628"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the " 12629"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the " 12630"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed." 12631msgstr "" 12632 12633#. type: Content of: <h3> 12634#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252 12635msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year" 12636msgstr "" 12637 12638#. type: Content of: <p> 12639#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253 12640msgid "" 12641"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, " 12642"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. " 12643"</em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as " 12644"something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it " 12645"is used, for instance, when talking about one’s age. While it can " 12646"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of " 12647"celestial bodies. <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>, literally ‘Scores of " 12648"stars’ (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations," 12649" whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. " 12650"Following <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> are the numerous " 12651"<em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the " 12652"Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally " 12653"‘Shining star’ (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely" 12654" due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there " 12655"are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies " 12656"and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of " 12657"the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations." 12658msgstr "" 12659 12660#. type: Content of: <h3> 12661#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255 12662msgid "5. Sky watching practices" 12663msgstr "" 12664 12665#. type: Content of: <p> 12666#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256 12667msgid "" 12668"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono " 12669"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the " 12670"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe " 12671"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of " 12672"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location" 12673" to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location " 12674"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, " 12675"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was " 12676"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation " 12677"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In " 12678"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in" 12679" mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows " 12680"for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there " 12681"are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed " 12682"that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a " 12683"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers " 12684"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become " 12685"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told " 12686"not to look at <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not" 12687" grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also" 12688" to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other " 12689"ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or " 12690"salt into one’s eyes." 12691msgstr "" 12692 12693#. type: Content of: <h3> 12694#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258 12695msgid "Lokono celestial bodies" 12696msgstr "" 12697 12698#. type: Content of: <p> 12699#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259 12700msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'" 12701msgstr "" 12702 12703#. type: Content of: <p> 12704#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260 12705msgid "" 12706"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as " 12707"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names" 12708" of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as " 12709"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, " 12710"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> " 12711"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a " 12712"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, " 12713"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, " 12714"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the " 12715"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’ " 12716"(Orion’s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a " 12717"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 12718"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to" 12719" come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his " 12720"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the " 12721"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try" 12722" to escape, the wife’s sister chases them and manages to cut off his " 12723"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the " 12724"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending" 12725" the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, " 12726"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which" 12727" does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun " 12728"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as " 12729"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the " 12730"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and " 12731"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds" 12732" of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a " 12733"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>" 12734msgstr "" 12735 12736#. type: Content of: <p> 12737#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262 12738msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'" 12739msgstr "" 12740 12741#. type: Content of: <p> 12742#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263 12743msgid "" 12744"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de " 12745"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar " 12746"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, " 12747"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, " 12748"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after " 12749"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover" 12750" was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. " 12751"Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother’s face was " 12752"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody " 12753"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so " 12754"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the " 12755"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of " 12756"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the " 12757"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, " 12758"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides" 12759" to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at " 12760"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also" 12761" depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the " 12762"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi ôdon</em> ‘moon " 12763"dying’) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a " 12764"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the " 12765"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun’s path.<sup><a " 12766"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, " 12767"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers " 12768"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick." 12769msgstr "" 12770 12771#. type: Content of: <p> 12772#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265 12773msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'" 12774msgstr "" 12775 12776#. type: Content of: <p> 12777#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266 12778msgid "" 12779"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star " 12780"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called " 12781"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], " 12782"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a " 12783"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, " 12784"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the " 12785"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> ‘star’ which can " 12786"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a " 12787"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as " 12788"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> ‘women’s star’. In relation to this, " 12789"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro " 12790"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first " 12791"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the " 12792"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about " 12793"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is " 12794"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was " 12795"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth " 12796"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a " 12797"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name " 12798"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in " 12799"Kari’na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a " 12800"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a " 12801"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>" 12802msgstr "" 12803 12804#. type: Content of: <p> 12805#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268 12806msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'" 12807msgstr "" 12808 12809#. type: Content of: <p> 12810#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269 12811msgid "" 12812"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, " 12813"</em>literally ‘Path of the carriers of clay’. The Milky Way " 12814"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making " 12815"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The " 12816"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a " 12817"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky " 12818"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific " 12819"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles " 12820"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints " 12821"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different " 12822"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir " 12823"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 12824"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two " 12825"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it " 12826"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari’na influence, who " 12827"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir " 12828"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 12829msgstr "" 12830 12831#. type: Content of: <p> 12832#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271 12833msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'" 12834msgstr "" 12835 12836#. type: Content of: <p> 12837#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272 12838msgid "" 12839"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is" 12840" unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> " 12841"and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a " 12842"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 12843"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in " 12844"August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or " 12845"one’s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll’s " 12846"<em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to " 12847"December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from " 12848"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, " 12849"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and " 12850"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must" 12851" be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the " 12852"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 12853"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about " 12854"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the " 12855"Kari’na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> ‘Previous face’. " 12856"The Kari’na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its " 12857"name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in " 12858"the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the " 12859"Kari’na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis " 12860"Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a " 12861"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a " 12862"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 12863msgstr "" 12864 12865#. type: Content of: <p> 12866#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274 12867msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'" 12868msgstr "" 12869 12870#. type: Content of: <p> 12871#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275 12872msgid "" 12873"The constellation <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa yôkoro</em>, " 12874"literally ‘Score of stars’, refers to the Pleiades and is easily" 12875" recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because " 12876"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono " 12877"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a " 12878"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the" 12879" east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring" 12880" to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. " 12881"At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Yôkoro wiwa kayaran</em> " 12882"‘the birth of <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>’. It is said that if " 12883"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time," 12884" many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a " 12885"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young " 12886"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a " 12887"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a" 12888" Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of " 12889"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, " 12890"<em>Yôkoro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>" 12891" Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the" 12892" Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the " 12893"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am " 12894"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is " 12895"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>‘Spirit of the green " 12896"anaconda’, in the belly of which <em>Yôkoro Wiwa</em> is said to" 12897" be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the " 12898"Lokono explain that the <em>Yôkoro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers" 12899" lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a " 12900"Kari'na story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 12901msgstr "" 12902 12903#. type: Content of: <p> 12904#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277 12905msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'" 12906msgstr "" 12907 12908#. type: Content of: <p> 12909#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278 12910msgid "" 12911"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> ‘Grill’, or <em>Wiwa " 12912"yorhadale</em> ‘Star’s grill’, represents a wooden grill, " 12913"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a" 12914" href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 12915"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth " 12916"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed" 12917" her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless " 12918"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother " 12919"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The" 12920" man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother" 12921" instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western " 12922"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the " 12923"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a " 12924"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> and " 12925"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife " 12926"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> " 12927"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes " 12928"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. " 12929"Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western " 12930"constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small " 12931"dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring " 12932"Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a" 12933" href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>" 12934msgstr "" 12935 12936#. type: Content of: <p> 12937#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280 12938msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'" 12939msgstr "" 12940 12941#. type: Content of: <p> 12942#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281 12943msgid "" 12944"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, ‘Spirit of the green anaconda " 12945"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly " 12946"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest " 12947"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain " 12948"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 12949"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 12950"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. " 12951"According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her " 12952"liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a " 12953"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> " 12954"to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother " 12955"instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Yôkoro " 12956"wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> " 12957"‘Grill’, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz" 12958" list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green" 12959" anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation " 12960"<em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van " 12961"Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star " 12962"brings death.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his " 12963"wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and " 12964"ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates" 12965" a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> " 12966"flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and" 12967" people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky." 12968msgstr "" 12969 12970#. type: Content of: <p> 12971#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283 12972msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'" 12973msgstr "" 12974 12975#. type: Content of: <p> 12976#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284 12977msgid "" 12978"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 12979"capybara’ (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the " 12980"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source" 12981" also informs us that it is followed by the constellation " 12982"<em>Kamodokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green anaconda’. The " 12983"constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No " 12984"related myths have been documented." 12985msgstr "" 12986 12987#. type: Content of: <p> 12988#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286 12989msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'" 12990msgstr "" 12991 12992#. type: Content of: <p> 12993#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287 12994msgid "" 12995"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’ is " 12996"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles" 12997" Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a " 12998"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and " 12999"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the " 13000"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave" 13001" it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a " 13002"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow " 13003"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at" 13004" the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated " 13005"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama tâla</em> constellation " 13006"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a " 13007"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The " 13008"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> " 13009"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside " 13010"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, " 13011"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and " 13012"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a " 13013"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at " 13014"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent " 13015"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one" 13016" of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the" 13017" man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day " 13018"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he " 13019"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of " 13020"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the " 13021"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the " 13022"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of" 13023" cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is " 13024"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's " 13025"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself." 13026msgstr "" 13027 13028#. type: Content of: <p> 13029#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289 13030msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'" 13031msgstr "" 13032 13033#. type: Content of: <p> 13034#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290 13035msgid "" 13036"The constellation <em>Kama tâla</em> ‘Jaw of the tapir’ is" 13037" one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono," 13038" just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a " 13039"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a " 13040"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story " 13041"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his " 13042"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus " 13043"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks " 13044"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but " 13045"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with" 13046" which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama tâla</em> " 13047"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari’na story, on the " 13048"other hand, <em>Kama tâla</em> was the remains of a tapir that the " 13049"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed " 13050"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh." 13051msgstr "" 13052 13053#. type: Content of: <p> 13054#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292 13055msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'" 13056msgstr "" 13057 13058#. type: Content of: <p> 13059#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293 13060msgid "" 13061"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the ‘Spirit of the black " 13062"curassow’ (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept " 13063"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, " 13064"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a " 13065"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to " 13066"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see " 13067"<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see " 13068"<em>Alêti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western" 13069" constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the " 13070"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following " 13071"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the " 13072"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds" 13073" are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the " 13074"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono" 13075" even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves " 13076"resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate" 13077" the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a " 13078"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 13079"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13080msgstr "" 13081 13082#. type: Content of: <p> 13083#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295 13084msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'" 13085msgstr "" 13086 13087#. type: Content of: <p> 13088#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296 13089msgid "" 13090"The constellation <em>Yokhârhin</em> ‘Hunter’ corresponds " 13091"to α Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the " 13092"‘Spirit of the black curassow’ (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a " 13093"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13094"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding" 13095" a torch known as <em>Alêti</em> is represented by β Centauri. " 13096"The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of " 13097"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a " 13098"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13099"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him " 13100"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as" 13101" a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter " 13102"(<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch " 13103"(<em>Alêti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in " 13104"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokhârhin</em> and " 13105"subsequently <em>Alêti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This " 13106"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the" 13107" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops." 13108msgstr "" 13109 13110#. type: Content of: <p> 13111#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298 13112msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'" 13113msgstr "" 13114 13115#. type: Content of: <p> 13116#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299 13117msgid "" 13118"The constellation <em>Alêti</em> ‘Torch’ corresponds " 13119"to β Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter " 13120"<em>Yokhârhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth " 13121"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Alêti</em>.<sup><a " 13122"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13123"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> " 13124"<em>Alêti</em> follows <em>Yokhârhin</em> so as not to scare the" 13125" black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the " 13126"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of " 13127"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see " 13128"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According " 13129"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept " 13130"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the " 13131"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the " 13132"approaching hunter (<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch" 13133" (<em>Alêti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in " 13134"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokhârhin</em> and " 13135"subsequently <em>Alêti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This " 13136"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the" 13137" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops." 13138msgstr "" 13139 13140#. type: Content of: <p> 13141#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301 13142msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'" 13143msgstr "" 13144 13145#. type: Content of: <p> 13146#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302 13147msgid "" 13148"The constellation <em>Anorhâkoya </em>represents the spirit of the " 13149"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono " 13150"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a " 13151"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13152"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it " 13153"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust" 13154" into peoples’ eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their " 13155"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> " 13156"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorhâkoya</em> is a " 13157"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people" 13158" would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a " 13159"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds " 13160"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples’ eyes, since the " 13161"light of <em>Anorhâkoya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind " 13162"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry " 13163"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of " 13164"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with " 13165"its beak down." 13166msgstr "" 13167 13168#. type: Content of: <p> 13169#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304 13170msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'" 13171msgstr "" 13172 13173#. type: Content of: <p> 13174#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305 13175msgid "" 13176"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is " 13177"<em>Honolikoya</em> ‘<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger " 13178"heron</em>’ (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in " 13179"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari’na constellation " 13180"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (‘Father of the cocoi heron’). This is " 13181"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of" 13182" a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same " 13183"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different " 13184"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation." 13185" In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a " 13186"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, " 13187"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in " 13188"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that " 13189"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which" 13190" lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to " 13191"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a " 13192"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13193msgstr "" 13194 13195#. type: Content of: <p> 13196#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307 13197msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'" 13198msgstr "" 13199 13200#. type: Content of: <p> 13201#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308 13202msgid "" 13203"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the four-eyed " 13204"fish’ (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary " 13205"Lokono as λ Scorpii and υ Scorpii. In earlier sources it is " 13206"identified as the upper part of Scorpio’s tail, which is in keeping " 13207"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The " 13208"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known " 13209"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is " 13210"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is " 13211"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what " 13212"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention" 13213" that the Kari’na have a constellation representing the same fish, " 13214"which corresponds to the same two stars. Magaña and Jara explain that" 13215" the appearance of the Kari’na constellation announces the fishing " 13216"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is " 13217"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function." 13218msgstr "" 13219 13220#. type: Content of: <p> 13221#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310 13222msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'" 13223msgstr "" 13224 13225#. type: Content of: <p> 13226#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311 13227msgid "" 13228"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green sea " 13229"turtle’ is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents " 13230"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the " 13231"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears " 13232"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on " 13233"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources" 13234" as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a " 13235"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a " 13236"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the " 13237"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a " 13238"mistake as <em>Orion’s belt</em> is consistently recognized as " 13239"<em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’. The constellation " 13240"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down " 13241"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-" 13242"March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the " 13243"Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the " 13244"shore (Milky Way)." 13245msgstr "" 13246 13247#. type: Content of: <p> 13248#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313 13249msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'" 13250msgstr "" 13251 13252#. type: Content of: <p> 13253#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314 13254msgid "" 13255"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the yellow-footed " 13256"tortoise’ was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in " 13257"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. " 13258"around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a " 13259"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13260"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when " 13261"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono " 13262"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher " 13263"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths " 13264"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out" 13265" that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, " 13266"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of " 13267"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are " 13268"‘fridges’ since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long " 13269"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten" 13270" immediately." 13271msgstr "" 13272 13273#. type: Content of: <p> 13274#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316 13275msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'" 13276msgstr "" 13277 13278#. type: Content of: <p> 13279#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317 13280msgid "" 13281"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the blue crab’ is " 13282"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice " 13283"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that " 13284"represented by the Kari’na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> " 13285"‘Father of the blue crab’ (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The " 13286"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of" 13287" August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the " 13288"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous " 13289"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the " 13290"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers " 13291"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during " 13292"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> " 13293"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this " 13294"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the " 13295"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June" 13296" from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13297msgstr "" 13298 13299#. type: Content of: <p> 13300#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319 13301msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'" 13302msgstr "" 13303 13304#. type: Content of: <p> 13305#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321 13306msgid "" 13307"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the Muscovy duck’ " 13308"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and " 13309"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a " 13310"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13311"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon" 13312" River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona " 13313"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono " 13314"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if " 13315"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants." 13316" The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is " 13317"said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a " 13318"delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na " 13319"and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at " 13320"least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a " 13321"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13322msgstr "" 13323 13324#. type: Content of: <p> 13325#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322 13326msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'" 13327msgstr "" 13328 13329#. type: Content of: <p> 13330#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324 13331msgid "" 13332"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the awara palm’" 13333" has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its " 13334"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. " 13335"In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, " 13336"meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This " 13337"occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as " 13338"<em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a " 13339"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13340"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya" 13341" </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the " 13342"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red acouchi’ and " 13343"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red-rumped agouti’. Their " 13344"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the " 13345"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the " 13346"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near " 13347"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only " 13348"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the " 13349"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the " 13350"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a " 13351"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a " 13352"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13353msgstr "" 13354 13355#. type: Content of: <p> 13356#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325 13357msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'" 13358msgstr "" 13359 13360#. type: Content of: <p> 13361#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327 13362msgid "" 13363"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red" 13364" acouchi’ (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard " 13365"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the " 13366"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February." 13367" Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red " 13368"acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono " 13369"myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari’na myth about the " 13370"unidentified Kari’na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to " 13371"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two " 13372"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother," 13373" fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. " 13374"The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, " 13375"so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the " 13376"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to" 13377" cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, " 13378"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a " 13379"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>" 13380msgstr "" 13381 13382#. type: Content of: <p> 13383#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328 13384msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'" 13385msgstr "" 13386 13387#. type: Content of: <p> 13388#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330 13389msgid "" 13390"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13391"red-rumped agouti’ was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain " 13392"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a " 13393"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts" 13394" the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they " 13395"can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by " 13396"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the tiger’, which, like humans," 13397" knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is" 13398" no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari’na myth about" 13399" the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According" 13400" to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The " 13401"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his " 13402"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his " 13403"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and " 13404"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse " 13405"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became " 13406"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>" 13407msgstr "" 13408 13409#. type: Content of: <p> 13410#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332 13411msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'" 13412msgstr "" 13413 13414#. type: Content of: <p> 13415#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333 13416msgid "" 13417"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13418"jaguar’ was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono " 13419"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13420"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13421"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of " 13422"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, " 13423"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a " 13424"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw " 13425"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his " 13426"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the " 13427"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the " 13428"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man " 13429"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the " 13430"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According " 13431"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the " 13432"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is " 13433"unidentified. The Kari’na constellation of the jaguar is said to " 13434"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they " 13435"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a " 13436"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13437msgstr "" 13438 13439#. type: Content of: <p> 13440#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335 13441msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'" 13442msgstr "" 13443 13444#. type: Content of: <p> 13445#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336 13446msgid "" 13447"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> ‘Spirit of the ocelot’ " 13448"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth " 13449"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a " 13450"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13451"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of " 13452"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, " 13453"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his " 13454"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his" 13455" wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous " 13456"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started " 13457"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he " 13458"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man " 13459"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming " 13460"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to " 13461"earth to kill people." 13462msgstr "" 13463 13464#. type: Content of: <p> 13465#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338 13466msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'" 13467msgstr "" 13468 13469#. type: Content of: <p> 13470#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339 13471msgid "" 13472"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> ‘Spirit of the pale-throated " 13473"sloth’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13474"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth " 13475"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather " 13476"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and " 13477"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the " 13478"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a " 13479"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified." 13480msgstr "" 13481 13482#. type: Content of: <p> 13483#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341 13484msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'" 13485msgstr "" 13486 13487#. type: Content of: <p> 13488#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342 13489msgid "" 13490"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the two-toed " 13491"sloth’, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the " 13492"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the " 13493"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It " 13494"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The " 13495"constellation remains unidentified." 13496msgstr "" 13497 13498#. type: Content of: <p> 13499#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344 13500msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'" 13501msgstr "" 13502 13503#. type: Content of: <p> 13504#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345 13505msgid "" 13506"The constellation <em>Yôwanakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green " 13507"iguana’ is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a " 13508"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana " 13509"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the " 13510"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation " 13511"remains unidentified." 13512msgstr "" 13513 13514#. type: Content of: <p> 13515#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347 13516msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'" 13517msgstr "" 13518 13519#. type: Content of: <p> 13520#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348 13521msgid "" 13522"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the lilac-" 13523"tailed parrot’ (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de" 13524" Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not" 13525" known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used " 13526"to signify." 13527msgstr "" 13528 13529#. type: Content of: <p> 13530#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350 13531msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'" 13532msgstr "" 13533 13534#. type: Content of: <p> 13535#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351 13536msgid "" 13537"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the marail " 13538"guan’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the" 13539" shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a " 13540"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to " 13541"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify." 13542msgstr "" 13543 13544#. type: Content of: <p> 13545#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353 13546msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'" 13547msgstr "" 13548 13549#. type: Content of: <p> 13550#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354 13551msgid "" 13552"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the little " 13553"cuckoo’ was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13554"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo " 13555"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither " 13556"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers" 13557" mention the Kari’na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as " 13558"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], " 13559"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na " 13560"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono " 13561"link hunter’s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the " 13562"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch " 13563"out, as something bad might happen to you." 13564msgstr "" 13565 13566#. type: Content of: <p> 13567#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356 13568msgid "<em> Sûtukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'" 13569msgstr "" 13570 13571#. type: Content of: <p> 13572#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357 13573msgid "" 13574"The constellation <em>Sûtukoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red-handed " 13575"tamarin’ (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll" 13576" and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a " 13577"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], " 13578"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius" 13579" de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma " 13580"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear " 13581"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation" 13582" <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by " 13583"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation." 13584msgstr "" 13585 13586#. type: Content of: <p> 13587#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359 13588msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'" 13589msgstr "" 13590 13591#. type: Content of: <p> 13592#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360 13593msgid "" 13594"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki’ " 13595"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13596"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced" 13597" saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its " 13598"significance remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>" 13599msgstr "" 13600 13601#. type: Content of: <p> 13602#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362 13603msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'" 13604msgstr "" 13605 13606#. type: Content of: <p> 13607#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363 13608msgid "" 13609"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the scorpion’ " 13610"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13611"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of" 13612" an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known " 13613"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of " 13614"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested " 13615"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion." 13616msgstr "" 13617 13618#. type: Content of: <p> 13619#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365 13620msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'" 13621msgstr "" 13622 13623#. type: Content of: <p> 13624#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366 13625msgid "" 13626"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was " 13627"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono " 13628"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with" 13629" feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each" 13630" of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of " 13631"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation" 13632" remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are" 13633" no myths related to it." 13634msgstr "" 13635 13636#. type: Content of: <p> 13637#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368 13638msgid "" 13639"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> " 13640"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'" 13641msgstr "" 13642 13643#. type: Content of: <p> 13644#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369 13645msgid "" 13646"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and " 13647"<em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de " 13648"Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations " 13649"remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and " 13650"there are no myths related to them." 13651msgstr "" 13652 13653#. type: Content of: <p> 13654#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371 13655msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'" 13656msgstr "" 13657 13658#. type: Content of: <p> 13659#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372 13660msgid "" 13661"The constellation <em>Korherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13662"parrot’ was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13663"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of" 13664" an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent" 13665" of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-" 13666"winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona " 13667"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It " 13668"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of" 13669" their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified." 13670msgstr "" 13671 13672#. type: Content of: <p> 13673#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374 13674msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'" 13675msgstr "" 13676 13677#. type: Content of: <p> 13678#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375 13679msgid "" 13680"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the sea " 13681"turtle’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13682"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an " 13683"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as " 13684"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) " 13685"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari’na, it is thus possible that " 13686"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, " 13687"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> " 13688"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits" 13689" be identified with different constellations." 13690msgstr "" 13691 13692#. type: Content of: <p> 13693#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378 13694msgid "" 13695"This sky culture was contributed by <a " 13696"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' " 13697"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad " 13698"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname " 13699"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of " 13700"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands " 13701"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: " 13702"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono " 13703"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0" 13704msgstr "" 13705 13706#. type: Content of: <p> 13707#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383 13708msgid "" 13709"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a " 13710"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-" 13711"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language " 13712"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13." 13713msgstr "" 13714 13715#. type: Content of: <p> 13716#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385 13717msgid "" 13718"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a " 13719"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml" 13720" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and " 13721"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De " 13722"Gruyter, pp 257-281." 13723msgstr "" 13724 13725#. type: Content of: <p> 13726#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388 13727msgid "" 13728"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones" 13729" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas " 13730"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia " 13731"Nacional de la Historia." 13732msgstr "" 13733 13734#. type: Content of: <p> 13735#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390 13736msgid "" 13737"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, " 13738"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing " 13739"Office." 13740msgstr "" 13741 13742#. type: Content of: <p> 13743#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392 13744msgid "" 13745"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of " 13746"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales " 13747"d’ethnographie. 44." 13748msgstr "" 13749 13750#. type: Content of: <p> 13751#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394 13752msgid "" 13753"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een " 13754"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor." 13755msgstr "" 13756 13757#. type: Content of: <p> 13758#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396 13759msgid "" 13760"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - " 13761"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En " 13762"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast " 13763"Asia 55 (1): 453–529." 13764msgstr "" 13765 13766#. type: Content of: <p> 13767#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398 13768msgid "" 13769"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. " 13770"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te " 13771"Amsterdam." 13772msgstr "" 13773 13774#. type: Content of: <p> 13775#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400 13776msgid "" 13777"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians " 13778"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner." 13779msgstr "" 13780 13781#. type: Content of: <p> 13782#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402 13783msgid "" 13784"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of" 13785" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of " 13786"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office." 13787msgstr "" 13788 13789#. type: Content of: <p> 13790#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404 13791msgid "" 13792"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de" 13793" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En " 13794"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76." 13795msgstr "" 13796 13797#. type: Content of: <p> 13798#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406 13799msgid "" 13800"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being " 13801"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: " 13802"K. Paul, Trench & Company." 13803msgstr "" 13804 13805#. type: Content of: <p> 13806#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408 13807msgid "" 13808"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae " 13809"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios." 13810msgstr "" 13811 13812#. type: Content of: <p> 13813#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410 13814msgid "" 13815"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their " 13816"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy." 13817msgstr "" 13818 13819#. type: Content of: <p> 13820#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412 13821msgid "" 13822"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo" 13823" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse " 13824"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging " 13825"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van " 13826"Amsterdam." 13827msgstr "" 13828 13829#. type: Content of: <p> 13830#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414 13831msgid "" 13832"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, " 13833"Guyana." 13834msgstr "" 13835 13836#. type: Content of: <p> 13837#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416 13838msgid "" 13839"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende " 13840"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde." 13841msgstr "" 13842 13843#. type: Content of: <p> 13844#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418 13845msgid "" 13846"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la" 13847" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32." 13848msgstr "" 13849 13850#. type: Content of: <p> 13851#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420 13852msgid "" 13853"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A " 13854"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology." 13855msgstr "" 13856 13857#. type: Content of: <p> 13858#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422 13859msgid "" 13860"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: " 13861"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen." 13862msgstr "" 13863 13864#. type: Content of: <p> 13865#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424 13866msgid "" 13867"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In " 13868"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres " 13869"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., " 13870"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165." 13871" Paris: Maisonneuve." 13872msgstr "" 13873 13874#. type: Content of: <p> 13875#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426 13876msgid "" 13877"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: " 13878"Magoria Books." 13879msgstr "" 13880 13881#. type: Content of: <p> 13882#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428 13883msgid "" 13884"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript " 13885"number:<a " 13886"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">" 13887" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds " 13888"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, " 13889"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American " 13890"Philosophical Society." 13891msgstr "" 13892 13893#. type: Content of: <h2> 13894#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1 13895msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People" 13896msgstr "" 13897 13898#. type: Content of: <p> 13899#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2 13900msgid "" 13901"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized " 13902"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 " 13903"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 " 13904"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed. All collected information " 13905"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” " 13906"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian " 13907"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of " 13908"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev " 13909"G., 2000)." 13910msgstr "" 13911 13912#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 13913#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8 13914msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>" 13915msgstr "" 13916 13917#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 13918#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9 13919msgid "" 13920"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people " 13921"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the " 13922"star cluster Pleiades" 13923msgstr "" 13924 13925#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 13926#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11 13927msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>" 13928msgstr "" 13929 13930#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 13931#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12 13932msgid "" 13933"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation " 13934"Taurus." 13935msgstr "" 13936 13937#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 13938#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14 13939msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>" 13940msgstr "" 13941 13942#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 13943#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14 13944msgid "" 13945"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, " 13946"is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) " 13947"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk." 13948msgstr "" 13949 13950#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 13951#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16 13952msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>" 13953msgstr "" 13954 13955#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 13956#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17 13957msgid "" 13958"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the " 13959"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color" 13960" of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the " 13961"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and " 13962"the Rooster." 13963msgstr "" 13964 13965#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 13966#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19 13967msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>" 13968msgstr "" 13969 13970#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 13971#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20 13972msgid "" 13973"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. " 13974"Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the " 13975"image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs." 13976msgstr "" 13977 13978#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 13979#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22 13980msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>" 13981msgstr "" 13982 13983#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 13984#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23 13985msgid "" 13986"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation " 13987"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is " 13988"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of " 13989"people and purpose given to this part of the sky." 13990msgstr "" 13991 13992#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 13993#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25 13994msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>" 13995msgstr "" 13996 13997#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 13998#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26 13999msgid "" 14000"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name" 14001" people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. " 14002"Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some " 14003"weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into " 14004"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with " 14005"a goad as he returns home." 14006msgstr "" 14007 14008#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14009#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28 14010msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>" 14011msgstr "" 14012 14013#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14014#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29 14015msgid "" 14016"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive " 14017"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from " 14018"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying " 14019"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of" 14020" a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen." 14021msgstr "" 14022 14023#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14024#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31 14025msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>" 14026msgstr "" 14027 14028#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14029#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32 14030msgid "" 14031"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two " 14032"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis " 14033"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor." 14034msgstr "" 14035 14036#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14037#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34 14038msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>" 14039msgstr "" 14040 14041#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14042#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35 14043msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky" 14044msgstr "" 14045 14046#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14047#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37 14048msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>" 14049msgstr "" 14050 14051#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14052#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38 14053msgid "" 14054"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to" 14055" see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from " 14056"his Godson." 14057msgstr "" 14058 14059#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14060#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40 14061msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>" 14062msgstr "" 14063 14064#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14065#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41 14066msgid "" 14067"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might " 14068"he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the " 14069"Priest’s Straw there is the Cross." 14070msgstr "" 14071 14072#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14073#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43 14074msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>" 14075msgstr "" 14076 14077#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14078#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44 14079msgid "" 14080"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of " 14081"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing." 14082msgstr "" 14083 14084#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14085#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46 14086msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>" 14087msgstr "" 14088 14089#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14090#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47 14091msgid "" 14092"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the " 14093"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food." 14094msgstr "" 14095 14096#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14097#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49 14098msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>" 14099msgstr "" 14100 14101#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14102#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50 14103msgid "" 14104"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s " 14105"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet." 14106msgstr "" 14107 14108#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14109#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52 14110msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>" 14111msgstr "" 14112 14113#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14114#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53 14115msgid "" 14116"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked " 14117"the image of a wooden round table called sofra." 14118msgstr "" 14119 14120#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14121#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55 14122msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>" 14123msgstr "" 14124 14125#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14126#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56 14127msgid "" 14128"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and" 14129" is found inside the Priest’s Straw" 14130msgstr "" 14131 14132#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14133#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58 14134msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>" 14135msgstr "" 14136 14137#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14138#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59 14139msgid "" 14140"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group" 14141" of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves " 14142"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that" 14143" circle around houses“" 14144msgstr "" 14145 14146#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14147#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64 14148msgid "" 14149"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research " 14150"Society</a>" 14151msgstr "" 14152 14153#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14154#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65 14155msgid "" 14156"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore " 14157"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's " 14158"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer " 14159"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>" 14160msgstr "" 14161 14162#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14163#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66 14164msgid "" 14165"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, " 14166"Mladinski kulturen centar." 14167msgstr "" 14168 14169#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14170#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67 14171msgid "" 14172"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> " 14173"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar." 14174msgstr "" 14175 14176#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14177#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68 14178msgid "" 14179"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore " 14180"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the " 14181"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, " 14182"Serbia.</a>" 14183msgstr "" 14184 14185#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14186#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69 14187msgid "" 14188"<a " 14189"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev," 14190" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos" 14191" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, " 14192"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>" 14193msgstr "" 14194 14195#. type: Content of: <p> 14196#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74 14197msgid "" 14198"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore " 14199"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book " 14200"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004." 14201msgstr "" 14202 14203#. type: Content of: <h2> 14204#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1 14205msgid "Maori (New Zealand)" 14206msgstr "" 14207 14208#. type: Content of: <p> 14209#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2 14210msgid "" 14211"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. " 14212"But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are " 14213"central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical " 14214"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of " 14215"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons." 14216msgstr "" 14217 14218#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14219#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6 14220msgid "" 14221"<a " 14222"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori" 14223" sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text." 14224msgstr "" 14225 14226#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14227#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7 14228msgid "" 14229"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical " 14230"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New " 14231"Zealand)." 14232msgstr "" 14233 14234#. type: Content of: <p> 14235#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11 14236#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86 14237msgid "" 14238"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 14239"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 14240msgstr "" 14241 14242#. type: Content of: <h2> 14243#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1 14244msgid "Maya" 14245msgstr "" 14246 14247#. type: Content of: <p> 14248#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2 14249msgid "" 14250"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-" 14251"columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them" 14252" store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform" 14253" rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and " 14254"sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). " 14255"These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many " 14256"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. " 14257"Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like " 14258"the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through " 14259"each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses)," 14260" the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their " 14261"constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture " 14262"data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an " 14263"abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as " 14264"original by some scholars)." 14265msgstr "" 14266 14267#. type: Content of: <p><h5> 14268#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3 14269msgid "" 14270"<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>" 14271msgstr "" 14272 14273#. type: Content of: <p><p> 14274#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5 14275msgid "" 14276"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first " 14277"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris " 14278"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found " 14279"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has " 14280"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite" 14281" of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the" 14282" mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations " 14283"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not " 14284"(Špoták, 2015)." 14285msgstr "" 14286 14287#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5> 14288#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7 14289msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>" 14290msgstr "" 14291 14292#. type: Content of: <p><p> 14293#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8 14294msgid "" 14295"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume" 14296" that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to " 14297"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line " 14298"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different " 14299"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations " 14300"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most " 14301"probable location. Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the " 14302"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to " 14303"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture." 14304msgstr "" 14305 14306#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14307#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10 14308msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:" 14309msgstr "" 14310 14311#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14312#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11 14313msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>" 14314msgstr "" 14315 14316#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14317#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12 14318msgid "" 14319"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since" 14320" it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions " 14321"(Špoták, 2015)." 14322msgstr "" 14323 14324#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14325#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13 14326#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16 14327#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19 14328#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20 14329#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23 14330#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24 14331#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27 14332#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28 14333#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31 14334#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34 14335#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37 14336#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40 14337#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43 14338#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56 14339#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61 14340msgid " " 14341msgstr "" 14342 14343#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14344#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14 14345msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>" 14346msgstr "" 14347 14348#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14349#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15 14350msgid "" 14351"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the " 14352"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some " 14353"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark." 14354msgstr "" 14355 14356#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14357#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17 14358msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>" 14359msgstr "" 14360 14361#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14362#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18 14363msgid "" 14364"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and" 14365" feathers on the head that it exhibits." 14366msgstr "" 14367 14368#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14369#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21 14370msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>" 14371msgstr "" 14372 14373#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14374#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22 14375msgid "" 14376"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related " 14377"to the skin of this animal." 14378msgstr "" 14379 14380#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14381#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25 14382msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>" 14383msgstr "" 14384 14385#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14386#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26 14387msgid "" 14388"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear " 14389"whether it's an animal or not." 14390msgstr "" 14391 14392#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14393#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29 14394msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>" 14395msgstr "" 14396 14397#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14398#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30 14399msgid "" 14400"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western " 14401"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is " 14402"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is " 14403"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the " 14404"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex." 14405msgstr "" 14406 14407#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14408#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32 14409msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>" 14410msgstr "" 14411 14412#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14413#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33 14414msgid "" 14415"This animal is present through many species in the central america " 14416"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the" 14417" Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical " 14418"rattling ending of this reptile." 14419msgstr "" 14420 14421#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14422#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35 14423msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>" 14424msgstr "" 14425 14426#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14427#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36 14428msgid "" 14429"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that " 14430"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography." 14431msgstr "" 14432 14433#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14434#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38 14435msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>" 14436msgstr "" 14437 14438#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14439#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39 14440msgid "" 14441"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of " 14442"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015). Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal " 14443"in the Western culture constellation of Virgo." 14444msgstr "" 14445 14446#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14447#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41 14448msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>" 14449msgstr "" 14450 14451#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14452#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42 14453msgid "" 14454"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the " 14455"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not " 14456"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the " 14457"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three " 14458"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this " 14459"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, " 14460"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex." 14461msgstr "" 14462 14463#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14464#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45 14465msgid "" 14466"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and " 14467"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol " 14468"Vuh</i>) are described below:" 14469msgstr "" 14470 14471#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4> 14472#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46 14473msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>" 14474msgstr "" 14475 14476#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 14477#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47 14478msgid "" 14479"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-" 14480"crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the " 14481"present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the " 14482"primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky " 14483"were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the " 14484"decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current " 14485"order of things." 14486msgstr "" 14487 14488#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14489#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50 14490msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>" 14491msgstr "" 14492 14493#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 14494#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51 14495msgid "" 14496"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods " 14497"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the " 14498"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, " 14499"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire " 14500"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos " 14501"to take place." 14502msgstr "" 14503 14504#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14505#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54 14506msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>" 14507msgstr "" 14508 14509#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14510#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55 14511msgid "" 14512"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke " 14513"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars " 14514"representing the three hearthstones." 14515msgstr "" 14516 14517#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14518#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58 14519msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>" 14520msgstr "" 14521 14522#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14523#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59 14524msgid "" 14525"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor " 14526"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak " 14527"mural." 14528msgstr "" 14529 14530#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14531#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62 14532msgid "Stars and Planets Names" 14533msgstr "" 14534 14535#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14536#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63 14537msgid "" 14538"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of " 14539"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:" 14540msgstr "" 14541 14542#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14543#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65 14544msgid "" 14545"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and " 14546"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at " 14547"night." 14548msgstr "" 14549 14550#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14551#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66 14552msgid "" 14553"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February " 14554"to track the time at night." 14555msgstr "" 14556 14557#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14558#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67 14559msgid "" 14560"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called " 14561"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end " 14562"of the dry season, in April." 14563msgstr "" 14564 14565#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14566#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68 14567msgid "" 14568"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God" 14569" of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used" 14570" to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic " 14571"period." 14572msgstr "" 14573 14574#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14575#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71 14576msgid "Authors and References" 14577msgstr "" 14578 14579#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14580#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72 14581msgid "" 14582"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier" 14583" Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at " 14584"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based " 14585"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:" 14586msgstr "" 14587 14588#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14589#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74 14590msgid "" 14591"<a " 14592"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The" 14593" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript " 14594"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták" 14595msgstr "" 14596 14597#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14598#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75 14599msgid "" 14600"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand " 14601"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc." 14602msgstr "" 14603 14604#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14605#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76 14606msgid "" 14607"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico " 14608"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica." 14609msgstr "" 14610 14611#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14612#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77 14613msgid "" 14614"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> " 14615"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: " 14616"39-58." 14617msgstr "" 14618 14619#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14620#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78 14621msgid "" 14622"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a " 14623"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El" 14624" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes " 14625"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas " 14626"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48." 14627msgstr "" 14628 14629#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14630#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82 14631msgid "Links of Interest" 14632msgstr "" 14633 14634#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14635#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84 14636msgid "" 14637"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris " 14638"Codex</a>" 14639msgstr "" 14640 14641#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14642#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85 14643msgid "" 14644"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo " 14645"el tiempo maya</a>" 14646msgstr "" 14647 14648#. type: Content of: <h2> 14649#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1 14650msgid "Mongolian" 14651msgstr "" 14652 14653#. type: Content of: <p> 14654#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3 14655msgid "" 14656"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental " 14657"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely" 14658" influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in " 14659"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild " 14660"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their " 14661"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they " 14662"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get " 14663"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching " 14664"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their" 14665" imaginary facing the sky." 14666msgstr "" 14667 14668#. type: Content of: <p> 14669#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17 14670msgid "" 14671"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is " 14672"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian" 14673" asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names " 14674"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow) for the constellation Swan, " 14675"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer" 14676" triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags " 14677"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the " 14678"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)." 14679msgstr "" 14680 14681#. type: Content of: <h3> 14682#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27 14683msgid "Planets and Stars" 14684msgstr "" 14685 14686#. type: Content of: <p> 14687#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29 14688msgid "" 14689"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of " 14690"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are " 14691"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after" 14692" the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the" 14693" five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun " 14694"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names " 14695"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in " 14696"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus," 14697" <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars," 14698" <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> " 14699"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with " 14700"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and " 14701"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, " 14702"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have " 14703"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the " 14704"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian. Earth and Pluto are " 14705"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible" 14706" to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and " 14707"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth." 14708" Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely sky\", " 14709"and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely ocean\". Nevertheless, " 14710"this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are " 14711"presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names " 14712"of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken " 14713"in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an" 14714" unofficial way." 14715msgstr "" 14716 14717#. type: Content of: <p> 14718#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59 14719msgid "" 14720"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating " 14721"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> " 14722"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky " 14723"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky," 14724" and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore " 14725"concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises " 14726"the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> " 14727"(god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th" 14728" century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with" 14729" the naked eye." 14730msgstr "" 14731 14732#. type: Content of: <p> 14733#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71 14734msgid "" 14735"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back" 14736" to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), " 14737"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as " 14738"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined " 14739"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to " 14740"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) " 14741"with a sextant of 40 meters radius." 14742msgstr "" 14743 14744#. type: Content of: <h3> 14745#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80 14746msgid "Myths and Legends" 14747msgstr "" 14748 14749#. type: Content of: <h4> 14750#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82 14751msgid "The Great Bear" 14752msgstr "" 14753 14754#. type: Content of: <p> 14755#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83 14756msgid "" 14757"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation " 14758"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and " 14759"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia." 14760msgstr "" 14761 14762#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> 14763#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88 14764msgid "" 14765"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding " 14766"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it" 14767" peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked" 14768" the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to " 14769"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went " 14770"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days " 14771"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and " 14772"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle." 14773msgstr "" 14774 14775#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> 14776#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96 14777msgid "" 14778"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in" 14779" the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded" 14780" the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The " 14781"seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their " 14782"younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven " 14783"Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden " 14784"Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star." 14785msgstr "" 14786 14787#. type: Content of: <p> 14788#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106 14789msgid "" 14790"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian " 14791"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to" 14792" each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. " 14793"Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian " 14794"calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself " 14795"associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, " 14796"corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and " 14797"so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the " 14798"year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we " 14799"repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese " 14800"calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the " 14801"tail are assigned one time only." 14802msgstr "" 14803 14804#. type: Content of: <p> 14805#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120 14806msgid "" 14807"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described" 14808" by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in " 14809"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, " 14810"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]" 14811msgstr "" 14812 14813#. type: Content of: <img><h4> 14814#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127 14815msgid "Shooting stars" 14816msgstr "" 14817 14818#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14819#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129 14820msgid "" 14821"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through " 14822"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a " 14823"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. " 14824"Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is not " 14825"me!\"" 14826msgstr "" 14827 14828#. type: Content of: <img><h4> 14829#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135 14830msgid "Neglected Legends" 14831msgstr "" 14832 14833#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14834#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137 14835msgid "" 14836"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun " 14837"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost " 14838"forgotten by most Mongolians:" 14839msgstr "" 14840 14841#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 14842#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143 14843msgid "" 14844"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry" 14845" meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very " 14846"good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns " 14847"without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself " 14848"all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot " 14849"(groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, " 14850"pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth " 14851"which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards " 14852"the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The " 14853"bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a " 14854"hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved " 14855"our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface." 14856msgstr "" 14857 14858#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14859#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158 14860msgid "" 14861"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the " 14862"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist " 14863"religion." 14864msgstr "" 14865 14866#. type: Content of: <img><h5> 14867#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162 14868msgid "Eclipses" 14869msgstr "" 14870 14871#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 14872#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165 14873msgid "" 14874"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the " 14875"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god " 14876"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became " 14877"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and " 14878"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. " 14879"Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the " 14880"monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because " 14881"<em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order " 14882"to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as " 14883"<em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and" 14884" disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked " 14885"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In " 14886"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which " 14887"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses." 14888msgstr "" 14889 14890#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14891#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182 14892msgid "" 14893"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> " 14894"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster" 14895" liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck " 14896"wrote:" 14897msgstr "" 14898 14899#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 14900#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187 14901msgid "" 14902"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to " 14903"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about " 14904"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the " 14905"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum" 14906" and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished," 14907" they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\"" 14908msgstr "" 14909 14910#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14911#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196 14912msgid "" 14913"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux" 14914" (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. " 14915"pp; 153-192.)" 14916msgstr "" 14917 14918#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14919#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200 14920msgid "" 14921"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their " 14922"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for " 14923"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian " 14924"<em>Rahu</em>." 14925msgstr "" 14926 14927#. type: Content of: <img><h5> 14928#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205 14929msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)" 14930msgstr "" 14931 14932#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14933#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207 14934msgid "" 14935"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity" 14936" for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the " 14937"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin." 14938msgstr "" 14939 14940#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p> 14941#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212 14942msgid "" 14943"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. " 14944"Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to " 14945"untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united " 14946"with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. " 14947"Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain " 14948"united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the " 14949"time of wars." 14950msgstr "" 14951 14952#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4> 14953#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222 14954msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky" 14955msgstr "" 14956 14957#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p> 14958#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224 14959msgid "" 14960"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one " 14961"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband." 14962msgstr "" 14963 14964#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 14965#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227 14966msgid "" 14967"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>) by " 14968"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in " 14969"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several " 14970"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk " 14971"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark" 14972" color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, " 14973"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits." 14974msgstr "" 14975 14976#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 14977#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239 14978msgid "" 14979"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian " 14980"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs " 14981"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission " 14982"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects." 14983" It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high " 14984"fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony," 14985" every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!" 14986msgstr "" 14987 14988#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3> 14989#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248 14990msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading" 14991msgstr "" 14992 14993#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14994#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251 14995msgid "" 14996"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in " 14997"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony" 14998msgstr "" 14999 15000#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15001#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252 15002msgid "" 15003"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' " 15004"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de " 15005"France</a>" 15006msgstr "" 15007 15008#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15009#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253 15010msgid "" 15011"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' " 15012"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française " 15013"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>" 15014msgstr "" 15015 15016#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15017#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255 15018msgid "" 15019"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' " 15020"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>" 15021msgstr "" 15022 15023#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15024#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256 15025msgid "" 15026"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-" 15027"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: " 15028"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International " 15029"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123." 15030msgstr "" 15031 15032#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15033#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261 15034msgid "" 15035"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, " 15036"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and " 15037"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) mainly " 15038"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in " 15039"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a " 15040"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' " 15041"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" " 15042"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)." 15043msgstr "" 15044 15045#. type: Content of: <h2> 15046#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1 15047msgid "Navajo" 15048msgstr "" 15049 15050#. type: Content of: <p> 15051#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3 15052msgid "" 15053"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the " 15054"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and " 15055"northwestern New Mexico." 15056msgstr "" 15057 15058#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15059#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9 15060msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website" 15061msgstr "" 15062 15063#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15064#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10 15065msgid "" 15066"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15067"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15068"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>" 15069msgstr "" 15070 15071#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15072#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11 15073msgid "" 15074"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15075"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15076"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>" 15077msgstr "" 15078 15079#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15080#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12 15081msgid "" 15082"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15083"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15084"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>" 15085msgstr "" 15086 15087#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15088#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13 15089msgid "" 15090"<a " 15091"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>" 15092msgstr "" 15093 15094#. type: Content of: <p> 15095#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18 15096msgid "" 15097"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 15098"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-" 15099"Navajo</b> by Don Childrey." 15100msgstr "" 15101 15102#. type: Content of: <h2> 15103#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1 15104msgid "Norse" 15105msgstr "" 15106 15107#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15108#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5 15109msgid "" 15110"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse " 15111"Constellations</a>" 15112msgstr "" 15113 15114#. type: Content of: <p> 15115#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10 15116msgid "" 15117"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, " 15118"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se" 15119msgstr "" 15120 15121#. type: Content of: <h2> 15122#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1 15123msgid "Northern Andes" 15124msgstr "" 15125 15126#. type: Content of: <p> 15127#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2 15128msgid "" 15129"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the " 15130"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting " 15131"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to " 15132"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to " 15133"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and " 15134"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the " 15135"changes that affect living beings." 15136msgstr "" 15137 15138#. type: Content of: <p> 15139#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4 15140msgid "" 15141"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean " 15142"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we " 15143"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will " 15144"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can " 15145"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars." 15146msgstr "" 15147 15148#. type: Content of: <p> 15149#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6 15150msgid "" 15151"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and " 15152"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as" 15153" well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the " 15154"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current " 15155"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic " 15156"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in " 15157"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially" 15158" decoded." 15159msgstr "" 15160 15161#. type: Content of: <p> 15162#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8 15163msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:" 15164msgstr "" 15165 15166#. type: Content of: <h3> 15167#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11 15168msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)" 15169msgstr "" 15170 15171#. type: Content of: <p> 15172#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12 15173msgid "" 15174"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement " 15175"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and " 15176"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on " 15177"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north)" 15178" and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled " 15179"(more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main " 15180"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar " 15181"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons." 15182msgstr "" 15183 15184#. type: Content of: <p> 15185#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14 15186msgid "" 15187"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the" 15188" leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic " 15189"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we" 15190" suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March " 15191"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime " 15192"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in " 15193"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will " 15194"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation " 15195"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to " 15196"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, " 15197"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start " 15198"the cycle again." 15199msgstr "" 15200 15201#. type: Content of: <h2> 15202#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19 15203msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes." 15204msgstr "" 15205 15206#. type: Content of: <p> 15207#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21 15208msgid "" 15209"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register " 15210"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the " 15211"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, " 15212"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so " 15213"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony " 15214"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms." 15215msgstr "" 15216 15217#. type: Content of: <p> 15218#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23 15219msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>" 15220msgstr "" 15221 15222#. type: Content of: <li> 15223#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24 15224msgid "" 15225"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: " 15226"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio " 15227"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle." 15228msgstr "" 15229 15230#. type: Content of: <p> 15231#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26 15232msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>" 15233msgstr "" 15234 15235#. type: Content of: <li> 15236#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27 15237msgid "" 15238"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - " 15239"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\"" 15240msgstr "" 15241 15242#. type: Content of: <p> 15243#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29 15244msgid "" 15245"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the" 15246" registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation " 15247"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of " 15248"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of " 15249"the female equinox." 15250msgstr "" 15251 15252#. type: Content of: <p> 15253#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31 15254msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>" 15255msgstr "" 15256 15257#. type: Content of: <p> 15258#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32 15259msgid "" 15260"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer " 15261"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis," 15262" λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"." 15263msgstr "" 15264 15265#. type: Content of: <p> 15266#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34 15267msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>" 15268msgstr "" 15269 15270#. type: Content of: <p> 15271#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35 15272msgid "" 15273"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening" 15274" of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi" 15275" - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the " 15276"resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December " 15277"solstice It is in an East - West direction." 15278msgstr "" 15279 15280#. type: Content of: <p> 15281#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37 15282msgid "" 15283"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of " 15284"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms " 15285"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle," 15286" apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in " 15287"the dark constellations." 15288msgstr "" 15289 15290#. type: Content of: <h2> 15291#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41 15292msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations." 15293msgstr "" 15294 15295#. type: Content of: <h3> 15296#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42 15297msgid "The Milky Way" 15298msgstr "" 15299 15300#. type: Content of: <li> 15301#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43 15302msgid "" 15303"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a " 15304"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth " 15305"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate " 15306"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated" 15307" to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many " 15308"peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent." 15309msgstr "" 15310 15311#. type: Content of: <p> 15312#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45 15313msgid "" 15314"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or" 15315" stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the " 15316"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual " 15317"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding " 15318"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar " 15319"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked " 15320"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or " 15321"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and " 15322"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious " 15323"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent." 15324msgstr "" 15325 15326#. type: Content of: <p> 15327#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47 15328msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:" 15329msgstr "" 15330 15331#. type: Content of: <h3> 15332#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49 15333msgid "Dark Constellations" 15334msgstr "" 15335 15336#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15337#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51 15338msgid "" 15339"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, " 15340"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of" 15341" tender grains." 15342msgstr "" 15343 15344#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15345#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52 15346msgid "" 15347"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female " 15348"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural " 15349"processes." 15350msgstr "" 15351 15352#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15353#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53 15354msgid "" 15355"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has " 15356"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June" 15357" solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead." 15358msgstr "" 15359 15360#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15361#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54 15362msgid "" 15363"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the " 15364"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice." 15365msgstr "" 15366 15367#. type: Content of: <p> 15368#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58 15369msgid "" 15370"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy " 15371"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, " 15372"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - " 15373"Ecuador</b>" 15374msgstr "" 15375 15376#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 15377#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58 15378msgid "." 15379msgstr "" 15380 15381#. type: Content of: <p> 15382#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60 15383msgid "" 15384"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala " 15385"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught " 15386"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration." 15387msgstr "" 15388 15389#. type: Content of: <p> 15390#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62 15391msgid "" 15392"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the " 15393"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral " 15394"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage" 15395" of Ecuador)." 15396msgstr "" 15397 15398#. type: Content of: <h2> 15399#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1 15400msgid "Ojibwe" 15401msgstr "" 15402 15403#. type: Content of: <p> 15404#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2 15405msgid "" 15406"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America " 15407"(United States and Canada). Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for " 15408"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup. Also known as" 15409" Anishinaabe and Chippewa. The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’. The" 15410" Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of " 15411"the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, " 15412"created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012. More details can be found in" 15413" the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: " 15414"An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe " 15415"star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources." 15416msgstr "" 15417 15418#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15419#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7 15420msgid "" 15421"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of " 15422"Hydra" 15423msgstr "" 15424 15425#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15426#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8 15427msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona" 15428msgstr "" 15429 15430#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15431#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9 15432msgid "" 15433"<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran" 15434msgstr "" 15435 15436#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15437#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10 15438msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)" 15439msgstr "" 15440 15441#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15442#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11 15443msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)" 15444msgstr "" 15445 15446#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15447#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12 15448msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris" 15449msgstr "" 15450 15451#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15452#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13 15453msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta" 15454msgstr "" 15455 15456#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15457#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14 15458msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades" 15459msgstr "" 15460 15461#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15462#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15 15463msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades" 15464msgstr "" 15465 15466#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15467#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16 15468msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus" 15469msgstr "" 15470 15471#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15472#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17 15473msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules" 15474msgstr "" 15475 15476#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15477#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18 15478msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio" 15479msgstr "" 15480 15481#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15482#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19 15483msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star," 15484msgstr "" 15485 15486#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15487#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20 15488msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World" 15489msgstr "" 15490 15491#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15492#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21 15493msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon" 15494msgstr "" 15495 15496#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15497#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22 15498msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun" 15499msgstr "" 15500 15501#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15502#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23 15503msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky" 15504msgstr "" 15505 15506#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15507#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24 15508msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus" 15509msgstr "" 15510 15511#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15512#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25 15513msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star" 15514msgstr "" 15515 15516#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15517#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26 15518msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star" 15519msgstr "" 15520 15521#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15522#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27 15523msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic" 15524msgstr "" 15525 15526#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15527#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28 15528msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way" 15529msgstr "" 15530 15531#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15532#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29 15533msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way" 15534msgstr "" 15535 15536#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15537#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30 15538msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star" 15539msgstr "" 15540 15541#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15542#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31 15543msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe" 15544msgstr "" 15545 15546#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15547#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32 15548msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)" 15549msgstr "" 15550 15551#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15552#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33 15553msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map" 15554msgstr "" 15555 15556#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15557#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34 15558msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East" 15559msgstr "" 15560 15561#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15562#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35 15563msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West" 15564msgstr "" 15565 15566#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15567#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36 15568msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North" 15569msgstr "" 15570 15571#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15572#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37 15573msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South" 15574msgstr "" 15575 15576#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15577#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43 15578msgid "" 15579"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map" 15580" webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other " 15581"resources.</a>" 15582msgstr "" 15583 15584#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15585#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44 15586msgid "" 15587"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-" 15588"Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe" 15589" Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com" 15590msgstr "" 15591 15592#. type: Content of: <p> 15593#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49 15594msgid "" 15595"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of " 15596"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at " 15597"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based " 15598"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star " 15599"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book " 15600"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe " 15601"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts." 15602msgstr "" 15603 15604#. type: Content of: <p> 15605#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50 15606msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson." 15607msgstr "" 15608 15609#. type: Content of: <h2> 15610#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1 15611msgid "Romanian" 15612msgstr "" 15613 15614#. type: Content of: <p> 15615#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2 15616msgid "" 15617"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three " 15618"essential components." 15619msgstr "" 15620 15621#. type: Content of: <p><p> 15622#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3 15623msgid "" 15624"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in " 15625"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as " 15626"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants." 15627msgstr "" 15628 15629#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 15630#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5 15631msgid "" 15632"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization " 15633"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian " 15634"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with " 15635"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a " 15636"church." 15637msgstr "" 15638 15639#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15640#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8 15641msgid "" 15642"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on " 15643"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by " 15644"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of " 15645"Dacians mixing with the Romans." 15646msgstr "" 15647 15648#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15649#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11 15650msgid "" 15651"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four " 15652"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping." 15653msgstr "" 15654 15655#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3> 15656#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12 15657msgid "External links:" 15658msgstr "" 15659 15660#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15661#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14 15662msgid "" 15663"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian " 15664"Constellation</a>" 15665msgstr "" 15666 15667#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15668#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15 15669msgid "" 15670"<a href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-" 15671"romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional " 15672"Romanian Constellations</a>" 15673msgstr "" 15674 15675#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15676#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16 15677msgid "" 15678"<a " 15679"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30" 15680" seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>" 15681msgstr "" 15682 15683#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15684#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17 15685msgid "" 15686"<a h " 15687"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian" 15688" peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion " 15689"Ottescu</a>" 15690msgstr "" 15691 15692#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15693#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18 15694msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>" 15695msgstr "" 15696 15697#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15698#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20 15699msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members" 15700msgstr "" 15701 15702#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3> 15703#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22 15704msgid "Authors:" 15705msgstr "" 15706 15707#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15708#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23 15709msgid "" 15710"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a " 15711"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare " 15712"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian " 15713"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants " 15714"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu." 15715msgstr "" 15716 15717#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p> 15718#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26 15719msgid "" 15720"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies " 15721"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a " 15722"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation " 15723"art done by Zamfir Somcutean." 15724msgstr "" 15725 15726#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 15727#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28 15728msgid "" 15729"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released " 15730"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported." 15731msgstr "" 15732 15733#. type: Content of: <h2> 15734#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1 15735msgid "Sami" 15736msgstr "" 15737 15738#. type: Content of: <p> 15739#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3 15740msgid "" 15741"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern " 15742"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More " 15743"information can be found at <a " 15744"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a " 15745"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in " 15746"Wikipedia</a>." 15747msgstr "" 15748 15749#. type: Content of: <h3> 15750#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8 15751#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28 15752#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43 15753msgid "Sources" 15754msgstr "" 15755 15756#. type: Content of: <p> 15757#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10 15758msgid "" 15759"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi " 15760"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och " 15761"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral " 15762"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his " 15763"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi." 15764msgstr "" 15765 15766#. type: Content of: <p> 15767#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15 15768msgid "" 15769"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different " 15770"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. " 15771"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may" 15772" be small differences with some references." 15773msgstr "" 15774 15775#. type: Content of: <p> 15776#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19 15777msgid "" 15778"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old " 15779"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role " 15780"for Sami peoples in years gone by." 15781msgstr "" 15782 15783#. type: Content of: <p> 15784#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22 15785msgid "" 15786"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic " 15787"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture " 15788"was lost before it was recorded properly." 15789msgstr "" 15790 15791#. type: Content of: <h3> 15792#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26 15793msgid "Constellations and Stars" 15794msgstr "" 15795 15796#. type: Content of: <p> 15797#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28 15798msgid "" 15799"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing " 15800"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. " 15801"The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant" 15802" constellation, <i>Sarva</i> — the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for " 15803"elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> — Bull elk. The origin of " 15804"this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before " 15805"reindeer were domesticated." 15806msgstr "" 15807 15808#. type: Content of: <p> 15809#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34 15810msgid "" 15811"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and " 15812"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent " 15813"hunters of the elk. <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is " 15814"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his " 15815"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> — the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim" 15816" well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris)," 15817" legend has it that the world will come to an end." 15818msgstr "" 15819 15820#. type: Content of: <p> 15821#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41 15822msgid "" 15823"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a " 15824"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>) and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's " 15825"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and " 15826"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack) or " 15827"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)." 15828msgstr "" 15829 15830#. type: Content of: <p> 15831#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46 15832msgid "" 15833"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-" 15834"mærka</i> (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky" 15835" chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning " 15836"star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can " 15837"also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching " 15838"(similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)." 15839msgstr "" 15840 15841#. type: Content of: <p> 15842#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52 15843msgid "" 15844"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is" 15845" thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami " 15846"people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays" 15847" below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is " 15848"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars." 15849msgstr "" 15850 15851#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 15852#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59 15853msgid "" 15854"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is " 15855"uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as " 15856"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the " 15857"latitude where the Sami live." 15858msgstr "" 15859 15860#. type: Content of: <p> 15861#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65 15862msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)" 15863msgstr "" 15864 15865#. type: Content of: <h2> 15866#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1 15867msgid "Sardinian" 15868msgstr "" 15869 15870#. type: Content of: <p> 15871#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2 15872msgid "" 15873"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their " 15874"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world " 15875"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian " 15876"culture." 15877msgstr "" 15878 15879#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15880#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6 15881msgid "" 15882"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and " 15883"constellations in sardinian language</a>" 15884msgstr "" 15885 15886#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15887#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7 15888msgid "" 15889"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium " 15890"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>" 15891msgstr "" 15892 15893#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15894#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8 15895msgid "" 15896"<a " 15897"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium" 15898" Wiki</a>" 15899msgstr "" 15900 15901#. type: Content of: <p> 15902#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12 15903msgid "" 15904"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe " 15905"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com" 15906msgstr "" 15907 15908#. type: Content of: <h3> 15909#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13 15910msgid "Credits" 15911msgstr "" 15912 15913#. type: Content of: <p> 15914#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14 15915msgid "" 15916"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done " 15917"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu" 15918msgstr "" 15919 15920#. type: Content of: <h2> 15921#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1 15922msgid "Russian (Siberian)" 15923msgstr "" 15924 15925#. type: Content of: <p> 15926#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2 15927msgid "" 15928"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly " 15929"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about " 15930"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In" 15931" this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which " 15932"typical for the whole of Siberia." 15933msgstr "" 15934 15935#. type: Content of: <p> 15936#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8 15937msgid "" 15938"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished" 15939" into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose " 15940"Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names " 15941"of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the " 15942"Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia." 15943msgstr "" 15944 15945#. type: Content of: <p> 15946#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14 15947msgid "" 15948"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but " 15949"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a " 15950"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common." 15951msgstr "" 15952 15953#. type: Content of: <p> 15954#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19 15955msgid "" 15956"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although " 15957"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)." 15958msgstr "" 15959 15960#. type: Content of: <p> 15961#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23 15962msgid "" 15963"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of" 15964" his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for " 15965"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In " 15966"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major " 15967"constellation." 15968msgstr "" 15969 15970#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15971#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30 15972msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s." 15973msgstr "" 15974 15975#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15976#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31 15977msgid "" 15978"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj " 15979"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: " 15980"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s." 15981msgstr "" 15982 15983#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15984#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32 15985msgid "" 15986"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS " 15987"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s." 15988msgstr "" 15989 15990#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15991#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33 15992msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s." 15993msgstr "" 15994 15995#. type: Content of: <h2> 15996#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1 15997msgid "Tongan (Tonga)" 15998msgstr "" 15999 16000#. type: Content of: <p> 16001#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2 16002msgid "" 16003"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the " 16004"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances " 16005"separation of individual star names from "star path" names cannot " 16006"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of " 16007"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on" 16008" which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is" 16009" approximated based on the limited resources available." 16010msgstr "" 16011 16012#. type: Content of: <p> 16013#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11 16014msgid "" 16015"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, " 16016"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable " 16017"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: " 16018"α UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan " 16019"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the" 16020" event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational " 16021"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of " 16022"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This " 16023"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore – globally and " 16024"Polynesian – has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being " 16025"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night" 16026" sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two " 16027"anomalies.]" 16028msgstr "" 16029 16030#. type: Content of: <p> 16031#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25 16032msgid "" 16033"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in " 16034"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in " 16035"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian." 16036msgstr "" 16037 16038#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16039#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32 16040msgid "" 16041"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi " 16042"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department." 16043msgstr "" 16044 16045#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16046#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34 16047msgid "" 16048"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, " 16049"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing." 16050msgstr "" 16051 16052#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16053#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37 16054msgid "" 16055"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional " 16056"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and " 16057"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p." 16058" 157-173." 16059msgstr "" 16060 16061#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16062#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45 16063msgid "Tongan term" 16064msgstr "" 16065 16066#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16067#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46 16068msgid "Humu" 16069msgstr "" 16070 16071#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16072#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46 16073msgid "Coal sack" 16074msgstr "" 16075 16076#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16077#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47 16078msgid "Kaniva" 16079msgstr "" 16080 16081#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16082#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48 16083msgid "Ma'afulele" 16084msgstr "" 16085 16086#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16087#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48 16088msgid "Large Magellan cloud" 16089msgstr "" 16090 16091#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16092#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49 16093msgid "Ma'afutoka" 16094msgstr "" 16095 16096#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16097#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49 16098msgid "Small Magellan cloud" 16099msgstr "" 16100 16101#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16102#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50 16103msgid "'otu Ma'afu" 16104msgstr "" 16105 16106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16107#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50 16108msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)" 16109msgstr "" 16110 16111#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16112#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51 16113msgid "Ha'amonga" 16114msgstr "" 16115 16116#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16117#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51 16118msgid "Ecliptic" 16119msgstr "" 16120 16121#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16122#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52 16123msgid "Mahina" 16124msgstr "" 16125 16126#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16127#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53 16128msgid "La'a" 16129msgstr "" 16130 16131#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16132#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54 16133msgid "Fetu'u" 16134msgstr "" 16135 16136#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16137#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54 16138msgid "Star (in general)" 16139msgstr "" 16140 16141#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16142#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55 16143msgid "Fetu'ufuka" 16144msgstr "" 16145 16146#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16147#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55 16148msgid "Comet" 16149msgstr "" 16150 16151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16152#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56 16153msgid "'Umata" 16154msgstr "" 16155 16156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16157#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56 16158msgid "Rainbow" 16159msgstr "" 16160 16161#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16162#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57 16163msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi" 16164msgstr "" 16165 16166#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16167#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57 16168msgid "Falling star" 16169msgstr "" 16170 16171#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16172#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58 16173msgid "tapukitea" 16174msgstr "" 16175 16176#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16177#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59 16178msgid "Matamemea" 16179msgstr "" 16180 16181#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16182#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60 16183msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)" 16184msgstr "" 16185 16186#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16187#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61 16188msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)" 16189msgstr "" 16190 16191#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16192#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62 16193msgid "Velitoa hififo" 16194msgstr "" 16195 16196#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16197#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62 16198msgid "Rigel" 16199msgstr "" 16200 16201#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16202#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63 16203msgid "Velitoa hahake" 16204msgstr "" 16205 16206#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16207#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63 16208msgid "Betelguese" 16209msgstr "" 16210 16211#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16212#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64 16213msgid "Hikule'o" 16214msgstr "" 16215 16216#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16217#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65 16218msgid "Monuafe" 16219msgstr "" 16220 16221#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16222#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65 16223msgid "Meissa" 16224msgstr "" 16225 16226#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16227#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66 16228msgid "Motuliki" 16229msgstr "" 16230 16231#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16232#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67 16233msgid "Tu'ulalupe" 16234msgstr "" 16235 16236#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16237#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68 16238msgid "Toloatonga" 16239msgstr "" 16240 16241#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16242#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69 16243msgid "Toloalahi" 16244msgstr "" 16245 16246#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16247#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69 16248msgid "False Cross" 16249msgstr "" 16250 16251#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 16252#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72 16253msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>" 16254msgstr "" 16255 16256#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16257#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74 16258msgid "Tongan name" 16259msgstr "" 16260 16261#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16262#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74 16263msgid "Designation or notes" 16264msgstr "" 16265 16266#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16267#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75 16268msgid "Tuinga ika" 16269msgstr "" 16270 16271#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16272#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75 16273msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword" 16274msgstr "" 16275 16276#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16277#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76 16278msgid "Ae e'Uvea" 16279msgstr "" 16280 16281#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16282#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76 16283msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16284msgstr "" 16285 16286#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16287#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77 16288msgid "Fatanalua" 16289msgstr "" 16290 16291#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16292#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77 16293msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16294msgstr "" 16295 16296#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16297#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78 16298msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi" 16299msgstr "" 16300 16301#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16302#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78 16303msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16304msgstr "" 16305 16306#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16307#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79 16308msgid "Toloa" 16309msgstr "" 16310 16311#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16312#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79 16313msgid "Belt of Orion" 16314msgstr "" 16315 16316#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16317#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80 16318msgid "Lua tangata" 16319msgstr "" 16320 16321#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16322#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80 16323msgid "Castor and/or Pollux" 16324msgstr "" 16325 16326#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16327#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81 16328msgid "Fungasia" 16329msgstr "" 16330 16331#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16332#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81 16333msgid "Toliman and/or Agena" 16334msgstr "" 16335 16336#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16337#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82 16338msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)" 16339msgstr "" 16340 16341#. type: Content of: <h1> 16342#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1 16343msgid "Tukano Constellations" 16344msgstr "" 16345 16346#. type: Content of: <p> 16347#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2 16348msgid "" 16349"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around " 16350"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group " 16351"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro " 16352"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil." 16353msgstr "" 16354 16355#. type: Content of: <h5> 16356#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5 16357msgid "" 16358"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer " 16359"to:</em>" 16360msgstr "" 16361 16362#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16363#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7 16364msgid "" 16365"<a " 16366"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\"" 16367" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>." 16368msgstr "" 16369 16370#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16371#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8 16372msgid "" 16373"<a " 16374"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\"" 16375" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>" 16376msgstr "" 16377 16378#. type: Content of: <h3> 16379#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11 16380msgid "CONSTELLATIONS" 16381msgstr "" 16382 16383#. type: Content of: <p> 16384#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12 16385msgid "" 16386"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural " 16387"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who " 16388"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations." 16389" There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here " 16390"essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations. " 16391"Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions" 16392" or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing " 16393"limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- " 16394"Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way. Their" 16395" conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. " 16396"They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like " 16397"us." 16398msgstr "" 16399 16400#. type: Content of: <p> 16401#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13 16402msgid "" 16403"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people " 16404"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school " 16405"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as" 16406" you’ll see below." 16407msgstr "" 16408 16409#. type: Content of: <p> 16410#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14 16411msgid "" 16412"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are " 16413"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during " 16414"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena " 16415"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head" 16416" setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of " 16417"the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with" 16418" an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these " 16419"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group " 16420"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat " 16421"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and" 16422" microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either. So, a " 16423"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside " 16424"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. " 16425"Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex " 16426"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore." 16427msgstr "" 16428 16429#. type: Content of: <p> 16430#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15 16431msgid "" 16432"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, " 16433"Portuguese and English. Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo." 16434msgstr "" 16435 16436#. type: Content of: <h3> 16437#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17 16438msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance" 16439msgstr "" 16440 16441#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16442#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17 16443msgid "" 16444"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external " 16445"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>" 16446msgstr "" 16447 16448#. type: Content of: <p> 16449#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19 16450msgid "" 16451"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona " 16452"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the " 16453"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos." 16454msgstr "" 16455 16456#. type: Content of: <h3> 16457#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20 16458msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo" 16459msgstr "" 16460 16461#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16462#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20 16463msgid "" 16464"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' " 16465"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>" 16466msgstr "" 16467 16468#. type: Content of: <p> 16469#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21 16470msgid "" 16471"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila " 16472"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar " 16473"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)." 16474msgstr "" 16475 16476#. type: Content of: <h3> 16477#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22 16478msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp" 16479msgstr "" 16480 16481#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16482#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22 16483msgid "" 16484"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' " 16485"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>" 16486msgstr "" 16487 16488#. type: Content of: <h3> 16489#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23 16490msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish" 16491msgstr "" 16492 16493#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16494#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23 16495msgid "" 16496"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' " 16497"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>" 16498msgstr "" 16499 16500#. type: Content of: <p> 16501#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24 16502msgid "" 16503"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius " 16504"and Pisces area. But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during " 16505"the night." 16506msgstr "" 16507 16508#. type: Content of: <h3> 16509#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25 16510msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar" 16511msgstr "" 16512 16513#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16514#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25 16515msgid "" 16516"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' " 16517"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>" 16518msgstr "" 16519 16520#. type: Content of: <p> 16521#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26 16522msgid "" 16523"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions " 16524"of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described " 16525"inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations." 16526msgstr "" 16527 16528#. type: Content of: <h3> 16529#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27 16530msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret" 16531msgstr "" 16532 16533#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16534#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27 16535msgid "" 16536"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' " 16537"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>" 16538msgstr "" 16539 16540#. type: Content of: <p> 16541#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28 16542msgid "" 16543"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those " 16544"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the " 16545"first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São " 16546"José II tribe." 16547msgstr "" 16548 16549#. type: Content of: <h3> 16550#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29 16551msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle" 16552msgstr "" 16553 16554#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16555#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29 16556msgid "" 16557"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' " 16558"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>" 16559msgstr "" 16560 16561#. type: Content of: <p> 16562#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30 16563msgid "" 16564"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross " 16565"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also " 16566"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people." 16567msgstr "" 16568 16569#. type: Content of: <h3> 16570#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31 16571msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades" 16572msgstr "" 16573 16574#. type: Content of: <h3> 16575#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31 16576msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars" 16577msgstr "" 16578 16579#. type: Content of: <p> 16580#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32 16581msgid "" 16582"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. " 16583"Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within " 16584"a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period " 16585"pointer." 16586msgstr "" 16587 16588#. type: Content of: <h3> 16589#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33 16590msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish" 16591msgstr "" 16592 16593#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16594#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33 16595msgid "" 16596"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" " 16597"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of " 16598"grill to cook fish)</a>" 16599msgstr "" 16600 16601#. type: Content of: <p> 16602#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34 16603msgid "" 16604"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the " 16605"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades. This is an easy asterism to be " 16606"seen all over the sky." 16607msgstr "" 16608 16609#. type: Content of: <h3> 16610#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35 16611msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood" 16612msgstr "" 16613 16614#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16615#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35 16616msgid "" 16617"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' " 16618"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>" 16619msgstr "" 16620 16621#. type: Content of: <p> 16622#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36 16623msgid "" 16624"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this " 16625"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents" 16626" to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood." 16627msgstr "" 16628 16629#. type: Content of: <h3> 16630#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37 16631msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake" 16632msgstr "" 16633 16634#. type: Content of: <h3><br> 16635#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37 16636msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus" 16637msgstr "" 16638 16639#. type: Content of: <p> 16640#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38 16641msgid "" 16642"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when " 16643"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in" 16644" the main river are swallowed by it." 16645msgstr "" 16646 16647#. type: Content of: <h3> 16648#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39 16649msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter" 16650msgstr "" 16651 16652#. type: Content of: <p> 16653#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40 16654msgid "" 16655"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river," 16656" this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major " 16657"in that region." 16658msgstr "" 16659 16660#. type: Content of: <h3> 16661#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41 16662msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances" 16663msgstr "" 16664 16665#. type: Content of: <p> 16666#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42 16667msgid "" 16668"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in" 16669" some special Tukano ceremonies." 16670msgstr "" 16671 16672#. type: Content of: <h4> 16673#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44 16674msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:" 16675msgstr "" 16676 16677#. type: Content of: <p> 16678#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45 16679msgid "" 16680"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, " 16681"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis " 16682"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in " 16683"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about " 16684"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky " 16685"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in " 16686"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we " 16687"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from" 16688" differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting " 16689"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major " 16690"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians" 16691msgstr "" 16692 16693#. type: Content of: <h4> 16694#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48 16695msgid "" 16696"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of" 16697" his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)" 16698msgstr "" 16699 16700#. type: Content of: <h4><br> 16701#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48 16702msgid "" 16703"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and " 16704"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)." 16705msgstr "" 16706 16707#. type: Content of: <h2> 16708#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1 16709msgid "Tupi-Guarani" 16710msgstr "" 16711 16712#. type: Content of: <p> 16713#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2 16714msgid "" 16715"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the " 16716"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries." 16717msgstr "" 16718 16719#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16720#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5 16721msgid "" 16722"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep " 16723"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily " 16724"life. In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de " 16725"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated" 16726" that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book " 16727"only details seven." 16728msgstr "" 16729 16730#. type: Content of: <p><h4> 16731#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8 16732msgid "Ema" 16733msgstr "" 16734 16735#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16736#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9 16737msgid "" 16738"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i>" 16739" in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The " 16740"constellation depicts a large bird." 16741msgstr "" 16742 16743#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16744#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11 16745msgid "" 16746"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the " 16747"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South " 16748"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North." 16749msgstr "" 16750 16751#. type: Content of: <p><h4> 16752#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13 16753msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)" 16754msgstr "" 16755 16756#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16757#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14 16758msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick." 16759msgstr "" 16760 16761#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16762#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15 16763msgid "" 16764"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the " 16765"evening Eastern sky. This marks the beginning of summer in the southern " 16766"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North." 16767msgstr "" 16768 16769#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 16770#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19 16771msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>" 16772msgstr "" 16773 16774#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 16775#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20 16776msgid "" 16777"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The " 16778"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)" 16779msgstr "" 16780 16781#. type: Content of: <p> 16782#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24 16783msgid "" 16784"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo " 16785"Pontes</i>." 16786msgstr "" 16787 16788#. type: Content of: <h2> 16789#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1 16790msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)" 16791msgstr "" 16792 16793#. type: Content of: <p> 16794#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2 16795msgid "" 16796"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran " 16797"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a " 16798"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar " 16799"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" " 16800"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in " 16801"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of " 16802"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent." 16803msgstr "" 16804 16805#. type: Content of: <h3> 16806#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4 16807msgid "Solar system" 16808msgstr "" 16809 16810#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16811#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6 16812msgid "Sun: Met" 16813msgstr "" 16814 16815#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16816#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7 16817msgid "Moon: Mawuk" 16818msgstr "" 16819 16820#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16821#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9 16822msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'" 16823msgstr "" 16824 16825#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16826#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10 16827msgid "" 16828"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky " 16829"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening" 16830msgstr "" 16831 16832#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16833#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11 16834msgid "" 16835"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' " 16836"(Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, " 16837"the Moon just appears above the mountains" 16838msgstr "" 16839 16840#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16841#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12 16842msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel" 16843msgstr "" 16844 16845#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16846#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13 16847msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel" 16848msgstr "" 16849 16850#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16851#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14 16852msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'" 16853msgstr "" 16854 16855#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16856#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16 16857msgid "Venus:" 16858msgstr "" 16859 16860#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16861#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18 16862msgid "Morning star: Fétukai" 16863msgstr "" 16864 16865#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16866#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19 16867msgid "Evening star: Kéwita" 16868msgstr "" 16869 16870#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16871#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21 16872msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi" 16873msgstr "" 16874 16875#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16876#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22 16877msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death" 16878msgstr "" 16879 16880#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16881#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27 16882msgid "In general: Mahau" 16883msgstr "" 16884 16885#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16886#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28 16887msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta" 16888msgstr "" 16889 16890#. type: Content of: <h3> 16891#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31 16892msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects" 16893msgstr "" 16894 16895#. type: Content of: <p> 16896#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32 16897msgid "" 16898"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the " 16899"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. " 16900"The actual translations of the local names follow them." 16901msgstr "" 16902 16903#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16904#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34 16905msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'" 16906msgstr "" 16907 16908#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16909#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35 16910msgid "" 16911"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown " 16912"meaning" 16913msgstr "" 16914 16915#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16916#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36 16917msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'" 16918msgstr "" 16919 16920#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16921#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37 16922msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'" 16923msgstr "" 16924 16925#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16926#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38 16927msgid "" 16928"Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'" 16929msgstr "" 16930 16931#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16932#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39 16933msgid "" 16934"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it " 16935"is time to prepare gardens" 16936msgstr "" 16937 16938#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16939#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40 16940msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves" 16941msgstr "" 16942 16943#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16944#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41 16945msgid "" 16946"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages" 16947" with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time " 16948"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest" 16949msgstr "" 16950 16951#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16952#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42 16953msgid "" 16954"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen " 16955"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'" 16956msgstr "" 16957 16958#. type: Content of: <h3> 16959#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45 16960msgid "Names of objects with unknown position" 16961msgstr "" 16962 16963#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16964#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47 16965msgid "" 16966"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or " 16967"to rise close to it" 16968msgstr "" 16969 16970#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16971#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48 16972msgid "" 16973"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the " 16974"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)" 16975msgstr "" 16976 16977#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16978#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49 16979msgid "" 16980"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in " 16981"September in the morning near zenith" 16982msgstr "" 16983 16984#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16985#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50 16986msgid "" 16987"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in " 16988"February in the morning" 16989msgstr "" 16990 16991#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16992#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55 16993msgid "" 16994"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> " 16995"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu" 16996msgstr "" 16997 16998#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16999#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56 17000msgid "" 17001"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language " 17002"on Wikipedia</a>" 17003msgstr "" 17004 17005#. type: Content of: <p> 17006#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60 17007msgid "" 17008"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a " 17009"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a " 17010"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>." 17011msgstr "" 17012 17013#. type: Content of: <p> 17014#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61 17015msgid "" 17016"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral" 17017" knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from " 17018"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé" 17019" from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe " 17020"Natuman from Lowkweria." 17021msgstr "" 17022 17023#. type: Content of: <h2> 17024#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1 17025msgid "Western" 17026msgstr "" 17027 17028#. type: Content of: <p> 17029#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2 17030msgid "" 17031"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is " 17032"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has " 17033"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic " 17034"astronomy." 17035msgstr "" 17036 17037#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17038#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5 17039#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5 17040msgid "" 17041"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various " 17042"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by " 17043"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the " 17044"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky " 17045"cultures exhaustively in daily usage." 17046msgstr "" 17047 17048#. type: Content of: <p> 17049#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8 17050msgid "" 17051"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, " 17052"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used " 17053"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names " 17054"are more famous than the designations." 17055msgstr "" 17056 17057#. type: Content of: <h3> 17058#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10 17059msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium" 17060msgstr "" 17061 17062#. type: Content of: <p> 17063#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11 17064msgid "" 17065"<a " 17066"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" " 17067"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his " 17068"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' " 17069"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike " 17070"Richards</a>." 17071msgstr "" 17072 17073#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17074#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15 17075#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14 17076msgid "" 17077"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'" 17078" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" " 17079"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia" 17080msgstr "" 17081 17082#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17083#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16 17084#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15 17085msgid "" 17086"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external " 17087"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" " 17088"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia" 17089msgstr "" 17090 17091#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17092#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17 17093msgid "" 17094"<a " 17095"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\"" 17096" class='external text' " 17097"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\"" 17098" rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval " 17099"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius " 17100"Engravings." 17101msgstr "" 17102 17103#. type: Content of: <h2> 17104#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1 17105msgid "Sky & Telescope" 17106msgstr "" 17107 17108#. type: Content of: <p> 17109#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2 17110msgid "" 17111"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is " 17112"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has " 17113"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic " 17114"astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & " 17115"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & " 17116"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & " 17117"Telescope magazine." 17118msgstr "" 17119 17120#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17121#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7 17122msgid "" 17123"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines " 17124"for Microscopium or Mensa." 17125msgstr "" 17126 17127#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17128#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10 17129msgid "" 17130"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in " 17131"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file." 17132msgstr "" 17133 17134#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17135#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13 17136msgid "" 17137"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' " 17138"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage" 17139msgstr "" 17140 17141#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17142#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16 17143msgid "" 17144"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' " 17145"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official" 17146" IAU constellation information</a>" 17147msgstr "" 17148 17149#. type: Content of: <h2> 17150#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1 17151msgid "Western (O.Hlad)" 17152msgstr "" 17153 17154#. type: Content of: <p> 17155#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3 17156msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:" 17157msgstr "" 17158 17159#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17160#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6 17161msgid "" 17162"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. " 17163"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik." 17164msgstr "" 17165 17166#. type: Content of: <p> 17167#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9 17168msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:" 17169msgstr "" 17170 17171#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17172#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12 17173msgid "" 17174"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. " 17175"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing." 17176msgstr "" 17177 17178#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17179#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13 17180msgid "" 17181"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor." 17182msgstr "" 17183 17184#. type: Content of: <p> 17185#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19 17186msgid "" 17187"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-" 17188"letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright " 17189"stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case " 17190"of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir). We usually do <em>not</em> use" 17191" 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected " 17192"by light pollution. The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and " 17193"easier-to-remember for children. We use these constellations at the " 17194"Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a " 17195"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)." 17196msgstr "" 17197 17198#. type: Content of: <p> 17199#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28 17200msgid "" 17201"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies " 17202"are just behind Bear's head. Gem is a similar case. Cam seems upside-down " 17203"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed" 17204" brighter." 17205msgstr "" 17206 17207#. type: Content of: <h3> 17208#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33 17209msgid "Updates" 17210msgstr "" 17211 17212#. type: Content of: <p> 17213#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35 17214msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1" 17215msgstr "" 17216 17217#. type: Content of: <p> 17218#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37 17219msgid "" 17220"Future updates should be available at <a " 17221"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>" 17222msgstr "" 17223 17224#. type: Content of: <h2> 17225#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1 17226msgid "Western: H.A. Rey" 17227msgstr "" 17228 17229#. type: Content of: <p> 17230#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5 17231msgid "" 17232"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated " 17233"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. " 17234"The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown " 17235"connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however appear " 17236"sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which " 17237"constellation. Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the " 17238"figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning " 17239"stargazers in the middle of the 20th century." 17240msgstr "" 17241 17242#. type: Content of: <p> 17243#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16 17244msgid "" 17245"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of " 17246"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his " 17247"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To " 17248"See Them</em>." 17249msgstr "" 17250 17251#. type: Content of: <h4> 17252#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22 17253msgid "The Constellations" 17254msgstr "" 17255 17256#. type: Content of: <p> 17257#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24 17258msgid "" 17259"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey " 17260"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the " 17261"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done" 17262" it before. The basic idea is so simple.\"" 17263msgstr "" 17264 17265#. type: Content of: <p> 17266#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29 17267msgid "" 17268"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted" 17269" constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, " 17270"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick" 17271" figures. The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey." 17272" If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the " 17273"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those " 17274"included in the book." 17275msgstr "" 17276 17277#. type: Content of: <h4> 17278#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37 17279msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations" 17280msgstr "" 17281 17282#. type: Content of: <p> 17283#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39 17284msgid "" 17285"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and " 17286"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of " 17287"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus). " 17288"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures " 17289"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of" 17290" the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For " 17291"example," 17292msgstr "" 17293 17294#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17295#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47 17296msgid "" 17297"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>) to look " 17298"like a polar bear scenting prey. This on one hand does not have the usual " 17299"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown " 17300"to walk around the pole in this orientation." 17301msgstr "" 17302 17303#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17304#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53 17305msgid "" 17306"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long " 17307"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including " 17308"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye " 17309"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck." 17310msgstr "" 17311 17312#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17313#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58 17314msgid "" 17315"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of " 17316"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as " 17317"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the " 17318"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet." 17319msgstr "" 17320 17321#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17322#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63 17323msgid "" 17324"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now " 17325"forming a tail fin." 17326msgstr "" 17327 17328#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17329#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66 17330msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head." 17331msgstr "" 17332 17333#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17334#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68 17335msgid "" 17336"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace" 17337" of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)" 17338msgstr "" 17339 17340#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17341#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75 17342msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>" 17343msgstr "" 17344 17345#. type: Content of: <p> 17346#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80 17347msgid "" 17348"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon " 17349"example contributed by Mike Richards. It has been reworked following the " 17350"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti." 17351msgstr "" 17352