1# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE 2# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team 3# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. 4# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. 5# 6# Translators: 7# Didier Dubreuil <didshop@icloud.com>, 2020 8# Bruno Averty <bruno.averty@gmail.com>, 2020 9# Mathieu Corbett <mathieu.corbett@outlook.com>, 2020 10# Lionel HANNEQUIN <commerces-publicites+transifex-1@protonmail.com>, 2020 11# nicolas.martignoni, 2020 12# 13#, fuzzy 14msgid "" 15msgstr "" 16"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" 17"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n" 18"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n" 19"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-01-06 16:35+0000\n" 20"Last-Translator: nicolas.martignoni, 2020\n" 21"Language-Team: French (https://www.transifex.com/stellarium/teams/80998/fr/)\n" 22"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" 23"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" 24"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" 25"Language: fr\n" 26"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n" 27 28#. type: Content of: <h1> 29#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1 30msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")" 31msgstr "" 32 33#. type: Content of: <p> 34#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2 35msgid "" 36"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul " 37"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the " 38"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in" 39" Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 " 40"classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in " 41"Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the " 42"following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation " 43"and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of " 44"the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a " 45"record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation," 46" and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding" 47" Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is " 48"seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. " 49"Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal " 50"description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and " 51"magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star " 52"catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In " 53"addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. " 54"Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were " 55"neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to " 56"Ptolemy star catalog." 57msgstr "" 58 59#. type: Content of: <p> 60#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3 61msgid "" 62"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of " 63"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in " 64"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by " 65"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or " 66"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by " 67"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 " 68"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for " 69"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. " 70"Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and" 71" 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units," 72" Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I " 73"came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and " 74"relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a " 75"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research." 76msgstr "" 77 78#. type: Content of: <h2> 79#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5 80msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi" 81msgstr "" 82 83#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 84#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10 85msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>" 86msgstr "" 87 88#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 89#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11 90msgid "<b>Khalid</b>" 91msgstr "" 92 93#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 94#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14 95msgid "<b>unit</b>" 96msgstr "" 97 98#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 99#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15 100#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17 101msgid "<b>cubits</b>" 102msgstr "" 103 104#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 105#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16 106#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18 107msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>" 108msgstr "" 109 110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 111#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21 112msgid "spear" 113msgstr "" 114 115#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 116#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22 117#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24 118msgid "6 cubits" 119msgstr "" 120 121#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 122#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28 123msgid "Man-Height" 124msgstr "" 125 126#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 127#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31 128msgid "3 cubits" 129msgstr "" 130 131#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 132#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35 133msgid "cubit" 134msgstr "" 135 136#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 137#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36 138#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38 139msgid "1 cubit" 140msgstr "" 141 142#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 143#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42 144msgid "span" 145msgstr "" 146 147#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 148#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43 149msgid "1/3 of a cubit" 150msgstr "" 151 152#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 153#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45 154msgid "1/2 of a cubit" 155msgstr "" 156 157#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 158#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49 159msgid "finger" 160msgstr "" 161 162#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 163#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50 164msgid "1/32 of a cubit" 165msgstr "" 166 167#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 168#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52 169msgid "1/16 of a cubit" 170msgstr "" 171 172#. type: Content of: <p> 173#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57 174msgid "" 175"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous " 176"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact " 177"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic " 178"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at " 179"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one." 180msgstr "" 181 182#. type: Content of: <h2> 183#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59 184msgid "The Sky Culture" 185msgstr "" 186 187#. type: Content of: <p> 188#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60 189msgid "" 190"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of " 191"the book, oldest of which is the <a " 192"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\"" 193" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh " 194"144 dated 1009 AD</a>." 195msgstr "" 196 197#. type: Content of: <p> 198#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61 199msgid "" 200"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, " 201"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations" 202" was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built " 203"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and " 204"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and " 205"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous " 206"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars" 207" plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a " 208"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 209msgstr "" 210 211#. type: Content of: <p> 212#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62 213msgid "" 214"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the " 215"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for " 216"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>." 217" The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the " 218"primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a " 219"secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the" 220" star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this " 221"constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, " 222"which will display \"The star on the end of the tail\" on the top of the " 223"screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the " 224"constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. " 225"For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the " 226"star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined " 227"through asterism names and asterism lines files." 228msgstr "" 229 230#. type: Content of: <p> 231#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63 232msgid "" 233"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted " 234"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which " 235"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a " 236"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few " 237"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording." 238msgstr "" 239 240#. type: Content of: <p> 241#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64 242msgid "" 243"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the " 244"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content." 245msgstr "" 246 247#. type: Content of: <h2> 248#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66 249#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522 250#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464 251#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496 252#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299 253#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288 254msgid "Fair Use" 255msgstr "Usage équitable" 256 257#. type: Content of: <p> 258#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67 259msgid "" 260"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International " 261"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the " 262"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work " 263"be cited according to the common rules." 264msgstr "" 265 266#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 267#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69 268#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45 269#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32 270#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61 271#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475 272#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23 273#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48 274#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17 275#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302 276#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291 277#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12 278#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10 279#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17 280#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9 281#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63 282#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11 283#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85 284#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23 285msgid "Author" 286msgstr "Auteur" 287 288#. type: Content of: <p> 289#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70 290msgid "" 291"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: " 292"turath.alfalak@gmail.com" 293msgstr "" 294 295#. type: Content of: <h3> 296#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72 297#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151 298#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77 299#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960 300#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57 301msgid "Notes" 302msgstr "Notes" 303 304#. type: Content of: <p> 305#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73 306msgid "" 307"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-" 308"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: " 309"Variorum Reprints, 1989." 310msgstr "" 311 312#. type: Content of: <p> 313#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74 314msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga." 315msgstr "" 316 317#. type: Content of: <p> 318#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75 319msgid "" 320"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par " 321"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27." 322msgstr "" 323 324#. type: Content of: <p> 325#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76 326msgid "" 327"[4] <a " 328"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\"" 329" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical " 330"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>." 331msgstr "" 332 333#. type: Content of: <p> 334#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77 335msgid "" 336"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" " 337"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān " 338"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque " 339"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>." 340msgstr "" 341 342#. type: Content of: <p> 343#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78 344msgid "" 345"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 346"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 347"of the Almagest Catalog</a>." 348msgstr "" 349 350#. type: Content of: <p> 351#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79 352msgid "" 353"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., " 354"1998." 355msgstr "" 356 357#. type: Content of: <h2> 358#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1 359msgid "Anutan" 360msgstr "Anutan" 361 362#. type: Content of: <p> 363#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2 364msgid "" 365"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon " 366"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the " 367"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars " 368"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed " 369"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) " 370"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major " 371"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or " 372"undistinguished)." 373msgstr "" 374"Anuta est une petite île volcanique qui, bien que située dans les îles " 375"Salomon de Mélanésie, est peuplée de Polynésiens. Les étoiles constituent " 376"l'outil le plus important des Anutans pour la navigation à longue distance. " 377"Les principales étoiles guides et constellations sont connues sous le nom de" 378" « kaavenga ». Les chemins d'étoiles qui sont suivis d'une île à une autre " 379"(même si elles ne sont pas levées ou déjà couchées) sont appelés « kau " 380"panogna porau ». Les étoiles non nommées qui ne sont pas utilisées comme " 381"aides à la navigation sont appelées « petuu vare » (ridicule, commune ou " 382"indistinctes)." 383 384#. type: Content of: <h3> 385#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9 386#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43 387msgid "Nomenclature" 388msgstr "Nomenclature" 389 390#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 391#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 392msgid "Anutan name" 393msgstr "Nom anutan" 394 395#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 396#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 397msgid "English translation" 398msgstr "Traduction en anglais" 399 400#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 401#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 402msgid "Western skylore" 403msgstr "Culture céleste occidentale" 404 405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 406#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 407msgid "Te Tino A Manu" 408msgstr "Te Tino A Manu" 409 410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 411#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 412msgid "The Bird's Body" 413msgstr "Le corps du cygne" 414 415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 416#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 417#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191 418#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36 419#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61 420msgid "Sirius" 421msgstr "Sirius" 422 423#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 424#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 425msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga" 426msgstr "Te Kapakau Tonga" 427 428#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 429#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 430msgid "The East Wing" 431msgstr "L'aile est" 432 433#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 434#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 435#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428 436#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372 437#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186 438#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60 439msgid "Canopus" 440msgstr "Canopus" 441 442#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 443#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 444msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau" 445msgstr "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau" 446 447#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 448#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 449msgid "The North Wing" 450msgstr "L'aile septentrionale" 451 452#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 453#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 454msgid "Procyon" 455msgstr "Procyon" 456 457#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 458#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 459msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu" 460msgstr "Te Kaokao O Manu" 461 462#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 463#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 464msgid "The Bird's Armpit" 465msgstr "L'aisselle du cygne" 466 467#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 468#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 469msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body" 470msgstr "" 471 472#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 473#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 474msgid "Te Kope" 475msgstr "Te Kope" 476 477#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 478#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 479msgid "The Bamboo" 480msgstr "Le bambou" 481 482#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 483#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 484msgid "Grus" 485msgstr "La Grue" 486 487#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 488#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 489msgid "Ara Toru" 490msgstr "Ara Toru" 491 492#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 493#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 494msgid "Path of Three" 495msgstr "Chemin des Trois" 496 497#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 498#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 499#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66 500msgid "Orion's belt" 501msgstr "La Ceinture d'Orion" 502 503#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 504#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 505msgid "Te Angaanga" 506msgstr "Te Angaanga" 507 508#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 509#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 510msgid "The Tongs" 511msgstr "Les pinces" 512 513#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 514#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 515msgid "Taurus's forehead" 516msgstr "Le front du Taureau" 517 518#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 519#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 520msgid "Matariki" 521msgstr "Matariki" 522 523#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 524#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 525msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes" 526msgstr "Petit visage ou petits yeux" 527 528#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 529#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 530#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306 531#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251 532#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96 533#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129 534#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41 535#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13 536#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66 537msgid "Pleiades" 538msgstr "Pléiades" 539 540#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 541#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 542msgid "Kaavei" 543msgstr "Kaavei" 544 545#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 546#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 547msgid "Octopus Tentacle" 548msgstr "Tentacule de poulpe" 549 550#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 551#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 552msgid "Aries" 553msgstr "Aries" 554 555#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 556#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 557msgid "Taki Roto" 558msgstr "Taki Roto" 559 560#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 561#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 562msgid "Middle Precursor" 563msgstr "Précurseur moyen" 564 565#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 566#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 567msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)" 568msgstr "" 569 570#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 571#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 572msgid "Taki Mua" 573msgstr "Taki Mua" 574 575#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 576#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 577msgid "Forward Precursor" 578msgstr "Précurseur avant" 579 580#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 581#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 582msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder" 583msgstr "" 584 585#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 586#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 587msgid "Toki" 588msgstr "Toki" 589 590#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 591#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 592msgid "Adze" 593msgstr "Herminette" 594 595#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 596#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 597#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131 598msgid "Delphinus" 599msgstr "Delphinus" 600 601#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 602#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 603msgid "Te Aamonga" 604msgstr "Te Aamonga" 605 606#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 607#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 608msgid "The Carrying Stick" 609msgstr "" 610 611#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 612#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 613msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line" 614msgstr "Trois étoiles alignées dans Aquila (l'Aigle)" 615 616#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 617#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 618msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu" 619msgstr "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu" 620 621#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 622#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 623msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish" 624msgstr "" 625 626#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 627#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 628msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius" 629msgstr "Quatre grandes étoiles dans Sagittarius" 630 631#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 632#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 633msgid "Te Rua Tangata" 634msgstr "Te Rua Tangata" 635 636#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 637#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 638msgid "Double Man" 639msgstr "Homme double" 640 641#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 642#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 643#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21 644msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri" 645msgstr "Alpha et Bêta du Centaure" 646 647#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 648#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 649#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 650msgid "Te Rakau Tapu" 651msgstr "Te Rakau Tapu" 652 653#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 654#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 655#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 656msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber" 657msgstr "" 658 659#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 660#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 661#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 662#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68 663msgid "Southern Cross" 664msgstr "La Croix du Sud" 665 666#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 667#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 668msgid "Taro" 669msgstr "" 670 671#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 672#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 673msgid "Taro plant" 674msgstr "" 675 676#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 677#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 678msgid "" 679"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau " 680"(its leaves)" 681msgstr "" 682"Antarès est Te Kau (la tige). Les cinq étoiles autour d'Antarès forment Ona " 683"Rau (ses feuilles)" 684 685#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 686#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 687msgid "Te Tukaniva" 688msgstr "Te Tukaniva" 689 690#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 691#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 692#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41 693#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82 694msgid "—" 695msgstr "—" 696 697#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 698#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 699msgid "Milky way" 700msgstr "Voie lactée" 701 702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 703#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 704msgid "Te Aro Rere" 705msgstr "Te Aro Rere" 706 707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 708#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 709msgid "The Running Cloud" 710msgstr "Le nuage qui court" 711 712#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 713#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 714msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud" 715msgstr "Grand Nuage de Magellan" 716 717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 718#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 719msgid "Te Ao Toka" 720msgstr "Te Ao Toka" 721 722#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 723#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 724msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)" 725msgstr "" 726 727#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 728#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 729msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud" 730msgstr "Petit Nuage de Magellan" 731 732#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 733#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 734msgid "Te Petuu Ao" 735msgstr "Te Petuu Ao" 736 737#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 738#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 739msgid "The Morning Star" 740msgstr "L'étoile du matin" 741 742#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 743#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 744#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 745#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 746#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 747#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 748#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377 749#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36 750#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26 751#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58 752msgid "Venus" 753msgstr "Vénus" 754 755#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 756#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 757msgid "Tiuriuri" 758msgstr "Tiuriuri" 759 760#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 761#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 762msgid "The Morning Star(?)" 763msgstr "L'étoile du matin (?)" 764 765#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 766#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 767msgid "Venus(?)" 768msgstr "Vénus (?)" 769 770#. type: Content of: <h3> 771#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37 772#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486 773#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293 774#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275 775#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35 776#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381 777#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30 778msgid "References" 779msgstr "Références" 780 781#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 782#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39 783msgid "" 784"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean " 785"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, " 786"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4." 787msgstr "" 788 789#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 790#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41 791msgid "" 792"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa," 793" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University " 794"of California : ISBN 9780959378771." 795msgstr "" 796 797#. type: Content of: <p> 798#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46 799msgid "" 800"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 801"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 802msgstr "" 803"Cette culture céleste a été proposée à Stellarium par <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 804"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 805 806#. type: Content of: <h1> 807#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1 808msgid "Arabian Peninsula" 809msgstr "" 810 811#. type: Content of: <h4> 812#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2 813#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2 814#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2 815#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3 816msgid "Introduction" 817msgstr "Introduction" 818 819#. type: Content of: <p> 820#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3 821msgid "" 822"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian " 823"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs." 824msgstr "" 825 826#. type: Content of: <h2> 827#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4 828#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4 829#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4 830msgid "Description" 831msgstr "" 832 833#. type: Content of: <p> 834#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6 835msgid "" 836"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia," 837" bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and " 838"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is " 839"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by " 840"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a " 841"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a " 842"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and " 843"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, " 844"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq." 845msgstr "" 846 847#. type: Content of: <p> 848#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9 849msgid "" 850"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars " 851"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and " 852"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs" 853" and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented " 854"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these " 855"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the " 856"people of this region." 857msgstr "" 858 859#. type: Content of: <p> 860#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10 861msgid "" 862"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the " 863"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of" 864" al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13" 865" days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This " 866"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle." 867" Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon " 868"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper." 869msgstr "" 870 871#. type: Content of: <p> 872#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11 873msgid "" 874"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of " 875"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and " 876"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up " 877"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain " 878"but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a " 879"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by " 880"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar " 881"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a " 882"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 883msgstr "" 884 885#. type: Content of: <h4> 886#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13 887msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms" 888msgstr "" 889 890#. type: Content of: <p> 891#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14 892msgid "" 893"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral " 894"traditions and the following books:" 895msgstr "" 896 897#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 898#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16 899msgid "" 900"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The folk " 901"proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010." 902msgstr "" 903 904#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 905#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18 906msgid "" 907"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-" 908"dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 " 909"volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009." 910msgstr "" 911 912#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 913#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20 914msgid "" 915"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins poetry " 916"by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif " 917"library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia." 918msgstr "" 919 920#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 921#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22 922msgid "" 923"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of poetry " 924"by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 " 925"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." 926msgstr "" 927 928#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 929#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24 930msgid "" 931"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat " 932"Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, " 933"2007." 934msgstr "" 935 936#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 937#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26 938msgid "" 939"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of folk " 940"poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999." 941msgstr "" 942 943#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 944#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28 945msgid "" 946"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The Poets of the" 947" mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 948msgstr "" 949 950#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 951#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30 952msgid "" 953"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation " 954"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 955msgstr "" 956 957#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 958#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32 959msgid "" 960"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation of al-" 961"Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018." 962msgstr "" 963 964#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 965#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35 966#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24 967#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69 968#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8 969#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5 970#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4 971#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15 972#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4 973#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4 974#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4 975msgid "Constellations" 976msgstr "Constellations" 977 978#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 979#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 980msgid "ID" 981msgstr "" 982 983#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 984#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 985msgid "<b>Arabic</b>" 986msgstr "" 987 988#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 989#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 990msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>" 991msgstr "" 992 993#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 994#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 995msgid "<b>Translation</b>" 996msgstr "" 997 998#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 999#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 1000msgid "<b>Comment</b>" 1001msgstr "" 1002 1003#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1004#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 1005msgid "<b>References</b>" 1006msgstr "" 1007 1008#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1009#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39 1010msgid "<b>Constellations</b>" 1011msgstr "" 1012 1013#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1014#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1015msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain" 1016msgstr "" 1017 1018#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1019#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1020msgid "The Two Guards" 1021msgstr "" 1022 1023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1024#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1025msgid "" 1026"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards" 1027" comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven" 1028" sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big " 1029"Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father " 1030"until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name" 1031" is The Two Guards." 1032msgstr "" 1033 1034#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1035#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1036msgid "al-Diḫīlain" 1037msgstr "" 1038 1039#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1040#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1041msgid "The Two Refugees" 1042msgstr "" 1043 1044#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1045#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1046msgid "" 1047"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes " 1048"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the " 1049"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection." 1050msgstr "" 1051 1052#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1053#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1054msgid "Āl Aba Bzay" 1055msgstr "" 1056 1057#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1058#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1059msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay" 1060msgstr "" 1061 1062#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1063#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1064msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi" 1065msgstr "" 1066 1067#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1068#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1069#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1070msgid "al-Naʿāyem" 1071msgstr "" 1072 1073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1074#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1075msgid "Al-Nayem" 1076msgstr "" 1077 1078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1079#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1080msgid "" 1081"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the " 1082"seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1083msgstr "" 1084 1085#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1086#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1087msgid "al-Sibbaʿ" 1088msgstr "" 1089 1090#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1091#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1092msgid "The Seven" 1093msgstr "" 1094 1095#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1096#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1097msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1098msgstr "" 1099 1100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1101#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1102msgid "Banāt Naʿš" 1103msgstr "" 1104 1105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1106#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1107msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh" 1108msgstr "" 1109 1110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1111#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1112msgid "" 1113"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their " 1114"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)." 1115msgstr "" 1116 1117#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1118#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1119msgid "al-Šdād" 1120msgstr "" 1121 1122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1123#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1124msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel" 1125msgstr "" 1126 1127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1128#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1129msgid "" 1130"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas " 1131"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia." 1132msgstr "" 1133 1134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1135#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1136msgid "al-Miġzal" 1137msgstr "" 1138 1139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1140#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1141msgid "The Wool Spindle" 1142msgstr "" 1143 1144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1145#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1146msgid "" 1147"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ " 1148"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of " 1149"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia." 1150msgstr "" 1151 1152#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1153#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1154msgid "al-Muqaddam" 1155msgstr "" 1156 1157#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1158#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1159msgid "The Front" 1160msgstr "" 1161 1162#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1163#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1164msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)" 1165msgstr "" 1166 1167#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1168#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1169msgid "al-Muḫḫar" 1170msgstr "" 1171 1172#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1173#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1174msgid "The Rear" 1175msgstr "" 1176 1177#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1178#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1179msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)" 1180msgstr "" 1181 1182#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1183#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1184msgid "al-Rša" 1185msgstr "" 1186 1187#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1188#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1189msgid "The Bucket Rope" 1190msgstr "" 1191 1192#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1193#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1194msgid "" 1195"The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)" 1196msgstr "" 1197 1198#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1199#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1200msgid "al-Šarṭain" 1201msgstr "" 1202 1203#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1204#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1205msgid "The Two Signs" 1206msgstr "" 1207 1208#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1209#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1210msgid "" 1211"The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)" 1212msgstr "" 1213 1214#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1215#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1216msgid "al-Bṭain" 1217msgstr "" 1218 1219#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1220#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1221msgid "The Little Abdomen" 1222msgstr "" 1223 1224#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1225#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1226msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)." 1227msgstr "" 1228 1229#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1230#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1231msgid "al-Thrayyā" 1232msgstr "" 1233 1234#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1235#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1236msgid "Al-Thurayya" 1237msgstr "" 1238 1239#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1240#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1241msgid "" 1242"al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)." 1243msgstr "" 1244 1245#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1246#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1247msgid "al-Dhraʿ" 1248msgstr "" 1249 1250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1251#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1252msgid "The Arm" 1253msgstr "" 1254 1255#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1256#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1257msgid "" 1258"The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)." 1259msgstr "" 1260 1261#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1262#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1263msgid "al-Klaibain" 1264msgstr "" 1265 1266#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1267#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1268msgid "The Two Little Dogs" 1269msgstr "" 1270 1271#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1272#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1273msgid "" 1274"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used" 1275" for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common " 1276"in central Arabia." 1277msgstr "" 1278 1279#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1280#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1281msgid "al-Nathrah" 1282msgstr "" 1283 1284#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1285#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1286msgid "The Nostrils" 1287msgstr "" 1288 1289#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1290#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1291msgid "" 1292"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th " 1293"mansion of the Moon)." 1294msgstr "" 1295 1296#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1297#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1298msgid "al-Ṭarf" 1299msgstr "" 1300 1301#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1302#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1303msgid "The Eyes" 1304msgstr "" 1305 1306#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1307#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1308msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)." 1309msgstr "" 1310 1311#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1312#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1313msgid "al-Ǧabhah" 1314msgstr "" 1315 1316#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1317#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1318msgid "The Forehead" 1319msgstr "" 1320 1321#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1322#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1323msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)." 1324msgstr "" 1325 1326#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1327#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1328msgid "al-Zubrah" 1329msgstr "" 1330 1331#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1332#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1333msgid "The Mane" 1334msgstr "" 1335 1336#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1337#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1338msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)." 1339msgstr "" 1340 1341#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1342#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1343msgid "al-ʿAwwā" 1344msgstr "" 1345 1346#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1347#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1348msgid "The Bend" 1349msgstr "" 1350 1351#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1352#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1353msgid "" 1354"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs " 1355"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)." 1356msgstr "" 1357 1358#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1359#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1360msgid "al-Ġafr" 1361msgstr "" 1362 1363#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1364#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1365msgid "The Cover" 1366msgstr "" 1367 1368#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1369#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1370msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)" 1371msgstr "" 1372 1373#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1374#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1375msgid "al-Zubānā" 1376msgstr "" 1377 1378#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1379#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1380msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion" 1381msgstr "" 1382 1383#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1384#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1385msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)." 1386msgstr "" 1387 1388#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1389#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1390msgid "al-Iklīl" 1391msgstr "" 1392 1393#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1394#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1395msgid "The Diadem" 1396msgstr "" 1397 1398#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1399#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1400msgid "" 1401"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the " 1402"Moon)." 1403msgstr "" 1404 1405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1406#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1407#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 1408msgid "al-Šawlah" 1409msgstr "" 1410 1411#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1412#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1413#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 1414msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion" 1415msgstr "" 1416 1417#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1418#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1419msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)." 1420msgstr "" 1421 1422#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1423#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1424msgid "aal-ʿAqrab" 1425msgstr "" 1426 1427#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1428#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1429msgid "The Scorpion" 1430msgstr "" 1431 1432#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1433#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1434msgid "The scorpion image" 1435msgstr "" 1436 1437#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1438#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1439msgid "al-Baldah" 1440msgstr "" 1441 1442#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1443#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1444msgid "The Empty Place" 1445msgstr "" 1446 1447#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1448#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1449msgid "" 1450"An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)." 1451msgstr "" 1452 1453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1454#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1455msgid "The Ostriches" 1456msgstr "" 1457 1458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1459#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1460msgid "" 1461"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the " 1462"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches " 1463"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is " 1464"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion " 1465"of the Moon)." 1466msgstr "" 1467 1468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1469#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1470msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ" 1471msgstr "" 1472 1473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1474#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1475msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer" 1476msgstr "" 1477 1478#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1479#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1480msgid "" 1481"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion " 1482"of the Moon)." 1483msgstr "" 1484 1485#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1486#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1487msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ" 1488msgstr "" 1489 1490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1491#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1492msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower" 1493msgstr "" 1494 1495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1496#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1497msgid "" 1498"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of " 1499"the Moon)." 1500msgstr "" 1501 1502#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1503#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1504msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd" 1505msgstr "" 1506 1507#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1508#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1509msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars" 1510msgstr "" 1511 1512#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1513#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1514msgid "" 1515"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring " 1516"(22nd mansion of the Moon)." 1517msgstr "" 1518 1519#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1520#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1521msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah" 1522msgstr "" 1523 1524#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1525#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1526msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents" 1527msgstr "" 1528 1529#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1530#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1531msgid "" 1532"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is " 1533"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)." 1534msgstr "" 1535 1536#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1537#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1538#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 1539msgid "al-Haqʿah" 1540msgstr "" 1541 1542#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1543#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1544#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 1545msgid "The Circular Mark" 1546msgstr "" 1547 1548#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1549#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1550msgid "" 1551"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) " 1552"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)." 1553msgstr "" 1554 1555#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1556#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1557msgid "al-Hanʿah" 1558msgstr "" 1559 1560#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1561#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1562msgid "Stoopness" 1563msgstr "" 1564 1565#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1566#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1567msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)" 1568msgstr "" 1569 1570#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1571#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1572msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā" 1573msgstr "" 1574 1575#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1576#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1577msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza" 1578msgstr "" 1579 1580#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1581#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1582msgid "" 1583"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of" 1584" Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the " 1585"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The " 1586"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 1587msgstr "" 1588 1589#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1590#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1591msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā" 1592msgstr "" 1593 1594#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1595#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1596#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1597msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza" 1598msgstr "" 1599 1600#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1601#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1602#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1603msgid "" 1604"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem" 1605" region of Saudi Arabia." 1606msgstr "" 1607 1608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1609#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1610msgid "al-Zibban" 1611msgstr "" 1612 1613#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1614#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1615msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā" 1616msgstr "" 1617 1618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1619#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1620msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya" 1621msgstr "" 1622 1623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1624#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1625msgid "" 1626"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is " 1627"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this " 1628"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern " 1629"Saudi Arabia." 1630msgstr "" 1631 1632#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1633#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1634msgid "al-Ǧawā" 1635msgstr "" 1636 1637#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1638#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1639msgid "Al-Jawza" 1640msgstr "" 1641 1642#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1643#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1644msgid "" 1645"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape " 1646"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral " 1647"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt." 1648msgstr "" 1649 1650#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1651#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79 1652msgid "<b>Planets</b>" 1653msgstr "" 1654 1655#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1656#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1657msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ" 1658msgstr "" 1659 1660#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1661#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1662msgid "Morning Star" 1663msgstr "" 1664 1665#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1666#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1667msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun." 1668msgstr "" 1669 1670#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1671#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1672msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā" 1673msgstr "" 1674 1675#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1676#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1677msgid "Evening Star" 1678msgstr "" 1679 1680#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1681#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1682msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun." 1683msgstr "" 1684 1685#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1686#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1687msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah" 1688msgstr "" 1689 1690#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1691#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1692msgid "The Sip, The Sipper" 1693msgstr "" 1694 1695#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1696#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1697msgid "" 1698"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The " 1699"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children " 1700"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it." 1701msgstr "" 1702 1703#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1704#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1705msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān" 1706msgstr "" 1707 1708#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1709#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1710msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan" 1711msgstr "" 1712 1713#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1714#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1715msgid "" 1716"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in " 1717"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for " 1718"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is " 1719"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises " 1720"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening " 1721"when Venus sets." 1722msgstr "" 1723 1724#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1725#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84 1726msgid "<b>Stars</b>" 1727msgstr "" 1728 1729#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1730#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1731msgid "al-Ǧady" 1732msgstr "" 1733 1734#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1735#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1736msgid "The Kid" 1737msgstr "" 1738 1739#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1740#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1741msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name." 1742msgstr "" 1743 1744#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1745#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1746msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1" 1747msgstr "" 1748 1749#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1750#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1751msgid "The Two Guards 1" 1752msgstr "" 1753 1754#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1755#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1756#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1757#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1758#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1759#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1760#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1761msgid "See CON100" 1762msgstr "" 1763 1764#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1765#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1766msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2" 1767msgstr "" 1768 1769#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1770#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1771msgid "The Two Guards 2" 1772msgstr "" 1773 1774#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1775#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1776msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1" 1777msgstr "" 1778 1779#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1780#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1781msgid "The Two Refugees 1" 1782msgstr "" 1783 1784#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1785#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1786msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2" 1787msgstr "" 1788 1789#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1790#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1791msgid "The Two Refugees 2" 1792msgstr "" 1793 1794#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1795#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1796msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1" 1797msgstr "" 1798 1799#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1800#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1801msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1" 1802msgstr "" 1803 1804#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1805#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1806msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2" 1807msgstr "" 1808 1809#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1810#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1811msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2" 1812msgstr "" 1813 1814#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1815#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1816msgid "al-Ḫilj 1" 1817msgstr "" 1818 1819#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1820#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1821msgid "Al-Khilj 1" 1822msgstr "" 1823 1824#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1825#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1826#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1827#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1828#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1829msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise" 1830msgstr "" 1831 1832#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1833#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1834msgid "al-Ḫilj 2" 1835msgstr "" 1836 1837#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1838#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1839msgid "Al-Khilj 2" 1840msgstr "" 1841 1842#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1843#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1844msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1" 1845msgstr "" 1846 1847#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1848#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1849msgid "The first Khilj 1" 1850msgstr "" 1851 1852#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1853#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1854msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2" 1855msgstr "" 1856 1857#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1858#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1859msgid "The first Khilj 2" 1860msgstr "" 1861 1862#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1863#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1864msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1" 1865msgstr "" 1866 1867#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1868#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1869msgid "The Latter Khilj 1" 1870msgstr "" 1871 1872#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1873#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1874#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1875#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1876#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1877msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise" 1878msgstr "" 1879 1880#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1881#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1882msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2" 1883msgstr "" 1884 1885#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1886#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1887msgid "The Latter Khilj 2" 1888msgstr "" 1889 1890#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1891#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1892msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1" 1893msgstr "" 1894 1895#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1896#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1897msgid "The fourth ones 1" 1898msgstr "" 1899 1900#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1901#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1902msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2" 1903msgstr "" 1904 1905#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1906#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1907msgid "The fourth ones 2" 1908msgstr "" 1909 1910#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1911#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1912msgid "al-Ḫamis" 1913msgstr "" 1914 1915#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1916#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1917msgid "The Fifth" 1918msgstr "" 1919 1920#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1921#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1922msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1923msgstr "" 1924 1925#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1926#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1927msgid "al-Satt" 1928msgstr "" 1929 1930#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1931#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1932msgid "The Sixth" 1933msgstr "" 1934 1935#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1936#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1937msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1938msgstr "" 1939 1940#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1941#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1942msgid "al-Swaibiʿ" 1943msgstr "" 1944 1945#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1946#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1947msgid "The Seventh" 1948msgstr "" 1949 1950#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1951#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1952msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1953msgstr "" 1954 1955#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1956#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1957msgid "al-Reqīb" 1958msgstr "" 1959 1960#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1961#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1962msgid "The Watcher" 1963msgstr "" 1964 1965#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1966#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1967msgid "" 1968"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region." 1969msgstr "" 1970 1971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1972#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1973msgid "al-Iḥaimir" 1974msgstr "" 1975 1976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1977#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1978msgid "The Reddish One" 1979msgstr "" 1980 1981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1982#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1983msgid "" 1984"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers " 1985"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula." 1986msgstr "" 1987 1988#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1989#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 1990msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf" 1991msgstr "" 1992 1993#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1994#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 1995msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle" 1996msgstr "" 1997 1998#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1999#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 2000msgid "" 2001"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms " 2002"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region." 2003msgstr "" 2004 2005#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2006#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2007msgid "al-Mbarī" 2008msgstr "" 2009 2010#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2011#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2012msgid "The Parallel One" 2013msgstr "" 2014 2015#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2016#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2017msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)" 2018msgstr "" 2019 2020#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2021#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2022msgid "al-Ǧinīb" 2023msgstr "" 2024 2025#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2026#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2027msgid "The Sided One" 2028msgstr "" 2029 2030#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2031#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2032msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)" 2033msgstr "" 2034 2035#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2036#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2037msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ" 2038msgstr "" 2039 2040#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2041#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2042msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle" 2043msgstr "" 2044 2045#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2046#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2047msgid "" 2048"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms " 2049"the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region." 2050msgstr "" 2051 2052#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2053#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2054msgid "aal-Kanūn" 2055msgstr "" 2056 2057#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2058#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2059msgid "Al-Kanoon" 2060msgstr "" 2061 2062#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2063#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2064msgid "" 2065"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī." 2066msgstr "" 2067 2068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2069#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2070msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2" 2071msgstr "" 2072 2073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2074#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2075msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2" 2076msgstr "" 2077 2078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2079#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2080#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2081msgid "See CON2504" 2082msgstr "" 2083 2084#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2085#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2086msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1" 2087msgstr "" 2088 2089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2090#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2091msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1" 2092msgstr "" 2093 2094#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2095#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2096msgid "al-Mqaddam 2" 2097msgstr "" 2098 2099#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2100#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2101msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2" 2102msgstr "" 2103 2104#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2105#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2106#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2107msgid "See CON2502" 2108msgstr "" 2109 2110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2111#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2112msgid "al-Mqaddam 1" 2113msgstr "" 2114 2115#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2116#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2117msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1" 2118msgstr "" 2119 2120#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2121#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2122msgid "al-Twaibiʿ" 2123msgstr "" 2124 2125#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2126#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2127msgid "The Follower" 2128msgstr "" 2129 2130#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2131#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2132#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2133msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)" 2134msgstr "" 2135 2136#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2137#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2138msgid "al-Twailī" 2139msgstr "" 2140 2141#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2142#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2143msgid "The Latter" 2144msgstr "" 2145 2146#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2147#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2148msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ" 2149msgstr "" 2150 2151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2152#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2153msgid "Al-Mjaidih" 2154msgstr "" 2155 2156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2157#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2158msgid "" 2159"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef " 2160"region, western Saudi Arabia." 2161msgstr "" 2162 2163#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2164#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2165msgid "al-Aẓfār 1" 2166msgstr "" 2167 2168#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2169#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2170msgid "The Claws 1" 2171msgstr "" 2172 2173#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2174#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2175#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2176#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2177#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2178#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2179#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2180msgid "" 2181"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of " 2182"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia." 2183msgstr "" 2184 2185#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2186#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2187msgid "al-Aẓfār 2" 2188msgstr "" 2189 2190#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2191#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2192msgid "The Claws 2" 2193msgstr "" 2194 2195#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2196#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2197msgid "al-Aẓfār 3" 2198msgstr "" 2199 2200#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2201#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2202msgid "The Claws 3" 2203msgstr "" 2204 2205#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2206#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2207msgid "al-Aẓfār 4" 2208msgstr "" 2209 2210#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2211#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2212msgid "The Claws 4" 2213msgstr "" 2214 2215#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2216#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2217msgid "al-Aẓfār 5" 2218msgstr "" 2219 2220#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2221#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2222msgid "The Claws 5" 2223msgstr "" 2224 2225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2226#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2227msgid "al-Aẓfār 6" 2228msgstr "" 2229 2230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2231#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2232msgid "The Claws 6" 2233msgstr "" 2234 2235#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2236#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2237msgid "al-Ṣarfah" 2238msgstr "" 2239 2240#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2241#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2242msgid "Star Of Weather Change" 2243msgstr "" 2244 2245#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2246#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2247msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)" 2248msgstr "" 2249 2250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2251#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2252msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal" 2253msgstr "" 2254 2255#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2256#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2257msgid "The High Unarmed One" 2258msgstr "" 2259 2260#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2261#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2262msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)" 2263msgstr "" 2264 2265#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2266#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2267msgid "al-Qalb" 2268msgstr "" 2269 2270#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2271#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2272msgid "The Heart" 2273msgstr "" 2274 2275#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2276#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2277msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)" 2278msgstr "" 2279 2280#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2281#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 2282msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)" 2283msgstr "" 2284 2285#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2286#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 2287msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)" 2288msgstr "" 2289 2290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2291#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2292msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī" 2293msgstr "" 2294 2295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2296#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2297msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza" 2298msgstr "" 2299 2300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2301#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2302msgid "" 2303"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2304" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2305"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2306msgstr "" 2307 2308#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2309#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2310msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī" 2311msgstr "" 2312 2313#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2314#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2315msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza" 2316msgstr "" 2317 2318#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2319#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2320msgid "" 2321"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" " 2322"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd " 2323"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical " 2324"edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, " 2325"2012, pg. 292.\"." 2326msgstr "" 2327 2328#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2329#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2330msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza" 2331msgstr "" 2332 2333#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2334#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2335msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza" 2336msgstr "" 2337 2338#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2339#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2340msgid "" 2341"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2342" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2343"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2344msgstr "" 2345 2346#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2347#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2348msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī" 2349msgstr "" 2350 2351#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2352#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2353msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza" 2354msgstr "" 2355 2356#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2357#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2358msgid "" 2359"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2360" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2361"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2362msgstr "" 2363 2364#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2365#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2366msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī" 2367msgstr "" 2368 2369#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2370#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2371msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza" 2372msgstr "" 2373 2374#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2375#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2376msgid "" 2377"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern " 2378"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1" 2379msgstr "" 2380 2381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2382#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2383msgid "al-Mirzam" 2384msgstr "" 2385 2386#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2387#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2388msgid "Al-Mirzam" 2389msgstr "" 2390 2391#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2392#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2393msgid "" 2394"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar " 2395"mansion." 2396msgstr "" 2397 2398#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2399#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2400msgid "al-Šiʿla" 2401msgstr "" 2402 2403#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2404#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2405msgid "Al-Shi'la" 2406msgstr "" 2407 2408#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2409#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2410msgid "" 2411"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian " 2412"Peninsula." 2413msgstr "" 2414 2415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2416#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2417msgid "Shail" 2418msgstr "" 2419 2420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2421#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2422msgid "Suhayl" 2423msgstr "" 2424 2425#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2426#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2427msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin." 2428msgstr "" 2429 2430#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2431#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2432msgid "Miḥlif" 2433msgstr "" 2434 2435#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2436#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2437msgid "The Oath Star" 2438msgstr "" 2439 2440#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2441#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2442msgid "" 2443"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with " 2444"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that" 2445" it is or is not Suhayl." 2446msgstr "" 2447 2448#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2449#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2450msgid "Aba al-sihil" 2451msgstr "" 2452 2453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2454#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2455msgid "Aba Alsihil" 2456msgstr "" 2457 2458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2459#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2460#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2461#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2462msgid "Another name of α Eri." 2463msgstr "" 2464 2465#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2466#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2467msgid "al-Mishil" 2468msgstr "" 2469 2470#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2471#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2472msgid "Al-Miss.hil" 2473msgstr "" 2474 2475#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2476#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2477msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)" 2478msgstr "" 2479 2480#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2481#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2482msgid "As-S.hali" 2483msgstr "" 2484 2485#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2486#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2487msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1" 2488msgstr "" 2489 2490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2491#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2492msgid "al-Naayem 1" 2493msgstr "" 2494 2495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2496#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2497#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2498msgid "" 2499"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the " 2500"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and " 2501"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper " 2502"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the " 2503"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion." 2504msgstr "" 2505 2506#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2507#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2508msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2" 2509msgstr "" 2510 2511#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2512#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2513msgid "al-Naayem 2" 2514msgstr "" 2515 2516#. type: Content of: <h3> 2517#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145 2518#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71 2519#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539 2520#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42 2521#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220 2522#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980 2523#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57 2524#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505 2525#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31 2526#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377 2527#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73 2528#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259 2529#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57 2530#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48 2531#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59 2532#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78 2533msgid "Authors" 2534msgstr "Auteurs" 2535 2536#. type: Content of: <p> 2537#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147 2538msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com." 2539msgstr "" 2540 2541#. type: Content of: <h2> 2542#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149 2543#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34 2544#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74 2545msgid "License" 2546msgstr "" 2547 2548#. type: Content of: <p> 2549#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150 2550#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75 2551msgid "" 2552"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)." 2553msgstr "" 2554 2555#. type: Content of: <p> 2556#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152 2557msgid "" 2558"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich " 2559"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47." 2560msgstr "" 2561 2562#. type: Content of: <p><p> 2563#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153 2564msgid "" 2565"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de " 2566"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1." 2567msgstr "" 2568 2569#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 2570#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154 2571msgid "" 2572"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation " 2573"of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018." 2574msgstr "" 2575 2576#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 2577#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155 2578msgid "" 2579"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, " 2580"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 2581msgstr "" 2582 2583#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 2584#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156 2585msgid "" 2586"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ " 2587"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition " 2588"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. " 2589"292." 2590msgstr "" 2591 2592#. type: Content of: <h1> 2593#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1 2594msgid "Arabic" 2595msgstr "" 2596 2597#. type: Content of: <p> 2598#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3 2599msgid "" 2600"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient" 2601" Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy " 2602"influence in the ninth century." 2603msgstr "" 2604 2605#. type: Content of: <p> 2606#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5 2607msgid "" 2608"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in " 2609"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of " 2610"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star " 2611"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. " 2612"The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th century) listed " 2613"twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and " 2614"tenth century<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely" 2615" preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many " 2616"of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the " 2617"indigenous Arab star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ " 2618"964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the " 2619"indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek " 2620"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>." 2621msgstr "" 2622 2623#. type: Content of: <h4> 2624#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6 2625msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture" 2626msgstr "" 2627 2628#. type: Content of: <p> 2629#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7 2630msgid "" 2631"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge " 2632"of ancient Arabs from the following books:" 2633msgstr "" 2634 2635#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2636#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9 2637msgid "" 2638"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), " 2639"Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, " 2640"Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)" 2641msgstr "" 2642 2643#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2644#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11 2645msgid "" 2646"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah " 2647"wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in " 2648"2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)." 2649msgstr "" 2650 2651#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2652#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13 2653msgid "" 2654"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-" 2655"azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996," 2656" Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)." 2657msgstr "" 2658 2659#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2660#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15 2661msgid "" 2662"<a " 2663"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book" 2664" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by " 2665"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>" 2666msgstr "" 2667 2668#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2669#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17 2670msgid "" 2671"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-" 2672"ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic " 2673"print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)." 2674msgstr "" 2675 2676#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2677#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19 2678msgid "" 2679"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, " 2680"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923." 2681msgstr "" 2682 2683#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2684#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21 2685msgid "" 2686"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-" 2687"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925." 2688msgstr "" 2689 2690#. type: Content of: <p> 2691#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25 2692msgid "" 2693"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the " 2694"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars. Single stars were named " 2695"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, " 2696"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a " 2697"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat). If" 2698" two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given " 2699"a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves. " 2700"Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are " 2701"adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and" 2702" their youngsters, The horses and the foals. Particular shapes of stars " 2703"were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper " 2704"name of a woman for Orion stars. Other asterisms are given names according " 2705"to legends and stories." 2706msgstr "" 2707 2708#. type: Content of: <p> 2709#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33 2710msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com" 2711msgstr "" 2712 2713#. type: Content of: <p> 2714#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35 2715msgid "" 2716"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)." 2717" The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules." 2718msgstr "" 2719 2720#. type: Content of: <p> 2721#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36 2722msgid "" 2723"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’a" 2724" (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic print of the original book in 1956" 2725" in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد." 2726msgstr "" 2727 2728#. type: Content of: <p> 2729#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37 2730msgid "" 2731"[2]: <a " 2732"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book" 2733" of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital " 2734"edition</a>" 2735msgstr "" 2736 2737#. type: Content of: <h1> 2738#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1 2739msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations" 2740msgstr "" 2741 2742#. type: Content of: <p> 2743#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3 2744msgid "" 2745"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient " 2746"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip " 2747"around the sky." 2748msgstr "" 2749 2750#. type: Content of: <h4> 2751#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5 2752msgid "Historical Overview" 2753msgstr "Aperçu historique" 2754 2755#. type: Content of: <p> 2756#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6 2757msgid "" 2758"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or" 2759" stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots " 2760"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its " 2761"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar " 2762"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority " 2763"of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. " 2764"However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, " 2765"prior to the 7th century of the common era." 2766msgstr "" 2767 2768#. type: Content of: <p> 2769#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9 2770msgid "" 2771"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to " 2772"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days " 2773"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are " 2774"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is " 2775"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning " 2776"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning" 2777" of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, " 2778"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting" 2779" and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a " 2780"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict " 2781"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The " 2782"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a " 2783"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a " 2784"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>." 2785msgstr "" 2786 2787#. type: Content of: <p> 2788#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11 2789msgid "" 2790"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of " 2791"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological " 2792"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of " 2793"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 " 2794"- d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was " 2795"printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 2796msgstr "" 2797 2798#. type: Content of: <p> 2799#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14 2800msgid "" 2801"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of " 2802"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of " 2803"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been " 2804"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 " 2805"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions" 2806" was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his " 2807"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to Muḥammad " 2808"al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a " 2809"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by " 2810"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for farmers</em>" 2811" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>." 2812msgstr "" 2813 2814#. type: Content of: <h4> 2815#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16 2816msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations" 2817msgstr "" 2818 2819#. type: Content of: <p> 2820#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18 2821msgid "" 2822"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are " 2823"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes " 2824"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an " 2825"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days" 2826" period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em>" 2827" (Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:" 2828msgstr "" 2829 2830#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote> 2831#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20 2832msgid "" 2833"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells" 2834" gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to " 2835"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to " 2836"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when " 2837"grapes start to get its color." 2838msgstr "" 2839 2840#. type: Content of: <h4> 2841#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23 2842msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations" 2843msgstr "" 2844 2845#. type: Content of: <p> 2846#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24 2847msgid "" 2848"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> " 2849"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an " 2850"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by " 2851"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs" 2852" to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations. An example of al-Sufi " 2853"definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of " 2854"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a " 2855"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:" 2856msgstr "" 2857 2858#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote> 2859#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27 2860msgid "" 2861"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the " 2862"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] " 2863"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion." 2864msgstr "" 2865 2866#. type: Content of: <p> 2867#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29 2868msgid "" 2869"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it" 2870" is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names." 2871msgstr "" 2872 2873#. type: Content of: <h4> 2874#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31 2875msgid "The 28 lunar stations" 2876msgstr "" 2877 2878#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2879#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33 2880msgid "" 2881"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) " 2882"<em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β" 2883" Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)" 2884msgstr "" 2885 2886#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2887#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34 2888msgid "" 2889"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little ram]) " 2890"composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari" 2891msgstr "" 2892 2893#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2894#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35 2895msgid "" 2896"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star " 2897"cluster of the Pleiades" 2898msgstr "" 2899 2900#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2901#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36 2902msgid "" 2903"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) " 2904"composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)" 2905msgstr "" 2906 2907#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2908#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37 2909msgid "" 2910"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) composed of" 2911" the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and" 2912" φ<sup>2</sup> Ori" 2913msgstr "" 2914 2915#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2916#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38 2917msgid "" 2918"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed" 2919" of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem" 2920msgstr "" 2921 2922#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2923#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39 2924msgid "" 2925"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed " 2926"of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)" 2927msgstr "" 2928 2929#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2930#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40 2931msgid "" 2932"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) " 2933"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) " 2934"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)" 2935msgstr "" 2936 2937#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2938#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41 2939msgid "" 2940"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 " 2941"stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)" 2942msgstr "" 2943 2944#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2945#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42 2946msgid "" 2947"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4" 2948" stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo " 2949"(Regulus)" 2950msgstr "" 2951 2952#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2953#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43 2954msgid "" 2955"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2" 2956" stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)" 2957msgstr "" 2958 2959#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2960#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44 2961msgid "" 2962"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) composed " 2963"of one star: β Leo (Denebola)" 2964msgstr "" 2965 2966#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2967#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45 2968msgid "" 2969"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir " 2970"(Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)" 2971msgstr "" 2972 2973#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2974#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46 2975msgid "" 2976"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of the " 2977"star α Vir (Spica)" 2978msgstr "" 2979 2980#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2981#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47 2982msgid "" 2983"(Arabic: الغفر) <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir " 2984"(Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir" 2985msgstr "" 2986 2987#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2988#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48 2989msgid "" 2990"(Arabic: الزبانى) <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) composed " 2991"of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)" 2992msgstr "" 2993 2994#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2995#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49 2996msgid "" 2997"(Arabic: الإكليل) <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The diadem) " 2998"composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π " 2999"Sco." 3000msgstr "" 3001 3002#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3003#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50 3004msgid "" 3005"(Arabic: القلب) <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed of " 3006"the star α Sco (Antares)" 3007msgstr "" 3008 3009#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3010#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51 3011msgid "" 3012"(Arabic: الشولة) <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) composed " 3013"of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)" 3014msgstr "" 3015 3016#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3017#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52 3018msgid "" 3019"(Arabic: النعائم) <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ " 3020"Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr" 3021msgstr "" 3022 3023#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3024#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53 3025msgid "" 3026"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where there " 3027"are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)" 3028msgstr "" 3029 3030#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3031#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54 3032msgid "" 3033"(Arabic: سعد الذابح) <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star of the " 3034"Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap " 3035"(Dabih), and ν Cap" 3036msgstr "" 3037 3038#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3039#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55 3040msgid "" 3041"(Arabic: سعد بلع) <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the swallower) " 3042"composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)" 3043msgstr "" 3044 3045#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3046#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56 3047msgid "" 3048"(Arabic: سعد السعود) <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of the lucky " 3049"stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap" 3050msgstr "" 3051 3052#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3053#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57 3054msgid "" 3055"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية) <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky stars of the tent" 3056" dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> " 3057"Aqr and η Aqr" 3058msgstr "" 3059 3060#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3061#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58 3062msgid "" 3063"(Arabic: المقدم) <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) composed of " 3064"the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)" 3065msgstr "" 3066 3067#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3068#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59 3069msgid "" 3070"(Arabic: المؤخر) <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) composed of " 3071"the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)" 3072msgstr "" 3073 3074#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3075#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60 3076msgid "" 3077"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت) <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or <em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope " 3078"of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two " 3079"arcs of stars making a figure of a fish" 3080msgstr "" 3081 3082#. type: Content of: <h5> 3083#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62 3084msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore" 3085msgstr "" 3086 3087#. type: Content of: <p> 3088#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64 3089msgid "" 3090"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that " 3091"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 " 3092"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of " 3093"these stars a lion figure can be constructed." 3094msgstr "" 3095 3096#. type: Content of: <p> 3097#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67 3098msgid "" 3099"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are " 3100"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some " 3101"stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a " 3102"woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced " 3103"from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as" 3104" well as Greek traces of constellations). Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed " 3105"these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: <a " 3106"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-" 3107"vault\">Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed " 3108"discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: "Le Ciel des" 3109" Arabes" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>." 3110msgstr "" 3111 3112#. type: Content of: <p> 3113#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70 3114msgid "" 3115"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms " 3116"have been added." 3117msgstr "" 3118 3119#. type: Content of: <p> 3120#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73 3121msgid "" 3122"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M " 3123"Hoffmann." 3124msgstr "" 3125 3126#. type: Content of: <p> 3127#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78 3128msgid "" 3129"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton " 3130"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7." 3131msgstr "" 3132 3133#. type: Content of: <p> 3134#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79 3135msgid "" 3136"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and" 3137" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, " 3138"Kunitzsch P. p 520" 3139msgstr "" 3140 3141#. type: Content of: <p> 3142#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80 3143msgid "" 3144"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic " 3145"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)" 3146msgstr "" 3147 3148#. type: Content of: <p> 3149#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81 3150msgid "" 3151"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and" 3152" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429" 3153msgstr "" 3154 3155#. type: Content of: <p> 3156#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82 3157msgid "" 3158"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad " 3159"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie " 3160"orientale, 1899." 3161msgstr "" 3162 3163#. type: Content of: <p> 3164#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83 3165msgid "" 3166"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī " 3167"poem</a>" 3168msgstr "" 3169 3170#. type: Content of: <p> 3171#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84 3172msgid "" 3173"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala " 3174"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN " 3175"9960-49-971-5" 3176msgstr "" 3177 3178#. type: Content of: <p> 3179#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85 3180msgid "" 3181"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the " 3182"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" 3183msgstr "" 3184 3185#. type: Content of: <p> 3186#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86 3187msgid "" 3188"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture " 3189"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002" 3190msgstr "" 3191 3192#. type: Content of: <p> 3193#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87 3194msgid "" 3195"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with " 3196"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي " 3197"الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد" 3198" الله ." 3199msgstr "" 3200 3201#. type: Content of: <p> 3202#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88 3203msgid "" 3204"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation" 3205" into French)" 3206msgstr "" 3207 3208#. type: Content of: <p> 3209#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89 3210msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012" 3211msgstr "" 3212 3213#. type: Content of: <h3> 3214#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1 3215msgid "Aztec" 3216msgstr "" 3217 3218#. type: Content of: <p> 3219#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2 3220msgid "" 3221"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had " 3222"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both " 3223"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was " 3224"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental " 3225"America in the 16th century." 3226msgstr "" 3227 3228#. type: Content of: <p> 3229#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3 3230msgid "" 3231"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is " 3232"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient " 3233"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>." 3234" These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: " 3235"books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word" 3236" that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book." 3237msgstr "" 3238 3239#. type: Content of: <p> 3240#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4 3241msgid "" 3242"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed," 3243" their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials " 3244"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no " 3245"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican " 3246"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some " 3247"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial " 3248"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new " 3249"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also " 3250"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and " 3251"Nahuatl." 3252msgstr "" 3253 3254#. type: Content of: <h5> 3255#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6 3256msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>" 3257msgstr "<em>Bâtiment astronomique</em>" 3258 3259#. type: Content of: <p> 3260#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7 3261msgid "" 3262"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really " 3263"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and " 3264"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the " 3265"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial " 3266"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun." 3267msgstr "" 3268 3269#. type: Content of: <p> 3270#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9 3271msgid "" 3272"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for " 3273"Stellarium." 3274msgstr "" 3275"Grâce à ce travail, nous avons désormais une explication de quelques figures" 3276" stellaires aztèques pour Stellarium." 3277 3278#. type: Content of: <h4> 3279#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10 3280msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>" 3281msgstr "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>" 3282 3283#. type: Content of: <p> 3284#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11 3285msgid "" 3286"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it " 3287"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration " 3288"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named " 3289"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with" 3290" the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>." 3291msgstr "" 3292 3293#. type: Content of: <h4> 3294#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13 3295msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>" 3296msgstr "<em>Tianquiztli</em>" 3297 3298#. type: Content of: <p> 3299#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14 3300msgid "" 3301"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas " 3302"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that " 3303"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a" 3304" circle with goods." 3305msgstr "" 3306 3307#. type: Content of: <p> 3308#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16 3309msgid "" 3310"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called " 3311"<em>Tianguis</em>." 3312msgstr "" 3313 3314#. type: Content of: <h4> 3315#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17 3316msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>" 3317msgstr "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>" 3318 3319#. type: Content of: <p> 3320#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18 3321msgid "" 3322"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means " 3323"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance" 3324" and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball " 3325"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon." 3326msgstr "" 3327 3328#. type: Content of: <h4> 3329#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19 3330msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>" 3331msgstr "<em>Xonecuilli</em>" 3332 3333#. type: Content of: <p> 3334#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20 3335msgid "" 3336"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which " 3337"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is " 3338"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and " 3339"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god." 3340msgstr "" 3341 3342#. type: Content of: <p> 3343#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22 3344msgid "" 3345"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern " 3346"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For " 3347"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of " 3348"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>." 3349msgstr "" 3350 3351#. type: Content of: <p> 3352#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23 3353msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>" 3354msgstr "<em>xonecuilli</em>" 3355 3356#. type: Content of: <h4> 3357#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24 3358msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>" 3359msgstr "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>" 3360 3361#. type: Content of: <p> 3362#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25 3363msgid "" 3364"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of" 3365" stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc" 3366" also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, " 3367"which means face of a scorpion." 3368msgstr "" 3369 3370#. type: Content of: <h5> 3371#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27 3372msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>" 3373msgstr "<em>Le codex de Paris</em>" 3374 3375#. type: Content of: <p> 3376#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28 3377msgid "" 3378"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in" 3379" this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the " 3380"Celestial Dragon." 3381msgstr "" 3382"Dans une section du codex de Paris, appelée pages du zodiaque, apparaît le " 3383"scorpion. Dans ce codex, les icônes montrent des figures d'animaux suspendus" 3384" au corps du dragon céleste." 3385 3386#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3> 3387#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29 3388#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237 3389msgid "Conclusion" 3390msgstr "Conclusion" 3391 3392#. type: Content of: <p> 3393#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30 3394msgid "" 3395"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are" 3396" still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to " 3397"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to " 3398"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture." 3399msgstr "" 3400"Il est à noter que l'interprétation de certaines de ces constellations est " 3401"toujours sujette à discussion et, bien entendu, il devrait y avoir d'autres " 3402"constellations à représenter. Tout commentaire et/ou collaboration sont " 3403"bienvenus, afin de préserver la connaissance stellaire et la signification " 3404"de la culture aztèque." 3405 3406#. type: Content of: <h3> 3407#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31 3408#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31 3409#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969 3410#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14 3411#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29 3412#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50 3413#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7 3414#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86 3415#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25 3416#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273 3417#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7 3418#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62 3419#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4 3420#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6 3421#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3 3422#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41 3423#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4 3424#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17 3425#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53 3426#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14 3427#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12 3428#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73 3429msgid "External links" 3430msgstr "Liens externes" 3431 3432#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3433#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33 3434msgid "" 3435"<a " 3436"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego" 3437" Nuevo</a>" 3438msgstr "" 3439"<a " 3440"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Feu" 3441" nouveau</a>" 3442 3443#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3444#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34 3445msgid "" 3446"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones " 3447"Prehispánicas</a>" 3448msgstr "" 3449"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constellations " 3450"préhispaniques</a>" 3451 3452#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3453#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35 3454msgid "" 3455"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question" 3456" of the Zodiac in America</a>" 3457msgstr "" 3458"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">La question " 3459"du zodiaque en Amérique</a>" 3460 3461#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3462#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37 3463msgid "" 3464"<a " 3465"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec " 3466"Mythology</a>" 3467msgstr "" 3468"<a " 3469"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Mythologie" 3470" aztèque</a>" 3471 3472#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3473#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38 3474msgid "" 3475"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los códices de " 3476"México</a>" 3477msgstr "" 3478"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Les codex du Mexique</a>" 3479 3480#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3481#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39 3482msgid "" 3483"<a " 3484"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los" 3485" códices coloniales de México</a>" 3486msgstr "" 3487"<a " 3488"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Les" 3489" codex coloniaux du Mexique</a>" 3490 3491#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3492#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41 3493msgid "" 3494"<a " 3495"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real" 3496" cédula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva " 3497"España de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún</a>" 3498msgstr "" 3499"<a " 3500"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Arrêté" 3501" royal interdisant l'histoire générale des choses en Nouvelle-Espagne par " 3502"Fray Bernardino de Sahagún</a>" 3503 3504#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3505#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44 3506msgid "" 3507"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>" 3508msgstr "" 3509"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>" 3510 3511#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3512#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45 3513msgid "" 3514"<a " 3515"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Colotlixayac&source=bl&ots=F6xlTU1rer&sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&hl=es&ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Colotlixayac&f=false\">Iconografía" 3516" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>" 3517msgstr "" 3518"<a " 3519"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Colotlixayac&source=bl&ots=F6xlTU1rer&sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&hl=es&ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Colotlixayac&f=false\">Iconographie" 3520" mexicaine, volume 3</a>" 3521 3522#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3523#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46 3524msgid "" 3525"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El " 3526"Códice París</a>" 3527msgstr "" 3528"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">Le " 3529"codex de Paris</a>" 3530 3531#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3532#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47 3533msgid "" 3534"<a " 3535"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El" 3536" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>" 3537msgstr "" 3538"<a " 3539"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">La" 3540" naissance du soleil et de la lune</a>" 3541 3542#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3543#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48 3544msgid "" 3545"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario náhuatl - " 3546"español en línea en AULEX</a>" 3547msgstr "" 3548"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Dictionnaire nahuatl-espagnol en ligne " 3549"sur AULEX</a>" 3550 3551#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3552#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49 3553msgid "" 3554"<a " 3555"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>" 3556msgstr "" 3557"<a " 3558"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>" 3559 3560#. type: Content of: <h3> 3561#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51 3562#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527 3563#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467 3564msgid "Thanks to" 3565msgstr "Merci à" 3566 3567#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3568#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53 3569msgid "Javier Gómez Sandoval" 3570msgstr "Javier Gómez Sandoval" 3571 3572#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3573#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54 3574msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera" 3575msgstr "Martha Patricia Rivera" 3576 3577#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3578#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55 3579msgid "Emilio Ramón Bolaños Guerra" 3580msgstr "Emilio Ramón Bolaños Guerra" 3581 3582#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3583#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56 3584msgid "Hector Vega" 3585msgstr "Hector Vega" 3586 3587#. type: Content of: <h5> 3588#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57 3589#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64 3590msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano" 3591msgstr "Rafael Rojas Segoviano" 3592 3593#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3594#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58 3595msgid "Juan Caballero" 3596msgstr "Juan Caballero" 3597 3598#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3599#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59 3600msgid "SAAGS" 3601msgstr "" 3602 3603#. type: Content of: <p> 3604#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62 3605msgid "<strong>Enrique Gómez Candelario</strong>" 3606msgstr "<strong>Enrique Gómez Candelario</strong>" 3607 3608#. type: Content of: <p> 3609#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62 3610msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>" 3611msgstr "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>" 3612 3613#. type: Content of: <h5> 3614#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64 3615msgid "English translation by:" 3616msgstr "Traduction en anglais par :" 3617 3618#. type: Content of: <h1> 3619#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1 3620msgid "Babylonian — MUL.APIN" 3621msgstr "" 3622 3623#. type: Content of: <p> 3624#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2 3625msgid "" 3626"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek" 3627" one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the" 3628" 12th century BCE. The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE " 3629"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the " 3630"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150." 3631msgstr "" 3632 3633#. type: Content of: <p> 3634#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7 3635msgid "" 3636"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper" 3637" (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>" 3638msgstr "" 3639 3640#. type: Content of: <p> 3641#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8 3642msgid "" 3643"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five" 3644" lists of different content. On the first tablet, there is the so called " 3645"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed " 3646"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu " 3647"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path. " 3648"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the" 3649" sundial and rules for omina." 3650msgstr "" 3651 3652#. type: Content of: <h2> 3653#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14 3654msgid "Zodiac" 3655msgstr "" 3656 3657#. type: Content of: <p> 3658#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15 3659msgid "" 3660"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source. It is not " 3661"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to " 3662"Greek mathematical astronomy. We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. " 3663"BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE) with a zodiac " 3664"divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the" 3665" 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the" 3666" zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical " 3667"astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians. Taking Eudoxus' " 3668"writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the " 3669"genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE. In other fragments of " 3670"mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac " 3671"is not present. Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of " 3672"invention - but to be honest, we don't know. The common sense is that the " 3673"zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE." 3674msgstr "" 3675 3676#. type: Content of: <p> 3677#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25 3678msgid "" 3679"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of " 3680"the Moon. There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path" 3681" of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes " 3682"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and" 3683" Steele, 2018, p. 143). This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not " 3684"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are " 3685"not highlighted." 3686msgstr "" 3687 3688#. type: Content of: <h3> 3689#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31 3690#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20 3691msgid "Planets" 3692msgstr "Planètes" 3693 3694#. type: Content of: <p> 3695#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32 3696msgid "" 3697"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the " 3698"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'. It is not a real star catalogue" 3699" because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given " 3700"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects " 3701"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we " 3702"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The " 3703"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have" 3704" a fixed position. However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to " 3705"mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky. They are usually " 3706"denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the " 3707"later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two " 3708"<em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one)." 3709msgstr "" 3710 3711#. type: Content of: <p> 3712#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38 3713msgid "" 3714"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in" 3715" the sky and not of the gods associated with them. The list below shows " 3716"that almost every asterism was associated with a deity. According to " 3717"Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one " 3718"on Earth as statue in the temple. That means a celestial object `is' not " 3719"the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case " 3720"for the planets. For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the " 3721"goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian " 3722"Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus. This " 3723"goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and " 3724"even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros " 3725"(Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but " 3726"associated with the goddess. Similar cases exist for most of the " 3727"constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN." 3728msgstr "" 3729 3730#. type: Content of: <p> 3731#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47 3732msgid "" 3733"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object " 3734"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated " 3735"deity." 3736msgstr "" 3737 3738#. type: Content of: <h2> 3739#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49 3740msgid "Star Catalogue" 3741msgstr "Catalogue des étoiles" 3742 3743#. type: Content of: <p> 3744#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50 3745msgid "" 3746"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by " 3747"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik " 3748"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) " 3749"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations " 3750"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche " 3751"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)." 3752msgstr "" 3753 3754#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3755#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57 3756#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273 3757#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407 3758#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21 3759#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209 3760#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347 3761msgid "constellation number" 3762msgstr "" 3763 3764#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3765#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58 3766#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274 3767#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408 3768msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)" 3769msgstr "" 3770 3771#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3772#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59 3773#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275 3774#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409 3775msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)" 3776msgstr "" 3777 3778#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3779#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60 3780#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276 3781#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410 3782#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24 3783#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212 3784#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350 3785msgid "position in the sky" 3786msgstr "position dans le ciel" 3787 3788#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3789#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64 3790#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29 3791msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)" 3792msgstr "" 3793 3794#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3795#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65 3796msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 3797msgstr "" 3798 3799#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3800#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70 3801msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)" 3802msgstr "" 3803 3804#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3805#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71 3806msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>" 3807msgstr "" 3808 3809#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3810#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76 3811#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42 3812msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĪBU</i>(Old Man)" 3813msgstr "" 3814 3815#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3816#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77 3817msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enmešarra" 3818msgstr "" 3819 3820#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3821#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82 3822#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49 3823msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)" 3824msgstr "" 3825 3826#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3827#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83 3828msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)" 3829msgstr "" 3830 3831#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3832#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84 3833#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196 3834#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342 3835#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446 3836#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51 3837#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155 3838#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293 3839#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393 3840msgid "in" 3841msgstr "" 3842 3843#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88 3845#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55 3846msgid "" 3847"<sup>STAR</sup><i>TŪ'AMŪ·RABÛTU</i>(Great Twins)" 3848msgstr "" 3849 3850#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3851#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89 3852msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamtaʾea" 3853msgstr "" 3854 3855#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3856#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94 3857#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63 3858msgid "" 3859"<sup>STAR</sup><i>TŪ'AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU</i>(Little" 3860" Twins)" 3861msgstr "" 3862 3863#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3864#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95 3865msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammuš and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga" 3866msgstr "" 3867 3868#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3869#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100 3870#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69 3871msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)" 3872msgstr "" 3873 3874#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3875#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101 3876msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 3877msgstr "" 3878 3879#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3880#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106 3881#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75 3882msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>(Lion)" 3883msgstr "" 3884 3885#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3886#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107 3887msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak" 3888msgstr "" 3889 3890#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3891#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112 3892msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>" 3893msgstr "" 3894 3895#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3896#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113 3897msgid "STAR (of the) King" 3898msgstr "" 3899 3900#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3901#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114 3902#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83 3903msgid "Regulus" 3904msgstr "" 3905 3906#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3907#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118 3908msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>" 3909msgstr "" 3910 3911#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3912#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119 3913msgid "" 3914""date-palm spadix" (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, " 3915"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpanītum" 3916msgstr "" 3917 3918#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3919#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124 3920msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ŠU.PA(The Bright?)" 3921msgstr "" 3922 3923#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3924#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125 3925msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land" 3926msgstr "" 3927 3928#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3929#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130 3930msgid "STAR in front of it" 3931msgstr "" 3932 3933#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3934#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131 3935msgid "" 3936"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪENGALLĀYU</i>(Abundant), vizier of " 3937"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil" 3938msgstr "" 3939 3940#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3941#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132 3942#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330 3943#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101 3944#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279 3945msgid "or" 3946msgstr "" 3947 3948#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3949#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136 3950#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230 3951#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298 3952#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328 3953msgid "STAR behind it" 3954msgstr "" 3955 3956#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3957#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137 3958msgid "" 3959"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BĀŠTUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of " 3960"<sup>GOD</sup>Tišpak" 3961msgstr "" 3962 3963#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3964#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142 3965msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)" 3966msgstr "" 3967 3968#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3969#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143 3970msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil" 3971msgstr "" 3972 3973#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3974#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147 3975msgid "15" 3976msgstr "15" 3977 3978#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3979#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148 3980msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>" 3981msgstr "" 3982 3983#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3984#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149 3985msgid "" 3986"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĒLEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the " 3987"strong of the gods" 3988msgstr "" 3989 3990#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3991#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150 3992msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)" 3993msgstr "" 3994 3995#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3996#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154 3997msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>" 3998msgstr "" 3999 4000#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4001#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155 4002msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LAḪRU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya" 4003msgstr "" 4004 4005#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4006#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160 4007msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA(Hitched yoke?)" 4008msgstr "" 4009 4010#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4011#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161 4012msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rabû</i> of heaven" 4013msgstr "" 4014 4015#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4016#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166 4017msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)" 4018msgstr "" 4019 4020#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4021#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167 4022msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna" 4023msgstr "" 4024 4025#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4026#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168 4027#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137 4028msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?" 4029msgstr "" 4030 4031#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4032#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172 4033msgid "STAR in its bond" 4034msgstr "" 4035 4036#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4037#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173 4038msgid "" 4039"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMAḪ</i>(Heir of the Emaḫ-temple), " 4040"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4041msgstr "" 4042 4043#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4044#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179 4045msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple" 4046msgstr "" 4047 4048#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4049#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183 4050msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple" 4051msgstr "" 4052 4053#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4054#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188 4055#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147 4056msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)" 4057msgstr "" 4058 4059#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4060#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189 4061msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula" 4062msgstr "" 4063 4064#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4065#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194 4066msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>" 4067msgstr "" 4068 4069#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4070#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195 4071msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)" 4072msgstr "" 4073 4074#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4075#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200 4076#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159 4077msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>" 4078msgstr "" 4079 4080#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4081#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201 4082msgid "" 4083"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-" 4084"la)" 4085msgstr "" 4086 4087#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4088#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206 4089#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450 4090msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it" 4091msgstr "" 4092 4093#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4094#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207 4095msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal" 4096msgstr "" 4097 4098#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4099#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212 4100msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A" 4101msgstr "" 4102 4103#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4104#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213 4105msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)" 4106msgstr "" 4107 4108#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4109#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218 4110msgid "STAR to the right of it" 4111msgstr "" 4112 4113#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4114#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219 4115msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>Š<i>AḪÛ</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu" 4116msgstr "" 4117 4118#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4119#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224 4120msgid "STAR to the left of it" 4121msgstr "" 4122 4123#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4124#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225 4125msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SISÛ</i>(Horse)" 4126msgstr "" 4127 4128#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4129#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231 4130msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)" 4131msgstr "" 4132 4133#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4134#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236 4135msgid "" 4136"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)" 4137msgstr "" 4138 4139#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4140#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237 4141msgid "" 4142"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse), " 4143"<sup>GOD</sup>Manzât(Rainbow)" 4144msgstr "" 4145 4146#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4147#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242 4148msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>" 4149msgstr "" 4150 4151#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4152#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243 4153msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>PĀŠITTU</i>(Deleter)" 4154msgstr "" 4155 4156#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4157#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248 4158msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:" 4159msgstr "" 4160 4161#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4162#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252 4163msgid "big STAR, its "light" is dim, it divides the sky and stands" 4164msgstr "" 4165 4166#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4167#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253 4168msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>Nēberu(Ford)" 4169msgstr "" 4170 4171#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4172#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254 4173msgid "Milky Way???" 4174msgstr "Voie lactée ???" 4175 4176#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4177#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258 4178msgid "" 4179"<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky" 4180msgstr "" 4181 4182#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4183#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259 4184msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]" 4185msgstr "Jupiter [hypsoma]" 4186 4187#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4188#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263 4189msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4190msgstr "" 4191 4192#. type: Content of: <p> 4193#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267 4194msgid "" 4195"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of " 4196"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer" 4197" which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The " 4198"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>" 4199msgstr "" 4200 4201#. type: Content of: <p> 4202#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268 4203msgid "" 4204"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 " 4205"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) " 4206"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the " 4207"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are " 4208"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all" 4209" versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them " 4210"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the " 4211"scientific community.</i>" 4212msgstr "" 4213 4214#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4215#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280 4216#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217 4217msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE·"FIELD"(area measure)" 4218msgstr "" 4219 4220#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4221#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281 4222msgid "" 4223"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of " 4224"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4225msgstr "" 4226 4227#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4228#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286 4229msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD'" 4230msgstr "" 4231 4232#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4233#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287 4234msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠINŪNUTU</i>(Swallow)" 4235msgstr "" 4236 4237#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4238#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292 4239msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD'" 4240msgstr "" 4241 4242#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4243#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293 4244msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNNĪTU</i>" 4245msgstr "" 4246 4247#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4248#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299 4249msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz" 4250msgstr "" 4251 4252#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4253#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304 4254msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)" 4255msgstr "" 4256 4257#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4258#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305 4259msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods" 4260msgstr "" 4261 4262#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4263#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310 4264msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL·OF·HEAVEN(<i>ALÛ</i>)" 4265msgstr "" 4266 4267#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4268#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311 4269msgid "" 4270"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-lê</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of " 4271"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4272msgstr "" 4273 4274#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4275#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316 4276#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263 4277msgid "" 4278"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE·SHEPHERD·OF·HEAVEN " 4279"(<i>ŠITADDALLU</i>, Orion)" 4280msgstr "" 4281 4282#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4283#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317 4284msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4285msgstr "" 4286 4287#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4288#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322 4289#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270 4290msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠITADDALLU</i>" 4291msgstr "" 4292 4293#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4294#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323 4295msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak" 4296msgstr "" 4297 4298#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub> 4299#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 4300#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272 4301msgid "3" 4302msgstr "3" 4303 4304#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub> 4305#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 4306#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272 4307msgid "4" 4308msgstr "4" 4309 4310#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4311#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329 4312msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)" 4313msgstr "" 4314 4315#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4316#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334 4317msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.SÁ(Arrow)" 4318msgstr "" 4319 4320#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4321#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335 4322msgid "" 4323"<i>Šiltāḫu</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) " 4324"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta" 4325msgstr "" 4326 4327#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4328#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336 4329#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286 4330msgid "Sirius +" 4331msgstr "Sirius +" 4332 4333#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4334#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340 4335msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QAŠTU</i>(Bow)" 4336msgstr "" 4337 4338#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4339#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341 4340msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ištar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4341msgstr "" 4342 4343#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4344#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346 4345msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRAḪ(Snake-god)" 4346msgstr "" 4347 4348#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4349#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347 4350msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningišzida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)" 4351msgstr "" 4352 4353#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4354#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352 4355msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ĀRIBU</i>(Raven)" 4356msgstr "" 4357 4358#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4359#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353 4360msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4361msgstr "" 4362 4363#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4364#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358 4365msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠERʾU</i>(Furrow)" 4366msgstr "" 4367 4368#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4369#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359 4370msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Šala, ear of grain" 4371msgstr "" 4372 4373#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4374#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364 4375#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319 4376msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBĀNĪTU</i>(Scales)" 4377msgstr "" 4378 4379#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4380#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365 4381msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>(Scorpion)" 4382msgstr "" 4383 4384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4385#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366 4386#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321 4387msgid "circa Lib" 4388msgstr "" 4389 4390#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4391#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370 4392#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326 4393msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa" 4394msgstr "" 4395 4396#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4397#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371 4398msgid "" 4399"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ERÛ</i>(Eagle) and " 4400"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)" 4401msgstr "" 4402 4403#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4404#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376 4405msgid "" 4406"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the " 4407"sky" 4408msgstr "" 4409 4410#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4411#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381 4412msgid "" 4413"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ṢALBATĀNU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and " 4414"crosses the sky" 4415msgstr "" 4416 4417#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 4418#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382 4419#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59 4420msgid "Mars" 4421msgstr "Mars" 4422 4423#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4424#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386 4425msgid "" 4426"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY·"WILD·SHEEP"(<i>KAJJAMĀNU</i>," 4427" Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky" 4428msgstr "" 4429 4430#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4431#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387 4432msgid "Saturn" 4433msgstr "Saturne" 4434 4435#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4436#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391 4437msgid "" 4438"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING·"WILD·SHEEP"(<i>ŠIḪṬU</i>," 4439" Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the" 4440" West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it " 4441"disappears" 4442msgstr "" 4443 4444#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4445#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393 4446msgid "Mercury" 4447msgstr "Mercure" 4448 4449#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4450#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397 4451msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum" 4452msgstr "" 4453 4454#. type: Content of: <p> 4455#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402 4456msgid "" 4457"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern " 4458"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to" 4459" this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure " 4460"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at " 4461"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is " 4462"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could " 4463"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation " 4464"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we " 4465"give \"Aql+\".</i>" 4466msgstr "" 4467 4468#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4469#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414 4470#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355 4471msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>NŪNU</i>(Fish)" 4472msgstr "" 4473 4474#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4475#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415 4476msgid "" 4477"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of " 4478"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4479msgstr "" 4480 4481#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4482#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420 4483msgid "GREAT·STAR" 4484msgstr "" 4485 4486#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4487#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421 4488#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427 4489msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4490msgstr "" 4491 4492#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4493#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426 4494#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370 4495msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu" 4496msgstr "" 4497 4498#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4499#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432 4500#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444 4501msgid "STAR to its right" 4502msgstr "" 4503 4504#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4505#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433 4506msgid "STAR (of) <sup><GOD></sup>Ninmaḫ" 4507msgstr "" 4508 4509#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4510#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438 4511#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384 4512msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪAB(B)AṢṢĒRĀNU</i>" 4513msgstr "" 4514 4515#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4516#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439 4517msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu" 4518msgstr "" 4519 4520#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4521#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445 4522msgid "" 4523"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAŠKAKĀTU</i>(Harrow), weapon of " 4524"<sup>GOD</sup>Mār-bīti, in the centre of which the Apsû is " 4525"visible" 4526msgstr "" 4527 4528#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4529#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451 4530msgid "" 4531"<sup>GOD</sup>Šullat and <sup>GOD</sup>Ḫaniš, " 4532"<sup>GOD</sup>Šamaš and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4533msgstr "" 4534 4535#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4536#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456 4537msgid "" 4538"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea" 4539msgstr "" 4540 4541#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4542#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457 4543msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numušda, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4544msgstr "" 4545 4546#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4547#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462 4548msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>(Scorpion)" 4549msgstr "" 4550 4551#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4552#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463 4553msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu" 4554msgstr "" 4555 4556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4557#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468 4558#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416 4559msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>" 4560msgstr "" 4561 4562#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4563#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469 4564msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Išḫara, lady of the inhabited world" 4565msgstr "" 4566 4567#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i> 4568#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 4569#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422 4570msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT·ZUQAQĪPI" 4571msgstr "" 4572 4573#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4574#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 4575msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)" 4576msgstr "" 4577 4578#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4579#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475 4580msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nabû" 4581msgstr "" 4582 4583#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 4584#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476 4585#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424 4586#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61 4587msgid "Antares" 4588msgstr "Antarès" 4589 4590#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4591#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480 4592msgid "" 4593"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of " 4594"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>" 4595msgstr "" 4596 4597#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4598#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481 4599msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Šarur and <sup>GOD</sup>Šargaz" 4600msgstr "" 4601 4602#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4603#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486 4604msgid "STAR behind them" 4605msgstr "" 4606 4607#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4608#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487 4609msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsaĝ" 4610msgstr "" 4611 4612#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4613#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492 4614msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) <<and>>" 4615msgstr "" 4616 4617#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4618#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493 4619msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SUḪURMĀŠU</i>(Goat-fish)" 4620msgstr "" 4621 4622#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4623#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498 4624msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4625msgstr "" 4626 4627#. type: Content of: <h3> 4628#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503 4629#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12 4630msgid "Source(s)" 4631msgstr "Source(s)" 4632 4633#. type: Content of: <p> 4634#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504 4635msgid "" 4636"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some " 4637"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research. In some cases they " 4638"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other " 4639"scholars since 1950 or earlier. Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) " 4640"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's " 4641"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek " 4642"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were " 4643"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten " 4644"together with other, mainly German, planetariums. A first scientific " 4645"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared " 4646"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius " 4647"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017. Further publications are in preparation (e.g. " 4648"together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre " 4649"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below." 4650msgstr "" 4651 4652#. type: Content of: <h2> 4653#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513 4654msgid "Sources / Further Reading" 4655msgstr "" 4656 4657#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4658#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515 4659msgid "" 4660"British Museum <a " 4661"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image " 4662"Tablet No 152339001</a>" 4663msgstr "" 4664 4665#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li> 4666#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 4667#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 4668#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 4669#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 4670#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 4671#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461 4672msgid "fr" 4673msgstr "fr" 4674 4675#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4676#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 4677msgid "" 4678"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium " 4679"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018." 4680msgstr "" 4681 4682#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4683#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517 4684msgid "" 4685"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a " 4686"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs " 4687"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017." 4688msgstr "" 4689 4690#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4691#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518 4692msgid "" 4693"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of " 4694"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a " 4695"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-" 4696"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-" 4697"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-" 4698"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius " 4699"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017." 4700msgstr "" 4701 4702#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4703#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519 4704msgid "" 4705"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the " 4706"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre " 4707"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)." 4708msgstr "" 4709 4710#. type: Content of: <p> 4711#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523 4712msgid "" 4713"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars." 4714" We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to" 4715" be cited according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under" 4716" CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it " 4717"without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!" 4718msgstr "" 4719 4720#. type: Content of: <p> 4721#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528 4722msgid "" 4723"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the " 4724"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann. As an " 4725"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very" 4726" enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes." 4727msgstr "" 4728 4729#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4730#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531 4731msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)" 4732msgstr "" 4733 4734#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4735#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532 4736msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)" 4737msgstr "" 4738 4739#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4740#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533 4741#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470 4742msgid "" 4743"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of " 4744"German-speaking Planetariums)" 4745msgstr "" 4746 4747#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4748#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534 4749msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)" 4750msgstr "" 4751 4752#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4753#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535 4754#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471 4755msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)" 4756msgstr "" 4757 4758#. type: Content of: <p> 4759#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540 4760msgid "" 4761"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to" 4762" Stellarium:" 4763msgstr "" 4764 4765#. type: Content of: <p> 4766#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541 4767msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>" 4768msgstr "" 4769 4770#. type: Content of: <p> 4771#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542 4772msgid "" 4773"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and " 4774"Susanne M Hoffmann)" 4775msgstr "" 4776 4777#. type: Content of: <h5> 4778#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 4779#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 4780#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294 4781msgid "written in English:" 4782msgstr "" 4783 4784#. type: Content of: <h5> 4785#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 4786msgid "SMH" 4787msgstr "" 4788 4789#. type: Content of: <h1> 4790#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1 4791msgid "Babylonian — Seleucid" 4792msgstr "Babylonienne — Séleucide" 4793 4794#. type: Content of: <p> 4795#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2 4796msgid "" 4797"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of " 4798"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN" 4799" (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have " 4800"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there " 4801"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch." 4802msgstr "" 4803 4804#. type: Content of: <p> 4805#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3 4806msgid "" 4807"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed " 4808"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to " 4809"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with " 4810"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since " 4811"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there " 4812"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in " 4813"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, " 4814"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions" 4815" of the constellations around the ecliptic." 4816msgstr "" 4817 4818#. type: Content of: <p> 4819#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6 4820msgid "" 4821"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the " 4822"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of " 4823"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture " 4824"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression " 4825"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture." 4826msgstr "" 4827 4828#. type: Content of: <h3> 4829#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8 4830msgid "Single Stars" 4831msgstr "" 4832 4833#. type: Content of: <p> 4834#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10 4835msgid "" 4836"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars " 4837"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky" 4838" culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i>" 4839" lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, " 4840"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = " 4841"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the " 4842"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error" 4843" concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes " 4844"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can" 4845" be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)." 4846msgstr "" 4847 4848#. type: Content of: <p> 4849#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13 4850msgid "" 4851"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the " 4852"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 " 4853"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by " 4854"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and " 4855"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for " 4856"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his " 4857"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late" 4858" Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium." 4859msgstr "" 4860 4861#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 4862#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16 4863msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked" 4864msgstr "" 4865 4866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4867#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22 4868#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210 4869#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348 4870msgid "asterism" 4871msgstr "astérisme" 4872 4873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4874#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23 4875#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211 4876#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349 4877msgid "our commentary" 4878msgstr "notre commentaire" 4879 4880#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4881#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35 4882msgid "" 4883"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>" 4884msgstr "" 4885 4886#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4887#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36 4888msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough." 4889msgstr "" 4890 4891#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4892#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64 4893msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)" 4894msgstr "" 4895 4896#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4897#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81 4898msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>: STAR (of the) King" 4899msgstr "" 4900 4901#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4902#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87 4903msgid "" 4904"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>: " 4905""date-palm spadix" (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua" 4906msgstr "" 4907 4908#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4909#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93 4910msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ŠU.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4911msgstr "" 4912 4913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4914#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99 4915msgid "" 4916"STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪENGALLĀYU</i> (Abundant)" 4917msgstr "" 4918 4919#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4920#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105 4921msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>BĀŠTUM</i> (Dignity)" 4922msgstr "" 4923 4924#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4925#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111 4926msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)" 4927msgstr "" 4928 4929#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4930#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117 4931msgid "" 4932"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: " 4933"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĒLEBU</i>(Fox)" 4934msgstr "" 4935 4936#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4937#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119 4938msgid "Alcor" 4939msgstr "" 4940 4941#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4942#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123 4943msgid "" 4944"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: " 4945"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LAḪRU</i>(Ewe)" 4946msgstr "" 4947 4948#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4949#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129 4950msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)" 4951msgstr "" 4952 4953#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4954#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135 4955msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)" 4956msgstr "" 4957 4958#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4959#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141 4960msgid "" 4961"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMAḪ</i> (Heir of the " 4962"Emaḫ-temple)" 4963msgstr "" 4964 4965#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4966#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153 4967msgid "" 4968"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: " 4969"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]" 4970msgstr "" 4971 4972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4973#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165 4974msgid "" 4975"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and " 4976"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal" 4977msgstr "" 4978 4979#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4980#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171 4981msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)" 4982msgstr "" 4983 4984#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4985#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172 4986msgid "" 4987"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this " 4988"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word " 4989"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems " 4990"to have been replaced." 4991msgstr "" 4992 4993#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4994#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177 4995msgid "" 4996"STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>Š<i>AḪÛ</i> (Pig)" 4997msgstr "" 4998 4999#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5000#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183 5001msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SISÛ</i> (Horse)" 5002msgstr "" 5003 5004#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5005#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189 5006msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)" 5007msgstr "" 5008 5009#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5010#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190 5011msgid "" 5012"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther " 5013"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in" 5014" this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field" 5015" Mouse\"." 5016msgstr "" 5017 5018#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5019#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195 5020msgid "" 5021"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): " 5022"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse)" 5023msgstr "" 5024 5025#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5026#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201 5027msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished." 5028msgstr "" 5029 5030#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5031#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223 5032msgid "" 5033"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD': " 5034"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠINŪNUTU</i>(Swallow)" 5035msgstr "" 5036 5037#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5038#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224 5039msgid "" 5040"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier " 5041"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards" 5042msgstr "" 5043 5044#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5045#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229 5046msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)" 5047msgstr "" 5048 5049#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5050#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230 5051msgid "" 5052"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was" 5053" shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained " 5054"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but " 5055"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band " 5056"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of " 5057"Anunitu." 5058msgstr "" 5059 5060#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5061#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236 5062msgid "" 5063"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD': " 5064"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNNĪTU</i>" 5065msgstr "" 5066 5067#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5068#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237 5069msgid "" 5070"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is" 5071" another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was " 5072"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish." 5073msgstr "" 5074 5075#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5076#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242 5077msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)" 5078msgstr "" 5079 5080#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5081#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243 5082msgid "" 5083"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the " 5084"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU " 5085"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely " 5086"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not " 5087"supposed to really look like a sheep." 5088msgstr "" 5089 5090#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5091#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249 5092msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu" 5093msgstr "" 5094 5095#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5096#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250 5097msgid "" 5098"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists " 5099"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. " 5100"Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the neck of the " 5101"Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one." 5102msgstr "" 5103 5104#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5105#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256 5106msgid "" 5107"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL·OF·HEAVEN(<i>ALÛ</i>) and " 5108"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-lê</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)" 5109msgstr "" 5110 5111#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5112#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257 5113msgid "" 5114"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. " 5115"Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction" 5116" in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades." 5117msgstr "" 5118 5119#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5120#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258 5121msgid "and Hyades" 5122msgstr "" 5123 5124#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5125#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277 5126msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)" 5127msgstr "" 5128 5129#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5130#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278 5131msgid "" 5132"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make " 5133"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very " 5134"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro " 5135"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures " 5136"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for " 5137"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, " 5138"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a " 5139"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius." 5140msgstr "" 5141 5142#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5143#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284 5144msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.SÁ (Arrow)" 5145msgstr "" 5146 5147#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5148#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285 5149msgid "" 5150"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, " 5151"there are multiple options." 5152msgstr "" 5153"La version représentée est une suggestion. Le seul élément certain est " 5154"Sirius ; pour le reste, il y a plusieurs possibilités." 5155 5156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5157#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291 5158msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QAŠTU</i> (Bow)" 5159msgstr "" 5160 5161#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5162#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292 5163msgid "" 5164"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing " 5165"options)." 5166msgstr "" 5167 5168#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5169#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298 5170msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRAḪ (Snake-god)" 5171msgstr "" 5172 5173#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5174#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305 5175msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ĀRIBU</i> (Raven)" 5176msgstr "" 5177 5178#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5179#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312 5180msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>Šala</i>, ear of grain" 5181msgstr "" 5182 5183#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5184#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313 5185msgid "" 5186"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess " 5187"Šala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for " 5188"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)." 5189msgstr "" 5190 5191#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5192#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320 5193msgid "" 5194"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion " 5195"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in" 5196" early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier " 5197"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not " 5198"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the " 5199"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden Šala) " 5200"does not need so much space." 5201msgstr "" 5202 5203#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5204#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327 5205msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus." 5206msgstr "Normalement identifié avec la région d'Ophiuchus." 5207 5208#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5209#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332 5210msgid "" 5211"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ERÛ</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> " 5212"(Corpse)" 5213msgstr "" 5214 5215#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5216#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333 5217msgid "" 5218"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest " 5219"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the " 5220"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated " 5221"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries" 5222" preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do " 5223"not distinguish eagles and vultures." 5224msgstr "" 5225 5226#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5227#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339 5228msgid "Path of Anum completed." 5229msgstr "" 5230 5231#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5232#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356 5233msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\"" 5234msgstr "" 5235 5236#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5237#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363 5238msgid "GREAT·STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 5239msgstr "" 5240 5241#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5242#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364 5243msgid "" 5244"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of " 5245"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image " 5246"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the " 5247"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or \"Water-" 5248"Carrier\"." 5249msgstr "" 5250 5251#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5252#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377 5253msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup><GOD></sup>Ninmaḫ" 5254msgstr "" 5255 5256#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5257#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378 5258msgid "" 5259"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where " 5260"this asterism is to be located." 5261msgstr "" 5262 5263#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5264#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385 5265msgid "still unclear" 5266msgstr "toujours pas clair" 5267 5268#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5269#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391 5270msgid "" 5271"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MAŠKAKĀTU</i>(Harrow), in " 5272"the centre of which the Apsû is visible" 5273msgstr "" 5274 5275#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5276#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392 5277msgid "" 5278"still unclear - but maybe the Apsû is the southernmost part of the " 5279"Milky Way." 5280msgstr "" 5281 5282#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5283#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397 5284msgid "" 5285"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Šullat and " 5286"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫaniš" 5287msgstr "" 5288 5289#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5290#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398 5291msgid "no hints, no clue" 5292msgstr "" 5293 5294#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5295#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403 5296msgid "" 5297"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: " 5298"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numušda" 5299msgstr "" 5300 5301#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5302#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404 5303msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)" 5304msgstr "devrait être une figure anthropomorphe masculine (un dieu)" 5305 5306#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5307#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410 5308msgid "" 5309"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i> (Scorpion): " 5310"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>" 5311msgstr "" 5312 5313#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5314#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422 5315msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin" 5316msgstr "" 5317 5318#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5319#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423 5320msgid "single star name" 5321msgstr "nom d'étoile unique" 5322 5323#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5324#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428 5325msgid "" 5326"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of " 5327"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>Šarur and " 5328"<sup>GOD</sup>Šargaz" 5329msgstr "" 5330 5331#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5332#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429 5333msgid "" 5334"Since Šargaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and " 5335"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016." 5336msgstr "" 5337 5338#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5339#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434 5340msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsaĝ" 5341msgstr "" 5342 5343#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5344#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435 5345msgid "" 5346"The depiction of god Pabilsaĝ is iconographically clear. It can easily " 5347"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)." 5348msgstr "" 5349 5350#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5351#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440 5352msgid "" 5353"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) " 5354"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SUḪURMĀŠU</i> (Goat-fish)" 5355msgstr "" 5356 5357#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5358#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441 5359msgid "" 5360"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms " 5361"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs " 5362"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). " 5363"Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the" 5364" west, under the feet of Pabilsaĝ (Sagittarius). That explains " 5365"Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a " 5366"ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be " 5367"identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)." 5368msgstr "" 5369 5370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5371#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447 5372msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed." 5373msgstr "" 5374 5375#. type: Content of: <h2> 5376#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452 5377#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45 5378msgid "Further Reading" 5379msgstr "Lectures complémentaires" 5380 5381#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5382#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 5383msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig." 5384msgstr "" 5385 5386#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5387#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 5388msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40." 5389msgstr "" 5390 5391#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5392#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 5393msgid "" 5394"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, " 5395"Brill, Leiden." 5396msgstr "" 5397 5398#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5399#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 5400msgid "" 5401"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical " 5402"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York." 5403msgstr "" 5404 5405#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5406#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458 5407msgid "" 5408"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a " 5409"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs " 5410"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York." 5411msgstr "" 5412 5413#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5414#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459 5415msgid "" 5416"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization " 5417"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a " 5418"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-" 5419"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-" 5420"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-" 5421"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius " 5422"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg." 5423msgstr "" 5424 5425#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5426#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460 5427msgid "" 5428"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near " 5429"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences." 5430msgstr "" 5431 5432#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5433#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461 5434msgid "" 5435"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi)," 5436" Utopica, Oberhaid." 5437msgstr "" 5438 5439#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5440#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462 5441msgid "" 5442"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. " 5443"Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the" 5444" above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why " 5445"we do not list them in detail here." 5446msgstr "" 5447 5448#. type: Content of: <p> 5449#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465 5450msgid "" 5451"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence " 5452"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting " 5453"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!" 5454msgstr "" 5455 5456#. type: Content of: <p> 5457#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468 5458msgid "" 5459"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and " 5460"development time in their domes." 5461msgstr "" 5462 5463#. type: Content of: <p> 5464#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476 5465msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and" 5466msgstr "" 5467 5468#. type: Content of: <p> 5469#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477 5470msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:" 5471msgstr "" 5472 5473#. type: Content of: <p> 5474#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478 5475msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>" 5476msgstr "" 5477 5478#. type: Content of: <h2> 5479#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1 5480msgid "Belarusian" 5481msgstr "Biélorusse" 5482 5483#. type: Content of: <p> 5484#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2 5485msgid "" 5486"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in " 5487"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, " 5488"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the " 5489"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land " 5490"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is " 5491"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional " 5492"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present " 5493"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms " 5494"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized." 5495msgstr "" 5496 5497#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5498#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10 5499msgid "" 5500"Elias's Cart — the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the " 5501"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> " 5502"a large cart." 5503msgstr "" 5504"Le chariot d'Élie — le chariot enflammé monté par Élie, la version " 5505"christianisée d'une constellation précédemment considérée " 5506"<em>simplement</em> comme un grand chariot." 5507 5508#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5509#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11 5510msgid "The Bride" 5511msgstr "La Mariée" 5512 5513#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5514#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12 5515msgid "The Chicks" 5516msgstr "Les Poussins" 5517 5518#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5519#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13 5520msgid "The Cross — a Peter’s cross" 5521msgstr "La Croix — une croix de Saint-Pierre" 5522 5523#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5524#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14 5525msgid "The Crown — the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head." 5526msgstr "" 5527"La couronne — La couronne d'épines qui fut placée sur la tête du " 5528"Christ." 5529 5530#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5531#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15 5532msgid "The Goat" 5533msgstr "La Chèvre" 5534 5535#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5536#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16 5537msgid "The Grass Snakes" 5538msgstr "Les Couleuvres" 5539 5540#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5541#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17 5542msgid "" 5543"The Kingdoms — These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the " 5544"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom." 5545msgstr "" 5546"Les Royaumes — Ces deux étoiles ont servi de symbole à deux États : la" 5547" grande principauté lituanienne et le royaume de Pologne." 5548 5549#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5550#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18 5551msgid "" 5552"The Mowers — These three stars stand one after another in the manner " 5553"of people mowing the fields." 5554msgstr "" 5555"Les Faucheuses — Ces trois étoiles se succèdent à la manière des gens " 5556"qui fauchent les champs." 5557 5558#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5559#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19 5560msgid "" 5561"The Nail — The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies " 5562"revolve." 5563msgstr "" 5564"Le Clou — L'étoile du nord est vue comme un clou autour duquel les " 5565"cieux tournent." 5566 5567#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5568#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20 5569msgid "The Ploughman" 5570msgstr "Le Laboureur" 5571 5572#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5573#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21 5574msgid "The Rake" 5575msgstr "Le Râteau" 5576 5577#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5578#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22 5579msgid "The Ram" 5580msgstr "Le Bélier" 5581 5582#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5583#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23 5584msgid "" 5585"The Serpent — St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star " 5586"that always stands in the same place" 5587msgstr "" 5588"Le Serpent — Saint Georges tua ce serpent et l'accrocha près de " 5589"l'étoile qui se tient toujours au même endroit." 5590 5591#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5592#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24 5593msgid "" 5594"The Sieve — It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> " 5595"through it." 5596msgstr "" 5597"Le Tamis — Il a été dit que « Dieu » avait l'habitude de passer au " 5598"crible des grains de<i>zhito</i>." 5599 5600#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5601#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25 5602msgid "" 5603"The Small Cart — Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major." 5604msgstr "" 5605"Le petit Chariot — La Petite Ourse ressemble au grand Chariot de la " 5606"Grande Ourse." 5607 5608#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5609#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26 5610msgid "The Throne — Lord Jesus’s chair." 5611msgstr "Le Trône — Chaise du Seigneur Jésus." 5612 5613#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5614#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27 5615msgid "The Twins" 5616msgstr "Les Jumeaux" 5617 5618#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5619#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28 5620msgid "The Goose's Way" 5621msgstr "Le Chemin de l'oie" 5622 5623#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5624#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33 5625msgid "" 5626"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The " 5627"author's website, in Belarusian." 5628msgstr "" 5629"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Astronomie folklorique " 5630"biélorusse</a> Site internet de l'auteur, en biélorusse." 5631 5632#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5633#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34 5634msgid "" 5635"<a " 5636"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian" 5637" Ethnoastronomy.</a>" 5638msgstr "" 5639"<a " 5640"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Ethnoastronomie" 5641" biélorusse.</a>" 5642 5643#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5644#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35 5645msgid "" 5646"<a " 5647"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical" 5648" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>" 5649msgstr "" 5650 5651#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5652#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36 5653msgid "" 5654"<a " 5655"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-" 5656"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5657msgstr "" 5658"<a " 5659"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-" 5660"beliefs\">Projet « Croyances sur les météores » : croyances populaires sur " 5661"les météores d'Europe orientale.</a>" 5662 5663#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5664#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37 5665msgid "" 5666"<a " 5667"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-" 5668"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5669msgstr "" 5670"<a " 5671"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-" 5672"beliefs\">Projet « cCoyances sur les météores » : croyances populaires " 5673"biélorusses sur les météores.</a>" 5674 5675#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5676#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38 5677msgid "" 5678"<a " 5679"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms" 5680" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>" 5681msgstr "" 5682"<a " 5683"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronymes" 5684" dans les croyances populaires biélorusses.</a>" 5685 5686#. type: Content of: <p> 5687#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43 5688msgid "" 5689"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander " 5690"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk " 5691"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal " 5692"Archaeologia Baltica." 5693msgstr "" 5694"La création de cette culture céleste pour Stellarium a été suggérée par " 5695"Alexander Wolf à Johan Meuris, sur la base de l'article : <b>« Astronymes " 5696"dans les croyances populaires biélorusses »</b>, rédigé par Tsimafei Avilin," 5697" puis publié dans la revue à comité de lecture « Archaeologia Baltica » " 5698"(archéologie baltique)." 5699 5700#. type: Content of: <p> 5701#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45 5702msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris." 5703msgstr "Illustrations de Johan Meuris." 5704 5705#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5706#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1 5707#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24 5708msgid "Boorong" 5709msgstr "Boorong" 5710 5711#. type: Content of: <p> 5712#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2 5713msgid "" 5714"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-" 5715"Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their " 5716"stories relating to the night sky. Some forty stars, constellations and " 5717"other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and " 5718"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in " 5719"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European " 5720"equivalent. What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial " 5721"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way " 5722"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to " 5723"create the constellation figures in Stellarium." 5724msgstr "" 5725 5726#. type: Content of: <p> 5727#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8 5728msgid "" 5729"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William " 5730"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they "Pride themselves upon knowing more " 5731"of Astronomy than any other tribe"." 5732msgstr "" 5733 5734#. type: Content of: <h3> 5735#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11 5736msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects" 5737msgstr "Constellations et autres objets célestes" 5738 5739#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5740#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14 5741msgid "<b>Name</b>" 5742msgstr "<b>Nom</b>" 5743 5744#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5745#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15 5746msgid "<b>Explanation</b>" 5747msgstr "<b>Explication</b>" 5748 5749#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5750#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16 5751msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>" 5752msgstr "<b>Indice céleste</b>" 5753 5754#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5755#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19 5756msgid "Berm-berm-gle" 5757msgstr "" 5758 5759#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5760#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20 5761msgid "Red-kneed dotterel" 5762msgstr "" 5763 5764#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5765#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25 5766msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament" 5767msgstr "" 5768 5769#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5770#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26 5771msgid "Starry firmament at night" 5772msgstr "Firmament étoilé la nuit" 5773 5774#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5775#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29 5776msgid "Bunya" 5777msgstr "" 5778 5779#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5780#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30 5781msgid "Ring-tail possum" 5782msgstr "" 5783 5784#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5785#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31 5786msgid "Top star in Southern Cross" 5787msgstr "" 5788 5789#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5790#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34 5791msgid "Chargee Gnowee" 5792msgstr "" 5793 5794#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5795#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35 5796msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun" 5797msgstr "" 5798 5799#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5800#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39 5801msgid "Bittur" 5802msgstr "" 5803 5804#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5805#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40 5806msgid "Larvae of the woodant" 5807msgstr "" 5808 5809#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5810#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44 5811msgid "Collenbitchick" 5812msgstr "" 5813 5814#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5815#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45 5816msgid "Species of ant" 5817msgstr "Espèce de fourmi" 5818 5819#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5820#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46 5821msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus" 5822msgstr "Étoile double dans la tête du Capricorne" 5823 5824#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5825#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49 5826msgid "Collowgulloric War" 5827msgstr "" 5828 5829#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5830#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50 5831msgid "Female crow, wife of War" 5832msgstr "Corbeau femelle, épouse de la guerre" 5833 5834#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5835#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51 5836msgid "Eta Carinae" 5837msgstr "Eta Carinae" 5838 5839#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5840#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54 5841msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil" 5842msgstr "" 5843 5844#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5845#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55 5846msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil" 5847msgstr "" 5848 5849#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5850#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56 5851msgid "Rigel In Orion" 5852msgstr "Rigel dans la constellation d'Orion" 5853 5854#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5855#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59 5856msgid "Djuit" 5857msgstr "" 5858 5859#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5860#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60 5861msgid "Red-rumped parrot" 5862msgstr "" 5863 5864#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5865#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64 5866msgid "Gellarlec" 5867msgstr "" 5868 5869#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5870#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65 5871msgid "Pink cockatoo" 5872msgstr "Cacatoès rose" 5873 5874#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5875#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66 5876msgid "Aldebaran" 5877msgstr "Aldébaran" 5878 5879#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5880#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69 5881msgid "Ginabongbearp" 5882msgstr "" 5883 5884#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5885#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70 5886msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight" 5887msgstr "" 5888 5889#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 5890#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71 5891#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46 5892msgid "Jupiter" 5893msgstr "Jupiter" 5894 5895#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5896#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74 5897msgid "Gnowee" 5898msgstr "" 5899 5900#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5901#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75 5902msgid "Day; Sun" 5903msgstr "Journée ; Soleil" 5904 5905#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5906#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76 5907#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66 5908#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16 5909#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141 5910#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53 5911msgid "Sun" 5912msgstr "Soleil" 5913 5914#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5915#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79 5916msgid "Karik Karik" 5917msgstr "Karik Karik" 5918 5919#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5920#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80 5921msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel" 5922msgstr "Lanceur de lance ; faucon australien" 5923 5924#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5925#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81 5926msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius" 5927msgstr "Deux étoiles à l'extrémité de Scorpius (Scorpion)" 5928 5929#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5930#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84 5931msgid "Kourt-chin" 5932msgstr "" 5933 5934#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5935#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85 5936msgid "Male and female brolga" 5937msgstr "Grue brolga mâle et femelle" 5938 5939#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5940#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86 5941msgid "Clouds of Magellan" 5942msgstr "Nuages de Magellan" 5943 5944#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5945#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89 5946msgid "Kulkanbulla" 5947msgstr "Kulkanbulla" 5948 5949#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5950#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90 5951msgid "Two teenage boys" 5952msgstr "Deux adolescents" 5953 5954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5955#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91 5956msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion" 5957msgstr "Ceinture et fourreau d'Orion" 5958 5959#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5960#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94 5961msgid "Lamankurrk" 5962msgstr "Lamankurrk" 5963 5964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5965#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95 5966msgid "Girls, young women" 5967msgstr "Filles, jeunes femmes" 5968 5969#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5970#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99 5971msgid "Marpeankurrk" 5972msgstr "Marpeankurrk" 5973 5974#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5975#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100 5976msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper" 5977msgstr "" 5978 5979#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5980#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101 5981#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64 5982msgid "Arcturus" 5983msgstr "Arcturus" 5984 5985#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5986#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104 5987msgid "Millee" 5988msgstr "" 5989 5990#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5991#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105 5992msgid "Murray River" 5993msgstr "" 5994 5995#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5996#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106 5997#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111 5998msgid "Part of the Milky Way" 5999msgstr "Une partie de la Voie lactée" 6000 6001#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6002#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109 6003msgid "Mindi" 6004msgstr "" 6005 6006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6007#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110 6008msgid "The maned snake" 6009msgstr "Le serpent à crinière" 6010 6011#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6012#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114 6013msgid "Mityan" 6014msgstr "" 6015 6016#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6017#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115 6018msgid "Quoll" 6019msgstr "" 6020 6021#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6022#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116 6023#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67 6024#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21 6025#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52 6026msgid "Moon" 6027msgstr "Lune" 6028 6029#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6030#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119 6031msgid "Neilloan" 6032msgstr "" 6033 6034#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6035#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120 6036msgid "Mallee fowl" 6037msgstr "" 6038 6039#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6040#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121 6041msgid "Lyra" 6042msgstr "Lyra" 6043 6044#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6045#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124 6046msgid "Nurrumbunguttias" 6047msgstr "Nurrumbunguttias" 6048 6049#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6050#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125 6051msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo" 6052msgstr "Vieil homme, kangourou gris" 6053 6054#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6055#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126 6056msgid "White aura of the Milky Way" 6057msgstr "Aura blanche de la Voie lactée" 6058 6059#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6060#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129 6061msgid "Otchocut" 6062msgstr "Otchocut" 6063 6064#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6065#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130 6066msgid "Great fish" 6067msgstr "Grand poisson" 6068 6069#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6070#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134 6071msgid "Porkelong toute" 6072msgstr "" 6073 6074#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6075#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135 6076msgid "Loss of tooth" 6077msgstr "Perte de dent" 6078 6079#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6080#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136 6081msgid "Shooting star" 6082msgstr "Étoile filante" 6083 6084#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6085#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139 6086msgid "Pupperimbul" 6087msgstr "Pupperimbul" 6088 6089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6090#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140 6091msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola" 6092msgstr "" 6093 6094#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6095#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141 6096msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun" 6097msgstr "Œuf d'émeu porté pour devenir le Soleil" 6098 6099#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6100#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144 6101msgid "Purra" 6102msgstr "" 6103 6104#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6105#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145 6106msgid "Red kangaroo" 6107msgstr "Kangourou rouge" 6108 6109#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6110#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146 6111msgid "Capella" 6112msgstr "" 6113 6114#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6115#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149 6116msgid "Tchingal" 6117msgstr "" 6118 6119#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6120#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150 6121msgid "The tall one; emu" 6122msgstr "Le grand ; émeu" 6123 6124#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6125#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151 6126msgid "Dark space near Cross" 6127msgstr "Espace sombre près de la Croix" 6128 6129#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6130#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154 6131msgid "Totyarguil" 6132msgstr "" 6133 6134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6135#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155 6136msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet" 6137msgstr "Lori à couronne pourpre" 6138 6139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6140#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156 6141msgid "Altair" 6142msgstr "Altaïr" 6143 6144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6145#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159 6146msgid "Tourchingboiongerra" 6147msgstr "Tourchingboiongerra" 6148 6149#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6150#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160 6151msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails" 6152msgstr "" 6153 6154#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6155#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161 6156#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126 6157msgid "Coma Berenices" 6158msgstr "" 6159 6160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6161#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164 6162msgid "Tourte" 6163msgstr "" 6164 6165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6166#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165 6167msgid "Star" 6168msgstr "Étoile" 6169 6170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6171#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166 6172msgid "Any star" 6173msgstr "N'importe quelle étoile" 6174 6175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6176#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169 6177msgid "Tyrille" 6178msgstr "" 6179 6180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6181#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170 6182#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171 6183msgid "Space; night sky" 6184msgstr "Espace ; ciel nocturne" 6185 6186#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6187#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174 6188msgid "Unurgunite" 6189msgstr "" 6190 6191#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6192#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175 6193msgid "Jacky lizard" 6194msgstr "" 6195 6196#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6197#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176 6198msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris" 6199msgstr "Sigma Canis Majoris" 6200 6201#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6202#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179 6203msgid "Wanjel" 6204msgstr "" 6205 6206#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6207#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180 6208msgid "Long-necked tortoise" 6209msgstr "Tortue à long cou" 6210 6211#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6212#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181 6213msgid "Pollux" 6214msgstr "Pollux" 6215 6216#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6217#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184 6218msgid "War" 6219msgstr "Guerre" 6220 6221#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6222#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185 6223msgid "Crow" 6224msgstr "Corbeau" 6225 6226#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6227#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189 6228msgid "Warepil" 6229msgstr "" 6230 6231#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6232#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190 6233msgid "Wedge tailed eagle" 6234msgstr "" 6235 6236#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6237#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194 6238msgid "Warring" 6239msgstr "" 6240 6241#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6242#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195 6243msgid "Galaxy" 6244msgstr "Galaxie" 6245 6246#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6247#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196 6248#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31 6249#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7 6250#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47 6251msgid "Milky Way" 6252msgstr "Voie lactée" 6253 6254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6255#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199 6256msgid "Weetkurrk" 6257msgstr "" 6258 6259#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6260#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200 6261msgid "Singing bushlark" 6262msgstr "" 6263 6264#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6265#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201 6266msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus" 6267msgstr "" 6268 6269#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6270#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204 6271msgid "Won" 6272msgstr "" 6273 6274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6275#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205 6276msgid "Boomerang" 6277msgstr "Boomerang" 6278 6279#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6280#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206 6281#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121 6282msgid "Corona Australis" 6283msgstr "Corona Australis" 6284 6285#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6286#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209 6287msgid "Yerredetkurrk" 6288msgstr "Yerredetkurrk" 6289 6290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6291#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210 6292msgid "Owlet nightjar" 6293msgstr "" 6294 6295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6296#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211 6297msgid "Achernar" 6298msgstr "" 6299 6300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6301#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214 6302msgid "Yurree" 6303msgstr "" 6304 6305#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6306#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215 6307msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo" 6308msgstr "Cacatoès à queue en éventail" 6309 6310#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6311#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216 6312msgid "Castor" 6313msgstr "Castor" 6314 6315#. type: Content of: <p> 6316#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221 6317msgid "" 6318"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a " 6319"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' " 6320"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>" 6321" and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' " 6322"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>." 6323msgstr "" 6324"Cette culture céleste est une contribution <i><a " 6325"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' " 6326"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>" 6327" et <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' " 6328"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>." 6329 6330#. type: Content of: <h2> 6331#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1 6332msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture" 6333msgstr "Culture céleste traditionnelle chinoise" 6334 6335#. type: Content of: <p> 6336#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3 6337msgid "" 6338"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system" 6339" to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān," 6340" meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching " 6341"implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were " 6342"associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the " 6343"current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th " 6344"centuries." 6345msgstr "" 6346 6347#. type: Content of: <p> 6348#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4 6349msgid "" 6350"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 " 6351"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: " 6352"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies " 6353"of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). " 6354"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy " 6355"finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a " 6356"revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of " 6357"Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese " 6358"Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual " 6359"research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western " 6360"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; " 6361"pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo)." 6362msgstr "" 6363 6364#. type: Content of: <p> 6365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5 6366msgid "" 6367"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside " 6368"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and " 6369"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>." 6370msgstr "" 6371 6372#. type: Content of: <p> 6373#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6 6374msgid "" 6375"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of " 6376"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó " 6377"Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> " 6378"Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star " 6379"Catalogue)</i>." 6380msgstr "" 6381 6382#. type: Content of: <p> 6383#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7 6384msgid "" 6385"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to " 6386"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>." 6387msgstr "" 6388 6389#. type: Content of: <p> 6390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8 6391msgid "" 6392"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to " 6393"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully " 6394"certified." 6395msgstr "" 6396 6397#. type: Content of: <h3> 6398#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11 6399msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets" 6400msgstr "Soleil, lune et planètes" 6401 6402#. type: Content of: <p> 6403#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13 6404msgid "" 6405"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient " 6406"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. " 6407"Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is " 6408"named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star." 6409msgstr "" 6410 6411#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6412#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14 6413msgid "" 6414"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix " 6415"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳;" 6416" pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other" 6417" name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue " 6418"(Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang" 6419" (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)." 6420msgstr "" 6421 6422#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6423#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15 6424msgid "" 6425"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; " 6426"pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang." 6427msgstr "" 6428 6429#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6430#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17 6431msgid "Xingguans" 6432msgstr "" 6433 6434#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6435#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19 6436msgid "" 6437"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere " 6438"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern " 6439"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans " 6440"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries " 6441"between Xingguans." 6442msgstr "" 6443 6444#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6445#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20 6446msgid "" 6447"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the " 6448"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the " 6449"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world." 6450msgstr "" 6451 6452#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6453#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21 6454msgid "" 6455"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic " 6456"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only " 6457"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 " 6458"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are " 6459"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: " 6460"Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; " 6461"pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, " 6462"six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. " 6463"They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing " 6464"Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of " 6465"Astronomical</i>." 6466msgstr "" 6467 6468#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6469#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22 6470msgid "" 6471"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around " 6472"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: " 6473"JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based " 6474"on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern" 6475" Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system." 6476msgstr "" 6477 6478#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6479#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23 6480msgid "" 6481"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial " 6482"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but" 6483" changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to " 6484"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: " 6485"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: 正星; " 6486"pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number." 6487" The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of " 6488"Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few " 6489"Xingguans, each star has a special name." 6490msgstr "" 6491 6492#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6493#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24 6494msgid "" 6495"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has" 6496" 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total." 6497msgstr "" 6498 6499#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6500#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25 6501msgid "" 6502"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the " 6503"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star " 6504"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than " 6505"Western names." 6506msgstr "" 6507 6508#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6509#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27 6510msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>" 6511msgstr "" 6512 6513#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6514#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30 6515msgid "Three Enclosures" 6516msgstr "Trois enceintes" 6517 6518#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6519#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32 6520msgid "" 6521"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the " 6522"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; " 6523"pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: " 6524"Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)." 6525msgstr "" 6526 6527#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6528#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33 6529msgid "" 6530"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which " 6531"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There " 6532"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this " 6533"Enclosure." 6534msgstr "" 6535 6536#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34 6538msgid "" 6539"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the" 6540" northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient " 6541"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is" 6542" circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa " 6543"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts" 6544" of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden " 6545"enclosure has 37 Xingguans." 6546msgstr "" 6547 6548#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6549#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36 6550msgid "" 6551"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple " 6552"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6553msgstr "" 6554"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Palais " 6555"pourpre interdit (Wikipédia)</a>" 6556 6557#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6558#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38 6559msgid "" 6560"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers " 6561"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of " 6562"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations " 6563"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and " 6564"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans." 6565msgstr "" 6566 6567#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6568#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40 6569msgid "" 6570"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme " 6571"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6572msgstr "" 6573"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Enceinte " 6574"du palais suprême (Wikipédia)</a>" 6575 6576#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6577#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42 6578msgid "" 6579"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary " 6580"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations " 6581"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. " 6582"Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the " 6583"participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar." 6584msgstr "" 6585 6586#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6587#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44 6588msgid "" 6589"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly" 6590" Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6591msgstr "" 6592"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Enceinte" 6593" du marché céleste (Wikipédia)</a>" 6594 6595#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6596#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47 6597msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions" 6598msgstr "Vingt-huit loges lunaires" 6599 6600#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6601#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49 6602msgid "" 6603"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as " 6604"28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the " 6605"sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according " 6606"to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; " 6607"pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest." 6608msgstr "" 6609 6610#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6611#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50 6612msgid "" 6613"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the" 6614" main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion." 6615msgstr "" 6616 6617#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6618#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51 6619msgid "" 6620"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; " 6621"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight " 6622"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial " 6623"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative " 6624"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: " 6625"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial " 6626"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the " 6627"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial " 6628"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion." 6629msgstr "" 6630 6631#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6632#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52 6633msgid "" 6634"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each " 6635"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also " 6636"changed in history." 6637msgstr "" 6638 6639#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6640#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53 6641msgid "" 6642"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the " 6643"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial " 6644"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies." 6645msgstr "" 6646 6647#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6648#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54 6649msgid "" 6650"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its " 6651"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, " 6652"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the " 6653"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; " 6654"pinyin: rùxiùdù)." 6655msgstr "" 6656 6657#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6658#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55 6659msgid "" 6660"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which" 6661" is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we " 6662"can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion " 6663"distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two " 6664"components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system." 6665msgstr "" 6666 6667#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56 6669msgid "" 6670"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; " 6671"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing " 6672"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between " 6673"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk " 6674"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, " 6675"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the " 6676"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west." 6677msgstr "" 6678 6679#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6680#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58 6681msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)" 6682msgstr "La liste des vingt-huit loges lunaires (J2000)" 6683 6684#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6685#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61 6686msgid "Seven Luminaries" 6687msgstr "Sept luminaires" 6688 6689#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6690#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63 6691msgid "Wood" 6692msgstr "Bois" 6693 6694#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6695#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64 6696msgid "Metal" 6697msgstr "Métal" 6698 6699#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6700#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65 6701msgid "Earth" 6702msgstr "Terre" 6703 6704#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6705#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68 6706msgid "Fire" 6707msgstr "Feu" 6708 6709#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6710#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69 6711msgid "Water" 6712msgstr "Eau" 6713 6714#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6715#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72 6716#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160 6717#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248 6718#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336 6719#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440 6720#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910 6721msgid "Chinese Name" 6722msgstr "Nom chinois" 6723 6724#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6725#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83 6726#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171 6727#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259 6728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347 6729#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441 6730#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911 6731msgid "Pinyin" 6732msgstr "Pinyin" 6733 6734#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6735#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94 6736#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182 6737#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270 6738#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358 6739#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442 6740#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912 6741msgid "Translation" 6742msgstr "" 6743 6744#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6745#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95 6746msgid "Azure Dragon of the East" 6747msgstr "Dragon azur de l'Est" 6748 6749#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6750#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96 6751#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016 6752msgid "Horn Mansion" 6753msgstr "Loge lunaire de Jiao" 6754 6755#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6756#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97 6757#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100 6758msgid "Neck Mansion" 6759msgstr "Loge lunaire de Kang" 6760 6761#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6762#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98 6763#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156 6764msgid "Root Mansion" 6765msgstr "Loge lunaire de Di" 6766 6767#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6768#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99 6769#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240 6770msgid "Room Mansion" 6771msgstr "Loge lunaire de Fang" 6772 6773#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6774#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100 6775#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303 6776msgid "Heart Mansion" 6777msgstr "Loge lunaire de Xin" 6778 6779#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6780#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101 6781#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324 6782msgid "Tail Mansion" 6783msgstr "Loge lunaire de Wei (Sco)" 6784 6785#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6786#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102 6787#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373 6788msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion" 6789msgstr "Loge lunaire de Ji" 6790 6791#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6792#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105 6793#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193 6794#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281 6795#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369 6796msgid "Number of xingguans" 6797msgstr "" 6798 6799#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6800#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116 6801#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204 6802#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292 6803#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380 6804msgid "Determinative Star" 6805msgstr "Étoile déterminante" 6806 6807#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6808#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127 6809#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215 6810#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303 6811#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391 6812msgid "RA of Determinative Star" 6813msgstr "AD de l'étoile déterminative" 6814 6815#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6816#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138 6817#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226 6818#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314 6819#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402 6820msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1" 6821msgstr "" 6822 6823#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6824#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149 6825#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237 6826#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325 6827#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413 6828msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2" 6829msgstr "" 6830 6831#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6832#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183 6833msgid "Black Tortoise of the North" 6834msgstr "Tortue noire du Nord" 6835 6836#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6837#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184 6838#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401 6839msgid "Dipper Mansion" 6840msgstr "Loge lunaire de Nandou" 6841 6842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6843#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185 6844#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478 6845msgid "Ox Mansion" 6846msgstr "Loge lunaire de Niu" 6847 6848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6849#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186 6850#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562 6851msgid "Girl Mansion" 6852msgstr "Loge lunaire de Xunu" 6853 6854#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6855#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187 6856#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625 6857msgid "Emptiness Mansion" 6858msgstr "Loge lunaire de Xu" 6859 6860#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6861#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188 6862#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702 6863msgid "Rooftop Mansion" 6864msgstr "Loge lunaire de Wei (Aqr)" 6865 6866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6867#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189 6868#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786 6869msgid "Encampment Mansion" 6870msgstr "Loge lunaire de Yingshi" 6871 6872#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6873#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190 6874#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870 6875msgid "Wall Mansion" 6876msgstr "Loge lunaire de Dongbi" 6877 6878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6879#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271 6880msgid "White Tiger of the West" 6881msgstr "Tigre blanc de l'Ouest" 6882 6883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6884#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272 6885#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919 6886msgid "Legs Mansion" 6887msgstr "Loge lunaire de Kui" 6888 6889#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6890#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273 6891#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989 6892msgid "Bond Mansion" 6893msgstr "Loge lunaire de Lou" 6894 6895#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6896#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274 6897#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038 6898msgid "Stomach Mansion" 6899msgstr "Loge lunaire de Wei (Ari)" 6900 6901#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6902#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275 6903#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094 6904msgid "Hairy Head Mansion" 6905msgstr "Loge lunaire de Mao" 6906 6907#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6908#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276 6909#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164 6910msgid "Net Mansion" 6911msgstr "Loge lunaire de Bi" 6912 6913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6914#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277 6915#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276 6916msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion" 6917msgstr "Loge lunaire de Zuixi" 6918 6919#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6920#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278 6921#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304 6922msgid "Three Stars Mansion" 6923msgstr "Loge lunaire de Shen" 6924 6925#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6926#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359 6927msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South" 6928msgstr "Oiseau vermillon du Sud" 6929 6930#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6931#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360 6932#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360 6933msgid "Well Mansion" 6934msgstr "Loge lunaire de Dongjing" 6935 6936#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6937#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361 6938#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507 6939msgid "Ghosts Mansion" 6940msgstr "Loge lunaire de Yugui" 6941 6942#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6943#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362 6944#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563 6945msgid "Willow Mansion" 6946msgstr "Loge lunaire de Liu" 6947 6948#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6949#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363 6950#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584 6951#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591 6952msgid "Star Mansion" 6953msgstr "Loge lunaire de Qixing" 6954 6955#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6956#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364 6957#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626 6958msgid "Extended Net Mansion" 6959msgstr "Loge lunaire de Zhang" 6960 6961#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6962#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365 6963#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647 6964msgid "Wings Mansion" 6965msgstr "Loge lunaire de Yi" 6966 6967#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6968#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366 6969#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668 6970msgid "Chariot Mansion" 6971msgstr "Loge lunaire de Zhen" 6972 6973#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6974#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424 6975msgid "" 6976"note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system." 6977msgstr "" 6978 6979#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6980#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425 6981msgid "" 6982"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate " 6983"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees." 6984msgstr "" 6985 6986#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a> 6987#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428 6988msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)" 6989msgstr "" 6990 6991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6992#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432 6993#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731 6994msgid "The Southern Sky" 6995msgstr "" 6996 6997#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6998#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434 6999msgid "" 7000"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. " 7001"Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight " 7002"Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: " 7003"徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the " 7004"European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the " 7005"traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of " 7006"Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals." 7007msgstr "" 7008 7009#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 7010#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436 7011msgid "The list of Xingguans" 7012msgstr "" 7013 7014#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7015#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443 7016msgid "Number of Primary Stars" 7017msgstr "" 7018 7019#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7020#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444 7021msgid "Number of Added Stars" 7022msgstr "Nombre d'étoiles ajoutées" 7023 7024#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7025#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449 7026msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure" 7027msgstr "Palais pourpre interdit" 7028 7029#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7030#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456 7031msgid "Northern Pole" 7032msgstr "Pôle Nord" 7033 7034#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7035#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463 7036msgid "Four Advisors" 7037msgstr "Quatre conseillers" 7038 7039#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7040#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470 7041msgid "Celestial Great One" 7042msgstr "Grand céleste" 7043 7044#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7045#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477 7046msgid "First Great One" 7047msgstr "Premier grand" 7048 7049#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7050#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484 7051msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall" 7052msgstr "Mur gauche du palais pourpre interdit" 7053 7054#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7055#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491 7056msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall" 7057msgstr "Mur droit du palais pourpre interdit" 7058 7059#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7060#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498 7061msgid "Hidden Virtue" 7062msgstr "Vertu cachée" 7063 7064#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7065#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505 7066msgid "Royal Secretary" 7067msgstr "Secrétaire royal" 7068 7069#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7070#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512 7071msgid "Female Protocol" 7072msgstr "Protocole féminin" 7073 7074#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7075#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519 7076msgid "Official of Royal Archives" 7077msgstr "Fonctionnaire des archives royales" 7078 7079#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7080#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526 7081msgid "Maids-in-waiting" 7082msgstr "Servantes en attente" 7083 7084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7085#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533 7086msgid "Celestial Pillar" 7087msgstr "Pilier céleste" 7088 7089#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7090#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540 7091msgid "Chief Judge" 7092msgstr "Juge en chef" 7093 7094#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7095#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547 7096msgid "Curved Array" 7097msgstr "Ensemble incurvé" 7098 7099#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7100#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554 7101msgid "Six Jia" 7102msgstr "" 7103 7104#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7105#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561 7106msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven" 7107msgstr "Grand empereur du paradis" 7108 7109#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7110#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568 7111msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors" 7112msgstr "Sièges intérieurs des cinq empereurs" 7113 7114#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7115#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575 7116msgid "Canopy of the Emperor" 7117msgstr "Dais de l'empereur" 7118 7119#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7120#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582 7121msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )" 7122msgstr "" 7123 7124#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7125#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589 7126msgid "Guest House" 7127msgstr "Maison des invités" 7128 7129#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7130#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596 7131msgid "Inner Steps" 7132msgstr "" 7133 7134#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7135#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603 7136msgid "Celestial Kitchen" 7137msgstr "Cuisine céleste" 7138 7139#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7140#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610 7141msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops" 7142msgstr "Huit types de cultures" 7143 7144#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7145#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617 7146msgid "Celestial Flail" 7147msgstr "Fléau céleste" 7148 7149#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7150#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624 7151msgid "Inner Kitchen" 7152msgstr "Cuisine intérieure" 7153 7154#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7155#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631 7156msgid "Administrative Center" 7157msgstr "Centre administratif" 7158 7159#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7160#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638 7161msgid "Three Top Instructors" 7162msgstr "" 7163 7164#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7165#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645 7166#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757 7167msgid "Three Excellencies" 7168msgstr "Trois excellences" 7169 7170#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7171#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652 7172msgid "Celestial Bed" 7173msgstr "Lit céleste" 7174 7175#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7176#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659 7177msgid "Royals" 7178msgstr "Royaux" 7179 7180#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7181#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666 7182msgid "Celestial Prison" 7183msgstr "Prison céleste" 7184 7185#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7186#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673 7187msgid "Guard of the Sun" 7188msgstr "Garde du soleil" 7189 7190#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7191#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680 7192msgid "Eunuch" 7193msgstr "Eunuque" 7194 7195#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7196#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687 7197msgid "Prime Minister" 7198msgstr "Premier ministre" 7199 7200#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7201#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694 7202msgid "Sombre Lance" 7203msgstr "Lance sombre" 7204 7205#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7206#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701 7207msgid "Judge for Nobility" 7208msgstr "Juge de la noblesse" 7209 7210#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7211#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708 7212msgid "Northern Dipper" 7213msgstr "" 7214 7215#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7216#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715 7217msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)" 7218msgstr "" 7219 7220#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7221#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722 7222msgid "Celestial Spear" 7223msgstr "Lance céleste" 7224 7225#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7226#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729 7227msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure" 7228msgstr "Enceinte du palais suprême" 7229 7230#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7231#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736 7232msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall" 7233msgstr "Mur gauche de l'enceinte du palais suprême" 7234 7235#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7236#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743 7237msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall" 7238msgstr "Mur droit de l'enceinte du palais suprême" 7239 7240#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7241#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750 7242msgid "Usher to the Court" 7243msgstr "" 7244 7245#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7246#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764 7247msgid "Nine Senior Officers" 7248msgstr "Neuf officiers supérieurs" 7249 7250#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7251#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771 7252msgid "Five Lords" 7253msgstr "Cinq seigneurs" 7254 7255#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7256#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778 7257msgid "Inner Screen" 7258msgstr "" 7259 7260#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7261#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785 7262msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors" 7263msgstr "Sièges des cinq empereurs" 7264 7265#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7266#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792 7267msgid "Officer of Honour" 7268msgstr "Officier d'honneur" 7269 7270#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7271#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799 7272msgid "Crown Prince" 7273msgstr "Prince héritier" 7274 7275#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7276#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806 7277#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296 7278msgid "Retinue" 7279msgstr "" 7280 7281#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7282#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813 7283msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards" 7284msgstr "Capitaine des gardes du corps" 7285 7286#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7287#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820 7288msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard" 7289msgstr "Garde du corps de l'empereur" 7290 7291#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7292#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827 7293msgid "Royal Guards" 7294msgstr "Gardes royaux" 7295 7296#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7297#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834 7298msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard" 7299msgstr "Officiers de la garde impériale" 7300 7301#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7302#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841 7303msgid "The Hall of Glory" 7304msgstr "La salle de la gloire" 7305 7306#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7307#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848 7308msgid "Astronomical Observatory" 7309msgstr "Observatoire astronomique" 7310 7311#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7312#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855 7313msgid "Junior Officers" 7314msgstr "Officiers subalternes" 7315 7316#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7317#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862 7318msgid "Long Wall" 7319msgstr "Long mur" 7320 7321#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7322#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869 7323msgid "Three Steps" 7324msgstr "Trois marches" 7325 7326#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7327#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876 7328msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure" 7329msgstr "Enceinte du marché céleste" 7330 7331#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7332#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883 7333msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall" 7334msgstr "Mur gauche de l'enceinte du marché céleste" 7335 7336#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7337#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890 7338msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall" 7339msgstr "Mur droit de l'enceinte du marché céleste" 7340 7341#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7342#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897 7343msgid "Municipal Office" 7344msgstr "Mairie" 7345 7346#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7347#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904 7348msgid "Commodity Market" 7349msgstr "Marché des matières premières" 7350 7351#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7352#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911 7353msgid "Official for the Royal Clan" 7354msgstr "Fonctionnaire du clan royal" 7355 7356#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7357#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918 7358msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies" 7359msgstr "Fonctionnaire des cérémonies religieuses" 7360 7361#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7362#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925 7363msgid "Patriarchal Clan" 7364msgstr "Clan patriarcal" 7365 7366#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7367#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932 7368msgid "Textile Ruler" 7369msgstr "" 7370 7371#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7372#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939 7373msgid "Butcher's Shops" 7374msgstr "Boucheries" 7375 7376#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7377#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946 7378msgid "Astrologer" 7379msgstr "Astrologue" 7380 7381#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7382#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953 7383msgid "Emperor's Seat" 7384msgstr "Siège de l'empereur" 7385 7386#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7387#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960 7388msgid "Eunuch Official" 7389msgstr "Fonctionnaire eunuque" 7390 7391#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7392#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967 7393msgid "Jewel Market" 7394msgstr "Marché aux bijoux" 7395 7396#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7397#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974 7398msgid "Dipper for Liquids" 7399msgstr "" 7400 7401#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7402#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981 7403msgid "Dipper for Solids" 7404msgstr "" 7405 7406#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7407#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988 7408msgid "Coiled Thong" 7409msgstr "" 7410 7411#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7412#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995 7413msgid "Seven Excellencies" 7414msgstr "Sept excellences" 7415 7416#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7417#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002 7418msgid "Celestial Discipline" 7419msgstr "Discipline céleste" 7420 7421#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7422#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009 7423msgid "Woman's Bed" 7424msgstr "Lit de femme" 7425 7426#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7427#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023 7428msgid "Horn" 7429msgstr "Corne" 7430 7431#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7432#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030 7433msgid "Flat Road" 7434msgstr "Route plate" 7435 7436#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7437#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037 7438#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492 7439msgid "Celestial Farmland" 7440msgstr "Terres agricoles célestes" 7441 7442#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7443#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044 7444msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men" 7445msgstr "Recommander des hommes vertueux" 7446 7447#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7448#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051 7449msgid "Tripod of the Zhou" 7450msgstr "" 7451 7452#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7453#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058 7454msgid "Celestial Gate" 7455msgstr "Porte céleste" 7456 7457#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7458#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065 7459msgid "Justice" 7460msgstr "Justice" 7461 7462#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7463#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072 7464msgid "Arsenal" 7465msgstr "Arsenal" 7466 7467#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7468#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079 7469#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227 7470msgid "Pillars" 7471msgstr "Piliers" 7472 7473#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7474#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086 7475msgid "Railings" 7476msgstr "" 7477 7478#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7479#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093 7480msgid "Southern Gate" 7481msgstr "Porte méridionale" 7482 7483#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7484#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107 7485msgid "Neck" 7486msgstr "Cou" 7487 7488#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7489#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114 7490msgid "Great Horn" 7491msgstr "Grande corne" 7492 7493#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7494#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121 7495msgid "Left Conductor" 7496msgstr "" 7497 7498#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7499#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128 7500msgid "Right Conductor" 7501msgstr "" 7502 7503#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7504#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135 7505msgid "Trials" 7506msgstr "Procès" 7507 7508#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7509#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142 7510msgid "Gate of Yang" 7511msgstr "Porte du Yang " 7512 7513#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7514#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149 7515msgid "Executions" 7516msgstr "Exécutions" 7517 7518#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7519#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163 7520msgid "Root" 7521msgstr "Racine" 7522 7523#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7524#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170 7525msgid "Celestial Milk" 7526msgstr "Lait céleste" 7527 7528#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7529#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177 7530msgid "Twinkling Indicator" 7531msgstr "" 7532 7533#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7534#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184 7535msgid "Celestial Lance" 7536msgstr "Lance céleste" 7537 7538#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7539#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191 7540msgid "Mattress of the Emperor" 7541msgstr "Matelas de l'empereur" 7542 7543#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7544#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198 7545msgid "Boats and Lake" 7546msgstr "Bateaux et lac" 7547 7548#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7549#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205 7550msgid "Battle Chariots" 7551msgstr "Chars de combat" 7552 7553#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7554#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212 7555msgid "Imperial Guards" 7556msgstr "Gardes impériaux" 7557 7558#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7559#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219 7560msgid "Chariots and Cavalry" 7561msgstr "Chars et cavalerie" 7562 7563#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7564#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226 7565msgid "Celestial Spokes" 7566msgstr "Rayons célestes" 7567 7568#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7569#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233 7570msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General" 7571msgstr "Chars et général de cavalerie" 7572 7573#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7574#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247 7575msgid "Room" 7576msgstr "Salle" 7577 7578#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7579#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254 7580msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)" 7581msgstr "" 7582 7583#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7584#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261 7585msgid "Door Bolt" 7586msgstr "Verrou de porte" 7587 7588#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7589#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268 7590msgid "Punishment" 7591msgstr "Châtiment" 7592 7593#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7594#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275 7595msgid "Eastern Door" 7596msgstr "Porte orientale" 7597 7598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7599#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282 7600msgid "Western Door" 7601msgstr "Porte occidentale" 7602 7603#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7604#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289 7605msgid "Solar Star" 7606msgstr "Étoile solaire" 7607 7608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7609#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310 7610#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69 7611msgid "Heart" 7612msgstr "Cœur" 7613 7614#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7615#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317 7616msgid "Group of Soldiers" 7617msgstr "Groupe de soldats" 7618 7619#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7620#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331 7621#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76 7622msgid "Tail" 7623msgstr "Queue" 7624 7625#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7626#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338 7627msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)" 7628msgstr "" 7629 7630#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7631#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345 7632msgid "Tortoise" 7633msgstr "Tortue" 7634 7635#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7636#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352 7637msgid "Celestial River" 7638msgstr "Rivière céleste" 7639 7640#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7641#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359 7642msgid "Fu Yue" 7643msgstr "" 7644 7645#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7646#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366 7647#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926 7648msgid "Fish" 7649msgstr "Poisson" 7650 7651#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7652#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380 7653msgid "Winnowing Basket" 7654msgstr "Panier de vannage" 7655 7656#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7657#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387 7658msgid "Chaff" 7659msgstr "Balle" 7660 7661#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7662#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394 7663#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730 7664msgid "Pestle" 7665msgstr "Pilon" 7666 7667#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408 7669msgid "Dipper" 7670msgstr "Cincle plongeur" 7671 7672#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7673#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415 7674msgid "Establishment" 7675msgstr "" 7676 7677#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422 7679msgid "Celestial Keyhole" 7680msgstr "Trou de serrure céleste" 7681 7682#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429 7684msgid "Market Officer" 7685msgstr "" 7686 7687#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7688#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436 7689msgid "River Turtle" 7690msgstr "" 7691 7692#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7693#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443 7694msgid "Celestial Cock" 7695msgstr "Coq céleste" 7696 7697#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450 7699msgid "Territory of Dog" 7700msgstr "" 7701 7702#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7703#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457 7704msgid "Celestial Spring" 7705msgstr "Printemps céleste" 7706 7707#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7708#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464 7709#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399 7710#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241 7711#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222 7712msgid "Dog" 7713msgstr "Grand Chien" 7714 7715#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7716#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471 7717msgid "Peasant" 7718msgstr "" 7719 7720#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7721#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485 7722msgid "Ox" 7723msgstr "" 7724 7725#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7726#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499 7727msgid "Nine Water Wells" 7728msgstr "" 7729 7730#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7731#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506 7732msgid "Drum at the River" 7733msgstr "" 7734 7735#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7736#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513 7737msgid "Weaving Girl" 7738msgstr "" 7739 7740#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7741#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520 7742msgid "Left Flag" 7743msgstr "" 7744 7745#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7746#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527 7747msgid "Right Flag" 7748msgstr "" 7749 7750#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7751#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534 7752msgid "Celestial Drumstick" 7753msgstr "" 7754 7755#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7756#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541 7757msgid "Network of Dykes" 7758msgstr "" 7759 7760#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7761#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548 7762msgid "Clepsydra Terrace" 7763msgstr "" 7764 7765#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7766#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555 7767msgid "Imperial Passageway" 7768msgstr "" 7769 7770#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7771#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569 7772msgid "Girl" 7773msgstr "" 7774 7775#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7776#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576 7777msgid "Twelve States" 7778msgstr "" 7779 7780#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7781#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583 7782msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear" 7783msgstr "" 7784 7785#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7786#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590 7787msgid "Rotten Gourd" 7788msgstr "" 7789 7790#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7791#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597 7792msgid "Good Gourd" 7793msgstr "" 7794 7795#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7796#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604 7797msgid "Celestial Ford" 7798msgstr "" 7799 7800#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7801#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611 7802msgid "Xi Zhong" 7803msgstr "Xi Zhong" 7804 7805#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7806#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618 7807msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves" 7808msgstr "" 7809 7810#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7811#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632 7812#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124 7813msgid "Emptiness" 7814msgstr "" 7815 7816#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7817#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639 7818msgid "Deified Judge of Life" 7819msgstr "" 7820 7821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7822#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646 7823msgid "Deified Judge of Rank" 7824msgstr "" 7825 7826#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7827#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653 7828msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune" 7829msgstr "" 7830 7831#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7832#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660 7833msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong" 7834msgstr "" 7835 7836#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7837#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667 7838msgid "Crying" 7839msgstr "Pleurs" 7840 7841#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7842#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674 7843msgid "Weeping" 7844msgstr "" 7845 7846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7847#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681 7848msgid "Celestial Ramparts" 7849msgstr "Remparts célestes" 7850 7851#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7852#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688 7853msgid "Decayed Mortar" 7854msgstr "" 7855 7856#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7857#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695 7858msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear" 7859msgstr "" 7860 7861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7862#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709 7863msgid "Rooftop" 7864msgstr "Toit" 7865 7866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7867#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716 7868msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)" 7869msgstr "" 7870 7871#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7872#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723 7873msgid "Humans" 7874msgstr "" 7875 7876#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7877#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737 7878msgid "Mortar" 7879msgstr "" 7880 7881#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7882#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744 7883msgid "Big Yard for Chariots" 7884msgstr "Grande cour pour les chars" 7885 7886#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7887#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751 7888msgid "Celestial Hook" 7889msgstr "Crochet céleste" 7890 7891#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7892#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758 7893msgid "Zaofu" 7894msgstr "Zaofu" 7895 7896#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7897#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765 7898msgid "Roofing" 7899msgstr "" 7900 7901#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7902#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772 7903msgid "Temple" 7904msgstr "Temple" 7905 7906#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7907#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779 7908msgid "Celestial Money" 7909msgstr "Argent céleste" 7910 7911#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7912#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793 7913msgid "Encampment" 7914msgstr "" 7915 7916#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7917#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800 7918msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)" 7919msgstr "" 7920 7921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7922#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807 7923msgid "Thunder and Lightning" 7924msgstr "" 7925 7926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7927#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814 7928msgid "Line of Ramparts" 7929msgstr "Ligne de remparts" 7930 7931#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7932#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821 7933msgid "Palace Guard" 7934msgstr "Garde du palais" 7935 7936#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7937#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828 7938msgid "Axe" 7939msgstr "" 7940 7941#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7942#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835 7943msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp" 7944msgstr "Porte septentrionale du camp militaire" 7945 7946#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7947#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842 7948msgid "Net for Catching Birds" 7949msgstr "" 7950 7951#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7952#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849 7953msgid "Materials for Making Tents" 7954msgstr "" 7955 7956#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7957#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856 7958msgid "Official for Materials Supply" 7959msgstr "Fonctionnaire de l'approvisionnement en matériaux" 7960 7961#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7962#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863 7963msgid "Flying Serpent" 7964msgstr "Serpent volant" 7965 7966#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7967#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877 7968#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145 7969msgid "Wall" 7970msgstr "Mur" 7971 7972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7973#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884 7974msgid "Thunderbolt" 7975msgstr "" 7976 7977#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7978#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891 7979msgid "Cloud and Rain" 7980msgstr "Nuage et pluie" 7981 7982#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7983#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898 7984msgid "Celestial Stable" 7985msgstr "Écurie céleste" 7986 7987#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7988#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905 7989msgid "Sickle" 7990msgstr "" 7991 7992#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7993#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912 7994msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings" 7995msgstr "Fonctionnaire des travaux de terrassement et des bâtiments" 7996 7997#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7998#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926 7999msgid "Legs" 8000msgstr "" 8001 8002#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8003#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933 8004msgid "Outer Fence" 8005msgstr "Clôture extérieure" 8006 8007#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8008#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940 8009msgid "Celestial Pigsty" 8010msgstr "" 8011 8012#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8013#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947 8014#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717 8015msgid "Master of Constructions" 8016msgstr "Maître des constructions" 8017 8018#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8019#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954 8020msgid "Southern Military Gate" 8021msgstr "Porte militaire méridionale" 8022 8023#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8024#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961 8025msgid "Flying Corridor" 8026msgstr "" 8027 8028#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8029#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968 8030msgid "Auxiliary Road" 8031msgstr "Route auxiliaire" 8032 8033#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8034#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975 8035msgid "Wang Liang" 8036msgstr "Wang Liang" 8037 8038#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8039#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982 8040msgid "Whip" 8041msgstr "" 8042 8043#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8044#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996 8045msgid "Bond" 8046msgstr "" 8047 8048#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8049#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003 8050msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest" 8051msgstr "Fonctionnaire chargé de la forêt" 8052 8053#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8054#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010 8055msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing" 8056msgstr "Fonctionnaire chargé de la pâture" 8057 8058#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8059#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017 8060msgid "Square Celestial Granary" 8061msgstr "Grenier céleste carré" 8062 8063#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8064#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024 8065msgid "Ricks of Grain" 8066msgstr "" 8067 8068#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8069#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031 8070msgid "Great General of Heaven" 8071msgstr "Grand général du paradis" 8072 8073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8074#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045 8075#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178 8076msgid "Stomach" 8077msgstr "Estomac" 8078 8079#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8080#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052 8081msgid "Celestial Foodstuff" 8082msgstr "Nourriture céleste" 8083 8084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8085#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059 8086msgid "Circular Celestial Granary" 8087msgstr "Grenier céleste circulaire" 8088 8089#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8090#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066 8091msgid "Mausoleum" 8092msgstr "Mausolée" 8093 8094#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8095#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073 8096msgid "Celestial Boat" 8097msgstr "Bateau céleste" 8098 8099#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8100#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080 8101msgid "Heap of Corpses" 8102msgstr "" 8103 8104#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8105#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087 8106msgid "Stored Water" 8107msgstr "" 8108 8109#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8110#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101 8111msgid "Hairy Head" 8112msgstr "" 8113 8114#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8115#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108 8116msgid "Celestial Concave" 8117msgstr "Concave céleste" 8118 8119#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8120#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115 8121msgid "Lunar Star" 8122msgstr "Étoile lunaire" 8123 8124#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8125#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122 8126msgid "Celestial Yin Force" 8127msgstr "" 8128 8129#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8130#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129 8131msgid "Hay" 8132msgstr "" 8133 8134#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8135#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136 8136msgid "Celestial Meadows" 8137msgstr "Prairies célestes" 8138 8139#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8140#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143 8141msgid "Rolled Tongue" 8142msgstr "" 8143 8144#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8145#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150 8146msgid "Celestial Slander" 8147msgstr "Calomnie céleste" 8148 8149#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8150#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157 8151msgid "Whetstone" 8152msgstr "" 8153 8154#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8155#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171 8156msgid "Net" 8157msgstr "" 8158 8159#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8160#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178 8161msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)" 8162msgstr "" 8163 8164#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8165#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185 8166msgid "Celestial Street" 8167msgstr "Rue céleste" 8168 8169#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8170#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192 8171msgid "Celestial Tally" 8172msgstr "" 8173 8174#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8175#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199 8176msgid "Feudal Kings" 8177msgstr "Rois féodaux" 8178 8179#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8180#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206 8181msgid "Celestial High Terrace" 8182msgstr "Haute terrasse céleste" 8183 8184#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8185#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213 8186msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects" 8187msgstr "Interprètes des neuf dialectes" 8188 8189#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8190#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220 8191msgid "Five Chariots" 8192msgstr "Cinq chars" 8193 8194#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8195#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234 8196msgid "Celestial Pier" 8197msgstr "Jetée céleste" 8198 8199#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8200#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241 8201msgid "Pool of Harmony" 8202msgstr "" 8203 8204#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8205#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248 8206msgid "Celestial Pass" 8207msgstr "Col céleste" 8208 8209#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8210#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255 8211msgid "Banner of Three Stars" 8212msgstr "Bannière des trois étoiles" 8213 8214#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8215#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262 8216msgid "Imperial Military Flag" 8217msgstr "Drapeau militaire impérial" 8218 8219#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8220#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269 8221msgid "Celestial Orchard" 8222msgstr "Verger céleste" 8223 8224#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8225#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283 8226msgid "Turtle Beak" 8227msgstr "" 8228 8229#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8230#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290 8231msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters" 8232msgstr "" 8233 8234#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8235#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297 8236msgid "Seat Flags" 8237msgstr "Drapeaux de siège" 8238 8239#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8240#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311 8241msgid "Three Stars" 8242msgstr "Trois étoiles" 8243 8244#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8245#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318 8246msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)" 8247msgstr "" 8248 8249#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8250#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325 8251msgid "Jade Well" 8252msgstr "Puits de Jade" 8253 8254#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8255#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332 8256msgid "Screen" 8257msgstr "" 8258 8259#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8260#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339 8261msgid "Military well" 8262msgstr "Puits militaire" 8263 8264#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8265#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346 8266msgid "Toilet" 8267msgstr "Toilette" 8268 8269#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8270#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353 8271msgid "Excrement" 8272msgstr "Excrément" 8273 8274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8275#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367 8276#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225 8277msgid "Well" 8278msgstr "Puits" 8279 8280#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8281#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374 8282msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)" 8283msgstr "" 8284 8285#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8286#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381 8287msgid "South River" 8288msgstr "Rivière méridionale" 8289 8290#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8291#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388 8292msgid "North River" 8293msgstr "Rivière septentrionale" 8294 8295#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8296#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395 8297msgid "Celestial Wine Cup" 8298msgstr "Coupe de vin céleste" 8299 8300#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8301#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402 8302msgid "Five Feudal Kings" 8303msgstr "Cinq rois féodaux" 8304 8305#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8306#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409 8307msgid "Accumulated Water" 8308msgstr "Eau accumulée" 8309 8310#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8311#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416 8312msgid "Pile of Firewood" 8313msgstr "" 8314 8315#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8316#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423 8317msgid "Official for Irrigation" 8318msgstr "Fonctionnaire de l'irrigation" 8319 8320#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8321#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430 8322msgid "Water Level" 8323msgstr "Niveau d'eau" 8324 8325#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8326#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437 8327msgid "Four Channels" 8328msgstr "" 8329 8330#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8331#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444 8332msgid "Market for Soldiers" 8333msgstr "Marché des soldats" 8334 8335#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8336#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451 8337msgid "Wild Cockerel" 8338msgstr "Coq sauvage" 8339 8340#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8341#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458 8342msgid "Grandfather" 8343msgstr "Grand-père" 8344 8345#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8346#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465 8347msgid "Son" 8348msgstr "Fils" 8349 8350#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8351#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472 8352msgid "Grandson" 8353msgstr "Petit-fils" 8354 8355#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8356#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479 8357msgid "Palace Gate" 8358msgstr "Porte du palais" 8359 8360#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8361#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486 8362msgid "Celestial Wolf" 8363msgstr "Loup céleste" 8364 8365#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8366#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493 8367msgid "Bow and Arrow" 8368msgstr "Arc et flèche " 8369 8370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8371#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500 8372msgid "Old Man" 8373msgstr "Vieil homme" 8374 8375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514 8377msgid "Ghosts" 8378msgstr "Fantômes" 8379 8380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8381#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521 8382#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933 8383msgid "Cumulative Corpses" 8384msgstr "" 8385 8386#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8387#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528 8388msgid "Beacon Fire" 8389msgstr "" 8390 8391#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8392#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535 8393msgid "Celestial Dog" 8394msgstr "Chien céleste" 8395 8396#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8397#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542 8398msgid "Outer Kitchen" 8399msgstr "Cuisine extérieure" 8400 8401#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8402#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549 8403msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple" 8404msgstr "Temple céleste du Dieu de la Terre" 8405 8406#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8407#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556 8408msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals" 8409msgstr "" 8410 8411#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8412#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570 8413#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239 8414msgid "Willow" 8415msgstr "Saule" 8416 8417#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8418#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577 8419msgid "Banner of Wine Shop" 8420msgstr "" 8421 8422#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8423#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598 8424msgid "Celestial Premier" 8425msgstr "" 8426 8427#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8428#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605 8429msgid "Celestial Cereals" 8430msgstr "" 8431 8432#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8433#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612 8434msgid "Xuanyuan" 8435msgstr "Xuanyuan" 8436 8437#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8438#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619 8439msgid "High Judge" 8440msgstr "Haut juge" 8441 8442#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8443#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633 8444msgid "Extended Net" 8445msgstr "" 8446 8447#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8448#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640 8449msgid "Celestial Temple" 8450msgstr "Temple céleste" 8451 8452#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8453#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654 8454#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260 8455msgid "Wings" 8456msgstr "Ailes" 8457 8458#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8459#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661 8460msgid "Dongou" 8461msgstr "Dongou" 8462 8463#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8464#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675 8465msgid "Chariot" 8466msgstr "Char" 8467 8468#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8469#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682 8470msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)" 8471msgstr "" 8472 8473#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8474#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689 8475msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)" 8476msgstr "" 8477 8478#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8479#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696 8480msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)" 8481msgstr "" 8482 8483#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8484#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703 8485msgid "Green Hill" 8486msgstr "" 8487 8488#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8489#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710 8490msgid "Military Gate" 8491msgstr "Porte militaire" 8492 8493#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8494#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724 8495msgid "House for Musical Instruments" 8496msgstr "" 8497 8498#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8499#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738 8500msgid "Sea and Mountain" 8501msgstr "Mer et montagne" 8502 8503#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8504#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745 8505msgid "Cross" 8506msgstr "Croix" 8507 8508#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8509#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752 8510msgid "Horse's Tail" 8511msgstr "Queue du cheval" 8512 8513#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8514#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759 8515msgid "Horse's Abdomen" 8516msgstr "Abdomen du cheval" 8517 8518#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8519#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766 8520msgid "Bee" 8521msgstr "Abeille" 8522 8523#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8524#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773 8525#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263 8526#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139 8527#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113 8528msgid "Triangle" 8529msgstr "Triangle" 8530 8531#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780 8533msgid "Exotic Bird" 8534msgstr "Oiseau exotique" 8535 8536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787 8538msgid "Peafowl" 8539msgstr "" 8540 8541#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8542#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794 8543msgid "Persia" 8544msgstr "" 8545 8546#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801 8548msgid "Snake's Tail" 8549msgstr "Queue du serpent" 8550 8551#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8552#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808 8553msgid "Snake's Abdomen" 8554msgstr "Abdomen du serpent" 8555 8556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8557#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815 8558msgid "Snake's Head" 8559msgstr "Tête du serpent" 8560 8561#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8562#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822 8563msgid "Bird's Beak" 8564msgstr "" 8565 8566#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8567#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829 8568msgid "Crane" 8569msgstr "" 8570 8571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8572#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836 8573msgid "Firebird" 8574msgstr "" 8575 8576#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8577#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843 8578msgid "Crooked Running Water" 8579msgstr "" 8580 8581#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8582#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850 8583msgid "White Patched Nearby" 8584msgstr "" 8585 8586#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8587#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857 8588msgid "White Patches Attached" 8589msgstr "" 8590 8591#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8592#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864 8593msgid "Goldfish" 8594msgstr "" 8595 8596#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8597#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871 8598msgid "Sea Rock" 8599msgstr "" 8600 8601#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8602#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878 8603msgid "Flying Fish" 8604msgstr "Poisson volant" 8605 8606#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8607#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885 8608msgid "Southern Boat" 8609msgstr "Bateau méridional" 8610 8611#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8612#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892 8613msgid "Little Dipper" 8614msgstr "" 8615 8616#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8617#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897 8618msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752." 8619msgstr "" 8620 8621#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8622#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898 8623msgid "" 8624"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the " 8625"parent Xingguan." 8626msgstr "" 8627 8628#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 8629#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901 8630msgid "Deep Space Objects" 8631msgstr "Objets du ciel profond" 8632 8633#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8634#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904 8635msgid "" 8636"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were " 8637"also included in the Xingguans." 8638msgstr "" 8639 8640#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8641#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905 8642msgid "Include the following:" 8643msgstr "" 8644 8645#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8646#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909 8647msgid "General name" 8648msgstr "Nom général" 8649 8650#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8651#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913 8652msgid "Nick name" 8653msgstr "Surnom" 8654 8655#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8656#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919 8657msgid "God's Palace" 8658msgstr "Palais de Dieu" 8659 8660#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8661#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920 8662msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster" 8663msgstr "" 8664 8665#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8666#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927 8667msgid "Ptolemy Cluster" 8668msgstr "" 8669 8670#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8671#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934 8672msgid "Beehive Cluster" 8673msgstr "" 8674 8675#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8676#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940 8677msgid "Arsenal Added I" 8678msgstr "" 8679 8680#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8681#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941 8682msgid "Omega Centauri" 8683msgstr "" 8684 8685#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8686#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947 8687msgid "Legs Mansion XXI" 8688msgstr "Loge lunaire de Kui XXI" 8689 8690#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8691#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948 8692msgid "Andromeda Galaxy" 8693msgstr "Galaxie d'Andromède" 8694 8695#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8696#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954 8697msgid "Sea and Mountain II" 8698msgstr "" 8699 8700#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8701#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955 8702msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae" 8703msgstr "" 8704 8705#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8706#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962 8707msgid "" 8708"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western " 8709"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: " 8710"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: " 8711"仪象考成)." 8712msgstr "" 8713 8714#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8715#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963 8716msgid "" 8717"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western " 8718"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced " 8719"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium " 8720"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference." 8721msgstr "" 8722 8723#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8724#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964 8725msgid "" 8726"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar " 8727"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)." 8728msgstr "" 8729 8730#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8731#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965 8732msgid "" 8733"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese " 8734"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: " 8735"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the " 8736"translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two " 8737"different Xingguans are the same." 8738msgstr "" 8739 8740#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8741#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966 8742msgid "" 8743"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP " 8744"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and " 8745"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending " 8746"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head " 8747"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)." 8748msgstr "" 8749 8750#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 8751#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967 8752msgid "" 8753"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because" 8754" thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are " 8755"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are " 8756"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names " 8757"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is " 8758"provided only to make star names readable." 8759msgstr "" 8760 8761#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8762#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972 8763msgid "" 8764"<a " 8765"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-" 8766"Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>" 8767msgstr "" 8768 8769#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8770#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973 8771msgid "" 8772"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA " 8773"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>" 8774msgstr "" 8775 8776#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8777#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974 8778msgid "" 8779"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese " 8780"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>" 8781msgstr "" 8782 8783#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8784#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975 8785msgid "" 8786"<a " 8787"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional" 8788" Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>" 8789msgstr "" 8790 8791#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8792#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976 8793msgid "" 8794"<a " 8795"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>" 8796msgstr "" 8797 8798#. a 8799#. href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive- 8800#. star-maps.html" 8801#. /a 8802#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 8803#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982 8804msgid "" 8805"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of " 8806"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star " 8807"maps (no longer available online)." 8808msgstr "" 8809 8810#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 8811#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983 8812msgid "" 8813"Sun Shuwei <a " 8814"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> " 8815"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based " 8816"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and " 8817"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description." 8818msgstr "" 8819 8820#. type: Content of: <h2> 8821#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1 8822msgid "Chinese Contemporary" 8823msgstr "Chinois contemporain" 8824 8825#. type: Content of: <p> 8826#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3 8827msgid "" 8828"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions " 8829"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western " 8830"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture " 8831"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value." 8832msgstr "" 8833 8834#. type: Content of: <p> 8835#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7 8836msgid "" 8837"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International " 8838"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific " 8839"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright" 8840" stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into " 8841"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy." 8842msgstr "" 8843 8844#. type: Content of: <h3> 8845#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9 8846msgid "star names" 8847msgstr "noms d'étoiles" 8848 8849#. type: Content of: <p> 8850#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11 8851msgid "" 8852"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. " 8853"More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign " 8854"astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be " 8855"translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars" 8856" that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, " 8857"which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special " 8858"astronomical significance." 8859msgstr "" 8860 8861#. type: Content of: <p> 8862#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12 8863msgid "" 8864"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and " 8865"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for " 8866"Stellarium</i>." 8867msgstr "" 8868 8869#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8870#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17 8871msgid "" 8872"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese " 8873"constellations </a> Wikipedia" 8874msgstr "" 8875 8876#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8877#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18 8878msgid "" 8879"<a " 8880"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional" 8881" Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia" 8882msgstr "" 8883 8884#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8885#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19 8886msgid "" 8887"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> " 8888"Wikipedia" 8889msgstr "" 8890 8891#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8892#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20 8893msgid "" 8894"<a " 8895"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation" 8896" image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope " 8897"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings." 8898msgstr "" 8899 8900#. type: Content of: <p> 8901#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25 8902msgid "" 8903"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a " 8904"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>." 8905msgstr "" 8906 8907#. type: Content of: <p> 8908#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26 8909msgid "" 8910"Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for " 8911"Stellarium</i>." 8912msgstr "" 8913 8914#. type: Content of: <p> 8915#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27 8916msgid "" 8917"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese " 8918"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>." 8919msgstr "" 8920 8921#. type: Content of: <h2> 8922#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1 8923msgid "Chinese Medieval" 8924msgstr "Chinois médiéval" 8925 8926#. type: Content of: <p> 8927#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3 8928msgid "" 8929"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years " 8930"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as " 8931"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese " 8932"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the " 8933"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for " 8934"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of " 8935"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD." 8936msgstr "" 8937 8938#. type: Content of: <h3> 8939#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5 8940msgid "Medieval Xingguans" 8941msgstr "Xingguans médiévaux" 8942 8943#. type: Content of: <p> 8944#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6 8945msgid "" 8946"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of " 8947"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar." 8948msgstr "" 8949 8950#. type: Content of: <p> 8951#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7 8952msgid "" 8953"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th" 8954" century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States " 8955"Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During " 8956"the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the " 8957"Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and" 8958" 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and " 8959"after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th " 8960"century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the " 8961"shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of" 8962" the constellations maintained the medieval style." 8963msgstr "" 8964 8965#. type: Content of: <p> 8966#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8 8967msgid "" 8968"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese " 8969"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major" 8970" star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements" 8971" measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were " 8972"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected " 8973"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used" 8974" mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance " 8975"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the " 8976"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for " 8977"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>." 8978msgstr "" 8979 8980#. type: Content of: <p> 8981#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9 8982msgid "" 8983"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue " 8984"in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars." 8985msgstr "" 8986 8987#. type: Content of: <p> 8988#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11 8989msgid "" 8990"Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)." 8991msgstr "" 8992 8993#. type: Content of: <p> 8994#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12 8995msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>" 8996msgstr "" 8997 8998#. type: Content of: <h3> 8999#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14 9000msgid "Restore Sky Map" 9001msgstr "Restaurer la carte du ciel" 9002 9003#. type: Content of: <p> 9004#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15 9005msgid "" 9006"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. " 9007"In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar " 9008"measurements, leaving a lot of data." 9009msgstr "" 9010 9011#. type: Content of: <p> 9012#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16 9013msgid "" 9014"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the " 9015"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's " 9016"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in " 9017"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan " 9018"Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book " 9019"<i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book." 9020msgstr "" 9021 9022#. type: Content of: <p> 9023#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17 9024msgid "" 9025"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined " 9026"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars " 9027"restored the sky map is somewhat different." 9028msgstr "" 9029 9030#. type: Content of: <p> 9031#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18 9032msgid "" 9033"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese " 9034"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)." 9035msgstr "" 9036 9037#. type: Content of: <p> 9038#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21 9039msgid "" 9040"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang," 9041msgstr "" 9042 9043#. type: Content of: <p><p> 9044#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22 9045msgid "" 9046"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin," 9047msgstr "" 9048 9049#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9050#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23 9051msgid "" 9052"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 " 9053"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun." 9054msgstr "" 9055 9056#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9057#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24 9058msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white." 9059msgstr "Taibai (太白), Vénus. Taibai signifie grand et blanc." 9060 9061#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9062#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25 9063msgid "" 9064"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is " 9065"confusing." 9066msgstr "" 9067"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. Les couleurs de Mars sont comme le feu et son mouvement " 9068"est déroutant." 9069 9070#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9071#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26 9072msgid "" 9073"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the " 9074"celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's " 9075"position as the standard of the chronology." 9076msgstr "" 9077"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. Signifie vieille étoile. Jupiter parcourt la sphère " 9078"céleste durant une semaine tous les 12 ans. Les anciens prirent la position " 9079"de Jupiter comme la norme de la chronologie." 9080 9081#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9082#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27 9083msgid "" 9084"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels " 9085"around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a" 9086" Lunar Mansion every year." 9087msgstr "" 9088 9089#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9090#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31 9091msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>" 9092msgstr "" 9093 9094#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9095#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32 9096msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>" 9097msgstr "" 9098 9099#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9100#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33 9101msgid "" 9102"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand " 9103"Historian</a>" 9104msgstr "" 9105 9106#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9107#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34 9108msgid "" 9109"<a " 9110"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese)" 9111" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>" 9112msgstr "" 9113 9114#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9115#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35 9116msgid "" 9117"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia -" 9118" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>" 9119msgstr "" 9120 9121#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9122#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36 9123msgid "" 9124"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese " 9125"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>" 9126msgstr "" 9127 9128#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3> 9129#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38 9130msgid "Reference" 9131msgstr "Référence" 9132 9133#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9134#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40 9135msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China" 9136msgstr "" 9137 9138#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9139#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41 9140msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens" 9141msgstr "" 9142 9143#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9144#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42 9145msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>" 9146msgstr "" 9147 9148#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9149#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43 9150msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>" 9151msgstr "" 9152 9153#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9154#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44 9155msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>" 9156msgstr "" 9157 9158#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9159#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45 9160msgid "<i>History of Song</i>" 9161msgstr "" 9162 9163#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p> 9164#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49 9165msgid "" 9166"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) " 9167". <a href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>" 9168msgstr "" 9169"Cette culture céleste est une contribution de l'utilisateur de Stellarium " 9170"<i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) . <a " 9171"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>" 9172 9173#. type: Content of: <h2> 9174#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1 9175msgid "Dakota" 9176msgstr "Dakota" 9177 9178#. type: Content of: <p> 9179#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2 9180msgid "" 9181"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of " 9182"north-central United States and Canada. Known as the Oceti Sakowin – " 9183"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands," 9184" two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic " 9185"distinctions. Well known for following the buffalo. The word D(N/L)akota " 9186"means \"Alliance\". Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation. The D(L)akota" 9187" Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the " 9188"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. " 9189"Lee, J. Rock, 2012. More details can be found in the constellation " 9190"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to " 9191"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map " 9192"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources." 9193msgstr "" 9194 9195#. type: Content of: <h3> 9196#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12 9197#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5 9198msgid "Celestial Objects" 9199msgstr "Objets célestes" 9200 9201#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9202#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14 9203msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & β Eridanus" 9204msgstr "" 9205 9206#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9207#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15 9208msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini" 9209msgstr "" 9210 9211#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9212#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16 9213msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9214msgstr "" 9215 9216#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9217#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17 9218msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9219msgstr "" 9220 9221#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9222#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18 9223msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9224msgstr "" 9225 9226#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9227#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19 9228msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades" 9229msgstr "" 9230 9231#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9232#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20 9233msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major" 9234msgstr "" 9235 9236#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9237#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21 9238msgid "" 9239"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper – inside " 9240"Bowl" 9241msgstr "" 9242 9243#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9244#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22 9245msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades" 9246msgstr "" 9247 9248#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9249#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23 9250msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper – Bowl stars" 9251msgstr "" 9252 9253#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9254#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24 9255msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper – Handle stars" 9256msgstr "" 9257 9258#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9259#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25 9260msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper" 9261msgstr "" 9262 9263#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9264#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26 9265msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper" 9266msgstr "" 9267 9268#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9269#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27 9270msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper" 9271msgstr "" 9272 9273#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9274#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28 9275msgid "" 9276"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>," 9277" North star, Polaris" 9278msgstr "" 9279 9280#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9281#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29 9282msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor" 9283msgstr "" 9284 9285#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9286#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30 9287msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus" 9288msgstr "" 9289 9290#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9291#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31 9292msgid "" 9293"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood – " 9294"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum" 9295msgstr "" 9296 9297#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9298#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32 9299msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces" 9300msgstr "" 9301 9302#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9303#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33 9304msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades" 9305msgstr "" 9306 9307#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9308#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34 9309msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus" 9310msgstr "" 9311 9312#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9313#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35 9314msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo" 9315msgstr "" 9316 9317#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9318#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36 9319msgid "" 9320"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi " 9321"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in " 9322"Bootes)" 9323msgstr "" 9324 9325#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9326#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37 9327msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star" 9328msgstr "" 9329 9330#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9331#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38 9332msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon" 9333msgstr "" 9334 9335#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9336#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39 9337msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon" 9338msgstr "" 9339 9340#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9341#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40 9342msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun" 9343msgstr "" 9344 9345#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9346#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41 9347msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus" 9348msgstr "" 9349 9350#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9351#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42 9352msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way" 9353msgstr "" 9354 9355#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9356#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43 9357msgid "" 9358"<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star" 9359msgstr "" 9360 9361#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9362#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44 9363msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe" 9364msgstr "" 9365 9366#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9367#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45 9368msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet" 9369msgstr "" 9370 9371#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9372#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52 9373msgid "" 9374"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota " 9375"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other " 9376"resources.</a>" 9377msgstr "" 9378 9379#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9380#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53 9381msgid "" 9382"<a " 9383"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-" 9384"top-" 9385"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12" 9386" " 9387"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota" 9388" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com" 9389msgstr "" 9390 9391#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9392#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54 9393#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45 9394msgid "" 9395"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main" 9396" webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other " 9397"resources.</a>" 9398msgstr "" 9399 9400#. type: Content of: <p> 9401#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58 9402msgid "" 9403"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of" 9404" <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at " 9405"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. " 9406"Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star " 9407"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map" 9408" Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by" 9409" A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke." 9410msgstr "" 9411 9412#. type: Content of: <p> 9413#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59 9414msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee." 9415msgstr "Illustrations des constellations par A. Lee." 9416 9417#. type: Content of: <p> 9418#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60 9419#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51 9420msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information." 9421msgstr "" 9422"Contacter A. Lee à l'adresse de courriel aslee@stcloudstate.edu pour plus " 9423"d'informations." 9424 9425#. type: Content of: <h2> 9426#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1 9427msgid "Egyptian" 9428msgstr "Égyptienne" 9429 9430#. type: Content of: <p> 9431#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2 9432msgid "" 9433"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The " 9434"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have " 9435"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah " 9436"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a " 9437"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point." 9438msgstr "" 9439 9440#. type: Content of: <p> 9441#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3 9442msgid "" 9443"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is " 9444"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales " 9445"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]." 9446msgstr "" 9447 9448#. type: Content of: <p> 9449#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4 9450msgid "" 9451"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that" 9452" some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the " 9453"constellations did change significantly over time [3]." 9454msgstr "" 9455 9456#. type: Content of: <p> 9457#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5 9458msgid "" 9459"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew " 9460"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the " 9461"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet " 9462"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was" 9463" \"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; " 9464"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the " 9465"Morning\" [7]." 9466msgstr "" 9467 9468#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9469#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9 9470msgid "" 9471"<a href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-" 9472"Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, <a " 9473"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-" 9474"Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform " 9475"Tablets, etc" 9476msgstr "" 9477 9478#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9479#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10 9480msgid "" 9481"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic " 9482"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?" 9483msgstr "" 9484 9485#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9486#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11 9487msgid "" 9488"<a " 9489"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>" 9490msgstr "" 9491 9492#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9493#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12 9494msgid "" 9495"<a " 9496"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>" 9497msgstr "" 9498 9499#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9500#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13 9501msgid "" 9502"<a " 9503"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>" 9504msgstr "" 9505 9506#. type: Content of: <p> 9507#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18 9508msgid "" 9509"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 9510"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian" 9511" Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte." 9512msgstr "" 9513 9514#. type: Content of: <p> 9515#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19 9516msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)" 9517msgstr "" 9518"Cette culture céleste a été mise à jour par misibacsi (noms des planètes)." 9519 9520#. type: Content of: <h1> 9521#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1 9522msgid "Greek (Almagest)" 9523msgstr "" 9524 9525#. type: Content of: <p> 9526#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3 9527msgid "" 9528"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of " 9529"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from " 9530"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius " 9531"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in " 9532"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical " 9533"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title " 9534"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek. The name <i>Almagest</i>, " 9535"meaning “The Largest [Book]”, was developed from Arabian " 9536"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by " 9537"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal " 9538"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we" 9539" made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright." 9540msgstr "" 9541 9542#. type: Content of: <p> 9543#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17 9544msgid "" 9545"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and " 9546"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations " 9547"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters). It" 9548" is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position" 9549" in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, " 9550"latitude, magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic " 9551"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the " 9552"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from" 9553" Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus’ catalog is not " 9554"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of " 9555"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible." 9556msgstr "" 9557"L’Almageste est un ouvrage en 13 parties. Dans les septième et huitième " 9558"livres, Ptolémée a répertorié 1022 étoiles dans 48 constellations (dont 5 " 9559"objets s’apparentant à une étoile, comme les amas globulaires). Il s’agit " 9560"d’un tableau montrant les coordonnées des étoiles ainsi qu’une description " 9561"de leur emplacement au sein de la constellation (par exemple, « l’étoile du " 9562"coude de X, longitude, latitude, magnitude »). Pour décrire la précession " 9563"des équinoxes, Ptolémée a utilisé le système de coordonnées écliptiques. De " 9564"plus, il a été un des premiers à inclure la magnitude, une échelle servant à" 9565" décrire de façon quantitative la luminosité d’une étoile et qui a " 9566"probablement été reprise des travaux d’Hipparque (ce qui n'est pas certain " 9567"puisque le catalogue d’Hipparque n’a pas été préservé). Sur cette échelle, " 9568"les étoiles les plus brillantes ont une magnitude de 1, tandis que les " 9569"étoiles les plus faibles ont une magnitude de 6." 9570 9571#. type: Content of: <p> 9572#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30 9573msgid "" 9574"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model " 9575"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, " 9576"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by " 9577"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the " 9578"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always " 9579"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's " 9580"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial " 9581"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the " 9582"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession " 9583"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore " 9584"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a " 9585"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude." 9586msgstr "" 9587 9588#. type: Content of: <h2> 9589#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43 9590msgid "How this sky culture was made" 9591msgstr "Comment fut créée cette culture céleste" 9592 9593#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 9594#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45 9595#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7 9596#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9 9597msgid "Star names" 9598msgstr "Noms d'étoiles" 9599 9600#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 9601#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47 9602msgid "" 9603"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15. " 9604"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on " 9605"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such " 9606"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for " 9607"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they " 9608"appear in the catalogue. For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi " 9609"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi). " 9610"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations " 9611"and IAU abbreviations. In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying" 9612" outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label." 9613" To see the long description for a given star, users should enable \"Use " 9614"additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and click on " 9615"the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the " 9616"screen." 9617msgstr "" 9618 9619#. type: Content of: <h3> 9620#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61 9621msgid "Constellation lines" 9622msgstr "" 9623 9624#. type: Content of: <p> 9625#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63 9626msgid "" 9627"The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:" 9628msgstr "" 9629"Le processus peut être décrit comme esquissé ici avec l'exemple du Corbeau :" 9630 9631#. type: Content of: <p> 9632#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66 9633msgid "" 9634"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), α Crv is the star in the " 9635""head of the raven". It is connected with the "star in the " 9636"neck", ε Crv. This one is connected with "the star in the" 9637" breast" ζ Crv. From there two lines go to the tips of the wings." 9638" γ Crv is the star in the advanced wing and δ Crv the star in " 9639"the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the " 9640""foot of the raven", the star β Crv." 9641msgstr "" 9642 9643#. type: Content of: <p> 9644#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77 9645msgid "" 9646"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we " 9647"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented " 9648"in the <i>Almagest</i>." 9649msgstr "" 9650"Après avoir identifié les étoiles en fonction de leurs coordonnées et de " 9651"leurs noms, nous avons reconnecté les étoiles selon les descriptions du " 9652"tableau présenté dans <i>l'Almageste</i>." 9653 9654#. type: Content of: <p> 9655#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81 9656msgid "" 9657"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, " 9658"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name " 9659""λαμπαδίας (The Torch-" 9660"like)" for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but " 9661"this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in " 9662"the Almagest." 9663msgstr "" 9664 9665#. type: Content of: <p> 9666#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87 9667msgid "" 9668"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and " 9669"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in " 9670"the reconstruction (column 6)." 9671msgstr "" 9672"Le tableau suivant présente le nom original de la constellation en grec et " 9673"sa traduction anglaise (colonnes 2 et 3) et indique nos incertitudes dans la" 9674" reconstruction (colonne 6)." 9675 9676#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9677#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93 9678#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17 9679msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>" 9680msgstr "<b>Abréviation</b>" 9681 9682#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9683#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94 9684msgid "<b>Original name</b>" 9685msgstr "<b>Nom d'origine</b>" 9686 9687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9688#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95 9689msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)" 9690msgstr "<b>Traduction</b> (directe)" 9691 9692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9693#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96 9694msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>" 9695msgstr "Nom (latin) UAI" 9696 9697#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9698#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97 9699msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>" 9700msgstr "<b>allusions à la constellation</b>" 9701 9702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9703#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98 9704msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>" 9705msgstr "<b>liberté artistique</b>" 9706 9707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9708#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103 9709msgid "Small She-Bear" 9710msgstr "" 9711 9712#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9713#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105 9714#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113 9715#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425 9716#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441 9717#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465 9718msgid "like IAU constellation" 9719msgstr "comme la constellation de l'UAI" 9720 9721#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9722#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111 9723#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31 9724msgid "Great She-Bear" 9725msgstr "" 9726 9727#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9728#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119 9729#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37 9730msgid "Dragon" 9731msgstr "Dragon" 9732 9733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9734#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121 9735msgid "" 9736"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head" 9737" is the tongue" 9738msgstr "" 9739"tous les triangles ou carrés sont des vertèbres ou des parties du corps ; la" 9740" ligne à la tête est la langue" 9741 9742#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9743#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127 9744#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35 9745msgid "Kepheus" 9746msgstr "Céphée" 9747 9748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9749#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129 9750msgid "king, upside down" 9751msgstr "roi, à l'envers" 9752 9753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9754#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130 9755msgid "" 9756"three head stars are tiara; β seen as part of the belt, although " 9757"Almagest says beneath belt" 9758msgstr "" 9759 9760#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9761#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135 9762msgid "Ploughman" 9763msgstr "Bouvier" 9764 9765#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9766#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137 9767msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (ω)" 9768msgstr "porte un bâton de berger à la main (ω)" 9769 9770#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9771#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138 9772msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star" 9773msgstr "" 9774 9775#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9776#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143 9777msgid "Crown" 9778msgstr "Couronne boréale" 9779 9780#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9781#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145 9782msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text" 9783msgstr "" 9784"comme la constellation UAI ; aucun détail pour les lignes dans le texte" 9785 9786#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9787#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151 9788#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61 9789msgid "Kneeler" 9790msgstr "Hercule" 9791 9792#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9793#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153 9794msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes" 9795msgstr "" 9796 9797#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9798#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154 9799msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star" 9800msgstr "" 9801 9802#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9803#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159 9804#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59 9805msgid "Lyre" 9806msgstr "Lyre" 9807 9808#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9809#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167 9810msgid "Bird" 9811msgstr "Cygne" 9812 9813#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9814#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169 9815msgid "swan with legs" 9816msgstr "cygne avec des pattes" 9817 9818#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9819#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170 9820msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail" 9821msgstr "Extrémités des ailes liées à la queue" 9822 9823#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9824#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175 9825msgid "Kassiepeia" 9826msgstr "Cassiopée" 9827 9828#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9829#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177 9830msgid "Queen sitting on a throne" 9831msgstr "Reine assise sur un trône" 9832 9833#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9834#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178 9835msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne" 9836msgstr "pour éviter toute confusion, nous n'avons pas dessiné le trône" 9837 9838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9839#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183 9840#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85 9841#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 9842msgid "Perseus" 9843msgstr "Persée" 9844 9845#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9846#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185 9847msgid "" 9848"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - >one of the " 9849"stars in the cluster was used for drawing" 9850msgstr "" 9851 9852#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9853#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186 9854msgid "" 9855"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more " 9856"spherical" 9857msgstr "" 9858 9859#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9860#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191 9861#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91 9862#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83 9863msgid "Charioteer" 9864msgstr "Cocher" 9865 9866#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9867#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193 9868msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem" 9869msgstr "porte un vêtement long ; vêtement limité par les épaules et l'ourlet" 9870 9871#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9872#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194 9873msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star" 9874msgstr "" 9875 9876#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9877#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199 9878msgid "Serpent Bearer" 9879msgstr "Serpentaire" 9880 9881#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9882#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201 9883msgid "has serpent in his hand" 9884msgstr "a un serpent dans sa main" 9885 9886#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9887#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202 9888msgid "a star added as neck star" 9889msgstr "" 9890 9891#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9892#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207 9893msgid "Snake" 9894msgstr "Serpent" 9895 9896#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9897#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209 9898msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head" 9899msgstr "" 9900"deux parties distinctes du serpent (tête et queue) ; le carré est la tête" 9901 9902#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9903#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215 9904#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103 9905msgid "Arrow" 9906msgstr "Flèche" 9907 9908#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9909#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217 9910msgid "Like IAU constellation, η Sge is missing" 9911msgstr "Comme la constellation UAI, η Sge est manquante" 9912 9913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9914#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223 9915#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109 9916msgid "Eagle" 9917msgstr "Aigle" 9918 9919#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9920#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225 9921msgid "" 9922"τ Aql as head star, β as neck, Altair is between shoulders, γ" 9923" and μ are shoulders" 9924msgstr "" 9925 9926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9927#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231 9928#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115 9929#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95 9930msgid "Dolphin" 9931msgstr "Dauphin" 9932 9933#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9934#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234 9935msgid "refined shape" 9936msgstr "forme affinée" 9937 9938#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9939#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239 9940#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121 9941msgid "Bust [of a horse]" 9942msgstr "Buste [d'un cheval]" 9943 9944#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9945#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247 9946msgid "Horse" 9947msgstr "Pégase" 9948 9949#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9950#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249 9951msgid "with mane and one wing" 9952msgstr "avec crinière et une aile" 9953 9954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9955#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255 9956msgid "Andromeda" 9957msgstr "Andromeda" 9958 9959#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9960#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257 9961msgid "dress and belt" 9962msgstr "robe et ceinture" 9963 9964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9965#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265 9966msgid "four given stars  middle star of one side" 9967msgstr "quatre étoiles données  étoile du milieu d'un côté" 9968 9969#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9970#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271 9971#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145 9972#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119 9973msgid "Ram" 9974msgstr "Ram" 9975 9976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9977#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273 9978msgid "turned head; only one horn" 9979msgstr "tête tournée; une seule corne" 9980 9981#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9982#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279 9983#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151 9984#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125 9985msgid "Bull" 9986msgstr "Taureau" 9987 9988#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9989#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281 9990msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer" 9991msgstr "" 9992"moitié du corps, seulement deux pattes visibles ; direction de la vue vers " 9993"l'observateur" 9994 9995#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9996#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287 9997#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157 9998#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137 9999msgid "Twins" 10000msgstr "Gémeaux" 10001 10002#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10003#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289 10004msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands" 10005msgstr "une étoile en commun ; se touchant l'un et l'autre avec les mains" 10006 10007#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10008#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295 10009msgid "Crab" 10010msgstr "Cancer" 10011 10012#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10013#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297 10014msgid "square body" 10015msgstr "corps carré" 10016 10017#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10018#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303 10019#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169 10020#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 10021msgid "Lion" 10022msgstr "Lion" 10023 10024#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10025#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305 10026msgid "opens jaw" 10027msgstr "ouvre la mâchoire" 10028 10029#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10030#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311 10031msgid "Maiden" 10032msgstr "Vierge" 10033 10034#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10035#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313 10036msgid "no separate head" 10037msgstr "pas de tête séparée" 10038 10039#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10040#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314 10041msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings" 10042msgstr "étoiles plus pâles ajoutées pour dessiner les ailes" 10043 10044#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10045#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319 10046msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]" 10047msgstr "Balance [du scorpion]" 10048 10049#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10050#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321 10051msgid "" 10052"Ptolemy always uses the term "claws", never "the " 10053"balance"." 10054msgstr "" 10055 10056#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10057#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327 10058#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187 10059msgid "Scorpion" 10060msgstr "Scorpion" 10061 10062#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10063#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330 10064msgid "arms added around the head: ν and ρ" 10065msgstr "bras ajoutés autour de la tête : ν et ρ" 10066 10067#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10068#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335 10069#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174 10070msgid "Archer" 10071msgstr "Sagittaire" 10072 10073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10074#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337 10075msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; „cloak“ behind" 10076msgstr "un centaure avec un arc devant ; „manteau“ derrière" 10077 10078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10079#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338 10080msgid "" 10081"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the " 10082"picture clear." 10083msgstr "" 10084"nous avons inclus de nombreuses étoiles pâles dans notre silhouette de bâton" 10085" afin de rendre l'image claire." 10086 10087#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10088#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343 10089msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn" 10090msgstr "Celui avec la corne de chèvre" 10091 10092#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10093#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345 10094msgid "fish tail; two legs visible" 10095msgstr "queue de poisson ; deux pattes visibles" 10096 10097#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10098#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351 10099msgid "Water-Carrier" 10100msgstr "Verseau" 10101 10102#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10103#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353 10104msgid "water out of jug" 10105msgstr "eau qui sort de la cruche" 10106 10107#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10108#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359 10109msgid "[2] Fish" 10110msgstr "[2] Poissons" 10111 10112#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10113#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362 10114msgid "" 10115"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we " 10116"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and τ Psc. Additional " 10117"change on tail fin: extended to ρ" 10118msgstr "" 10119 10120#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10121#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367 10122#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217 10123msgid "Sea Monster" 10124msgstr "Baleine" 10125 10126#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10127#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370 10128msgid "Body does not go through star τ, but through star υ" 10129msgstr "Le corps ne passe pas par l'étoile τ, mais par l'étoile υ" 10130 10131#. type: Content of: <h3> 10132#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375 10133#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223 10134#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10135#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116 10136#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22 10137msgid "Orion" 10138msgstr "Orion" 10139 10140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10141#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378 10142msgid "" 10143"The "head" is labeled as "nebulous" which means Ptolemy " 10144"interpreted φ<sub>1</sub>, φ<sub>2</sub>, and λ, together " 10145"with fainter stars between them as a "cluster" (or association " 10146"which is more extended than the modern "λ Ori Assoc."). " 10147"Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a " 10148"connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders." 10149msgstr "" 10150 10151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10152#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383 10153msgid "River [nameless]" 10154msgstr "Éridan" 10155 10156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10157#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385 10158msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter" 10159msgstr "Comme la constellation de l'UAI, mais plus courte" 10160 10161#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10162#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391 10163#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235 10164#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216 10165msgid "Hare" 10166msgstr "Lièvre" 10167 10168#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10169#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394 10170msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear" 10171msgstr "on a pris les « 4 étoiles sur l'oreille » comme oreille" 10172 10173#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10174#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407 10175msgid "The One before the Dog" 10176msgstr "Celui avant le Grand Chien" 10177 10178#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10179#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410 10180msgid "" 10181"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is "The One before the " 10182"Dog" or "Harbinger of Sirius" as Toomer puts it. However, " 10183"β CMi is called "the neck" (of whom is unknown). We drew a " 10184"little dog with γ and ε as head; α, β, η and " 10185"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with " 10186"δ<sub>2</sub> and δ<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634" 10187msgstr "" 10188 10189#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10190#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415 10191#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253 10192#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234 10193msgid "Ship "Argo"" 10194msgstr "Navire "Argo"" 10195 10196#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10197#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417 10198msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel" 10199msgstr "" 10200 10201#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10202#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418 10203msgid "" 10204"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape;" 10205" in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a " 10206"ship is painted." 10207msgstr "" 10208"De nombreuses étoiles, non intégrées dans la constellation, pour créer une " 10209"forme de bateau ; dans de nombreuses représentations (y compris l'ancien " 10210"globe Farnèse), seule la moitié d'un navire est peinte." 10211 10212#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10213#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423 10214msgid "Water Snake" 10215msgstr "Hydre" 10216 10217#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10218#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431 10219msgid "Krater (vessel)" 10220msgstr "Coupe (récipient)" 10221 10222#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10223#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434 10224msgid "" 10225"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or " 10226"vase: <a " 10227"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a>" 10228" Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (α Crt) and two handles " 10229"(η, θ Crt)" 10230msgstr "" 10231"une Coupe est un récipient grec spécial pour mélanger le vin, qui ressemble " 10232"à une amphore ou à un vase : <a " 10233"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crat%C3%A8re_(vase)</a>" 10234" Ptolémée ne décrit qu'une seule étoile au pied (α Crt) et deux " 10235"poignées (η, θ Crt)" 10236 10237#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10238#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439 10239msgid "Raven" 10240msgstr "Corbeau" 10241 10242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10243#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447 10244#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265 10245#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10246msgid "Kentauros" 10247msgstr "Centaure" 10248 10249#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10250#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450 10251msgid "" 10252"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of ω Cen (cluster) taken" 10253" as star on the back. ‘Thyrsus‘ not drawn (to avoid confusion), " 10254"backward arm added." 10255msgstr "" 10256"écart par rapport à la description : HIP 65373 - HD 116337, au lieu de " 10257"ω Cen (amas), prise comme étoile sur le dos. ‘Thyrsus‘ non" 10258" dessiné (pour éviter toute confusion), bras arrière ajouté." 10259 10260#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10261#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455 10262msgid "Beast" 10263msgstr "Loup" 10264 10265#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10266#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458 10267msgid "" 10268"β described as ‘End of hind leg‘ -> taken as star in the " 10269"belly; τ<sub>1</sub> as hindleg Χ removed from head, because " 10270"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg" 10271msgstr "" 10272"β décrite comme ‘fin de la patte arrière‘ -> en tant " 10273"qu'étoile dans le ventre ; τ<sub>1</sub> en tant que patte arrière, " 10274"Χ retirée de la tête, parce qu'autrement, il en résulte une absence de " 10275"forme ; HIP 73493 - HD 132604, en tant que patte avant." 10276 10277#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10278#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463 10279#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277 10280#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258 10281msgid "Altar" 10282msgstr "Autel" 10283 10284#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10285#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471 10286msgid "Southern Crown" 10287msgstr "Couronne australe" 10288 10289#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10290#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473 10291msgid "" 10292"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC " 10293"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in " 10294"Stellarium" 10295msgstr "" 10296 10297#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10298#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479 10299#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289 10300#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 10301msgid "Southern Fish" 10302msgstr "Poisson méridional" 10303 10304#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10305#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481 10306msgid "the fish is laying on his back" 10307msgstr "le poisson est étendu sur son dos" 10308 10309#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10310#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482 10311msgid "" 10312"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (β should be the tip of " 10313"the tail but we used it as its root)" 10314msgstr "" 10315"nous avons ajouté quelques étoiles pour marquer la queue comme telle (β" 10316" devrait être le bout de la queue mais nous l'avons utilisé comme sa racine)" 10317 10318#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10319#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488 10320msgid "" 10321"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, " 10322"1990" 10323msgstr "" 10324 10325#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10326#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489 10327#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295 10328#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284 10329msgid "" 10330"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, " 10331"Leipzig, 1898" 10332msgstr "" 10333 10334#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10335#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490 10336msgid "" 10337"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, " 10338"2017" 10339msgstr "" 10340 10341#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10342#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491 10343#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297 10344#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286 10345msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984" 10346msgstr "" 10347 10348#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10349#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492 10350msgid "" 10351"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 10352"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 10353"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006" 10354msgstr "" 10355 10356#. type: Content of: <p> 10357#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497 10358msgid "" 10359"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide " 10360"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited " 10361"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND " 10362"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without " 10363"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!" 10364msgstr "" 10365"Cette culture céleste trouve son origine dans une année de recherche d'un " 10366"étudiant. Nous la fournissons gratuitement, mais les auteurs de " 10367"contributions méritent certainement d'être cités selon les règles communes. " 10368"Cette culture céleste est fournie sous licence publique internationale CC " 10369"BY-ND 4.0 (partage à l'identique, ne pas la modifier sans consultation de " 10370"ses contributeurs, citer les contributeurs). Merci !" 10371 10372#. type: Content of: <h2> 10373#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502 10374msgid "Thanks" 10375msgstr "Merci" 10376 10377#. type: Content of: <p> 10378#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503 10379msgid "" 10380"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading " 10381"and interesting discussions." 10382msgstr "" 10383"Les auteurs remercient Patrick Gleason et Georg Zotti pour leur relecture en" 10384" anglais et les discussions intéressantes." 10385 10386#. type: Content of: <p> 10387#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506 10388msgid "" 10389"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea " 10390"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-" 10391"uraniae.com" 10392msgstr "" 10393"Cette culture céleste a été compilée et ajoutée à Stellarium par Alina " 10394"Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern et Susanne M. Hoffmann : " 10395"service@uhura-uraniae.com" 10396 10397#. type: Content of: <p> 10398#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507 10399msgid "Written in English: the authors" 10400msgstr "Rédaction en anglais : les auteurs" 10401 10402#. type: Content of: <h1> 10403#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1 10404msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue" 10405msgstr "" 10406 10407#. type: Content of: <p> 10408#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2 10409msgid "" 10410"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the " 10411"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd " 10412"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model," 10413" which itself has not survived." 10414msgstr "" 10415 10416#. type: Content of: <p> 10417#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3 10418msgid "" 10419"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter" 10420" of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point " 10421"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics" 10422" and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in " 10423"\"latitude circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles " 10424"provide a four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers " 10425"used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings." 10426msgstr "" 10427 10428#. type: Content of: <p> 10429#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4 10430msgid "" 10431"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who " 10432"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 " 10433"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular " 10434"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star " 10435"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, " 10436"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic " 10437"representations speak against it." 10438msgstr "" 10439 10440#. type: Content of: <p> 10441#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6 10442msgid "" 10443"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel " 10444"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>" 10445msgstr "" 10446 10447#. type: Content of: <p> 10448#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7 10449msgid "" 10450"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything " 10451"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the " 10452"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, " 10453"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north " 10454"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. " 10455"Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of " 10456"the dragon are missing." 10457msgstr "" 10458 10459#. type: Content of: <h2> 10460#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9 10461msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?" 10462msgstr "" 10463 10464#. type: Content of: <p> 10465#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10 10466msgid "" 10467"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble " 10468"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the " 10469"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that " 10470"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. " 10471"Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble " 10472"globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to " 10473"point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the " 10474"historical stonemason." 10475msgstr "" 10476 10477#. type: Content of: <p> 10478#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11 10479msgid "" 10480"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the " 10481"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the " 10482"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was" 10483" written in Greek as scientific literature." 10484msgstr "" 10485 10486#. type: Content of: <p> 10487#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12 10488msgid "" 10489"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a " 10490"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, " 10491"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star " 10492"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show " 10493"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region " 10494"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar " 10495"distortions in the Scorpion." 10496msgstr "" 10497 10498#. type: Content of: <p> 10499#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13 10500msgid "" 10501"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in " 10502"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe." 10503msgstr "" 10504 10505#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10506#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18 10507msgid "<b>Original Name</b>" 10508msgstr "" 10509 10510#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10511#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19 10512#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23 10513msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)" 10514msgstr "" 10515 10516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10517#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20 10518#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24 10519msgid "<b>Picture</b>" 10520msgstr "" 10521 10522#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10523#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25 10524msgid "Little She-Bear" 10525msgstr "" 10526 10527#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10528#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26 10529#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32 10530#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104 10531#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140 10532#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156 10533#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163 10534#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247 10535#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253 10536#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265 10537msgid "missing" 10538msgstr "" 10539 10540#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10541#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38 10542msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted" 10543msgstr "" 10544 10545#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10546#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43 10547msgid "King Kepheus" 10548msgstr "" 10549 10550#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10551#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49 10552msgid "Ploughing Man" 10553msgstr "" 10554 10555#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10556#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55 10557msgid "Wreath" 10558msgstr "" 10559 10560#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10561#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67 10562msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)" 10563msgstr "" 10564 10565#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10566#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73 10567#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65 10568msgid "Bird [not specified]" 10569msgstr "" 10570 10571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10572#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79 10573#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71 10574msgid "Queen Kassiepeia" 10575msgstr "" 10576 10577#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10578#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97 10579msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake" 10580msgstr "" 10581 10582#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10583#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122 10584msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)" 10585msgstr "" 10586 10587#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10588#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127 10589msgid "Horse [unnamed]" 10590msgstr "" 10591 10592#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10593#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133 10594#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107 10595msgid "Princess Andromeda" 10596msgstr "" 10597 10598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10599#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163 10600#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143 10601msgid "Cancer" 10602msgstr "Cancer" 10603 10604#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10605#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175 10606#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155 10607msgid "Young Lady" 10608msgstr "" 10609 10610#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10611#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181 10612msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]" 10613msgstr "" 10614 10615#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10616#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193 10617msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)" 10618msgstr "" 10619 10620#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10621#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199 10622msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat" 10623msgstr "" 10624 10625#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10626#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205 10627msgid "Water-Pourer" 10628msgstr "" 10629 10630#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10631#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211 10632msgid "Two Fishes" 10633msgstr "" 10634 10635#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10636#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229 10637msgid "River [unnamed]" 10638msgstr "" 10639 10640#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10641#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247 10642msgid "The asterism before the Dog" 10643msgstr "" 10644 10645#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10646#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248 10647msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]" 10648msgstr "" 10649 10650#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10651#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259 10652msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven" 10653msgstr "" 10654 10655#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10656#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271 10657msgid "Monster" 10658msgstr "" 10659 10660#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10661#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283 10662msgid "Southern Wreath" 10663msgstr "" 10664 10665#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10666#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290 10667msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]" 10668msgstr "" 10669 10670#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10671#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296 10672#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285 10673msgid "" 10674"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, " 10675"2017" 10676msgstr "" 10677 10678#. type: Content of: <p> 10679#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300 10680#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289 10681msgid "" 10682"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be " 10683"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC " 10684"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do " 10685"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!" 10686msgstr "" 10687 10688#. type: Content of: <p> 10689#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303 10690msgid "" 10691"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann " 10692"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)." 10693msgstr "" 10694 10695#. type: Content of: <h5> 10696#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 10697msgid "the author" 10698msgstr "" 10699 10700#. type: Content of: <h1> 10701#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1 10702msgid "Leiden Aratea" 10703msgstr "" 10704 10705#. type: Content of: <p> 10706#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2 10707msgid "" 10708"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are " 10709"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden " 10710"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious" 10711" (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)." 10712msgstr "" 10713 10714#. type: Content of: <p> 10715#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3 10716msgid "" 10717"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz " 10718"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is " 10719"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by " 10720"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to" 10721" graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic " 10722"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures " 10723"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations." 10724msgstr "" 10725 10726#. type: Content of: <p> 10727#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4 10728msgid "" 10729"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a " 10730"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only " 10731"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure" 10732" is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold " 10733"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of " 10734"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay" 10735" discusses her proposed identifications in detail." 10736msgstr "" 10737 10738#. type: Content of: <p> 10739#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6 10740msgid "" 10741"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images" 10742" Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>" 10743msgstr "" 10744 10745#. type: Content of: <h2> 10746#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8 10747msgid "How this Sky Culture was made" 10748msgstr "" 10749 10750#. type: Content of: <p> 10751#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9 10752msgid "" 10753"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the " 10754"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications)." 10755" Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the " 10756"astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be " 10757"locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be " 10758"distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the " 10759"illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was " 10760"possible." 10761msgstr "" 10762 10763#. type: Content of: <p> 10764#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10 10765msgid "" 10766"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and " 10767"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts " 10768"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the " 10769"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be " 10770"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in " 10771"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark " 10772"colours) is shown in the table below." 10773msgstr "" 10774 10775#. type: Content of: <p> 10776#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11 10777msgid "" 10778"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup," 10779" Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky. Both, Virgo and Centaur are " 10780"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the " 10781"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir). The artist of the Leiden Aratea never " 10782"mapped the images onto the stars. In order to make these depictions " 10783"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and " 10784"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from " 10785"the Almagest. The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd " 10786"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem " 10787"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture. Both, the Almagest " 10788"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea " 10789"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork." 10790msgstr "" 10791 10792#. type: Content of: <p> 10793#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17 10794msgid "" 10795"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in " 10796"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the " 10797"manuscript." 10798msgstr "" 10799 10800#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10801#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21 10802msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>" 10803msgstr "" 10804 10805#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10806#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22 10807msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>" 10808msgstr "" 10809 10810#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10811#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29 10812msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)" 10813msgstr "" 10814 10815#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10816#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41 10817msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)" 10818msgstr "" 10819 10820#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10821#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47 10822msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)" 10823msgstr "" 10824 10825#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10826#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53 10827msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)" 10828msgstr "" 10829 10830#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10831#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53 10832msgid "" 10833"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this " 10834"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, " 10835"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees " 10836"are the same." 10837msgstr "" 10838 10839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10840#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 10841#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 10842#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 10843#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10844#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234 10845msgid "mirrored depiction" 10846msgstr "" 10847 10848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10849#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87 10850#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88 10851#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166 10852#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167 10853msgid "and" 10854msgstr "" 10855 10856#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10857#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89 10858msgid "Eagle with Arrow" 10859msgstr "" 10860 10861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10862#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95 10863msgid "" 10864"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation " 10865"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe)" 10866" depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why " 10867"I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea." 10868msgstr "" 10869 10870#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10871#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101 10872msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)" 10873msgstr "" 10874 10875#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10876#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119 10877msgid "" 10878"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was " 10879"in spring)." 10880msgstr "" 10881 10882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10883#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131 10884msgid "The Pleiades" 10885msgstr "" 10886 10887#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10888#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131 10889msgid "or Seven Sisters" 10890msgstr "" 10891 10892#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10893#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143 10894msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>" 10895msgstr "" 10896 10897#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10898#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155 10899msgid "" 10900"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are " 10901"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the " 10902"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the" 10903" second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing." 10904msgstr "" 10905 10906#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10907#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161 10908msgid "" 10909"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in" 10910" a style epoch of Babylonian revival)," 10911msgstr "" 10912 10913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10914#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162 10915msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)" 10916msgstr "" 10917 10918#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10919#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162 10920msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area." 10921msgstr "" 10922 10923#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10924#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 10925msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)" 10926msgstr "" 10927 10928#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10929#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180 10930msgid "The Goat-Horned One" 10931msgstr "" 10932 10933#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10934#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186 10935msgid "Water Pourer" 10936msgstr "" 10937 10938#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10939#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186 10940msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)" 10941msgstr "" 10942 10943#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10944#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192 10945msgid "Fishes" 10946msgstr "" 10947 10948#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10949#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198 10950msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus" 10951msgstr "" 10952 10953#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10954#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10955msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>" 10956msgstr "" 10957 10958#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10959#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10960msgid "" 10961"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from " 10962"his own single-page painting." 10963msgstr "" 10964 10965#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10966#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210 10967msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);" 10968msgstr "" 10969 10970#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10971#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210 10972msgid "here a river god is depicted" 10973msgstr "" 10974 10975#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10976#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216 10977msgid "" 10978"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the " 10979"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately " 10980"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between " 10981"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The " 10982"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation " 10983"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare " 10984"between Orion's legs.</i>" 10985msgstr "" 10986 10987#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10988#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222 10989msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog" 10990msgstr "" 10991 10992#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10993#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10994msgid "The star in front of the dog" 10995msgstr "" 10996 10997#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10998#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10999msgid "" 11000"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by " 11001"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is" 11002" a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized." 11003msgstr "" 11004 11005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11006#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240 11007msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven" 11008msgstr "" 11009 11010#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11011#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 11012msgid "" 11013"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: " 11014"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation " 11015"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted" 11016msgstr "" 11017 11018#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11019#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 11020msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)" 11021msgstr "" 11022 11023#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11024#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252 11025msgid "monster" 11026msgstr "" 11027 11028#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11029#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252 11030msgid "" 11031"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone " 11032"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is " 11033"missing here)." 11034msgstr "" 11035 11036#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11037#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264 11038msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)" 11039msgstr "" 11040 11041#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11042#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 11043msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)" 11044msgstr "" 11045 11046#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11047#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 11048msgid "" 11049"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. " 11050"That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of" 11051" the original red-purple one." 11052msgstr "" 11053 11054#. type: Content of: <h3> 11055#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276 11056msgid "For the Aratea itself:" 11057msgstr "" 11058 11059#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11060#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278 11061msgid "" 11062"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des " 11063"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der " 11064"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016" 11065msgstr "" 11066 11067#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11068#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279 11069msgid "" 11070"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book," 11071" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37" 11072msgstr "" 11073 11074#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11075#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280 11076msgid "" 11077"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea — " 11078"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, " 11079"Malibu California, 1988" 11080msgstr "" 11081 11082#. type: Content of: <h3> 11083#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282 11084msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue" 11085msgstr "" 11086 11087#. type: Content of: <p> 11088#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292 11089msgid "" 11090"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann " 11091"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with " 11092"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium " 11093"Jena." 11094msgstr "" 11095 11096#. type: Content of: <h5> 11097#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294 11098msgid "the authors" 11099msgstr "" 11100 11101#. type: Content of: <h2> 11102#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1 11103msgid "Hawaiian Starlines" 11104msgstr "Constellations hawaïennes" 11105 11106#. type: Content of: <p> 11107#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2 11108msgid "" 11109"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the " 11110"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using " 11111"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of " 11112"miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the " 11113"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing. " 11114"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help " 11115"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing " 11116"the sky into four evenly sized star lines." 11117msgstr "" 11118 11119#. type: Content of: <h2> 11120#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8 11121msgid "History" 11122msgstr "Histoire" 11123 11124#. type: Content of: <p> 11125#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9 11126msgid "" 11127"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for " 11128"many generations. Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation " 11129"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s. Polynesian " 11130"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975. Hokule’a " 11131"is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art " 11132"of way finding. A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a " 11133"master navigator/wayfinder. The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky " 11134"to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors. Nainoa Thompson, " 11135"current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to " 11136"him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the " 11137"Hawaiians. With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass " 11138"and star lines were created." 11139msgstr "" 11140 11141#. type: Content of: <h2> 11142#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19 11143msgid "Star Lines" 11144msgstr "Constellations" 11145 11146#. type: Content of: <p> 11147#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20 11148msgid "" 11149"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the " 11150"navigators. The stars connect making constellations. Navigators remember " 11151"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each " 11152"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South. The star lines’" 11153" position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more" 11154" prevalent at night according to the season. The star lines with their " 11155"according season are as follows:" 11156msgstr "" 11157 11158#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11159#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27 11160msgid "November to April" 11161msgstr "Novembre à avril" 11162 11163#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11164#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28 11165msgid "April to July" 11166msgstr "Avril à juillet" 11167 11168#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11169#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29 11170msgid "May to October" 11171msgstr "Mai à octobre" 11172 11173#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11174#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30 11175msgid "September to February" 11176msgstr "Septembre à février" 11177 11178#. type: Content of: <p> 11179#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35 11180msgid "" 11181"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines " 11182"are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> " 11183"(Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky. In voyaging" 11184" a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls." 11185msgstr "" 11186 11187#. type: Content of: <p> 11188#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38 11189msgid "" 11190"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are " 11191"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> " 11192"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius). These stars" 11193" connect together to create the bailer in the sky. Mintaka in Orion is an " 11194"important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west " 11195"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction. Mirzim (next to " 11196"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) " 11197"connect together to create a southern pointer. <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> " 11198"(θ Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (β Aur, Menkalinan)" 11199" connect to create a northern pointer. Different north/south pointers are " 11200"found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators." 11201msgstr "" 11202 11203#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11204#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46 11205msgid "" 11206"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-" 11207"lizard). This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or " 11208"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture. It can also be representing a " 11209"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation." 11210msgstr "" 11211 11212#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11213#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50 11214msgid "" 11215"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the " 11216"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always " 11217"above north. <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big " 11218"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars " 11219"in the Big Dipper. <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> " 11220"(Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line. The two PVS " 11221"canoes are named after these two stars. <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” " 11222"star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the " 11223"latitude of the Hawaiian Islands. <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to " 11224"navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i. The meaning of " 11225"<em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to " 11226"find home bringing joy. Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a " 11227"combination of four stars that create a box. <em>Me’e</em> connects down to" 11228" <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for " 11229"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>." 11230msgstr "" 11231 11232#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11233#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61 11234msgid "" 11235"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to " 11236"the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook. Maui is credited for " 11237"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook." 11238msgstr "" 11239 11240#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11241#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64 11242msgid "" 11243"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on " 11244"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south. The Navigator’s Triangle is " 11245"made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and " 11246"<em>Humu</em> (Altair). (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for " 11247"modern amateur astronomers.) These stars also represent the Polynesian " 11248"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa " 11249"(<em>Humu</em>). These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui " 11250"(Scorpius)." 11251msgstr "" 11252 11253#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11254#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70 11255msgid "" 11256"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect " 11257"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (γ Cyg, Sadr). " 11258"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> " 11259"(δ Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (π Sco, Nur), the stars on the " 11260"top of the hook." 11261msgstr "" 11262 11263#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11264#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74 11265msgid "" 11266"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a " 11267"great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which" 11268" was lost as a child." 11269msgstr "" 11270 11271#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11272#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76 11273msgid "" 11274"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird " 11275"(<em>Fregata Minor</em>). The shape of this constellation (which is " 11276"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known " 11277"for leading voyagers to land. The center of the star line is the Kite of " 11278"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus). The four stars that make the" 11279" kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> " 11280"(δ Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (β Peg, Scheat), " 11281"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (γ Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (α Peg, " 11282"Markab). All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then " 11283"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (β Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and " 11284"<em>Kukaniloko</em> (α PsA, Fomalhaut)." 11285msgstr "" 11286 11287#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11288#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83 11289msgid "" 11290"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (δ Peg, " 11291"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (β Cas, Caph) of " 11292"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>. The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> " 11293"(α Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (α PsA, Fomalhaut)." 11294msgstr "" 11295 11296#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11297#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88 11298msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>" 11299msgstr "" 11300 11301#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11302#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89 11303msgid "" 11304"<a " 11305"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian" 11306" Voyaging Society</a>" 11307msgstr "" 11308 11309#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11310#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90 11311msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>" 11312msgstr "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>" 11313 11314#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11315#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91 11316msgid "" 11317"<a " 11318"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian" 11319" Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>" 11320msgstr "" 11321"<a " 11322"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Constellations" 11323" hawaïennes et noms des étoiles</a>" 11324 11325#. type: Content of: <p><p> 11326#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94 11327msgid "" 11328"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this " 11329"skyculture is available at the <a " 11330"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> " 11331"collection." 11332msgstr "" 11333 11334#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2> 11335#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96 11336msgid "Background and Acknowledgements" 11337msgstr "Contexte et remerciements" 11338 11339#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11340#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98 11341msgid "" 11342"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of " 11343"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa " 11344"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from " 11345"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage" 11346" of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a " 11347"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for" 11348" practicing Polynesian navigation." 11349msgstr "" 11350 11351#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11352#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102 11353msgid "" 11354"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was " 11355"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, " 11356"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial " 11357"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork" 11358" by Kealoha Kaneakua." 11359msgstr "" 11360 11361#. type: Content of: <h2> 11362#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1 11363msgid "Indian Vedic" 11364msgstr "Indienne védique" 11365 11366#. type: Content of: <p> 11367#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2 11368msgid "" 11369"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to " 11370"Nakṣatra-s." 11371msgstr "" 11372"Culture céleste védique avec quelques constellations communément connues, " 11373"liées aux Nakshatras." 11374 11375#. type: Content of: <p> 11376#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6 11377msgid "" 11378"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical " 11379"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is " 11380"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)." 11381msgstr "" 11382 11383#. type: Content of: <p> 11384#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7 11385msgid "" 11386"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding " 11387"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their " 11388"original locations to account for precession." 11389msgstr "" 11390 11391#. type: Content of: <p> 11392#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8 11393msgid "" 11394"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar " 11395"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months " 11396"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' " 11397"names." 11398msgstr "" 11399 11400#. type: Content of: <p> 11401#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11 11402msgid "" 11403"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately " 11404"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full " 11405"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the " 11406"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is " 11407"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the " 11408"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they " 11409"are also technically constellations." 11410msgstr "" 11411 11412#. type: Content of: <p> 11413#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12 11414msgid "" 11415"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the " 11416"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a " 11417"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11418"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this page</a>)" 11419msgstr "" 11420 11421#. type: Content of: <p> 11422#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13 11423msgid "" 11424"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and " 11425"the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual " 11426"which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some " 11427"scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, " 11428"the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic " 11429"period." 11430msgstr "" 11431 11432#. type: Content of: <p> 11433#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14 11434msgid "" 11435"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same " 11436"constellations and stars (Example: <a " 11437"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on " 11438"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others " 11439"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological " 11440"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, " 11441"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See " 11442"references below.)" 11443msgstr "" 11444 11445#. type: Content of: <p> 11446#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15 11447msgid "" 11448"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which " 11449"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a " 11450"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra " 11451"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in " 11452"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people " 11453"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most " 11454"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months " 11455"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year." 11456msgstr "" 11457 11458#. type: Content of: <p> 11459#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16 11460msgid "" 11461"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by " 11462"their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation " 11463"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual " 11464"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose " 11465"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)." 11466msgstr "" 11467 11468#. type: Content of: <h3> 11469#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18 11470msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\"" 11471msgstr "" 11472 11473#. type: Content of: <p> 11474#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19 11475msgid "" 11476"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to " 11477"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun " 11478"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as " 11479"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name " 11480"of vedic days originated from these planet's names." 11481msgstr "" 11482 11483#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11484#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11485msgid "Graha" 11486msgstr "" 11487 11488#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11489#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11490#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45 11491msgid "Designation" 11492msgstr "Désignation" 11493 11494#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11495#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11496msgid "Name of Solar days" 11497msgstr "Nom des jours solaires" 11498 11499#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11500#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11501msgid "(Sun)" 11502msgstr "" 11503 11504#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11505#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11506msgid "Sun God" 11507msgstr "Dieu Soleil" 11508 11509#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11510#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11511msgid "(Sunday)" 11512msgstr "" 11513 11514#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11515#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11516msgid "(Moon)" 11517msgstr "" 11518 11519#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11520#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11521msgid "Moon god" 11522msgstr "Dieu Lune" 11523 11524#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11525#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11526msgid "(Monday)" 11527msgstr "" 11528 11529#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11530#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11531msgid "(Mars)" 11532msgstr "" 11533 11534#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11535#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11536msgid "God of war" 11537msgstr "Dieu de la guerre" 11538 11539#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11540#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11541msgid "(Tuesday)" 11542msgstr "" 11543 11544#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11545#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11546msgid "(Mercury)" 11547msgstr "" 11548 11549#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11550#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11551msgid "Son of Moon" 11552msgstr "Fils de la Lune" 11553 11554#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11555#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11556msgid "(Wednesday)" 11557msgstr "" 11558 11559#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11560#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11561msgid "(Jupiter)" 11562msgstr "" 11563 11564#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11565#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11566msgid "Teacher of Gods" 11567msgstr "Enseignant des Dieux" 11568 11569#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11570#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11571msgid "(Thursday)" 11572msgstr "" 11573 11574#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11575#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11576msgid "(Venus)" 11577msgstr "" 11578 11579#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11580#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11581msgid "Mentor of Demons" 11582msgstr "Mentor des démons" 11583 11584#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11585#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11586msgid "(Friday)" 11587msgstr "" 11588 11589#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11590#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11591msgid "(Saturn)" 11592msgstr "" 11593 11594#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11595#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11596msgid "God of Misfortune" 11597msgstr "Dieu du malheur" 11598 11599#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11600#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11601msgid "(Saturday)" 11602msgstr "" 11603 11604#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11605#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 11606#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31 11607msgid "lunar node" 11608msgstr "nœud lunaire" 11609 11610#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11611#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 11612#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31 11613msgid "-" 11614msgstr "-" 11615 11616#. type: Content of: <h4> 11617#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36 11618msgid "General" 11619msgstr "Général" 11620 11621#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11622#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38 11623msgid "" 11624"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" class='external text' " 11625"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia" 11626msgstr "" 11627"Article « <a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" " 11628"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> » sur Wikipédia en " 11629"sanskrit" 11630 11631#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11632#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39 11633msgid "" 11634"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' " 11635"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia" 11636msgstr "" 11637"Article « <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external" 11638" text' rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> » sur Wikipédia en anglais" 11639 11640#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11641#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40 11642msgid "" 11643"<a " 11644"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11645"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' " 11646"rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>" 11647msgstr "" 11648"<a " 11649"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11650"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' " 11651"rel=\"nofollow\">Historique du rapport du comité « Calendar-Panchanga »</a>" 11652 11653#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11654#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41 11655msgid "" 11656"<a " 11657"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\"" 11658" class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and " 11659"Abhijit\"</a>" 11660msgstr "" 11661"<a " 11662"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\"" 11663" class='external text'> « Période possible de la conception de " 11664"« Nakshatras » et de « Abhijit » »</a>" 11665 11666#. type: Content of: <h4> 11667#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44 11668msgid "Mythology" 11669msgstr "Mythologie" 11670 11671#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 11672#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45 11673msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org." 11674msgstr "" 11675"Une grande partie de ce qui suit est disponible en ligne gratuitement sur " 11676"archive.org." 11677 11678#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11679#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48 11680msgid "" 11681"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata" 11682" Index, Vedic Indix" 11683msgstr "" 11684"Références secondaires telles que : Encyclopédie Purana, index du Purana, " 11685"index du Mahabharata, indiques védiques" 11686 11687#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11688#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49 11689#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54 11690msgid "Vedas, Agamas" 11691msgstr "Védas, Agamas" 11692 11693#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11694#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50 11695msgid "" 11696"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" " 11697"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala " 11698"Gangadhar Tilak</a>" 11699msgstr "" 11700 11701#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11702#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51 11703msgid "" 11704"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external " 11705"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>" 11706msgstr "" 11707 11708#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11709#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52 11710msgid "" 11711"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" " 11712"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar " 11713"Tilak</a>" 11714msgstr "" 11715 11716#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11717#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53 11718msgid "" 11719"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external " 11720"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de " 11721"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>" 11722msgstr "" 11723 11724#. type: Content of: <h3> 11725#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58 11726msgid "Contributors" 11727msgstr "Contributeurs" 11728 11729#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11730#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60 11731msgid "Tanmoy Saha" 11732msgstr "Tanmoy Saha" 11733 11734#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11735#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61 11736msgid "" 11737"Contributors from the <a href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-" 11738"coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a " 11739"href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>." 11740msgstr "" 11741 11742#. type: Content of: <h2> 11743#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1 11744msgid "Inuit" 11745msgstr "Inuit" 11746 11747#. type: Content of: <p> 11748#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2 11749msgid "" 11750"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of " 11751"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, " 11752"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit " 11753"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in " 11754"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic " 11755"universe." 11756msgstr "" 11757 11758#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11759#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27 11760msgid "" 11761"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-" 11762"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and " 11763"Legend</a> book at amazon.com" 11764msgstr "" 11765 11766#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11767#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28 11768msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>" 11769msgstr "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipédia</a>" 11770 11771#. type: Content of: <p> 11772#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32 11773msgid "" 11774"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 11775"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: " 11776"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald." 11777msgstr "" 11778 11779#. type: Content of: <p> 11780#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34 11781msgid "" 11782"Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License." 11783msgstr "" 11784"Les illustrations ont été réalisées par Johan Meuris et publiées sous la " 11785"licence « Free Art License »." 11786 11787#. type: Content of: <h2> 11788#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1 11789msgid "Japanese Moon Stations" 11790msgstr "Stations lunaires japonaises" 11791 11792#. type: Content of: <p> 11793#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2 11794msgid "" 11795"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was " 11796"closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean" 11797" and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is " 11798"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), " 11799"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and " 11800"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each " 11801"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei " 11802"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\". The moon " 11803"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun" 11804" and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been " 11805"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are" 11806" obscure and even controversial." 11807msgstr "" 11808 11809#. type: Content of: <p> 11810#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10 11811msgid "" 11812"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" " 11813"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent" 11814" some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent " 11815"anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move" 11816" in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some" 11817" scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being " 11818"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but " 11819"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun " 11820"through seasons." 11821msgstr "" 11822 11823#. type: Content of: <p> 11824#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15 11825msgid "" 11826"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated " 11827"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the " 11828"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, " 11829"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the " 11830"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not " 11831"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now." 11832msgstr "" 11833 11834#. type: Content of: <p> 11835#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19 11836msgid "" 11837"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield " 11838"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this " 11839"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed " 11840"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather" 11841" complex." 11842msgstr "" 11843 11844#. type: Content of: <p> 11845#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22 11846msgid "" 11847"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of " 11848"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended " 11849"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike " 11850"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the " 11851"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature." 11852msgstr "" 11853 11854#. type: Content of: <p> 11855#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25 11856msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan." 11857msgstr "" 11858 11859#. type: Content of: <p> 11860#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26 11861msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>" 11862msgstr "" 11863 11864#. type: Content of: <h3> 11865#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28 11866msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)" 11867msgstr "Le Dragon azur de l'Est (printemps)" 11868 11869#. type: Content of: <p> 11870#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29 11871msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"." 11872msgstr "" 11873 11874#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11875#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33 11876#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95 11877#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156 11878#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217 11879msgid "Chinese Character" 11880msgstr "" 11881 11882#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11883#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34 11884#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96 11885#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157 11886#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218 11887msgid "Meaning" 11888msgstr "Signification" 11889 11890#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11891#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35 11892#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97 11893#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158 11894#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219 11895msgid "Key Star" 11896msgstr "" 11897 11898#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11899#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36 11900#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98 11901#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159 11902#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220 11903msgid "Japanese Name" 11904msgstr "Nom japonais" 11905 11906#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11907#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41 11908msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner" 11909msgstr "Corne(s), peut-être angle, coin" 11910 11911#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11912#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48 11913msgid "Neck, Throat" 11914msgstr "Cou, gorge" 11915 11916#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11917#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55 11918msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base" 11919msgstr "" 11920 11921#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11922#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56 11923#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63 11924#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84 11925#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186 11926#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207 11927#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233 11928msgid "sometimes" 11929msgstr "" 11930 11931#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11932#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62 11933msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts" 11934msgstr "" 11935 11936#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11937#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83 11938msgid "Basket" 11939msgstr "" 11940 11941#. type: Content of: <h3> 11942#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90 11943msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)" 11944msgstr "La « Genbu » (tortue noire) du Nord (hiver)" 11945 11946#. type: Content of: <p> 11947#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91 11948msgid "" 11949"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\"" 11950" (also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)." 11951msgstr "" 11952"Les 7 stations lunaires du « Nord » (Genbu) ou « tortue noire de l'hiver » " 11953"(également désignée comme « sombre » ou guerrier « noir »)." 11954 11955#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11956#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103 11957msgid "Dipper; Measure" 11958msgstr "" 11959 11960#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11961#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110 11962msgid "Cow" 11963msgstr "" 11964 11965#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11966#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117 11967msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid" 11968msgstr "" 11969 11970#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11971#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131 11972msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep" 11973msgstr "" 11974 11975#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11976#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138 11977msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment" 11978msgstr "" 11979 11980#. type: Content of: <h3> 11981#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151 11982msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)" 11983msgstr "Le Tigre blanc de l'Ouest (automne)" 11984 11985#. type: Content of: <p> 11986#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152 11987msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"." 11988msgstr "Les 7 stations lunaires de l'« Ouest » ou « Tigre blanc »." 11989 11990#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11991#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164 11992msgid "Stride, Foot" 11993msgstr "" 11994 11995#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11996#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171 11997msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows" 11998msgstr "" 11999 12000#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12001#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185 12002msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\"" 12003msgstr "" 12004 12005#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12006#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192 12007msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain" 12008msgstr "" 12009 12010#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12011#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199 12012msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head" 12013msgstr "" 12014 12015#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12016#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206 12017msgid "Investigator, Three" 12018msgstr "Enquêteur, trois" 12019 12020#. type: Content of: <h3> 12021#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212 12022msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)" 12023msgstr "L'Oiseau rouge méridional (été)" 12024 12025#. type: Content of: <p> 12026#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213 12027msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"." 12028msgstr "" 12029 12030#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12031#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232 12032msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost" 12033msgstr "" 12034 12035#. type: Content of: <h3> 12036#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246 12037#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25 12038msgid "Stars" 12039msgstr "Étoiles" 12040 12041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12042#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253 12043msgid "Stretched Net" 12044msgstr "" 12045 12046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12047#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267 12048msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto" 12049msgstr "" 12050 12051#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a> 12052#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275 12053msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan" 12054msgstr "" 12055 12056#. type: Content of: <h2> 12057#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1 12058msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi" 12059msgstr "" 12060 12061#. type: Content of: <p> 12062#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2 12063msgid "" 12064"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian " 12065"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. " 12066"They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country. " 12067"Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an " 12068"extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s." 12069msgstr "" 12070 12071#. type: Content of: <h3> 12072#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4 12073msgid "Background" 12074msgstr "" 12075 12076#. type: Content of: <p> 12077#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5 12078msgid "" 12079"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project" 12080" by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. " 12081"Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the " 12082"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of" 12083" a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study " 12084"Guide. Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate" 12085" certain sky objects." 12086msgstr "" 12087 12088#. type: Content of: <h2> 12089#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7 12090msgid "Cultural objects" 12091msgstr "Objets culturels" 12092 12093#. type: Content of: <h3> 12094#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9 12095msgid "Gawaargay" 12096msgstr "" 12097 12098#. type: Content of: <p> 12099#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10 12100msgid "" 12101"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal " 12102"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the " 12103"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius. The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it " 12104"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males. From " 12105"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males " 12106"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs. In the evening" 12107" in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two " 12108"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected. Later in the year, it " 12109"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, " 12110"meaning the waterholes are full. When it is below the horizon, then it is " 12111"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen." 12112msgstr "" 12113 12114#. type: Content of: <h3> 12115#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12 12116msgid "Birringoloo" 12117msgstr "" 12118 12119#. type: Content of: <p> 12120#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13 12121msgid "" 12122"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits" 12123" by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women " 12124"with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah " 12125"(Heaven behind Warrambul). They wait at this camp until all their girl " 12126"children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to " 12127"Bulimah." 12128msgstr "" 12129 12130#. type: Content of: <h3> 12131#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15 12132msgid "Yarran" 12133msgstr "" 12134 12135#. type: Content of: <p> 12136#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16 12137msgid "" 12138"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, " 12139"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to" 12140" die (and the Cockatoos). It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the " 12141"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots " 12142"spreading around. When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through " 12143"the hollow of the Yarran." 12144msgstr "" 12145 12146#. type: Content of: <h3> 12147#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18 12148msgid "Old Wiringin" 12149msgstr "" 12150 12151#. type: Content of: <p> 12152#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19 12153msgid "" 12154"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor. This Wiringin located " 12155"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to " 12156"Bulimah. If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, " 12157"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in " 12158"the Large Magellanic Cloud. This birth spirit will send the unitiated back " 12159"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated. This Wiringin is " 12160"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)." 12161msgstr "" 12162 12163#. type: Content of: <h3> 12164#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21 12165msgid "Birray Birray" 12166msgstr "" 12167 12168#. type: Content of: <p> 12169#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22 12170msgid "" 12171"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the " 12172"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star " 12173"cluster. They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this" 12174" they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of " 12175"Orion. Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker. " 12176"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is " 12177"Aldebaran." 12178msgstr "" 12179 12180#. type: Content of: <h3> 12181#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24 12182msgid "Miyay Miyay" 12183msgstr "" 12184 12185#. type: Content of: <p> 12186#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25 12187msgid "" 12188"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the" 12189" sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins " 12190"or other bad persons. They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one " 12191"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars. They are protected from the " 12192"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran." 12193msgstr "" 12194 12195#. type: Content of: <h3> 12196#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27 12197msgid "Old Dthillar" 12198msgstr "" 12199 12200#. type: Content of: <p> 12201#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28 12202msgid "" 12203"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, " 12204"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) " 12205"in the Pleiades. Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha " 12206"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray " 12207"Birray. The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri" 12208" is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)." 12209msgstr "" 12210 12211#. type: Content of: <h3> 12212#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30 12213msgid "Wamba Wamba" 12214msgstr "" 12215 12216#. type: Content of: <p> 12217#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31 12218msgid "" 12219"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\". In this case, the star Canopus is " 12220"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is " 12221"told. The planet Venus is also called Wamba. One speculation is that both " 12222"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to " 12223"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results" 12224" in rapid changes in colour. This might be interpreted as madness." 12225msgstr "" 12226 12227#. type: Content of: <h3> 12228#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33 12229msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan" 12230msgstr "" 12231 12232#. type: Content of: <p> 12233#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34 12234msgid "" 12235"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic " 12236"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies. She \"sings\" the " 12237"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old " 12238"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to " 12239"Earth as babies." 12240msgstr "" 12241 12242#. type: Content of: <h3> 12243#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36 12244msgid "Bandaarr" 12245msgstr "" 12246 12247#. type: Content of: <p> 12248#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37 12249msgid "" 12250"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located " 12251"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu. " 12252"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has" 12253" significance in ceremony." 12254msgstr "" 12255 12256#. type: Content of: <h3> 12257#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39 12258msgid "Muraay Muyaay" 12259msgstr "" 12260 12261#. type: Content of: <p> 12262#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40 12263msgid "" 12264"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo," 12265" who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri). They " 12266"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged " 12267"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran." 12268msgstr "" 12269 12270#. type: Content of: <h3> 12271#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42 12272msgid "Warrawilbaarru" 12273msgstr "" 12274 12275#. type: Content of: <p> 12276#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43 12277msgid "" 12278"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation " 12279"Scorpius. Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September " 12280"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during " 12281"September, and doesn't go back until around March. During this time he is " 12282"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to " 12283"children and uninitiated men." 12284msgstr "" 12285 12286#. type: Content of: <p> 12287#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46 12288msgid "" 12289"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi " 12290"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" " 12291"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>." 12292msgstr "" 12293 12294#. type: Content of: <h2> 12295#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1 12296msgid "Korean" 12297msgstr "Coréennes" 12298 12299#. type: Content of: <h3> 12300#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2 12301msgid "Origin" 12302msgstr "Origine" 12303 12304#. type: Content of: <p> 12305#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3 12306msgid "" 12307"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and " 12308"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun " 12309"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map" 12310" and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their " 12311"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations " 12312"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty " 12313"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C." 12314msgstr "" 12315 12316#. type: Content of: <p> 12317#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5 12318msgid "" 12319"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on" 12320" the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which " 12321"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map " 12322"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about" 12323" 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese " 12324"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only" 12325" about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of " 12326"the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the " 12327"southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with " 12328"respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations " 12329"were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that " 12330"there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. " 12331"The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at" 12332" a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation " 12333"are like." 12334msgstr "" 12335 12336#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 12337#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9 12338msgid "" 12339"<a " 12340"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang " 12341"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>" 12342msgstr "" 12343 12344#. type: Content of: <p><p> 12345#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13 12346msgid "" 12347"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a " 12348"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>" 12349msgstr "" 12350 12351#. type: Content of: <h2> 12352#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1 12353msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)" 12354msgstr "" 12355 12356#. type: Content of: <p> 12357#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3 12358msgid "" 12359"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people" 12360" of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic " 12361"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French " 12362"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak" 12363" a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family—one of the " 12364"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic" 12365" relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of " 12366"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and" 12367" gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups " 12368"that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono " 12369"have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 " 12370"years.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has " 12371"intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono" 12372" language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in " 12373"subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of " 12374"<em>medicine-men</em>—the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge," 12375" most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the " 12376"modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what" 12377" the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned " 12378"in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the" 12379" combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining " 12380"their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented " 12381"here includes only identified constellations but the following description " 12382"provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge " 12383"including information extracted from historical sources about all the " 12384"celestial objects named in the table below." 12385msgstr "" 12386 12387#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption> 12388#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7 12389msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects" 12390msgstr "" 12391 12392#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12393#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9 12394msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>" 12395msgstr "" 12396 12397#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12398#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10 12399msgid "Literal translation in English" 12400msgstr "Traduction littérale en anglais" 12401 12402#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12403#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11 12404msgid "Approximate location" 12405msgstr "Emplacement approximatif" 12406 12407#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12408#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30 12409msgid "Path of the carriers of clay" 12410msgstr "" 12411 12412#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12413#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40 12414msgid "Scores of stars" 12415msgstr "" 12416 12417#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12418#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45 12419msgid "Shining star" 12420msgstr "" 12421 12422#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12423#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50 12424msgid "Grill" 12425msgstr "" 12426 12427#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12428#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51 12429msgid "Pegasus" 12430msgstr "Pegasus" 12431 12432#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12433#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55 12434msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda" 12435msgstr "" 12436 12437#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12438#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56 12439msgid "unclear" 12440msgstr "" 12441 12442#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12443#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60 12444msgid "Spirit of the capibara" 12445msgstr "" 12446 12447#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12448#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61 12449#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96 12450#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111 12451#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131 12452#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136 12453#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141 12454#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146 12455#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151 12456#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156 12457#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161 12458#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166 12459#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171 12460#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176 12461#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181 12462#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186 12463#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191 12464#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196 12465#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201 12466#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206 12467#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211 12468#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216 12469msgid "unknown" 12470msgstr "" 12471 12472#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12473#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65 12474msgid "Man without a thigh" 12475msgstr "" 12476 12477#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12478#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70 12479msgid "Jaw of the tapir" 12480msgstr "" 12481 12482#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12483#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71 12484#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67 12485msgid "Hyades" 12486msgstr "" 12487 12488#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12489#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75 12490msgid "Spirit of the black curassow" 12491msgstr "" 12492 12493#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12494#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76 12495msgid "Crux" 12496msgstr "" 12497 12498#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12499#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80 12500msgid "Hunter" 12501msgstr "" 12502 12503#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12504#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81 12505msgid "α Centauri" 12506msgstr "" 12507 12508#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12509#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85 12510msgid "Torch" 12511msgstr "" 12512 12513#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12514#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86 12515msgid "β Centauri" 12516msgstr "" 12517 12518#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12519#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90 12520msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron" 12521msgstr "" 12522 12523#. type: Content of: <h3> 12524#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91 12525#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18 12526msgid "Ursa Major" 12527msgstr "Ursa Major" 12528 12529#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12530#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95 12531msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron" 12532msgstr "" 12533 12534#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12535#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100 12536msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish" 12537msgstr "" 12538 12539#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12540#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101 12541msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco" 12542msgstr "λ Sco et υ Sco" 12543 12544#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12545#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105 12546msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle" 12547msgstr "Esprit de la tortue marine verte" 12548 12549#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12550#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106 12551msgid "Hercules" 12552msgstr "Hercules" 12553 12554#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12555#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110 12556msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise" 12557msgstr "" 12558 12559#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12560#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115 12561msgid "Spirit of the blue crab" 12562msgstr "" 12563 12564#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12565#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120 12566msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck" 12567msgstr "" 12568 12569#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12570#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125 12571msgid "Spirit of the awara palm" 12572msgstr "" 12573 12574#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12575#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130 12576msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi" 12577msgstr "" 12578 12579#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12580#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135 12581msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti" 12582msgstr "" 12583 12584#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12585#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140 12586msgid "Spirit of the jaguar" 12587msgstr "" 12588 12589#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12590#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145 12591msgid "Spirit of the ocelot" 12592msgstr "" 12593 12594#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12595#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150 12596msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth" 12597msgstr "" 12598 12599#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12600#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155 12601msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth" 12602msgstr "Esprit du paresseux à deux doigts" 12603 12604#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12605#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160 12606msgid "Spirit of the green iguana" 12607msgstr "Esprit de l'iguane vert" 12608 12609#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12610#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165 12611msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot" 12612msgstr "" 12613 12614#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12615#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170 12616msgid "Spirit of the marail guan" 12617msgstr "" 12618 12619#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12620#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175 12621msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo" 12622msgstr "" 12623 12624#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12625#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180 12626msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin" 12627msgstr "" 12628 12629#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12630#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185 12631msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki" 12632msgstr "" 12633 12634#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12635#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190 12636msgid "Spirit of the scorpion" 12637msgstr "" 12638 12639#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12640#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195 12641msgid "Spirit of the parrot" 12642msgstr "Esprit du perroquet" 12643 12644#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12645#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200 12646msgid "Spirit of a tortoise" 12647msgstr "" 12648 12649#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12650#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205 12651msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow" 12652msgstr "" 12653 12654#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12655#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210 12656msgid "Spirit of the gun" 12657msgstr "" 12658 12659#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12660#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215 12661msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle" 12662msgstr "" 12663 12664#. type: Content of: <h3> 12665#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221 12666msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction" 12667msgstr "" 12668 12669#. type: Content of: <p> 12670#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222 12671msgid "" 12672"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical " 12673"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. " 12674"However, it was the medicine-men in particular—the spiritual leaders " 12675"of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>—who were required to master the " 12676"various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for " 12677"passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to " 12678"another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first " 12679"accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:" 12680msgstr "" 12681 12682#. type: Content of: <p> 12683#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223 12684msgid "" 12685"<em>“old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses " 12686"designed for their meetings and […] recount the traditions and " 12687"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those " 12688"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember" 12689" the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner " 12690"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, " 12691"and stars.”</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>" 12692msgstr "" 12693 12694#. type: Content of: <p> 12695#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224 12696msgid "" 12697"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as " 12698"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be " 12699"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been " 12700"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today." 12701" Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by " 12702"early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples" 12703" of which is illustrated below." 12704msgstr "" 12705 12706#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption> 12707#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229 12708msgid "" 12709"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a " 12710"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>" 12711msgstr "" 12712 12713#. type: Content of: <p> 12714#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233 12715msgid "" 12716"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar" 12717" knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial " 12718"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a " 12719"mention, namely:" 12720msgstr "" 12721 12722#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12723#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235 12724msgid "" 12725"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous " 12726"groups." 12727msgstr "" 12728 12729#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12730#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236 12731msgid "" 12732"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial " 12733"bodies." 12734msgstr "" 12735 12736#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12737#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237 12738msgid "" 12739"the use of the term <em>koya</em> ‘spirit’ in the names of " 12740"numerous constellations." 12741msgstr "" 12742"l'utilisation du terme ‘esprit’ <em>koya</em> dans les noms de " 12743"nombreuses constellations." 12744 12745#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12746#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238 12747msgid "" 12748"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> ‘star, year’ and the " 12749"lack of other astronomical terms." 12750msgstr "" 12751"l'utilisation du terme général ‘étoile, année’ <em>wiwa</em> et " 12752"le manque d'autres termes astronomiques." 12753 12754#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12755#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239 12756msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono." 12757msgstr "" 12758 12759#. type: Content of: <h3> 12760#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243 12761msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge" 12762msgstr "1. Partage des connaissances guyanaises" 12763 12764#. type: Content of: <p> 12765#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244 12766msgid "" 12767"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous" 12768" peoples, the Kari’na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, " 12769"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not " 12770"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and " 12771"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also " 12772"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, " 12773"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This" 12774" speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of " 12775"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual " 12776"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these " 12777"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further " 12778"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these " 12779"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono " 12780"ethnoastronomy." 12781msgstr "" 12782 12783#. type: Content of: <h3> 12784#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246 12785msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions" 12786msgstr "2. Traditions orales stellaires" 12787 12788#. type: Content of: <p> 12789#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247 12790msgid "" 12791"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell" 12792" of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, " 12793"and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation " 12794"<em>Hithikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the black curassow’, for instance," 12795" is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> " 12796"‘Hunter’ and <em>Alêti</em> ‘Torch’, all three" 12797" of which have Kari’na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral " 12798"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main " 12799"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation " 12800"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in " 12801"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the " 12802"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are " 12803"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial " 12804"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and" 12805" the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono " 12806"astronomical knowledge is justified." 12807msgstr "" 12808 12809#. type: Content of: <h3> 12810#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249 12811msgid "3. Calendar of spirits" 12812msgstr "3. Calendrier des esprits" 12813 12814#. type: Content of: <p> 12815#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250 12816msgid "" 12817"The term <em>koya</em> ‘spirit’, found in numerous constellation" 12818" names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key" 12819" feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, " 12820"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding " 12821"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when" 12822" the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to " 12823"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the " 12824"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best " 12825"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and " 12826"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where " 12827"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called " 12828"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of " 12829"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red " 12830"acouchi’ would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place " 12831"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation " 12832"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the " 12833"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the " 12834"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed." 12835msgstr "" 12836 12837#. type: Content of: <h3> 12838#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252 12839msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year" 12840msgstr "" 12841 12842#. type: Content of: <p> 12843#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253 12844msgid "" 12845"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, " 12846"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. " 12847"</em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as " 12848"something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it " 12849"is used, for instance, when talking about one’s age. While it can " 12850"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of " 12851"celestial bodies. <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>, literally ‘Scores of " 12852"stars’ (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations," 12853" whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. " 12854"Following <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> are the numerous " 12855"<em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the " 12856"Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally " 12857"‘Shining star’ (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely" 12858" due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there " 12859"are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies " 12860"and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of " 12861"the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations." 12862msgstr "" 12863 12864#. type: Content of: <h3> 12865#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255 12866msgid "5. Sky watching practices" 12867msgstr "5. Pratiques d'observation du ciel" 12868 12869#. type: Content of: <p> 12870#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256 12871msgid "" 12872"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono " 12873"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the " 12874"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe " 12875"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of " 12876"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location" 12877" to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location " 12878"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, " 12879"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was " 12880"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation " 12881"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In " 12882"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in" 12883" mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows " 12884"for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there " 12885"are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed " 12886"that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a " 12887"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers " 12888"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become " 12889"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told " 12890"not to look at <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not" 12891" grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also" 12892" to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other " 12893"ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or " 12894"salt into one’s eyes." 12895msgstr "" 12896 12897#. type: Content of: <h3> 12898#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258 12899msgid "Lokono celestial bodies" 12900msgstr "" 12901 12902#. type: Content of: <p> 12903#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259 12904msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'" 12905msgstr "<em>Hadali</em> « Soleil »" 12906 12907#. type: Content of: <p> 12908#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260 12909msgid "" 12910"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as " 12911"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names" 12912" of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as " 12913"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, " 12914"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> " 12915"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a " 12916"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, " 12917"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, " 12918"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the " 12919"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’ " 12920"(Orion’s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a " 12921"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 12922"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to" 12923" come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his " 12924"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the " 12925"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try" 12926" to escape, the wife’s sister chases them and manages to cut off his " 12927"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the " 12928"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending" 12929" the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, " 12930"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which" 12931" does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun " 12932"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as " 12933"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the " 12934"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and " 12935"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds" 12936" of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a " 12937"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>" 12938msgstr "" 12939 12940#. type: Content of: <p> 12941#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262 12942msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'" 12943msgstr "<em>Kathi</em> « Lune »" 12944 12945#. type: Content of: <p> 12946#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263 12947msgid "" 12948"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de " 12949"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar " 12950"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, " 12951"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, " 12952"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after " 12953"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover" 12954" was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. " 12955"Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother’s face was " 12956"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody " 12957"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so " 12958"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the " 12959"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of " 12960"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the " 12961"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, " 12962"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides" 12963" to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at " 12964"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also" 12965" depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the " 12966"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi ôdon</em> ‘moon " 12967"dying’) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a " 12968"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the " 12969"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun’s path.<sup><a " 12970"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, " 12971"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers " 12972"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick." 12973msgstr "" 12974 12975#. type: Content of: <p> 12976#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265 12977msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'" 12978msgstr "<em>Warhokoma</em> « Vénus »" 12979 12980#. type: Content of: <p> 12981#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266 12982msgid "" 12983"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star " 12984"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called " 12985"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], " 12986"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a " 12987"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, " 12988"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the " 12989"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> ‘star’ which can " 12990"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a " 12991"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as " 12992"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> ‘women’s star’. In relation to this, " 12993"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro " 12994"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first " 12995"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the " 12996"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about " 12997"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is " 12998"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was " 12999"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth " 13000"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a " 13001"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name " 13002"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in " 13003"Kari’na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a " 13004"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a " 13005"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>" 13006msgstr "" 13007 13008#. type: Content of: <p> 13009#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268 13010msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'" 13011msgstr "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> « La Voie lactée »" 13012 13013#. type: Content of: <p> 13014#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269 13015msgid "" 13016"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, " 13017"</em>literally ‘Path of the carriers of clay’. The Milky Way " 13018"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making " 13019"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The " 13020"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a " 13021"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky " 13022"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific " 13023"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles " 13024"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints " 13025"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different " 13026"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir " 13027"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13028"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two " 13029"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it " 13030"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari’na influence, who " 13031"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir " 13032"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13033msgstr "" 13034 13035#. type: Content of: <p> 13036#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271 13037msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'" 13038msgstr "<em>Mali</em> « Sirius »" 13039 13040#. type: Content of: <p> 13041#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272 13042msgid "" 13043"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is" 13044" unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> " 13045"and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a " 13046"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13047"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in " 13048"August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or " 13049"one’s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll’s " 13050"<em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to " 13051"December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from " 13052"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, " 13053"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and " 13054"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must" 13055" be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the " 13056"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13057"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about " 13058"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the " 13059"Kari’na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> ‘Previous face’. " 13060"The Kari’na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its " 13061"name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in " 13062"the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the " 13063"Kari’na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis " 13064"Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a " 13065"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a " 13066"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13067msgstr "" 13068 13069#. type: Content of: <p> 13070#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274 13071msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'" 13072msgstr "" 13073 13074#. type: Content of: <p> 13075#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275 13076msgid "" 13077"The constellation <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa yôkoro</em>, " 13078"literally ‘Score of stars’, refers to the Pleiades and is easily" 13079" recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because " 13080"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono " 13081"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a " 13082"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the" 13083" east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring" 13084" to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. " 13085"At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Yôkoro wiwa kayaran</em> " 13086"‘the birth of <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>’. It is said that if " 13087"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time," 13088" many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a " 13089"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young " 13090"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a " 13091"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a" 13092" Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of " 13093"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, " 13094"<em>Yôkoro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>" 13095" Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the" 13096" Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the " 13097"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am " 13098"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is " 13099"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>‘Spirit of the green " 13100"anaconda’, in the belly of which <em>Yôkoro Wiwa</em> is said to" 13101" be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the " 13102"Lokono explain that the <em>Yôkoro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers" 13103" lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a " 13104"Kari'na story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13105msgstr "" 13106 13107#. type: Content of: <p> 13108#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277 13109msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'" 13110msgstr "" 13111 13112#. type: Content of: <p> 13113#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278 13114msgid "" 13115"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> ‘Grill’, or <em>Wiwa " 13116"yorhadale</em> ‘Star’s grill’, represents a wooden grill, " 13117"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a" 13118" href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13119"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth " 13120"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed" 13121" her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless " 13122"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother " 13123"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The" 13124" man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother" 13125" instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western " 13126"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the " 13127"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a " 13128"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> and " 13129"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife " 13130"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> " 13131"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes " 13132"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. " 13133"Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western " 13134"constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small " 13135"dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring " 13136"Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a" 13137" href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>" 13138msgstr "" 13139 13140#. type: Content of: <p> 13141#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280 13142msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'" 13143msgstr "" 13144 13145#. type: Content of: <p> 13146#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281 13147msgid "" 13148"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, ‘Spirit of the green anaconda " 13149"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly " 13150"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest " 13151"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain " 13152"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 13153"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13154"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. " 13155"According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her " 13156"liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a " 13157"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> " 13158"to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother " 13159"instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Yôkoro " 13160"wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> " 13161"‘Grill’, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz" 13162" list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green" 13163" anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation " 13164"<em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van " 13165"Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star " 13166"brings death.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his " 13167"wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and " 13168"ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates" 13169" a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> " 13170"flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and" 13171" people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky." 13172msgstr "" 13173 13174#. type: Content of: <p> 13175#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283 13176msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'" 13177msgstr "" 13178 13179#. type: Content of: <p> 13180#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284 13181msgid "" 13182"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13183"capybara’ (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the " 13184"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source" 13185" also informs us that it is followed by the constellation " 13186"<em>Kamodokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green anaconda’. The " 13187"constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No " 13188"related myths have been documented." 13189msgstr "" 13190 13191#. type: Content of: <p> 13192#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286 13193msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'" 13194msgstr "" 13195 13196#. type: Content of: <p> 13197#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287 13198msgid "" 13199"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’ is " 13200"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles" 13201" Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a " 13202"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and " 13203"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the " 13204"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave" 13205" it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a " 13206"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow " 13207"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at" 13208" the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated " 13209"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama tâla</em> constellation " 13210"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a " 13211"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The " 13212"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> " 13213"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside " 13214"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, " 13215"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and " 13216"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a " 13217"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at " 13218"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent " 13219"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one" 13220" of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the" 13221" man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day " 13222"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he " 13223"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of " 13224"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the " 13225"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the " 13226"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of" 13227" cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is " 13228"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's " 13229"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself." 13230msgstr "" 13231 13232#. type: Content of: <p> 13233#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289 13234msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'" 13235msgstr "" 13236 13237#. type: Content of: <p> 13238#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290 13239msgid "" 13240"The constellation <em>Kama tâla</em> ‘Jaw of the tapir’ is" 13241" one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono," 13242" just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a " 13243"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a " 13244"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story " 13245"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his " 13246"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus " 13247"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks " 13248"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but " 13249"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with" 13250" which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama tâla</em> " 13251"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari’na story, on the " 13252"other hand, <em>Kama tâla</em> was the remains of a tapir that the " 13253"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed " 13254"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh." 13255msgstr "" 13256 13257#. type: Content of: <p> 13258#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292 13259msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'" 13260msgstr "" 13261 13262#. type: Content of: <p> 13263#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293 13264msgid "" 13265"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the ‘Spirit of the black " 13266"curassow’ (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept " 13267"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, " 13268"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a " 13269"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to " 13270"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see " 13271"<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see " 13272"<em>Alêti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western" 13273" constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the " 13274"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following " 13275"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the " 13276"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds" 13277" are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the " 13278"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono" 13279" even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves " 13280"resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate" 13281" the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a " 13282"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 13283"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13284msgstr "" 13285 13286#. type: Content of: <p> 13287#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295 13288msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'" 13289msgstr "" 13290 13291#. type: Content of: <p> 13292#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296 13293msgid "" 13294"The constellation <em>Yokhârhin</em> ‘Hunter’ corresponds " 13295"to α Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the " 13296"‘Spirit of the black curassow’ (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a " 13297"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13298"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding" 13299" a torch known as <em>Alêti</em> is represented by β Centauri. " 13300"The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of " 13301"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a " 13302"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13303"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him " 13304"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as" 13305" a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter " 13306"(<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch " 13307"(<em>Alêti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in " 13308"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokhârhin</em> and " 13309"subsequently <em>Alêti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This " 13310"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the" 13311" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops." 13312msgstr "" 13313 13314#. type: Content of: <p> 13315#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298 13316msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'" 13317msgstr "" 13318 13319#. type: Content of: <p> 13320#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299 13321msgid "" 13322"The constellation <em>Alêti</em> ‘Torch’ corresponds " 13323"to β Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter " 13324"<em>Yokhârhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth " 13325"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Alêti</em>.<sup><a " 13326"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13327"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> " 13328"<em>Alêti</em> follows <em>Yokhârhin</em> so as not to scare the" 13329" black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the " 13330"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of " 13331"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see " 13332"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According " 13333"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept " 13334"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the " 13335"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the " 13336"approaching hunter (<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch" 13337" (<em>Alêti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in " 13338"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokhârhin</em> and " 13339"subsequently <em>Alêti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This " 13340"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the" 13341" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops." 13342msgstr "" 13343 13344#. type: Content of: <p> 13345#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301 13346msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'" 13347msgstr "" 13348 13349#. type: Content of: <p> 13350#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302 13351msgid "" 13352"The constellation <em>Anorhâkoya </em>represents the spirit of the " 13353"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono " 13354"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a " 13355"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13356"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it " 13357"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust" 13358" into peoples’ eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their " 13359"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> " 13360"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorhâkoya</em> is a " 13361"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people" 13362" would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a " 13363"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds " 13364"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples’ eyes, since the " 13365"light of <em>Anorhâkoya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind " 13366"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry " 13367"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of " 13368"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with " 13369"its beak down." 13370msgstr "" 13371 13372#. type: Content of: <p> 13373#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304 13374msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'" 13375msgstr "" 13376 13377#. type: Content of: <p> 13378#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305 13379msgid "" 13380"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is " 13381"<em>Honolikoya</em> ‘<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger " 13382"heron</em>’ (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in " 13383"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari’na constellation " 13384"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (‘Father of the cocoi heron’). This is " 13385"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of" 13386" a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same " 13387"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different " 13388"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation." 13389" In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a " 13390"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, " 13391"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in " 13392"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that " 13393"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which" 13394" lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to " 13395"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a " 13396"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13397msgstr "" 13398 13399#. type: Content of: <p> 13400#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307 13401msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'" 13402msgstr "" 13403 13404#. type: Content of: <p> 13405#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308 13406msgid "" 13407"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the four-eyed " 13408"fish’ (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary " 13409"Lokono as λ Scorpii and υ Scorpii. In earlier sources it is " 13410"identified as the upper part of Scorpio’s tail, which is in keeping " 13411"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The " 13412"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known " 13413"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is " 13414"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is " 13415"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what " 13416"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention" 13417" that the Kari’na have a constellation representing the same fish, " 13418"which corresponds to the same two stars. Magaña and Jara explain that" 13419" the appearance of the Kari’na constellation announces the fishing " 13420"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is " 13421"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function." 13422msgstr "" 13423 13424#. type: Content of: <p> 13425#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310 13426msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'" 13427msgstr "" 13428 13429#. type: Content of: <p> 13430#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311 13431msgid "" 13432"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green sea " 13433"turtle’ is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents " 13434"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the " 13435"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears " 13436"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on " 13437"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources" 13438" as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a " 13439"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a " 13440"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the " 13441"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a " 13442"mistake as <em>Orion’s belt</em> is consistently recognized as " 13443"<em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’. The constellation " 13444"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down " 13445"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-" 13446"March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the " 13447"Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the " 13448"shore (Milky Way)." 13449msgstr "" 13450 13451#. type: Content of: <p> 13452#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313 13453msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'" 13454msgstr "" 13455 13456#. type: Content of: <p> 13457#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314 13458msgid "" 13459"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the yellow-footed " 13460"tortoise’ was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in " 13461"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. " 13462"around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a " 13463"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13464"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when " 13465"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono " 13466"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher " 13467"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths " 13468"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out" 13469" that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, " 13470"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of " 13471"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are " 13472"‘fridges’ since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long " 13473"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten" 13474" immediately." 13475msgstr "" 13476 13477#. type: Content of: <p> 13478#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316 13479msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'" 13480msgstr "" 13481 13482#. type: Content of: <p> 13483#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317 13484msgid "" 13485"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the blue crab’ is " 13486"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice " 13487"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that " 13488"represented by the Kari’na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> " 13489"‘Father of the blue crab’ (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The " 13490"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of" 13491" August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the " 13492"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous " 13493"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the " 13494"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers " 13495"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during " 13496"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> " 13497"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this " 13498"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the " 13499"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June" 13500" from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13501msgstr "" 13502 13503#. type: Content of: <p> 13504#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319 13505msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'" 13506msgstr "" 13507 13508#. type: Content of: <p> 13509#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321 13510msgid "" 13511"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the Muscovy duck’ " 13512"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and " 13513"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a " 13514"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13515"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon" 13516" River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona " 13517"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono " 13518"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if " 13519"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants." 13520" The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is " 13521"said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a " 13522"delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na " 13523"and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at " 13524"least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a " 13525"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13526msgstr "" 13527 13528#. type: Content of: <p> 13529#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322 13530msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'" 13531msgstr "" 13532 13533#. type: Content of: <p> 13534#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324 13535msgid "" 13536"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the awara palm’" 13537" has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its " 13538"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. " 13539"In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, " 13540"meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This " 13541"occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as " 13542"<em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a " 13543"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13544"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya" 13545" </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the " 13546"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red acouchi’ and " 13547"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red-rumped agouti’. Their " 13548"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the " 13549"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the " 13550"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near " 13551"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only " 13552"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the " 13553"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the " 13554"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a " 13555"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a " 13556"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13557msgstr "" 13558 13559#. type: Content of: <p> 13560#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325 13561msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'" 13562msgstr "" 13563 13564#. type: Content of: <p> 13565#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327 13566msgid "" 13567"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red" 13568" acouchi’ (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard " 13569"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the " 13570"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February." 13571" Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red " 13572"acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono " 13573"myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari’na myth about the " 13574"unidentified Kari’na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to " 13575"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two " 13576"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother," 13577" fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. " 13578"The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, " 13579"so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the " 13580"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to" 13581" cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, " 13582"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a " 13583"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>" 13584msgstr "" 13585 13586#. type: Content of: <p> 13587#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328 13588msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'" 13589msgstr "" 13590 13591#. type: Content of: <p> 13592#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330 13593msgid "" 13594"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13595"red-rumped agouti’ was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain " 13596"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a " 13597"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts" 13598" the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they " 13599"can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by " 13600"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the tiger’, which, like humans," 13601" knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is" 13602" no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari’na myth about" 13603" the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According" 13604" to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The " 13605"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his " 13606"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his " 13607"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and " 13608"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse " 13609"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became " 13610"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>" 13611msgstr "" 13612 13613#. type: Content of: <p> 13614#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332 13615msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'" 13616msgstr "" 13617 13618#. type: Content of: <p> 13619#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333 13620msgid "" 13621"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13622"jaguar’ was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono " 13623"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13624"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13625"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of " 13626"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, " 13627"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a " 13628"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw " 13629"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his " 13630"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the " 13631"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the " 13632"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man " 13633"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the " 13634"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According " 13635"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the " 13636"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is " 13637"unidentified. The Kari’na constellation of the jaguar is said to " 13638"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they " 13639"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a " 13640"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13641msgstr "" 13642 13643#. type: Content of: <p> 13644#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335 13645msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'" 13646msgstr "" 13647 13648#. type: Content of: <p> 13649#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336 13650msgid "" 13651"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> ‘Spirit of the ocelot’ " 13652"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth " 13653"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a " 13654"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13655"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of " 13656"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, " 13657"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his " 13658"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his" 13659" wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous " 13660"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started " 13661"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he " 13662"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man " 13663"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming " 13664"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to " 13665"earth to kill people." 13666msgstr "" 13667 13668#. type: Content of: <p> 13669#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338 13670msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'" 13671msgstr "" 13672 13673#. type: Content of: <p> 13674#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339 13675msgid "" 13676"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> ‘Spirit of the pale-throated " 13677"sloth’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13678"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth " 13679"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather " 13680"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and " 13681"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the " 13682"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a " 13683"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified." 13684msgstr "" 13685 13686#. type: Content of: <p> 13687#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341 13688msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'" 13689msgstr "" 13690 13691#. type: Content of: <p> 13692#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342 13693msgid "" 13694"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the two-toed " 13695"sloth’, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the " 13696"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the " 13697"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It " 13698"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The " 13699"constellation remains unidentified." 13700msgstr "" 13701 13702#. type: Content of: <p> 13703#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344 13704msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'" 13705msgstr "" 13706 13707#. type: Content of: <p> 13708#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345 13709msgid "" 13710"The constellation <em>Yôwanakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green " 13711"iguana’ is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a " 13712"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana " 13713"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the " 13714"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation " 13715"remains unidentified." 13716msgstr "" 13717 13718#. type: Content of: <p> 13719#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347 13720msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'" 13721msgstr "" 13722 13723#. type: Content of: <p> 13724#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348 13725msgid "" 13726"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the lilac-" 13727"tailed parrot’ (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de" 13728" Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not" 13729" known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used " 13730"to signify." 13731msgstr "" 13732 13733#. type: Content of: <p> 13734#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350 13735msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'" 13736msgstr "" 13737 13738#. type: Content of: <p> 13739#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351 13740msgid "" 13741"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the marail " 13742"guan’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the" 13743" shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a " 13744"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to " 13745"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify." 13746msgstr "" 13747 13748#. type: Content of: <p> 13749#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353 13750msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'" 13751msgstr "" 13752 13753#. type: Content of: <p> 13754#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354 13755msgid "" 13756"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the little " 13757"cuckoo’ was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13758"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo " 13759"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither " 13760"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers" 13761" mention the Kari’na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as " 13762"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], " 13763"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na " 13764"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono " 13765"link hunter’s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the " 13766"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch " 13767"out, as something bad might happen to you." 13768msgstr "" 13769 13770#. type: Content of: <p> 13771#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356 13772msgid "<em> Sûtukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'" 13773msgstr "" 13774 13775#. type: Content of: <p> 13776#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357 13777msgid "" 13778"The constellation <em>Sûtukoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red-handed " 13779"tamarin’ (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll" 13780" and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a " 13781"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], " 13782"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius" 13783" de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma " 13784"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear " 13785"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation" 13786" <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by " 13787"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation." 13788msgstr "" 13789 13790#. type: Content of: <p> 13791#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359 13792msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'" 13793msgstr "" 13794 13795#. type: Content of: <p> 13796#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360 13797msgid "" 13798"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki’ " 13799"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13800"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced" 13801" saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its " 13802"significance remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>" 13803msgstr "" 13804 13805#. type: Content of: <p> 13806#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362 13807msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'" 13808msgstr "<em> Imenarikoya </em> « Esprit du scorpion »" 13809 13810#. type: Content of: <p> 13811#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363 13812msgid "" 13813"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the scorpion’ " 13814"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13815"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of" 13816" an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known " 13817"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of " 13818"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested " 13819"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion." 13820msgstr "" 13821 13822#. type: Content of: <p> 13823#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365 13824msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'" 13825msgstr "" 13826 13827#. type: Content of: <p> 13828#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366 13829msgid "" 13830"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was " 13831"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono " 13832"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with" 13833" feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each" 13834" of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of " 13835"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation" 13836" remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are" 13837" no myths related to it." 13838msgstr "" 13839 13840#. type: Content of: <p> 13841#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368 13842msgid "" 13843"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> " 13844"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'" 13845msgstr "" 13846 13847#. type: Content of: <p> 13848#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369 13849msgid "" 13850"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and " 13851"<em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de " 13852"Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations " 13853"remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and " 13854"there are no myths related to them." 13855msgstr "" 13856 13857#. type: Content of: <p> 13858#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371 13859msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'" 13860msgstr "" 13861 13862#. type: Content of: <p> 13863#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372 13864msgid "" 13865"The constellation <em>Korherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13866"parrot’ was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13867"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of" 13868" an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent" 13869" of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-" 13870"winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona " 13871"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It " 13872"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of" 13873" their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified." 13874msgstr "" 13875 13876#. type: Content of: <p> 13877#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374 13878msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'" 13879msgstr "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Esprit de la tortue marine'" 13880 13881#. type: Content of: <p> 13882#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375 13883msgid "" 13884"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the sea " 13885"turtle’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13886"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an " 13887"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as " 13888"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) " 13889"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari’na, it is thus possible that " 13890"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, " 13891"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> " 13892"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits" 13893" be identified with different constellations." 13894msgstr "" 13895 13896#. type: Content of: <p> 13897#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378 13898msgid "" 13899"This sky culture was contributed by <a " 13900"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' " 13901"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad " 13902"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname " 13903"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of " 13904"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands " 13905"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: " 13906"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono " 13907"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0" 13908msgstr "" 13909 13910#. type: Content of: <p> 13911#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383 13912msgid "" 13913"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a " 13914"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-" 13915"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language " 13916"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13." 13917msgstr "" 13918 13919#. type: Content of: <p> 13920#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385 13921msgid "" 13922"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a " 13923"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml" 13924" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and " 13925"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De " 13926"Gruyter, pp 257-281." 13927msgstr "" 13928 13929#. type: Content of: <p> 13930#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388 13931msgid "" 13932"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones" 13933" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas " 13934"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia " 13935"Nacional de la Historia." 13936msgstr "" 13937 13938#. type: Content of: <p> 13939#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390 13940msgid "" 13941"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, " 13942"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing " 13943"Office." 13944msgstr "" 13945 13946#. type: Content of: <p> 13947#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392 13948msgid "" 13949"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of " 13950"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales " 13951"d’ethnographie. 44." 13952msgstr "" 13953 13954#. type: Content of: <p> 13955#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394 13956msgid "" 13957"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een " 13958"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor." 13959msgstr "" 13960 13961#. type: Content of: <p> 13962#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396 13963msgid "" 13964"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - " 13965"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En " 13966"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast " 13967"Asia 55 (1): 453–529." 13968msgstr "" 13969 13970#. type: Content of: <p> 13971#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398 13972msgid "" 13973"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. " 13974"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te " 13975"Amsterdam." 13976msgstr "" 13977 13978#. type: Content of: <p> 13979#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400 13980msgid "" 13981"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians " 13982"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner." 13983msgstr "" 13984 13985#. type: Content of: <p> 13986#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402 13987msgid "" 13988"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of" 13989" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of " 13990"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office." 13991msgstr "" 13992 13993#. type: Content of: <p> 13994#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404 13995msgid "" 13996"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de" 13997" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En " 13998"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76." 13999msgstr "" 14000 14001#. type: Content of: <p> 14002#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406 14003msgid "" 14004"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being " 14005"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: " 14006"K. Paul, Trench & Company." 14007msgstr "" 14008 14009#. type: Content of: <p> 14010#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408 14011msgid "" 14012"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae " 14013"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios." 14014msgstr "" 14015 14016#. type: Content of: <p> 14017#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410 14018msgid "" 14019"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their " 14020"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy." 14021msgstr "" 14022 14023#. type: Content of: <p> 14024#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412 14025msgid "" 14026"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo" 14027" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse " 14028"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging " 14029"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van " 14030"Amsterdam." 14031msgstr "" 14032 14033#. type: Content of: <p> 14034#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414 14035msgid "" 14036"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, " 14037"Guyana." 14038msgstr "" 14039 14040#. type: Content of: <p> 14041#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416 14042msgid "" 14043"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende " 14044"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde." 14045msgstr "" 14046 14047#. type: Content of: <p> 14048#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418 14049msgid "" 14050"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la" 14051" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32." 14052msgstr "" 14053 14054#. type: Content of: <p> 14055#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420 14056msgid "" 14057"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A " 14058"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology." 14059msgstr "" 14060 14061#. type: Content of: <p> 14062#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422 14063msgid "" 14064"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: " 14065"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen." 14066msgstr "" 14067 14068#. type: Content of: <p> 14069#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424 14070msgid "" 14071"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In " 14072"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres " 14073"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., " 14074"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165." 14075" Paris: Maisonneuve." 14076msgstr "" 14077 14078#. type: Content of: <p> 14079#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426 14080msgid "" 14081"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: " 14082"Magoria Books." 14083msgstr "" 14084 14085#. type: Content of: <p> 14086#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428 14087msgid "" 14088"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript " 14089"number:<a " 14090"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">" 14091" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds " 14092"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, " 14093"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American " 14094"Philosophical Society." 14095msgstr "" 14096 14097#. type: Content of: <h2> 14098#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1 14099msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People" 14100msgstr "" 14101 14102#. type: Content of: <p> 14103#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2 14104msgid "" 14105"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized " 14106"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 " 14107"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 " 14108"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed. All collected information " 14109"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” " 14110"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian " 14111"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of " 14112"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev " 14113"G., 2000)." 14114msgstr "" 14115 14116#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14117#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8 14118msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>" 14119msgstr "" 14120 14121#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14122#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9 14123msgid "" 14124"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people " 14125"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the " 14126"star cluster Pleiades" 14127msgstr "" 14128 14129#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14130#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11 14131msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>" 14132msgstr "" 14133 14134#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14135#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12 14136msgid "" 14137"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation " 14138"Taurus." 14139msgstr "" 14140 14141#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14142#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14 14143msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>" 14144msgstr "" 14145 14146#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14147#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14 14148msgid "" 14149"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, " 14150"is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) " 14151"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk." 14152msgstr "" 14153 14154#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14155#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16 14156msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>" 14157msgstr "" 14158 14159#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14160#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17 14161msgid "" 14162"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the " 14163"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color" 14164" of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the " 14165"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and " 14166"the Rooster." 14167msgstr "" 14168 14169#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14170#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19 14171msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>" 14172msgstr "" 14173 14174#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14175#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20 14176msgid "" 14177"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. " 14178"Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the " 14179"image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs." 14180msgstr "" 14181 14182#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14183#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22 14184msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>" 14185msgstr "" 14186 14187#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14188#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23 14189msgid "" 14190"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation " 14191"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is " 14192"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of " 14193"people and purpose given to this part of the sky." 14194msgstr "" 14195 14196#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14197#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25 14198msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>" 14199msgstr "" 14200 14201#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14202#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26 14203msgid "" 14204"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name" 14205" people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. " 14206"Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some " 14207"weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into " 14208"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with " 14209"a goad as he returns home." 14210msgstr "" 14211 14212#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14213#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28 14214msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>" 14215msgstr "" 14216 14217#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14218#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29 14219msgid "" 14220"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive " 14221"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from " 14222"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying " 14223"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of" 14224" a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen." 14225msgstr "" 14226 14227#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14228#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31 14229msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>" 14230msgstr "" 14231 14232#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14233#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32 14234msgid "" 14235"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two " 14236"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis " 14237"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor." 14238msgstr "" 14239 14240#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14241#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34 14242msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>" 14243msgstr "" 14244 14245#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14246#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35 14247msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky" 14248msgstr "" 14249 14250#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14251#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37 14252msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>" 14253msgstr "" 14254 14255#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14256#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38 14257msgid "" 14258"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to" 14259" see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from " 14260"his Godson." 14261msgstr "" 14262 14263#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14264#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40 14265msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>" 14266msgstr "" 14267 14268#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14269#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41 14270msgid "" 14271"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might " 14272"he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the " 14273"Priest’s Straw there is the Cross." 14274msgstr "" 14275 14276#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14277#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43 14278msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>" 14279msgstr "" 14280 14281#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14282#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44 14283msgid "" 14284"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of " 14285"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing." 14286msgstr "" 14287 14288#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14289#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46 14290msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>" 14291msgstr "" 14292 14293#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14294#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47 14295msgid "" 14296"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the " 14297"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food." 14298msgstr "" 14299 14300#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14301#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49 14302msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>" 14303msgstr "" 14304 14305#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14306#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50 14307msgid "" 14308"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s " 14309"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet." 14310msgstr "" 14311 14312#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14313#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52 14314msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>" 14315msgstr "" 14316 14317#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14318#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53 14319msgid "" 14320"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked " 14321"the image of a wooden round table called sofra." 14322msgstr "" 14323 14324#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14325#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55 14326msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>" 14327msgstr "" 14328 14329#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14330#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56 14331msgid "" 14332"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and" 14333" is found inside the Priest’s Straw" 14334msgstr "" 14335 14336#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14337#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58 14338msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>" 14339msgstr "" 14340 14341#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14342#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59 14343msgid "" 14344"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group" 14345" of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves " 14346"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that" 14347" circle around houses“" 14348msgstr "" 14349 14350#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14351#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64 14352msgid "" 14353"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research " 14354"Society</a>" 14355msgstr "" 14356 14357#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14358#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65 14359msgid "" 14360"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore " 14361"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's " 14362"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer " 14363"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>" 14364msgstr "" 14365 14366#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14367#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66 14368msgid "" 14369"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, " 14370"Mladinski kulturen centar." 14371msgstr "" 14372 14373#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14374#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67 14375msgid "" 14376"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> " 14377"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar." 14378msgstr "" 14379 14380#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14381#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68 14382msgid "" 14383"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore " 14384"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the " 14385"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, " 14386"Serbia.</a>" 14387msgstr "" 14388 14389#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14390#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69 14391msgid "" 14392"<a " 14393"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev," 14394" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos" 14395" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, " 14396"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>" 14397msgstr "" 14398 14399#. type: Content of: <p> 14400#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74 14401msgid "" 14402"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore " 14403"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book " 14404"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004." 14405msgstr "" 14406 14407#. type: Content of: <h2> 14408#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1 14409msgid "Maori (New Zealand)" 14410msgstr "Maori (Nouvelle-Zélande)" 14411 14412#. type: Content of: <p> 14413#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2 14414msgid "" 14415"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. " 14416"But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are " 14417"central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical " 14418"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of " 14419"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons." 14420msgstr "" 14421 14422#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14423#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6 14424msgid "" 14425"<a " 14426"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori" 14427" sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text." 14428msgstr "" 14429 14430#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14431#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7 14432msgid "" 14433"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical " 14434"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New " 14435"Zealand)." 14436msgstr "" 14437 14438#. type: Content of: <p> 14439#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11 14440#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86 14441msgid "" 14442"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 14443"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 14444msgstr "" 14445 14446#. type: Content of: <h2> 14447#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1 14448msgid "Maya" 14449msgstr "Maya" 14450 14451#. type: Content of: <p> 14452#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2 14453msgid "" 14454"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-" 14455"columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them" 14456" store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform" 14457" rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and " 14458"sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). " 14459"These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many " 14460"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. " 14461"Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like " 14462"the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through " 14463"each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses)," 14464" the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their " 14465"constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture " 14466"data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an " 14467"abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as " 14468"original by some scholars)." 14469msgstr "" 14470 14471#. type: Content of: <p><h5> 14472#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3 14473msgid "" 14474"<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>" 14475msgstr "" 14476 14477#. type: Content of: <p><p> 14478#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5 14479msgid "" 14480"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first " 14481"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris " 14482"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found " 14483"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has " 14484"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite" 14485" of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the" 14486" mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations " 14487"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not " 14488"(Špoták, 2015)." 14489msgstr "" 14490 14491#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5> 14492#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7 14493msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>" 14494msgstr "" 14495 14496#. type: Content of: <p><p> 14497#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8 14498msgid "" 14499"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume" 14500" that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to " 14501"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line " 14502"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different " 14503"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations " 14504"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most " 14505"probable location. Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the " 14506"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to " 14507"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture." 14508msgstr "" 14509 14510#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14511#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10 14512msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:" 14513msgstr "" 14514 14515#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14516#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11 14517msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>" 14518msgstr "<em>Oiseau <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>" 14519 14520#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14521#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12 14522msgid "" 14523"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since" 14524" it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions " 14525"(Špoták, 2015)." 14526msgstr "" 14527 14528#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14529#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13 14530#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16 14531#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19 14532#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20 14533#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23 14534#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24 14535#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27 14536#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28 14537#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31 14538#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34 14539#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37 14540#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40 14541#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43 14542#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56 14543#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61 14544msgid " " 14545msgstr " " 14546 14547#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14548#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14 14549msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>" 14550msgstr "<em>Requin <i>[Xoc]</i></em>" 14551 14552#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14553#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15 14554msgid "" 14555"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the " 14556"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some " 14557"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark." 14558msgstr "" 14559 14560#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14561#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17 14562msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>" 14563msgstr "" 14564 14565#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14566#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18 14567msgid "" 14568"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and" 14569" feathers on the head that it exhibits." 14570msgstr "" 14571 14572#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14573#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21 14574msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>" 14575msgstr "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>" 14576 14577#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14578#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22 14579msgid "" 14580"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related " 14581"to the skin of this animal." 14582msgstr "" 14583 14584#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14585#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25 14586msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>" 14587msgstr "<em>Mort <i>[Kimi]</i></em>" 14588 14589#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14590#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26 14591msgid "" 14592"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear " 14593"whether it's an animal or not." 14594msgstr "" 14595 14596#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14597#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29 14598msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>" 14599msgstr "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>" 14600 14601#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14602#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30 14603msgid "" 14604"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western " 14605"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is " 14606"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is " 14607"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the " 14608"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex." 14609msgstr "" 14610 14611#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14612#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32 14613msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>" 14614msgstr "" 14615 14616#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14617#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33 14618msgid "" 14619"This animal is present through many species in the central america " 14620"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the" 14621" Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical " 14622"rattling ending of this reptile." 14623msgstr "" 14624 14625#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14626#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35 14627msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>" 14628msgstr "<em>Chauve-souris <i>[Zool]</i></em>" 14629 14630#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14631#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36 14632msgid "" 14633"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that " 14634"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography." 14635msgstr "" 14636 14637#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14638#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38 14639msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>" 14640msgstr "" 14641 14642#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14643#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39 14644msgid "" 14645"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of " 14646"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015). Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal " 14647"in the Western culture constellation of Virgo." 14648msgstr "" 14649 14650#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14651#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41 14652msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>" 14653msgstr "<em>Tortue <i>[Aak]</i></em>" 14654 14655#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14656#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42 14657msgid "" 14658"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the " 14659"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not " 14660"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the " 14661"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three " 14662"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this " 14663"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, " 14664"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex." 14665msgstr "" 14666 14667#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14668#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45 14669msgid "" 14670"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and " 14671"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol " 14672"Vuh</i>) are described below:" 14673msgstr "" 14674 14675#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4> 14676#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46 14677msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>" 14678msgstr "" 14679 14680#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 14681#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47 14682msgid "" 14683"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-" 14684"crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the " 14685"present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the " 14686"primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky " 14687"were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the " 14688"decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current " 14689"order of things." 14690msgstr "" 14691 14692#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14693#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50 14694msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>" 14695msgstr "" 14696 14697#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 14698#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51 14699msgid "" 14700"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods " 14701"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the " 14702"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, " 14703"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire " 14704"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos " 14705"to take place." 14706msgstr "" 14707 14708#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14709#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54 14710msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>" 14711msgstr "<em>Feu primordial : <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>" 14712 14713#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14714#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55 14715msgid "" 14716"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke " 14717"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars " 14718"representing the three hearthstones." 14719msgstr "" 14720 14721#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14722#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58 14723msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>" 14724msgstr "" 14725 14726#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14727#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59 14728msgid "" 14729"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor " 14730"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak " 14731"mural." 14732msgstr "" 14733 14734#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14735#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62 14736msgid "Stars and Planets Names" 14737msgstr "Noms des étoiles et des planètes" 14738 14739#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14740#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63 14741msgid "" 14742"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of " 14743"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:" 14744msgstr "" 14745 14746#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14747#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65 14748msgid "" 14749"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and " 14750"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at " 14751"night." 14752msgstr "" 14753 14754#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14755#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66 14756msgid "" 14757"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February " 14758"to track the time at night." 14759msgstr "" 14760 14761#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14762#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67 14763msgid "" 14764"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called " 14765"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end " 14766"of the dry season, in April." 14767msgstr "" 14768 14769#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14770#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68 14771msgid "" 14772"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God" 14773" of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used" 14774" to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic " 14775"period." 14776msgstr "" 14777 14778#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14779#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71 14780msgid "Authors and References" 14781msgstr "Auteurs et références" 14782 14783#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14784#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72 14785msgid "" 14786"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier" 14787" Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at " 14788"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based " 14789"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:" 14790msgstr "" 14791 14792#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14793#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74 14794msgid "" 14795"<a " 14796"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The" 14797" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript " 14798"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták" 14799msgstr "" 14800 14801#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14802#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75 14803msgid "" 14804"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand " 14805"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc." 14806msgstr "" 14807 14808#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14809#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76 14810msgid "" 14811"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico " 14812"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica." 14813msgstr "" 14814 14815#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14816#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77 14817msgid "" 14818"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> " 14819"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: " 14820"39-58." 14821msgstr "" 14822 14823#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14824#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78 14825msgid "" 14826"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a " 14827"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El" 14828" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes " 14829"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas " 14830"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48." 14831msgstr "" 14832 14833#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14834#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82 14835msgid "Links of Interest" 14836msgstr "Liens d'intérêt" 14837 14838#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14839#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84 14840msgid "" 14841"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris " 14842"Codex</a>" 14843msgstr "" 14844 14845#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14846#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85 14847msgid "" 14848"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo " 14849"el tiempo maya</a>" 14850msgstr "" 14851 14852#. type: Content of: <h2> 14853#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1 14854msgid "Mongolian" 14855msgstr "Mongole" 14856 14857#. type: Content of: <p> 14858#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3 14859msgid "" 14860"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental " 14861"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely" 14862" influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in " 14863"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild " 14864"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their " 14865"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they " 14866"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get " 14867"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching " 14868"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their" 14869" imaginary facing the sky." 14870msgstr "" 14871 14872#. type: Content of: <p> 14873#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17 14874msgid "" 14875"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is " 14876"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian" 14877" asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names " 14878"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow) for the constellation Swan, " 14879"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer" 14880" triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags " 14881"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the " 14882"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)." 14883msgstr "" 14884 14885#. type: Content of: <h3> 14886#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27 14887msgid "Planets and Stars" 14888msgstr "Planètes et étoiles" 14889 14890#. type: Content of: <p> 14891#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29 14892msgid "" 14893"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of " 14894"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are " 14895"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after" 14896" the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the" 14897" five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun " 14898"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names " 14899"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in " 14900"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus," 14901" <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars," 14902" <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> " 14903"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with " 14904"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and " 14905"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, " 14906"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have " 14907"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the " 14908"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian. Earth and Pluto are " 14909"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible" 14910" to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and " 14911"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth." 14912" Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely sky\", " 14913"and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely ocean\". Nevertheless, " 14914"this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are " 14915"presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names " 14916"of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken " 14917"in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an" 14918" unofficial way." 14919msgstr "" 14920 14921#. type: Content of: <p> 14922#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59 14923msgid "" 14924"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating " 14925"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> " 14926"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky " 14927"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky," 14928" and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore " 14929"concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises " 14930"the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> " 14931"(god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th" 14932" century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with" 14933" the naked eye." 14934msgstr "" 14935 14936#. type: Content of: <p> 14937#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71 14938msgid "" 14939"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back" 14940" to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), " 14941"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as " 14942"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined " 14943"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to " 14944"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) " 14945"with a sextant of 40 meters radius." 14946msgstr "" 14947 14948#. type: Content of: <h3> 14949#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80 14950msgid "Myths and Legends" 14951msgstr "Mythes et légendes" 14952 14953#. type: Content of: <h4> 14954#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82 14955msgid "The Great Bear" 14956msgstr "La Grande Ourse" 14957 14958#. type: Content of: <p> 14959#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83 14960msgid "" 14961"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation " 14962"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and " 14963"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia." 14964msgstr "" 14965 14966#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> 14967#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88 14968msgid "" 14969"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding " 14970"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it" 14971" peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked" 14972" the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to " 14973"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went " 14974"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days " 14975"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and " 14976"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle." 14977msgstr "" 14978 14979#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> 14980#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96 14981msgid "" 14982"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in" 14983" the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded" 14984" the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The " 14985"seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their " 14986"younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven " 14987"Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden " 14988"Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star." 14989msgstr "" 14990 14991#. type: Content of: <p> 14992#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106 14993msgid "" 14994"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian " 14995"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to" 14996" each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. " 14997"Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian " 14998"calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself " 14999"associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, " 15000"corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and " 15001"so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the " 15002"year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we " 15003"repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese " 15004"calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the " 15005"tail are assigned one time only." 15006msgstr "" 15007 15008#. type: Content of: <p> 15009#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120 15010msgid "" 15011"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described" 15012" by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in " 15013"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, " 15014"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]" 15015msgstr "" 15016 15017#. type: Content of: <img><h4> 15018#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127 15019msgid "Shooting stars" 15020msgstr "" 15021 15022#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15023#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129 15024msgid "" 15025"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through " 15026"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a " 15027"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. " 15028"Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is not " 15029"me!\"" 15030msgstr "" 15031 15032#. type: Content of: <img><h4> 15033#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135 15034msgid "Neglected Legends" 15035msgstr "Légendes négligées" 15036 15037#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15038#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137 15039msgid "" 15040"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun " 15041"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost " 15042"forgotten by most Mongolians:" 15043msgstr "" 15044 15045#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 15046#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143 15047msgid "" 15048"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry" 15049" meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very " 15050"good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns " 15051"without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself " 15052"all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot " 15053"(groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, " 15054"pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth " 15055"which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards " 15056"the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The " 15057"bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a " 15058"hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved " 15059"our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface." 15060msgstr "" 15061 15062#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15063#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158 15064msgid "" 15065"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the " 15066"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist " 15067"religion." 15068msgstr "" 15069 15070#. type: Content of: <img><h5> 15071#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162 15072msgid "Eclipses" 15073msgstr "Éclipses" 15074 15075#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 15076#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165 15077msgid "" 15078"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the " 15079"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god " 15080"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became " 15081"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and " 15082"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. " 15083"Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the " 15084"monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because " 15085"<em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order " 15086"to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as " 15087"<em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and" 15088" disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked " 15089"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In " 15090"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which " 15091"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses." 15092msgstr "" 15093 15094#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15095#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182 15096msgid "" 15097"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> " 15098"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster" 15099" liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck " 15100"wrote:" 15101msgstr "" 15102 15103#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 15104#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187 15105msgid "" 15106"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to " 15107"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about " 15108"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the " 15109"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum" 15110" and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished," 15111" they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\"" 15112msgstr "" 15113 15114#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15115#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196 15116msgid "" 15117"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux" 15118" (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. " 15119"pp; 153-192.)" 15120msgstr "" 15121 15122#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15123#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200 15124msgid "" 15125"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their " 15126"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for " 15127"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian " 15128"<em>Rahu</em>." 15129msgstr "" 15130 15131#. type: Content of: <img><h5> 15132#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205 15133msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)" 15134msgstr "" 15135 15136#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15137#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207 15138msgid "" 15139"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity" 15140" for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the " 15141"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin." 15142msgstr "" 15143 15144#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p> 15145#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212 15146msgid "" 15147"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. " 15148"Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to " 15149"untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united " 15150"with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. " 15151"Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain " 15152"united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the " 15153"time of wars." 15154msgstr "" 15155 15156#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4> 15157#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222 15158msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky" 15159msgstr "Autres croyances liées au ciel" 15160 15161#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p> 15162#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224 15163msgid "" 15164"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one " 15165"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband." 15166msgstr "" 15167 15168#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15169#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227 15170msgid "" 15171"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>) by " 15172"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in " 15173"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several " 15174"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk " 15175"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark" 15176" color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, " 15177"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits." 15178msgstr "" 15179 15180#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15181#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239 15182msgid "" 15183"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian " 15184"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs " 15185"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission " 15186"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects." 15187" It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high " 15188"fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony," 15189" every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!" 15190msgstr "" 15191 15192#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3> 15193#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248 15194msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading" 15195msgstr "Remerciements et lectures complémentaires" 15196 15197#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15198#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251 15199msgid "" 15200"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in " 15201"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony" 15202msgstr "" 15203 15204#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15205#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252 15206msgid "" 15207"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' " 15208"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de " 15209"France</a>" 15210msgstr "" 15211"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' " 15212"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de " 15213"France</a>" 15214 15215#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15216#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253 15217msgid "" 15218"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' " 15219"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française " 15220"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>" 15221msgstr "" 15222"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' " 15223"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association française " 15224"d'astronomie</a>" 15225 15226#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15227#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255 15228msgid "" 15229"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' " 15230"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>" 15231msgstr "" 15232 15233#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15234#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256 15235msgid "" 15236"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-" 15237"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: " 15238"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International " 15239"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123." 15240msgstr "" 15241 15242#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15243#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261 15244msgid "" 15245"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, " 15246"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and " 15247"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) mainly " 15248"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in " 15249"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a " 15250"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' " 15251"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" " 15252"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)." 15253msgstr "" 15254 15255#. type: Content of: <h2> 15256#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1 15257msgid "Navajo" 15258msgstr "" 15259 15260#. type: Content of: <p> 15261#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3 15262msgid "" 15263"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the " 15264"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and " 15265"northwestern New Mexico." 15266msgstr "" 15267 15268#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15269#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9 15270msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website" 15271msgstr "" 15272 15273#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15274#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10 15275msgid "" 15276"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15277"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15278"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>" 15279msgstr "" 15280"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15281"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15282"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>" 15283 15284#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15285#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11 15286msgid "" 15287"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15288"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15289"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>" 15290msgstr "" 15291"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15292"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15293"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>" 15294 15295#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15296#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12 15297msgid "" 15298"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15299"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15300"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>" 15301msgstr "" 15302"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15303"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15304"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>" 15305 15306#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15307#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13 15308msgid "" 15309"<a " 15310"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>" 15311msgstr "" 15312"<a " 15313"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>" 15314 15315#. type: Content of: <p> 15316#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18 15317msgid "" 15318"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 15319"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-" 15320"Navajo</b> by Don Childrey." 15321msgstr "" 15322 15323#. type: Content of: <h2> 15324#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1 15325msgid "Norse" 15326msgstr "" 15327 15328#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15329#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5 15330msgid "" 15331"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse " 15332"Constellations</a>" 15333msgstr "" 15334 15335#. type: Content of: <p> 15336#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10 15337msgid "" 15338"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, " 15339"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se" 15340msgstr "" 15341 15342#. type: Content of: <h2> 15343#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1 15344msgid "Northern Andes" 15345msgstr "" 15346 15347#. type: Content of: <p> 15348#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2 15349msgid "" 15350"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the " 15351"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting " 15352"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to " 15353"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to " 15354"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and " 15355"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the " 15356"changes that affect living beings." 15357msgstr "" 15358 15359#. type: Content of: <p> 15360#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4 15361msgid "" 15362"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean " 15363"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we " 15364"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will " 15365"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can " 15366"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars." 15367msgstr "" 15368 15369#. type: Content of: <p> 15370#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6 15371msgid "" 15372"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and " 15373"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as" 15374" well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the " 15375"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current " 15376"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic " 15377"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in " 15378"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially" 15379" decoded." 15380msgstr "" 15381 15382#. type: Content of: <p> 15383#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8 15384msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:" 15385msgstr "" 15386 15387#. type: Content of: <h3> 15388#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11 15389msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)" 15390msgstr "" 15391 15392#. type: Content of: <p> 15393#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12 15394msgid "" 15395"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement " 15396"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and " 15397"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on " 15398"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north)" 15399" and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled " 15400"(more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main " 15401"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar " 15402"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons." 15403msgstr "" 15404 15405#. type: Content of: <p> 15406#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14 15407msgid "" 15408"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the" 15409" leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic " 15410"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we" 15411" suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March " 15412"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime " 15413"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in " 15414"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will " 15415"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation " 15416"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to " 15417"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, " 15418"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start " 15419"the cycle again." 15420msgstr "" 15421 15422#. type: Content of: <h2> 15423#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19 15424msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes." 15425msgstr "" 15426"Constellations claires, astérismes et lignes directrices dans les Andes." 15427 15428#. type: Content of: <p> 15429#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21 15430msgid "" 15431"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register " 15432"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the " 15433"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, " 15434"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so " 15435"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony " 15436"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms." 15437msgstr "" 15438 15439#. type: Content of: <p> 15440#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23 15441msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>" 15442msgstr "<b>Équinoxe de mars</b>" 15443 15444#. type: Content of: <li> 15445#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24 15446msgid "" 15447"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: " 15448"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio " 15449"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle." 15450msgstr "" 15451 15452#. type: Content of: <p> 15453#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26 15454msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>" 15455msgstr "<b>Équinoxe de septembre</b>" 15456 15457#. type: Content of: <li> 15458#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27 15459msgid "" 15460"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - " 15461"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\"" 15462msgstr "" 15463 15464#. type: Content of: <p> 15465#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29 15466msgid "" 15467"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the" 15468" registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation " 15469"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of " 15470"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of " 15471"the female equinox." 15472msgstr "" 15473 15474#. type: Content of: <p> 15475#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31 15476msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>" 15477msgstr "<b>Solstice de juin</b>" 15478 15479#. type: Content of: <p> 15480#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32 15481msgid "" 15482"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer " 15483"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis," 15484" λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"." 15485msgstr "" 15486 15487#. type: Content of: <p> 15488#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34 15489msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>" 15490msgstr "<b>Solstice de décembre</b>" 15491 15492#. type: Content of: <p> 15493#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35 15494msgid "" 15495"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening" 15496" of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi" 15497" - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the " 15498"resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December " 15499"solstice It is in an East - West direction." 15500msgstr "" 15501 15502#. type: Content of: <p> 15503#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37 15504msgid "" 15505"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of " 15506"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms " 15507"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle," 15508" apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in " 15509"the dark constellations." 15510msgstr "" 15511 15512#. type: Content of: <h2> 15513#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41 15514msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations." 15515msgstr "Les Êtres sacrés dans le cosmos. Les Constellations sombres." 15516 15517#. type: Content of: <h3> 15518#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42 15519msgid "The Milky Way" 15520msgstr "La Voie lactée" 15521 15522#. type: Content of: <li> 15523#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43 15524msgid "" 15525"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a " 15526"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth " 15527"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate " 15528"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated" 15529" to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many " 15530"peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent." 15531msgstr "" 15532 15533#. type: Content of: <p> 15534#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45 15535msgid "" 15536"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or" 15537" stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the " 15538"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual " 15539"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding " 15540"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar " 15541"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked " 15542"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or " 15543"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and " 15544"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious " 15545"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent." 15546msgstr "" 15547 15548#. type: Content of: <p> 15549#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47 15550msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:" 15551msgstr "Nous décrivons ici les constellations décodées à ce jour :" 15552 15553#. type: Content of: <h3> 15554#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49 15555msgid "Dark Constellations" 15556msgstr "Constellations sombres" 15557 15558#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15559#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51 15560msgid "" 15561"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, " 15562"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of" 15563" tender grains." 15564msgstr "" 15565 15566#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15567#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52 15568msgid "" 15569"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female " 15570"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural " 15571"processes." 15572msgstr "" 15573 15574#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15575#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53 15576msgid "" 15577"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has " 15578"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June" 15579" solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead." 15580msgstr "" 15581 15582#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15583#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54 15584msgid "" 15585"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the " 15586"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice." 15587msgstr "" 15588 15589#. type: Content of: <p> 15590#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58 15591msgid "" 15592"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy " 15593"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, " 15594"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - " 15595"Ecuador</b>" 15596msgstr "" 15597 15598#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 15599#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58 15600msgid "." 15601msgstr "." 15602 15603#. type: Content of: <p> 15604#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60 15605msgid "" 15606"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala " 15607"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught " 15608"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration." 15609msgstr "" 15610 15611#. type: Content of: <p> 15612#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62 15613msgid "" 15614"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the " 15615"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral " 15616"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage" 15617" of Ecuador)." 15618msgstr "" 15619 15620#. type: Content of: <h2> 15621#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1 15622msgid "Ojibwe" 15623msgstr "" 15624 15625#. type: Content of: <p> 15626#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2 15627msgid "" 15628"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America " 15629"(United States and Canada). Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for " 15630"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup. Also known as" 15631" Anishinaabe and Chippewa. The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’. The" 15632" Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of " 15633"the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, " 15634"created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012. More details can be found in" 15635" the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: " 15636"An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe " 15637"star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources." 15638msgstr "" 15639 15640#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15641#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7 15642msgid "" 15643"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of " 15644"Hydra" 15645msgstr "" 15646 15647#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15648#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8 15649msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona" 15650msgstr "" 15651 15652#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15653#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9 15654msgid "" 15655"<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran" 15656msgstr "" 15657 15658#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15659#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10 15660msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)" 15661msgstr "" 15662 15663#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15664#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11 15665msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)" 15666msgstr "" 15667 15668#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15669#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12 15670msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris" 15671msgstr "" 15672 15673#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15674#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13 15675msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta" 15676msgstr "" 15677 15678#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15679#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14 15680msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades" 15681msgstr "" 15682 15683#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15684#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15 15685msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades" 15686msgstr "" 15687 15688#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15689#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16 15690msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus" 15691msgstr "" 15692 15693#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15694#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17 15695msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules" 15696msgstr "" 15697 15698#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15699#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18 15700msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio" 15701msgstr "" 15702 15703#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15704#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19 15705msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star," 15706msgstr "" 15707 15708#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15709#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20 15710msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World" 15711msgstr "" 15712 15713#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15714#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21 15715msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon" 15716msgstr "" 15717 15718#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15719#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22 15720msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun" 15721msgstr "" 15722 15723#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15724#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23 15725msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky" 15726msgstr "" 15727 15728#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15729#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24 15730msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus" 15731msgstr "" 15732 15733#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15734#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25 15735msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star" 15736msgstr "" 15737 15738#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15739#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26 15740msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star" 15741msgstr "" 15742 15743#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15744#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27 15745msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic" 15746msgstr "" 15747 15748#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15749#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28 15750msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way" 15751msgstr "" 15752 15753#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15754#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29 15755msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way" 15756msgstr "" 15757 15758#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15759#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30 15760msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star" 15761msgstr "" 15762 15763#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15764#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31 15765msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe" 15766msgstr "" 15767 15768#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15769#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32 15770msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)" 15771msgstr "" 15772 15773#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15774#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33 15775msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map" 15776msgstr "" 15777 15778#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15779#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34 15780msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East" 15781msgstr "" 15782 15783#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15784#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35 15785msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West" 15786msgstr "" 15787 15788#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15789#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36 15790msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North" 15791msgstr "" 15792 15793#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15794#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37 15795msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South" 15796msgstr "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>, Sud" 15797 15798#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15799#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43 15800msgid "" 15801"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map" 15802" webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other " 15803"resources.</a>" 15804msgstr "" 15805 15806#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15807#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44 15808msgid "" 15809"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-" 15810"Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe" 15811" Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com" 15812msgstr "" 15813 15814#. type: Content of: <p> 15815#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49 15816msgid "" 15817"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of " 15818"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at " 15819"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based " 15820"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star " 15821"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book " 15822"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe " 15823"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts." 15824msgstr "" 15825 15826#. type: Content of: <p> 15827#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50 15828msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson." 15829msgstr "Illustrations des constellations par A. Lee et W. Wilson." 15830 15831#. type: Content of: <h2> 15832#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1 15833msgid "Romanian" 15834msgstr "Roumaine" 15835 15836#. type: Content of: <p> 15837#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2 15838msgid "" 15839"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three " 15840"essential components." 15841msgstr "" 15842"Considérée dans son ensemble, la mythologie stellaire populaire roumaine " 15843"comporte trois éléments essentiels." 15844 15845#. type: Content of: <p><p> 15846#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3 15847msgid "" 15848"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in " 15849"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as " 15850"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants." 15851msgstr "" 15852 15853#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 15854#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5 15855msgid "" 15856"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization " 15857"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian " 15858"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with " 15859"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a " 15860"church." 15861msgstr "" 15862 15863#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15864#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8 15865msgid "" 15866"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on " 15867"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by " 15868"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of " 15869"Dacians mixing with the Romans." 15870msgstr "" 15871 15872#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15873#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11 15874msgid "" 15875"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four " 15876"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping." 15877msgstr "" 15878 15879#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3> 15880#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12 15881msgid "External links:" 15882msgstr "Liens externes :" 15883 15884#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15885#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14 15886msgid "" 15887"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian " 15888"Constellation</a>" 15889msgstr "" 15890 15891#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15892#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15 15893msgid "" 15894"<a href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-" 15895"romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional " 15896"Romanian Constellations</a>" 15897msgstr "" 15898 15899#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15900#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16 15901msgid "" 15902"<a " 15903"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30" 15904" seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>" 15905msgstr "" 15906 15907#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15908#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17 15909msgid "" 15910"<a h " 15911"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian" 15912" peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion " 15913"Ottescu</a>" 15914msgstr "" 15915 15916#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15917#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18 15918msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>" 15919msgstr "" 15920 15921#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15922#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20 15923msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members" 15924msgstr "" 15925 15926#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3> 15927#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22 15928msgid "Authors:" 15929msgstr "Auteurs :" 15930 15931#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15932#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23 15933msgid "" 15934"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a " 15935"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare " 15936"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian " 15937"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants " 15938"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu." 15939msgstr "" 15940 15941#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p> 15942#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26 15943msgid "" 15944"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies " 15945"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a " 15946"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation " 15947"art done by Zamfir Somcutean." 15948msgstr "" 15949 15950#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 15951#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28 15952msgid "" 15953"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released " 15954"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported." 15955msgstr "" 15956 15957#. type: Content of: <h2> 15958#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1 15959msgid "Sami" 15960msgstr "" 15961 15962#. type: Content of: <p> 15963#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3 15964msgid "" 15965"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern " 15966"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More " 15967"information can be found at <a " 15968"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a " 15969"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in " 15970"Wikipedia</a>." 15971msgstr "" 15972 15973#. type: Content of: <h3> 15974#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8 15975#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28 15976#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43 15977msgid "Sources" 15978msgstr "Sources" 15979 15980#. type: Content of: <p> 15981#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10 15982msgid "" 15983"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi " 15984"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och " 15985"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral " 15986"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his " 15987"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi." 15988msgstr "" 15989 15990#. type: Content of: <p> 15991#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15 15992msgid "" 15993"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different " 15994"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. " 15995"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may" 15996" be small differences with some references." 15997msgstr "" 15998 15999#. type: Content of: <p> 16000#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19 16001msgid "" 16002"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old " 16003"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role " 16004"for Sami peoples in years gone by." 16005msgstr "" 16006 16007#. type: Content of: <p> 16008#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22 16009msgid "" 16010"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic " 16011"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture " 16012"was lost before it was recorded properly." 16013msgstr "" 16014 16015#. type: Content of: <h3> 16016#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26 16017msgid "Constellations and Stars" 16018msgstr "Constellations et étoiles" 16019 16020#. type: Content of: <p> 16021#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28 16022msgid "" 16023"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing " 16024"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. " 16025"The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant" 16026" constellation, <i>Sarva</i> — the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for " 16027"elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> — Bull elk. The origin of " 16028"this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before " 16029"reindeer were domesticated." 16030msgstr "" 16031 16032#. type: Content of: <p> 16033#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34 16034msgid "" 16035"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and " 16036"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent " 16037"hunters of the elk. <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is " 16038"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his " 16039"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> — the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim" 16040" well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris)," 16041" legend has it that the world will come to an end." 16042msgstr "" 16043 16044#. type: Content of: <p> 16045#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41 16046msgid "" 16047"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a " 16048"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>) and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's " 16049"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and " 16050"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack) or " 16051"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)." 16052msgstr "" 16053 16054#. type: Content of: <p> 16055#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46 16056msgid "" 16057"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-" 16058"mærka</i> (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky" 16059" chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning " 16060"star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can " 16061"also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching " 16062"(similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)." 16063msgstr "" 16064 16065#. type: Content of: <p> 16066#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52 16067msgid "" 16068"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is" 16069" thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami " 16070"people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays" 16071" below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is " 16072"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars." 16073msgstr "" 16074 16075#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16076#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59 16077msgid "" 16078"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is " 16079"uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as " 16080"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the " 16081"latitude where the Sami live." 16082msgstr "" 16083 16084#. type: Content of: <p> 16085#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65 16086msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)" 16087msgstr "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)" 16088 16089#. type: Content of: <h2> 16090#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1 16091msgid "Sardinian" 16092msgstr "" 16093 16094#. type: Content of: <p> 16095#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2 16096msgid "" 16097"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their " 16098"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world " 16099"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian " 16100"culture." 16101msgstr "" 16102 16103#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16104#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6 16105msgid "" 16106"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and " 16107"constellations in sardinian language</a>" 16108msgstr "" 16109 16110#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16111#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7 16112msgid "" 16113"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium " 16114"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>" 16115msgstr "" 16116 16117#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16118#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8 16119msgid "" 16120"<a " 16121"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium" 16122" Wiki</a>" 16123msgstr "" 16124"<a " 16125"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Wiki" 16126" Stellarium</a>" 16127 16128#. type: Content of: <p> 16129#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12 16130msgid "" 16131"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe " 16132"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com" 16133msgstr "" 16134 16135#. type: Content of: <h3> 16136#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13 16137msgid "Credits" 16138msgstr "" 16139 16140#. type: Content of: <p> 16141#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14 16142msgid "" 16143"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done " 16144"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu" 16145msgstr "" 16146 16147#. type: Content of: <h2> 16148#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1 16149msgid "Russian (Siberian)" 16150msgstr "" 16151 16152#. type: Content of: <p> 16153#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2 16154msgid "" 16155"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly " 16156"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about " 16157"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In" 16158" this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which " 16159"typical for the whole of Siberia." 16160msgstr "" 16161 16162#. type: Content of: <p> 16163#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8 16164msgid "" 16165"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished" 16166" into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose " 16167"Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names " 16168"of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the " 16169"Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia." 16170msgstr "" 16171 16172#. type: Content of: <p> 16173#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14 16174msgid "" 16175"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but " 16176"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a " 16177"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common." 16178msgstr "" 16179 16180#. type: Content of: <p> 16181#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19 16182msgid "" 16183"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although " 16184"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)." 16185msgstr "" 16186 16187#. type: Content of: <p> 16188#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23 16189msgid "" 16190"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of" 16191" his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for " 16192"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In " 16193"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major " 16194"constellation." 16195msgstr "" 16196 16197#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16198#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30 16199msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s." 16200msgstr "" 16201 16202#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16203#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31 16204msgid "" 16205"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj " 16206"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: " 16207"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s." 16208msgstr "" 16209 16210#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16211#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32 16212msgid "" 16213"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS " 16214"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s." 16215msgstr "" 16216 16217#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16218#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33 16219msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s." 16220msgstr "" 16221 16222#. type: Content of: <h2> 16223#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1 16224msgid "Tongan (Tonga)" 16225msgstr "" 16226 16227#. type: Content of: <p> 16228#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2 16229msgid "" 16230"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the " 16231"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances " 16232"separation of individual star names from "star path" names cannot " 16233"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of " 16234"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on" 16235" which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is" 16236" approximated based on the limited resources available." 16237msgstr "" 16238 16239#. type: Content of: <p> 16240#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11 16241msgid "" 16242"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, " 16243"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable " 16244"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: " 16245"α UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan " 16246"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the" 16247" event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational " 16248"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of " 16249"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This " 16250"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore – globally and " 16251"Polynesian – has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being " 16252"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night" 16253" sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two " 16254"anomalies.]" 16255msgstr "" 16256 16257#. type: Content of: <p> 16258#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25 16259msgid "" 16260"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in " 16261"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in " 16262"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian." 16263msgstr "" 16264 16265#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16266#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32 16267msgid "" 16268"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi " 16269"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department." 16270msgstr "" 16271 16272#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16273#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34 16274msgid "" 16275"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, " 16276"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing." 16277msgstr "" 16278 16279#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16280#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37 16281msgid "" 16282"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional " 16283"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and " 16284"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p." 16285" 157-173." 16286msgstr "" 16287 16288#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16289#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45 16290msgid "Tongan term" 16291msgstr "" 16292 16293#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16294#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46 16295msgid "Humu" 16296msgstr "" 16297 16298#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16299#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46 16300msgid "Coal sack" 16301msgstr "" 16302 16303#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16304#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47 16305msgid "Kaniva" 16306msgstr "" 16307 16308#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16309#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48 16310msgid "Ma'afulele" 16311msgstr "Ma'afulele" 16312 16313#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16314#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48 16315msgid "Large Magellan cloud" 16316msgstr "Grand nuage de Magellan" 16317 16318#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16319#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49 16320msgid "Ma'afutoka" 16321msgstr "Ma'afutoka" 16322 16323#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16324#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49 16325msgid "Small Magellan cloud" 16326msgstr "Petit nuage de Magellan" 16327 16328#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16329#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50 16330msgid "'otu Ma'afu" 16331msgstr "'otu Ma'afu" 16332 16333#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16334#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50 16335msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)" 16336msgstr "Nuages de Magellan (les deux)" 16337 16338#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16339#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51 16340msgid "Ha'amonga" 16341msgstr "Ha'amonga" 16342 16343#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16344#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51 16345msgid "Ecliptic" 16346msgstr "Écliptique" 16347 16348#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16349#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52 16350msgid "Mahina" 16351msgstr "" 16352 16353#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16354#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53 16355msgid "La'a" 16356msgstr "La'a" 16357 16358#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16359#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54 16360msgid "Fetu'u" 16361msgstr "Fetu'u" 16362 16363#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16364#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54 16365msgid "Star (in general)" 16366msgstr "" 16367 16368#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16369#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55 16370msgid "Fetu'ufuka" 16371msgstr "Fetu'ufuka" 16372 16373#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16374#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55 16375msgid "Comet" 16376msgstr "Comète" 16377 16378#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16379#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56 16380msgid "'Umata" 16381msgstr "'Umata" 16382 16383#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16384#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56 16385msgid "Rainbow" 16386msgstr "" 16387 16388#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16389#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57 16390msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi" 16391msgstr "Fetu'u'Esiafi" 16392 16393#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16394#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57 16395msgid "Falling star" 16396msgstr "Étoile qui tombe" 16397 16398#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16399#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58 16400msgid "tapukitea" 16401msgstr "tapukitea" 16402 16403#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16404#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59 16405msgid "Matamemea" 16406msgstr "Matamemea" 16407 16408#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16409#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60 16410msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)" 16411msgstr "" 16412 16413#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16414#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61 16415msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)" 16416msgstr "" 16417 16418#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16419#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62 16420msgid "Velitoa hififo" 16421msgstr "Velitoa hififo" 16422 16423#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16424#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62 16425msgid "Rigel" 16426msgstr "" 16427 16428#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16429#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63 16430msgid "Velitoa hahake" 16431msgstr "Velitoa hahake" 16432 16433#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16434#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63 16435msgid "Betelguese" 16436msgstr "" 16437 16438#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16439#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64 16440msgid "Hikule'o" 16441msgstr "Hikule'o" 16442 16443#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16444#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65 16445msgid "Monuafe" 16446msgstr "" 16447 16448#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16449#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65 16450msgid "Meissa" 16451msgstr "" 16452 16453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16454#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66 16455msgid "Motuliki" 16456msgstr "" 16457 16458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16459#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67 16460msgid "Tu'ulalupe" 16461msgstr "Tu'ulalupe" 16462 16463#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16464#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68 16465msgid "Toloatonga" 16466msgstr "" 16467 16468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16469#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69 16470msgid "Toloalahi" 16471msgstr "" 16472 16473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16474#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69 16475msgid "False Cross" 16476msgstr "" 16477 16478#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 16479#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72 16480msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>" 16481msgstr "" 16482 16483#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16484#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74 16485msgid "Tongan name" 16486msgstr "" 16487 16488#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16489#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74 16490msgid "Designation or notes" 16491msgstr "Désignation ou notes" 16492 16493#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16494#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75 16495msgid "Tuinga ika" 16496msgstr "" 16497 16498#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16499#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75 16500msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword" 16501msgstr "Partie d'Orion, ceinture et épée" 16502 16503#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16504#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76 16505msgid "Ae e'Uvea" 16506msgstr "Ae e'Uvea" 16507 16508#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16509#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76 16510msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16511msgstr "" 16512 16513#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16514#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77 16515msgid "Fatanalua" 16516msgstr "" 16517 16518#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16519#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77 16520msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16521msgstr "" 16522 16523#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16524#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78 16525msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi" 16526msgstr "Kapakau'o'tafahi" 16527 16528#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16529#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78 16530msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16531msgstr "" 16532 16533#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16534#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79 16535msgid "Toloa" 16536msgstr "" 16537 16538#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16539#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79 16540msgid "Belt of Orion" 16541msgstr "Ceinture d'Orion" 16542 16543#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16544#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80 16545msgid "Lua tangata" 16546msgstr "" 16547 16548#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16549#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80 16550msgid "Castor and/or Pollux" 16551msgstr "Castor et/ou Pollux" 16552 16553#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16554#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81 16555msgid "Fungasia" 16556msgstr "" 16557 16558#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16559#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81 16560msgid "Toliman and/or Agena" 16561msgstr "" 16562 16563#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16564#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82 16565msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)" 16566msgstr "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)" 16567 16568#. type: Content of: <h1> 16569#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1 16570msgid "Tukano Constellations" 16571msgstr "" 16572 16573#. type: Content of: <p> 16574#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2 16575msgid "" 16576"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around " 16577"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group " 16578"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro " 16579"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil." 16580msgstr "" 16581 16582#. type: Content of: <h5> 16583#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5 16584msgid "" 16585"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer " 16586"to:</em>" 16587msgstr "" 16588 16589#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16590#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7 16591msgid "" 16592"<a " 16593"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\"" 16594" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>." 16595msgstr "" 16596 16597#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16598#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8 16599msgid "" 16600"<a " 16601"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\"" 16602" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>" 16603msgstr "" 16604 16605#. type: Content of: <h3> 16606#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11 16607msgid "CONSTELLATIONS" 16608msgstr "Constellations" 16609 16610#. type: Content of: <p> 16611#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12 16612msgid "" 16613"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural " 16614"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who " 16615"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations." 16616" There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here " 16617"essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations. " 16618"Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions" 16619" or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing " 16620"limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- " 16621"Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way. Their" 16622" conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. " 16623"They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like " 16624"us." 16625msgstr "" 16626 16627#. type: Content of: <p> 16628#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13 16629msgid "" 16630"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people " 16631"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school " 16632"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as" 16633" you’ll see below." 16634msgstr "" 16635 16636#. type: Content of: <p> 16637#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14 16638msgid "" 16639"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are " 16640"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during " 16641"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena " 16642"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head" 16643" setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of " 16644"the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with" 16645" an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these " 16646"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group " 16647"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat " 16648"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and" 16649" microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either. So, a " 16650"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside " 16651"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. " 16652"Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex " 16653"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore." 16654msgstr "" 16655 16656#. type: Content of: <p> 16657#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15 16658msgid "" 16659"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, " 16660"Portuguese and English. Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo." 16661msgstr "" 16662 16663#. type: Content of: <h3> 16664#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17 16665msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance" 16666msgstr "" 16667 16668#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16669#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17 16670msgid "" 16671"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external " 16672"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>" 16673msgstr "" 16674 16675#. type: Content of: <p> 16676#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19 16677msgid "" 16678"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona " 16679"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the " 16680"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos." 16681msgstr "" 16682 16683#. type: Content of: <h3> 16684#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20 16685msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo" 16686msgstr "" 16687 16688#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16689#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20 16690msgid "" 16691"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' " 16692"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>" 16693msgstr "" 16694 16695#. type: Content of: <p> 16696#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21 16697msgid "" 16698"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila " 16699"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar " 16700"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)." 16701msgstr "" 16702 16703#. type: Content of: <h3> 16704#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22 16705msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp" 16706msgstr "" 16707 16708#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16709#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22 16710msgid "" 16711"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' " 16712"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>" 16713msgstr "" 16714 16715#. type: Content of: <h3> 16716#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23 16717msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish" 16718msgstr "" 16719 16720#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16721#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23 16722msgid "" 16723"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' " 16724"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>" 16725msgstr "" 16726 16727#. type: Content of: <p> 16728#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24 16729msgid "" 16730"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius " 16731"and Pisces area. But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during " 16732"the night." 16733msgstr "" 16734 16735#. type: Content of: <h3> 16736#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25 16737msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar" 16738msgstr "" 16739 16740#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16741#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25 16742msgid "" 16743"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' " 16744"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>" 16745msgstr "" 16746 16747#. type: Content of: <p> 16748#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26 16749msgid "" 16750"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions " 16751"of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described " 16752"inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations." 16753msgstr "" 16754 16755#. type: Content of: <h3> 16756#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27 16757msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret" 16758msgstr "" 16759 16760#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16761#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27 16762msgid "" 16763"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' " 16764"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>" 16765msgstr "" 16766 16767#. type: Content of: <p> 16768#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28 16769msgid "" 16770"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those " 16771"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the " 16772"first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São " 16773"José II tribe." 16774msgstr "" 16775 16776#. type: Content of: <h3> 16777#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29 16778msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle" 16779msgstr "" 16780 16781#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16782#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29 16783msgid "" 16784"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' " 16785"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>" 16786msgstr "" 16787 16788#. type: Content of: <p> 16789#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30 16790msgid "" 16791"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross " 16792"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also " 16793"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people." 16794msgstr "" 16795 16796#. type: Content of: <h3> 16797#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31 16798msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades" 16799msgstr "" 16800 16801#. type: Content of: <h3> 16802#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31 16803msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars" 16804msgstr "" 16805 16806#. type: Content of: <p> 16807#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32 16808msgid "" 16809"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. " 16810"Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within " 16811"a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period " 16812"pointer." 16813msgstr "" 16814 16815#. type: Content of: <h3> 16816#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33 16817msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish" 16818msgstr "" 16819 16820#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16821#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33 16822msgid "" 16823"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" " 16824"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of " 16825"grill to cook fish)</a>" 16826msgstr "" 16827 16828#. type: Content of: <p> 16829#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34 16830msgid "" 16831"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the " 16832"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades. This is an easy asterism to be " 16833"seen all over the sky." 16834msgstr "" 16835 16836#. type: Content of: <h3> 16837#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35 16838msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood" 16839msgstr "" 16840 16841#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16842#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35 16843msgid "" 16844"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' " 16845"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>" 16846msgstr "" 16847 16848#. type: Content of: <p> 16849#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36 16850msgid "" 16851"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this " 16852"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents" 16853" to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood." 16854msgstr "" 16855 16856#. type: Content of: <h3> 16857#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37 16858msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake" 16859msgstr "" 16860 16861#. type: Content of: <h3><br> 16862#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37 16863msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus" 16864msgstr "" 16865 16866#. type: Content of: <p> 16867#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38 16868msgid "" 16869"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when " 16870"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in" 16871" the main river are swallowed by it." 16872msgstr "" 16873 16874#. type: Content of: <h3> 16875#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39 16876msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter" 16877msgstr "" 16878 16879#. type: Content of: <p> 16880#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40 16881msgid "" 16882"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river," 16883" this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major " 16884"in that region." 16885msgstr "" 16886 16887#. type: Content of: <h3> 16888#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41 16889msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances" 16890msgstr "" 16891 16892#. type: Content of: <p> 16893#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42 16894msgid "" 16895"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in" 16896" some special Tukano ceremonies." 16897msgstr "" 16898 16899#. type: Content of: <h4> 16900#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44 16901msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:" 16902msgstr "" 16903 16904#. type: Content of: <p> 16905#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45 16906msgid "" 16907"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, " 16908"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis " 16909"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in " 16910"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about " 16911"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky " 16912"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in " 16913"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we " 16914"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from" 16915" differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting " 16916"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major " 16917"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians" 16918msgstr "" 16919 16920#. type: Content of: <h4> 16921#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48 16922msgid "" 16923"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of" 16924" his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)" 16925msgstr "" 16926 16927#. type: Content of: <h4><br> 16928#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48 16929msgid "" 16930"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and " 16931"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)." 16932msgstr "" 16933 16934#. type: Content of: <h2> 16935#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1 16936msgid "Tupi-Guarani" 16937msgstr "" 16938 16939#. type: Content of: <p> 16940#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2 16941msgid "" 16942"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the " 16943"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries." 16944msgstr "" 16945 16946#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16947#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5 16948msgid "" 16949"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep " 16950"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily " 16951"life. In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de " 16952"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated" 16953" that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book " 16954"only details seven." 16955msgstr "" 16956 16957#. type: Content of: <p><h4> 16958#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8 16959msgid "Ema" 16960msgstr "" 16961 16962#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16963#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9 16964msgid "" 16965"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i>" 16966" in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The " 16967"constellation depicts a large bird." 16968msgstr "" 16969 16970#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16971#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11 16972msgid "" 16973"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the " 16974"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South " 16975"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North." 16976msgstr "" 16977 16978#. type: Content of: <p><h4> 16979#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13 16980msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)" 16981msgstr "" 16982 16983#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16984#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14 16985msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick." 16986msgstr "" 16987 16988#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16989#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15 16990msgid "" 16991"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the " 16992"evening Eastern sky. This marks the beginning of summer in the southern " 16993"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North." 16994msgstr "" 16995 16996#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 16997#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19 16998msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>" 16999msgstr "" 17000 17001#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17002#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20 17003msgid "" 17004"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The " 17005"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)" 17006msgstr "" 17007 17008#. type: Content of: <p> 17009#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24 17010msgid "" 17011"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo " 17012"Pontes</i>." 17013msgstr "" 17014"Cette culture céleste est une contribution de l'utilisateur de Stellarium " 17015"<i>Paulo Marcelo Pontes</i>." 17016 17017#. type: Content of: <h2> 17018#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1 17019msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)" 17020msgstr "" 17021 17022#. type: Content of: <p> 17023#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2 17024msgid "" 17025"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran " 17026"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a " 17027"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar " 17028"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" " 17029"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in " 17030"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of " 17031"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent." 17032msgstr "" 17033 17034#. type: Content of: <h3> 17035#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4 17036msgid "Solar system" 17037msgstr "Système solaire" 17038 17039#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17040#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6 17041msgid "Sun: Met" 17042msgstr "Soleil : Met" 17043 17044#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17045#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7 17046msgid "Moon: Mawuk" 17047msgstr "Lune : Mawuk" 17048 17049#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17050#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9 17051msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'" 17052msgstr "" 17053 17054#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17055#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10 17056msgid "" 17057"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky " 17058"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening" 17059msgstr "" 17060 17061#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17062#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11 17063msgid "" 17064"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' " 17065"(Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, " 17066"the Moon just appears above the mountains" 17067msgstr "" 17068 17069#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17070#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12 17071msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel" 17072msgstr "" 17073 17074#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17075#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13 17076msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel" 17077msgstr "" 17078 17079#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17080#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14 17081msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'" 17082msgstr "" 17083 17084#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17085#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16 17086msgid "Venus:" 17087msgstr "Vénus :" 17088 17089#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17090#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18 17091msgid "Morning star: Fétukai" 17092msgstr "L'étoile du matin : Fétukai" 17093 17094#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17095#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19 17096msgid "Evening star: Kéwita" 17097msgstr "" 17098 17099#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17100#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21 17101msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi" 17102msgstr "Jupiter : Karatéi" 17103 17104#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17105#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22 17106msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death" 17107msgstr "" 17108 17109#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17110#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27 17111msgid "In general: Mahau" 17112msgstr "En général : Mahau" 17113 17114#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17115#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28 17116msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta" 17117msgstr "" 17118 17119#. type: Content of: <h3> 17120#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31 17121msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects" 17122msgstr "Constellations et objets du ciel profond" 17123 17124#. type: Content of: <p> 17125#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32 17126msgid "" 17127"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the " 17128"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. " 17129"The actual translations of the local names follow them." 17130msgstr "" 17131 17132#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17133#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34 17134msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'" 17135msgstr "" 17136 17137#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17138#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35 17139msgid "" 17140"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown " 17141"meaning" 17142msgstr "" 17143 17144#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17145#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36 17146msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'" 17147msgstr "" 17148 17149#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17150#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37 17151msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'" 17152msgstr "" 17153 17154#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17155#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38 17156msgid "" 17157"Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'" 17158msgstr "" 17159 17160#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17161#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39 17162msgid "" 17163"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it " 17164"is time to prepare gardens" 17165msgstr "" 17166 17167#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17168#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40 17169msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves" 17170msgstr "" 17171 17172#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17173#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41 17174msgid "" 17175"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages" 17176" with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time " 17177"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest" 17178msgstr "" 17179 17180#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17181#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42 17182msgid "" 17183"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen " 17184"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'" 17185msgstr "" 17186 17187#. type: Content of: <h3> 17188#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45 17189msgid "Names of objects with unknown position" 17190msgstr "" 17191 17192#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17193#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47 17194msgid "" 17195"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or " 17196"to rise close to it" 17197msgstr "" 17198 17199#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17200#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48 17201msgid "" 17202"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the " 17203"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)" 17204msgstr "" 17205 17206#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17207#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49 17208msgid "" 17209"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in " 17210"September in the morning near zenith" 17211msgstr "" 17212 17213#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17214#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50 17215msgid "" 17216"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in " 17217"February in the morning" 17218msgstr "" 17219 17220#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17221#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55 17222msgid "" 17223"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> " 17224"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu" 17225msgstr "" 17226 17227#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17228#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56 17229msgid "" 17230"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language " 17231"on Wikipedia</a>" 17232msgstr "" 17233 17234#. type: Content of: <p> 17235#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60 17236msgid "" 17237"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a " 17238"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a " 17239"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>." 17240msgstr "" 17241 17242#. type: Content of: <p> 17243#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61 17244msgid "" 17245"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral" 17246" knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from " 17247"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé" 17248" from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe " 17249"Natuman from Lowkweria." 17250msgstr "" 17251 17252#. type: Content of: <h2> 17253#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1 17254msgid "Western" 17255msgstr "Occidentale" 17256 17257#. type: Content of: <p> 17258#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2 17259msgid "" 17260"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is " 17261"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has " 17262"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic " 17263"astronomy." 17264msgstr "" 17265"La culture du ciel occidentale est utilisée à l'échelle internationale par " 17266"les astronomes modernes et est la nomenclature officielle de l'Union " 17267"Astronomique Internationale. Elle a des racines historiques dans " 17268"l'astronomie de la Grèce antique, avec des influences de l'astronomie arabe." 17269 17270#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17271#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5 17272#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5 17273msgid "" 17274"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various " 17275"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by " 17276"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the " 17277"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky " 17278"cultures exhaustively in daily usage." 17279msgstr "" 17280"La culture occidentale divise la sphère céleste en 88 zones de différentes " 17281"tailles appelées <i>constellations</i>, avec des limites précises, définies " 17282"par l'Union Astronomique Internationale. Ces constellations sont devenues la" 17283" manière standard de décrire le ciel, remplaçant au quotidien de manière " 17284"exhaustive des ensembles similaires d'autres cultures du ciel." 17285 17286#. type: Content of: <p> 17287#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8 17288msgid "" 17289"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, " 17290"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used " 17291"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names " 17292"are more famous than the designations." 17293msgstr "" 17294"La plupart des noms d'étoiles traditionnel dans la culture occidentale " 17295"proviennent de l'arabe. En astronomie, les désignations Bayer/Flamsteed et " 17296"d'autres catalogues d'étoiles sont communément utilisés à la place des noms " 17297"traditionnels, sauf dans quelques cas où les noms traditionnels sont plus " 17298"célèbres que les désignations." 17299 17300#. type: Content of: <h3> 17301#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10 17302msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium" 17303msgstr "Fichiers d'astérismes alternatifs pour Stellarium" 17304 17305#. type: Content of: <p> 17306#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11 17307msgid "" 17308"<a " 17309"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" " 17310"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his " 17311"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' " 17312"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike " 17313"Richards</a>." 17314msgstr "" 17315 17316#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17317#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15 17318#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14 17319msgid "" 17320"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'" 17321" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" " 17322"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia" 17323msgstr "" 17324"Article <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" " 17325"class='external text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" " 17326"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> sur Wikipédia" 17327 17328#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17329#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16 17330#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15 17331msgid "" 17332"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external " 17333"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" " 17334"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia" 17335msgstr "" 17336"Article <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" " 17337"class='external text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" " 17338"rel=\"nofollow\">Catalogue d'étoiles</a> sur Wikipédia" 17339 17340#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17341#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17 17342msgid "" 17343"<a " 17344"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\"" 17345" class='external text' " 17346"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\"" 17347" rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval " 17348"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius " 17349"Engravings." 17350msgstr "" 17351 17352#. type: Content of: <h2> 17353#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1 17354msgid "Sky & Telescope" 17355msgstr "Ciel et Télescope" 17356 17357#. type: Content of: <p> 17358#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2 17359msgid "" 17360"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is " 17361"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has " 17362"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic " 17363"astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & " 17364"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & " 17365"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & " 17366"Telescope magazine." 17367msgstr "" 17368 17369#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17370#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7 17371msgid "" 17372"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines " 17373"for Microscopium or Mensa." 17374msgstr "" 17375 17376#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17377#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10 17378msgid "" 17379"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in " 17380"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file." 17381msgstr "" 17382 17383#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17384#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13 17385msgid "" 17386"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' " 17387"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage" 17388msgstr "" 17389"Page d'accueil de <a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" " 17390"class='external text' title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Ciel et " 17391"Télescope</a>" 17392 17393#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17394#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16 17395msgid "" 17396"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' " 17397"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official" 17398" IAU constellation information</a>" 17399msgstr "" 17400"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' " 17401"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" " 17402"rel=\"nofollow\">Informations officielles de l'UAI sur les " 17403"constellations</a>" 17404 17405#. type: Content of: <h2> 17406#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1 17407msgid "Western (O.Hlad)" 17408msgstr "" 17409 17410#. type: Content of: <p> 17411#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3 17412msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:" 17413msgstr "" 17414 17415#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17416#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6 17417msgid "" 17418"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. " 17419"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik." 17420msgstr "" 17421 17422#. type: Content of: <p> 17423#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9 17424msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:" 17425msgstr "" 17426 17427#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17428#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12 17429msgid "" 17430"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. " 17431"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing." 17432msgstr "" 17433 17434#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17435#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13 17436msgid "" 17437"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor." 17438msgstr "" 17439 17440#. type: Content of: <p> 17441#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19 17442msgid "" 17443"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-" 17444"letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright " 17445"stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case " 17446"of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir). We usually do <em>not</em> use" 17447" 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected " 17448"by light pollution. The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and " 17449"easier-to-remember for children. We use these constellations at the " 17450"Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a " 17451"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)." 17452msgstr "" 17453 17454#. type: Content of: <p> 17455#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28 17456msgid "" 17457"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies " 17458"are just behind Bear's head. Gem is a similar case. Cam seems upside-down " 17459"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed" 17460" brighter." 17461msgstr "" 17462 17463#. type: Content of: <h3> 17464#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33 17465msgid "Updates" 17466msgstr "Mises à jour" 17467 17468#. type: Content of: <p> 17469#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35 17470msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1" 17471msgstr "Version 1.0 pour Stellarium 0.13.1" 17472 17473#. type: Content of: <p> 17474#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37 17475msgid "" 17476"Future updates should be available at <a " 17477"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>" 17478msgstr "" 17479"Les futures mises à jour devraient être disponibles sur <a " 17480"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>" 17481 17482#. type: Content of: <h2> 17483#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1 17484msgid "Western: H.A. Rey" 17485msgstr "Occidentale : H.A. Rey" 17486 17487#. type: Content of: <p> 17488#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5 17489msgid "" 17490"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated " 17491"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. " 17492"The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown " 17493"connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however appear " 17494"sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which " 17495"constellation. Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the " 17496"figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning " 17497"stargazers in the middle of the 20th century." 17498msgstr "" 17499 17500#. type: Content of: <p> 17501#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16 17502msgid "" 17503"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of " 17504"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his " 17505"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To " 17506"See Them</em>." 17507msgstr "" 17508 17509#. type: Content of: <h4> 17510#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22 17511msgid "The Constellations" 17512msgstr "Les constellations" 17513 17514#. type: Content of: <p> 17515#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24 17516msgid "" 17517"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey " 17518"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the " 17519"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done" 17520" it before. The basic idea is so simple.\"" 17521msgstr "" 17522 17523#. type: Content of: <p> 17524#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29 17525msgid "" 17526"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted" 17527" constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, " 17528"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick" 17529" figures. The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey." 17530" If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the " 17531"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those " 17532"included in the book." 17533msgstr "" 17534 17535#. type: Content of: <h4> 17536#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37 17537msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations" 17538msgstr "" 17539 17540#. type: Content of: <p> 17541#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39 17542msgid "" 17543"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and " 17544"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of " 17545"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus). " 17546"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures " 17547"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of" 17548" the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For " 17549"example," 17550msgstr "" 17551 17552#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17553#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47 17554msgid "" 17555"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>) to look " 17556"like a polar bear scenting prey. This on one hand does not have the usual " 17557"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown " 17558"to walk around the pole in this orientation." 17559msgstr "" 17560 17561#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17562#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53 17563msgid "" 17564"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long " 17565"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including " 17566"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye " 17567"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck." 17568msgstr "" 17569 17570#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17571#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58 17572msgid "" 17573"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of " 17574"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as " 17575"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the " 17576"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet." 17577msgstr "" 17578 17579#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17580#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63 17581msgid "" 17582"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now " 17583"forming a tail fin." 17584msgstr "" 17585 17586#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17587#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66 17588msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head." 17589msgstr "" 17590 17591#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17592#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68 17593msgid "" 17594"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace" 17595" of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)" 17596msgstr "" 17597 17598#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17599#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75 17600msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>" 17601msgstr "" 17602"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipédia)</a>" 17603 17604#. type: Content of: <p> 17605#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80 17606msgid "" 17607"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon " 17608"example contributed by Mike Richards. It has been reworked following the " 17609"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti." 17610msgstr "" 17611