go/constant/value.go

// Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package constant implements Values representing untyped
// Go constants and their corresponding operations.
//
// A special Unknown value may be used when a value
// is unknown due to an error. Operations on unknown
// values produce unknown values unless specified
// otherwise.
//
package constant

import (
	"fmt"
	"go/token"
	"math"
	"math/big"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"unicode/utf8"
)

// Kind specifies the kind of value represented by a Value.
type Kind int

const (
	// unknown values
	Unknown Kind = iota

	// non-numeric values
	Bool
	String

	// numeric values
	Int
	Float
	Complex
)

// A Value represents the value of a Go constant.
type Value interface {
	// Kind returns the value kind.
	Kind() Kind

	// String returns a short, quoted (human-readable) form of the value.
	// For numeric values, the result may be an approximation;
	// for String values the result may be a shortened string.
	// Use ExactString for a string representing a value exactly.
	String() string

	// ExactString returns an exact, quoted (human-readable) form of the value.
	// If the Value is of Kind String, use StringVal to obtain the unquoted string.
	ExactString() string

	// Prevent external implementations.
	implementsValue()
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Implementations

// Maximum supported mantissa precision.
// The spec requires at least 256 bits; typical implementations use 512 bits.
const prec = 512

type (
	unknownVal struct{}
	boolVal    bool
	stringVal  struct {
		// Lazy value: either a string (l,r==nil) or an addition (l,r!=nil).
		mu   sync.Mutex
		s    string
		l, r *stringVal
	}
	int64Val   int64                    // Int values representable as an int64
	intVal     struct{ val *big.Int }   // Int values not representable as an int64
	ratVal     struct{ val *big.Rat }   // Float values representable as a fraction
	floatVal   struct{ val *big.Float } // Float values not representable as a fraction
	complexVal struct{ re, im Value }
)

func (unknownVal) Kind() Kind { return Unknown }
func (boolVal) Kind() Kind    { return Bool }
func (*stringVal) Kind() Kind { return String }
func (int64Val) Kind() Kind   { return Int }
func (intVal) Kind() Kind     { return Int }
func (ratVal) Kind() Kind     { return Float }
func (floatVal) Kind() Kind   { return Float }
func (complexVal) Kind() Kind { return Complex }

func (unknownVal) String() string { return "unknown" }
func (x boolVal) String() string  { return strconv.FormatBool(bool(x)) }

// String returns a possibly shortened quoted form of the String value.
func (x *stringVal) String() string {
	const maxLen = 72 // a reasonable length
	s := strconv.Quote(x.string())
	if utf8.RuneCountInString(s) > maxLen {
		// The string without the enclosing quotes is greater than maxLen-2 runes
		// long. Remove the last 3 runes (including the closing '"') by keeping
		// only the first maxLen-3 runes; then add "...".
		i := 0
		for n := 0; n < maxLen-3; n++ {
			_, size := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s[i:])
			i += size
		}
		s = s[:i] + "..."
	}
	return s
}

// string constructs and returns the actual string literal value.
// If x represents an addition, then it rewrites x to be a single
// string, to speed future calls. This lazy construction avoids
// building different string values for all subpieces of a large
// concatenation. See golang.org/issue/23348.
func (x *stringVal) string() string {
	x.mu.Lock()
	if x.l != nil {
		x.s = strings.Join(reverse(x.appendReverse(nil)), "")
		x.l = nil
		x.r = nil
	}
	s := x.s
	x.mu.Unlock()

	return s
}

// reverse reverses x in place and returns it.
func reverse(x []string) []string {
	n := len(x)
	for i := 0; i+i < n; i++ {
		x[i], x[n-1-i] = x[n-1-i], x[i]
	}
	return x
}

// appendReverse appends to list all of x's subpieces, but in reverse,
// and returns the result. Appending the reversal allows processing
// the right side in a recursive call and the left side in a loop.
// Because a chain like a + b + c + d + e is actually represented
// as ((((a + b) + c) + d) + e), the left-side loop avoids deep recursion.
// x must be locked.
func (x *stringVal) appendReverse(list []string) []string {
	y := x
	for y.r != nil {
		y.r.mu.Lock()
		list = y.r.appendReverse(list)
		y.r.mu.Unlock()

		l := y.l
		if y != x {
			y.mu.Unlock()
		}
		l.mu.Lock()
		y = l
	}
	s := y.s
	if y != x {
		y.mu.Unlock()
	}
	return append(list, s)
}

func (x int64Val) String() string { return strconv.FormatInt(int64(x), 10) }
func (x intVal) String() string   { return x.val.String() }
func (x ratVal) String() string   { return rtof(x).String() }

// String returns a decimal approximation of the Float value.
func (x floatVal) String() string {
	f := x.val

	// Don't try to convert infinities (will not terminate).
	if f.IsInf() {
		return f.String()
	}

	// Use exact fmt formatting if in float64 range (common case):
	// proceed if f doesn't underflow to 0 or overflow to inf.
	if x, _ := f.Float64(); f.Sign() == 0 == (x == 0) && !math.IsInf(x, 0) {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%.6g", x)
	}

	// Out of float64 range. Do approximate manual to decimal
	// conversion to avoid precise but possibly slow Float
	// formatting.
	// f = mant * 2**exp
	var mant big.Float
	exp := f.MantExp(&mant) // 0.5 <= |mant| < 1.0

	// approximate float64 mantissa m and decimal exponent d
	// f ~ m * 10**d
	m, _ := mant.Float64()                     // 0.5 <= |m| < 1.0
	d := float64(exp) * (math.Ln2 / math.Ln10) // log_10(2)

	// adjust m for truncated (integer) decimal exponent e
	e := int64(d)
	m *= math.Pow(10, d-float64(e))

	// ensure 1 <= |m| < 10
	switch am := math.Abs(m); {
	case am < 1-0.5e-6:
		// The %.6g format below rounds m to 5 digits after the
		// decimal point. Make sure that m*10 < 10 even after
		// rounding up: m*10 + 0.5e-5 < 10 => m < 1 - 0.5e6.
		m *= 10
		e--
	case am >= 10:
		m /= 10
		e++
	}

	return fmt.Sprintf("%.6ge%+d", m, e)
}

func (x complexVal) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("(%s + %si)", x.re, x.im) }

func (x unknownVal) ExactString() string { return x.String() }
func (x boolVal) ExactString() string    { return x.String() }
func (x *stringVal) ExactString() string { return strconv.Quote(x.string()) }
func (x int64Val) ExactString() string   { return x.String() }
func (x intVal) ExactString() string     { return x.String() }

func (x ratVal) ExactString() string {
	r := x.val
	if r.IsInt() {
		return r.Num().String()
	}
	return r.String()
}

func (x floatVal) ExactString() string { return x.val.Text('p', 0) }

func (x complexVal) ExactString() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("(%s + %si)", x.re.ExactString(), x.im.ExactString())
}

func (unknownVal) implementsValue() {}
func (boolVal) implementsValue()    {}
func (*stringVal) implementsValue() {}
func (int64Val) implementsValue()   {}
func (ratVal) implementsValue()     {}
func (intVal) implementsValue()     {}
func (floatVal) implementsValue()   {}
func (complexVal) implementsValue() {}

func newInt() *big.Int     { return new(big.Int) }
func newRat() *big.Rat     { return new(big.Rat) }
func newFloat() *big.Float { return new(big.Float).SetPrec(prec) }

func i64toi(x int64Val) intVal   { return intVal{newInt().SetInt64(int64(x))} }
func i64tor(x int64Val) ratVal   { return ratVal{newRat().SetInt64(int64(x))} }
func i64tof(x int64Val) floatVal { return floatVal{newFloat().SetInt64(int64(x))} }
func itor(x intVal) ratVal       { return ratVal{newRat().SetInt(x.val)} }
func itof(x intVal) floatVal     { return floatVal{newFloat().SetInt(x.val)} }

func rtof(x ratVal) floatVal {
	a := newFloat().SetInt(x.val.Num())
	b := newFloat().SetInt(x.val.Denom())
	return floatVal{a.Quo(a, b)}
}

func vtoc(x Value) complexVal { return complexVal{x, int64Val(0)} }

func makeInt(x *big.Int) Value {
	if x.IsInt64() {
		return int64Val(x.Int64())
	}
	return intVal{x}
}

// Permit fractions with component sizes up to maxExp
// before switching to using floating-point numbers.
const maxExp = 4 << 10

func makeRat(x *big.Rat) Value {
	a := x.Num()
	b := x.Denom()
	if a.BitLen() < maxExp && b.BitLen() < maxExp {
		// ok to remain fraction
		return ratVal{x}
	}
	// components too large => switch to float
	fa := newFloat().SetInt(a)
	fb := newFloat().SetInt(b)
	return floatVal{fa.Quo(fa, fb)}
}

var floatVal0 = floatVal{newFloat()}

func makeFloat(x *big.Float) Value {
	// convert -0
	if x.Sign() == 0 {
		return floatVal0
	}
	return floatVal{x}
}

func makeComplex(re, im Value) Value {
	return complexVal{re, im}
}

func makeFloatFromLiteral(lit string) Value {
	if f, ok := newFloat().SetString(lit); ok {
		if smallRat(f) {
			// ok to use rationals
			if f.Sign() == 0 {
				// Issue 20228: If the float underflowed to zero, parse just "0".
				// Otherwise, lit might contain a value with a large negative exponent,
				// such as -6e-1886451601. As a float, that will underflow to 0,
				// but it'll take forever to parse as a Rat.
				lit = "0"
			}
			if r, ok := newRat().SetString(lit); ok {
				return ratVal{r}
			}
		}
		// otherwise use floats
		return makeFloat(f)
	}
	return nil
}

// smallRat reports whether x would lead to "reasonably"-sized fraction
// if converted to a *big.Rat.
func smallRat(x *big.Float) bool {
	if !x.IsInf() {
		e := x.MantExp(nil)
		return -maxExp < e && e < maxExp
	}
	return false
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Factories

// MakeUnknown returns the Unknown value.
func MakeUnknown() Value { return unknownVal{} }

// MakeBool returns the Bool value for b.
func MakeBool(b bool) Value { return boolVal(b) }

// MakeString returns the String value for s.
func MakeString(s string) Value { return &stringVal{s: s} }

// MakeInt64 returns the Int value for x.
func MakeInt64(x int64) Value { return int64Val(x) }

// MakeUint64 returns the Int value for x.
func MakeUint64(x uint64) Value {
	if x < 1<<63 {
		return int64Val(int64(x))
	}
	return intVal{newInt().SetUint64(x)}
}

// MakeFloat64 returns the Float value for x.
// If x is not finite, the result is an Unknown.
func MakeFloat64(x float64) Value {
	if math.IsInf(x, 0) || math.IsNaN(x) {
		return unknownVal{}
	}
	// convert -0 to 0
	if x == 0 {
		return int64Val(0)
	}
	return ratVal{newRat().SetFloat64(x)}
}

// MakeFromLiteral returns the corresponding integer, floating-point,
// imaginary, character, or string value for a Go literal string. The
// tok value must be one of token.INT, token.FLOAT, token.IMAG,
// token.CHAR, or token.STRING. The final argument must be zero.
// If the literal string syntax is invalid, the result is an Unknown.
func MakeFromLiteral(lit string, tok token.Token, zero uint) Value {
	if zero != 0 {
		panic("MakeFromLiteral called with non-zero last argument")
	}

	// TODO(gri) Remove stripSep and, for token.INT, 0o-octal handling
	//           below once strconv and math/big can handle separators
	//           and 0o-octals.

	switch tok {
	case token.INT:
		// TODO(gri) remove 0o-special case once strconv and math/big can handle 0o-octals
		lit = stripSep(lit)
		if len(lit) >= 2 && lit[0] == '0' && (lit[1] == 'o' || lit[1] == 'O') {
			lit = "0" + lit[2:]
		}
		if x, err := strconv.ParseInt(lit, 0, 64); err == nil {
			return int64Val(x)
		}
		if x, ok := newInt().SetString(lit, 0); ok {
			return intVal{x}
		}

	case token.FLOAT:
		lit = stripSep(lit)
		if x := makeFloatFromLiteral(lit); x != nil {
			return x
		}

	case token.IMAG:
		lit = stripSep(lit)
		if n := len(lit); n > 0 && lit[n-1] == 'i' {
			if im := makeFloatFromLiteral(lit[:n-1]); im != nil {
				return makeComplex(int64Val(0), im)
			}
		}

	case token.CHAR:
		if n := len(lit); n >= 2 {
			if code, _, _, err := strconv.UnquoteChar(lit[1:n-1], '\''); err == nil {
				return MakeInt64(int64(code))
			}
		}

	case token.STRING:
		if s, err := strconv.Unquote(lit); err == nil {
			return MakeString(s)
		}

	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v is not a valid token", tok))
	}

	return unknownVal{}
}

func stripSep(s string) string {
	// avoid making a copy if there are no separators (common case)
	i := 0
	for i < len(s) && s[i] != '_' {
		i++
	}
	if i == len(s) {
		return s
	}

	// make a copy of s without separators
	var buf []byte
	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
		if c := s[i]; c != '_' {
			buf = append(buf, c)
		}
	}
	return string(buf)
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Accessors
//
// For unknown arguments the result is the zero value for the respective
// accessor type, except for Sign, where the result is 1.

// BoolVal returns the Go boolean value of x, which must be a Bool or an Unknown.
// If x is Unknown, the result is false.
func BoolVal(x Value) bool {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case boolVal:
		return bool(x)
	case unknownVal:
		return false
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not a Bool", x))
	}
}

// StringVal returns the Go string value of x, which must be a String or an Unknown.
// If x is Unknown, the result is "".
func StringVal(x Value) string {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case *stringVal:
		return x.string()
	case unknownVal:
		return ""
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not a String", x))
	}
}

// Int64Val returns the Go int64 value of x and whether the result is exact;
// x must be an Int or an Unknown. If the result is not exact, its value is undefined.
// If x is Unknown, the result is (0, false).
func Int64Val(x Value) (int64, bool) {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		return int64(x), true
	case intVal:
		return x.val.Int64(), false // not an int64Val and thus not exact
	case unknownVal:
		return 0, false
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not an Int", x))
	}
}

// Uint64Val returns the Go uint64 value of x and whether the result is exact;
// x must be an Int or an Unknown. If the result is not exact, its value is undefined.
// If x is Unknown, the result is (0, false).
func Uint64Val(x Value) (uint64, bool) {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		return uint64(x), x >= 0
	case intVal:
		return x.val.Uint64(), x.val.IsUint64()
	case unknownVal:
		return 0, false
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not an Int", x))
	}
}

// Float32Val is like Float64Val but for float32 instead of float64.
func Float32Val(x Value) (float32, bool) {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		f := float32(x)
		return f, int64Val(f) == x
	case intVal:
		f, acc := newFloat().SetInt(x.val).Float32()
		return f, acc == big.Exact
	case ratVal:
		return x.val.Float32()
	case floatVal:
		f, acc := x.val.Float32()
		return f, acc == big.Exact
	case unknownVal:
		return 0, false
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not a Float", x))
	}
}

// Float64Val returns the nearest Go float64 value of x and whether the result is exact;
// x must be numeric or an Unknown, but not Complex. For values too small (too close to 0)
// to represent as float64, Float64Val silently underflows to 0. The result sign always
// matches the sign of x, even for 0.
// If x is Unknown, the result is (0, false).
func Float64Val(x Value) (float64, bool) {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		f := float64(int64(x))
		return f, int64Val(f) == x
	case intVal:
		f, acc := newFloat().SetInt(x.val).Float64()
		return f, acc == big.Exact
	case ratVal:
		return x.val.Float64()
	case floatVal:
		f, acc := x.val.Float64()
		return f, acc == big.Exact
	case unknownVal:
		return 0, false
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not a Float", x))
	}
}

// Val returns the underlying value for a given constant. Since it returns an
// interface, it is up to the caller to type assert the result to the expected
// type. The possible dynamic return types are:
//
//    x Kind             type of result
//    -----------------------------------------
//    Bool               bool
//    String             string
//    Int                int64 or *big.Int
//    Float              *big.Float or *big.Rat
//    everything else    nil
//
func Val(x Value) interface{} {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case boolVal:
		return bool(x)
	case *stringVal:
		return x.string()
	case int64Val:
		return int64(x)
	case intVal:
		return x.val
	case ratVal:
		return x.val
	case floatVal:
		return x.val
	default:
		return nil
	}
}

// Make returns the Value for x.
//
//    type of x        result Kind
//    ----------------------------
//    bool             Bool
//    string           String
//    int64            Int
//    *big.Int         Int
//    *big.Float       Float
//    *big.Rat         Float
//    anything else    Unknown
//
func Make(x interface{}) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case bool:
		return boolVal(x)
	case string:
		return &stringVal{s: x}
	case int64:
		return int64Val(x)
	case *big.Int:
		return intVal{x}
	case *big.Rat:
		return ratVal{x}
	case *big.Float:
		return floatVal{x}
	default:
		return unknownVal{}
	}
}

// BitLen returns the number of bits required to represent
// the absolute value x in binary representation; x must be an Int or an Unknown.
// If x is Unknown, the result is 0.
func BitLen(x Value) int {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		return i64toi(x).val.BitLen()
	case intVal:
		return x.val.BitLen()
	case unknownVal:
		return 0
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not an Int", x))
	}
}

// Sign returns -1, 0, or 1 depending on whether x < 0, x == 0, or x > 0;
// x must be numeric or Unknown. For complex values x, the sign is 0 if x == 0,
// otherwise it is != 0. If x is Unknown, the result is 1.
func Sign(x Value) int {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		switch {
		case x < 0:
			return -1
		case x > 0:
			return 1
		}
		return 0
	case intVal:
		return x.val.Sign()
	case ratVal:
		return x.val.Sign()
	case floatVal:
		return x.val.Sign()
	case complexVal:
		return Sign(x.re) | Sign(x.im)
	case unknownVal:
		return 1 // avoid spurious division by zero errors
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not numeric", x))
	}
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Support for assembling/disassembling numeric values

const (
	// Compute the size of a Word in bytes.
	_m       = ^big.Word(0)
	_log     = _m>>8&1 + _m>>16&1 + _m>>32&1
	wordSize = 1 << _log
)

// Bytes returns the bytes for the absolute value of x in little-
// endian binary representation; x must be an Int.
func Bytes(x Value) []byte {
	var t intVal
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		t = i64toi(x)
	case intVal:
		t = x
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not an Int", x))
	}

	words := t.val.Bits()
	bytes := make([]byte, len(words)*wordSize)

	i := 0
	for _, w := range words {
		for j := 0; j < wordSize; j++ {
			bytes[i] = byte(w)
			w >>= 8
			i++
		}
	}
	// remove leading 0's
	for i > 0 && bytes[i-1] == 0 {
		i--
	}

	return bytes[:i]
}

// MakeFromBytes returns the Int value given the bytes of its little-endian
// binary representation. An empty byte slice argument represents 0.
func MakeFromBytes(bytes []byte) Value {
	words := make([]big.Word, (len(bytes)+(wordSize-1))/wordSize)

	i := 0
	var w big.Word
	var s uint
	for _, b := range bytes {
		w |= big.Word(b) << s
		if s += 8; s == wordSize*8 {
			words[i] = w
			i++
			w = 0
			s = 0
		}
	}
	// store last word
	if i < len(words) {
		words[i] = w
		i++
	}
	// remove leading 0's
	for i > 0 && words[i-1] == 0 {
		i--
	}

	return makeInt(newInt().SetBits(words[:i]))
}

// Num returns the numerator of x; x must be Int, Float, or Unknown.
// If x is Unknown, or if it is too large or small to represent as a
// fraction, the result is Unknown. Otherwise the result is an Int
// with the same sign as x.
func Num(x Value) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val, intVal:
		return x
	case ratVal:
		return makeInt(x.val.Num())
	case floatVal:
		if smallRat(x.val) {
			r, _ := x.val.Rat(nil)
			return makeInt(r.Num())
		}
	case unknownVal:
		break
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not Int or Float", x))
	}
	return unknownVal{}
}

// Denom returns the denominator of x; x must be Int, Float, or Unknown.
// If x is Unknown, or if it is too large or small to represent as a
// fraction, the result is Unknown. Otherwise the result is an Int >= 1.
func Denom(x Value) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val, intVal:
		return int64Val(1)
	case ratVal:
		return makeInt(x.val.Denom())
	case floatVal:
		if smallRat(x.val) {
			r, _ := x.val.Rat(nil)
			return makeInt(r.Denom())
		}
	case unknownVal:
		break
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not Int or Float", x))
	}
	return unknownVal{}
}

// MakeImag returns the Complex value x*i;
// x must be Int, Float, or Unknown.
// If x is Unknown, the result is Unknown.
func MakeImag(x Value) Value {
	switch x.(type) {
	case unknownVal:
		return x
	case int64Val, intVal, ratVal, floatVal:
		return makeComplex(int64Val(0), x)
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not Int or Float", x))
	}
}

// Real returns the real part of x, which must be a numeric or unknown value.
// If x is Unknown, the result is Unknown.
func Real(x Value) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case unknownVal, int64Val, intVal, ratVal, floatVal:
		return x
	case complexVal:
		return x.re
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not numeric", x))
	}
}

// Imag returns the imaginary part of x, which must be a numeric or unknown value.
// If x is Unknown, the result is Unknown.
func Imag(x Value) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case unknownVal:
		return x
	case int64Val, intVal, ratVal, floatVal:
		return int64Val(0)
	case complexVal:
		return x.im
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v not numeric", x))
	}
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Numeric conversions

// ToInt converts x to an Int value if x is representable as an Int.
// Otherwise it returns an Unknown.
func ToInt(x Value) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val, intVal:
		return x

	case ratVal:
		if x.val.IsInt() {
			return makeInt(x.val.Num())
		}

	case floatVal:
		// avoid creation of huge integers
		// (Existing tests require permitting exponents of at least 1024;
		// allow any value that would also be permissible as a fraction.)
		if smallRat(x.val) {
			i := newInt()
			if _, acc := x.val.Int(i); acc == big.Exact {
				return makeInt(i)
			}

			// If we can get an integer by rounding up or down,
			// assume x is not an integer because of rounding
			// errors in prior computations.

			const delta = 4 // a small number of bits > 0
			var t big.Float
			t.SetPrec(prec - delta)

			// try rounding down a little
			t.SetMode(big.ToZero)
			t.Set(x.val)
			if _, acc := t.Int(i); acc == big.Exact {
				return makeInt(i)
			}

			// try rounding up a little
			t.SetMode(big.AwayFromZero)
			t.Set(x.val)
			if _, acc := t.Int(i); acc == big.Exact {
				return makeInt(i)
			}
		}

	case complexVal:
		if re := ToFloat(x); re.Kind() == Float {
			return ToInt(re)
		}
	}

	return unknownVal{}
}

// ToFloat converts x to a Float value if x is representable as a Float.
// Otherwise it returns an Unknown.
func ToFloat(x Value) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		return i64tof(x)
	case intVal:
		return itof(x)
	case ratVal, floatVal:
		return x
	case complexVal:
		if im := ToInt(x.im); im.Kind() == Int && Sign(im) == 0 {
			// imaginary component is 0
			return ToFloat(x.re)
		}
	}
	return unknownVal{}
}

// ToComplex converts x to a Complex value if x is representable as a Complex.
// Otherwise it returns an Unknown.
func ToComplex(x Value) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case int64Val:
		return vtoc(i64tof(x))
	case intVal:
		return vtoc(itof(x))
	case ratVal:
		return vtoc(x)
	case floatVal:
		return vtoc(x)
	case complexVal:
		return x
	}
	return unknownVal{}
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Operations

// is32bit reports whether x can be represented using 32 bits.
func is32bit(x int64) bool {
	const s = 32
	return -1<<(s-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(s-1)-1
}

// is63bit reports whether x can be represented using 63 bits.
func is63bit(x int64) bool {
	const s = 63
	return -1<<(s-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(s-1)-1
}

// UnaryOp returns the result of the unary expression op y.
// The operation must be defined for the operand.
// If prec > 0 it specifies the ^ (xor) result size in bits.
// If y is Unknown, the result is Unknown.
//
func UnaryOp(op token.Token, y Value, prec uint) Value {
	switch op {
	case token.ADD:
		switch y.(type) {
		case unknownVal, int64Val, intVal, ratVal, floatVal, complexVal:
			return y
		}

	case token.SUB:
		switch y := y.(type) {
		case unknownVal:
			return y
		case int64Val:
			if z := -y; z != y {
				return z // no overflow
			}
			return makeInt(newInt().Neg(big.NewInt(int64(y))))
		case intVal:
			return makeInt(newInt().Neg(y.val))
		case ratVal:
			return makeRat(newRat().Neg(y.val))
		case floatVal:
			return makeFloat(newFloat().Neg(y.val))
		case complexVal:
			re := UnaryOp(token.SUB, y.re, 0)
			im := UnaryOp(token.SUB, y.im, 0)
			return makeComplex(re, im)
		}

	case token.XOR:
		z := newInt()
		switch y := y.(type) {
		case unknownVal:
			return y
		case int64Val:
			z.Not(big.NewInt(int64(y)))
		case intVal:
			z.Not(y.val)
		default:
			goto Error
		}
		// For unsigned types, the result will be negative and
		// thus "too large": We must limit the result precision
		// to the type's precision.
		if prec > 0 {
			z.AndNot(z, newInt().Lsh(big.NewInt(-1), prec)) // z &^= (-1)<<prec
		}
		return makeInt(z)

	case token.NOT:
		switch y := y.(type) {
		case unknownVal:
			return y
		case boolVal:
			return !y
		}
	}

Error:
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid unary operation %s%v", op, y))
}

func ord(x Value) int {
	switch x.(type) {
	default:
		// force invalid value into "x position" in match
		// (don't panic here so that callers can provide a better error message)
		return -1
	case unknownVal:
		return 0
	case boolVal, *stringVal:
		return 1
	case int64Val:
		return 2
	case intVal:
		return 3
	case ratVal:
		return 4
	case floatVal:
		return 5
	case complexVal:
		return 6
	}
}

// match returns the matching representation (same type) with the
// smallest complexity for two values x and y. If one of them is
// numeric, both of them must be numeric. If one of them is Unknown
// or invalid (say, nil) both results are that value.
//
func match(x, y Value) (_, _ Value) {
	if ord(x) > ord(y) {
		y, x = match(y, x)
		return x, y
	}
	// ord(x) <= ord(y)

	switch x := x.(type) {
	case boolVal, *stringVal, complexVal:
		return x, y

	case int64Val:
		switch y := y.(type) {
		case int64Val:
			return x, y
		case intVal:
			return i64toi(x), y
		case ratVal:
			return i64tor(x), y
		case floatVal:
			return i64tof(x), y
		case complexVal:
			return vtoc(x), y
		}

	case intVal:
		switch y := y.(type) {
		case intVal:
			return x, y
		case ratVal:
			return itor(x), y
		case floatVal:
			return itof(x), y
		case complexVal:
			return vtoc(x), y
		}

	case ratVal:
		switch y := y.(type) {
		case ratVal:
			return x, y
		case floatVal:
			return rtof(x), y
		case complexVal:
			return vtoc(x), y
		}

	case floatVal:
		switch y := y.(type) {
		case floatVal:
			return x, y
		case complexVal:
			return vtoc(x), y
		}
	}

	// force unknown and invalid values into "x position" in callers of match
	// (don't panic here so that callers can provide a better error message)
	return x, x
}

// BinaryOp returns the result of the binary expression x op y.
// The operation must be defined for the operands. If one of the
// operands is Unknown, the result is Unknown.
// BinaryOp doesn't handle comparisons or shifts; use Compare
// or Shift instead.
//
// To force integer division of Int operands, use op == token.QUO_ASSIGN
// instead of token.QUO; the result is guaranteed to be Int in this case.
// Division by zero leads to a run-time panic.
//
func BinaryOp(x_ Value, op token.Token, y_ Value) Value {
	x, y := match(x_, y_)

	switch x := x.(type) {
	case unknownVal:
		return x

	case boolVal:
		y := y.(boolVal)
		switch op {
		case token.LAND:
			return x && y
		case token.LOR:
			return x || y
		}

	case int64Val:
		a := int64(x)
		b := int64(y.(int64Val))
		var c int64
		switch op {
		case token.ADD:
			if !is63bit(a) || !is63bit(b) {
				return makeInt(newInt().Add(big.NewInt(a), big.NewInt(b)))
			}
			c = a + b
		case token.SUB:
			if !is63bit(a) || !is63bit(b) {
				return makeInt(newInt().Sub(big.NewInt(a), big.NewInt(b)))
			}
			c = a - b
		case token.MUL:
			if !is32bit(a) || !is32bit(b) {
				return makeInt(newInt().Mul(big.NewInt(a), big.NewInt(b)))
			}
			c = a * b
		case token.QUO:
			return makeRat(big.NewRat(a, b))
		case token.QUO_ASSIGN: // force integer division
			c = a / b
		case token.REM:
			c = a % b
		case token.AND:
			c = a & b
		case token.OR:
			c = a | b
		case token.XOR:
			c = a ^ b
		case token.AND_NOT:
			c = a &^ b
		default:
			goto Error
		}
		return int64Val(c)

	case intVal:
		a := x.val
		b := y.(intVal).val
		c := newInt()
		switch op {
		case token.ADD:
			c.Add(a, b)
		case token.SUB:
			c.Sub(a, b)
		case token.MUL:
			c.Mul(a, b)
		case token.QUO:
			return makeRat(newRat().SetFrac(a, b))
		case token.QUO_ASSIGN: // force integer division
			c.Quo(a, b)
		case token.REM:
			c.Rem(a, b)
		case token.AND:
			c.And(a, b)
		case token.OR:
			c.Or(a, b)
		case token.XOR:
			c.Xor(a, b)
		case token.AND_NOT:
			c.AndNot(a, b)
		default:
			goto Error
		}
		return makeInt(c)

	case ratVal:
		a := x.val
		b := y.(ratVal).val
		c := newRat()
		switch op {
		case token.ADD:
			c.Add(a, b)
		case token.SUB:
			c.Sub(a, b)
		case token.MUL:
			c.Mul(a, b)
		case token.QUO:
			c.Quo(a, b)
		default:
			goto Error
		}
		return makeRat(c)

	case floatVal:
		a := x.val
		b := y.(floatVal).val
		c := newFloat()
		switch op {
		case token.ADD:
			c.Add(a, b)
		case token.SUB:
			c.Sub(a, b)
		case token.MUL:
			c.Mul(a, b)
		case token.QUO:
			c.Quo(a, b)
		default:
			goto Error
		}
		return makeFloat(c)

	case complexVal:
		y := y.(complexVal)
		a, b := x.re, x.im
		c, d := y.re, y.im
		var re, im Value
		switch op {
		case token.ADD:
			// (a+c) + i(b+d)
			re = add(a, c)
			im = add(b, d)
		case token.SUB:
			// (a-c) + i(b-d)
			re = sub(a, c)
			im = sub(b, d)
		case token.MUL:
			// (ac-bd) + i(bc+ad)
			ac := mul(a, c)
			bd := mul(b, d)
			bc := mul(b, c)
			ad := mul(a, d)
			re = sub(ac, bd)
			im = add(bc, ad)
		case token.QUO:
			// (ac+bd)/s + i(bc-ad)/s, with s = cc + dd
			ac := mul(a, c)
			bd := mul(b, d)
			bc := mul(b, c)
			ad := mul(a, d)
			cc := mul(c, c)
			dd := mul(d, d)
			s := add(cc, dd)
			re = add(ac, bd)
			re = quo(re, s)
			im = sub(bc, ad)
			im = quo(im, s)
		default:
			goto Error
		}
		return makeComplex(re, im)

	case *stringVal:
		if op == token.ADD {
			return &stringVal{l: x, r: y.(*stringVal)}
		}
	}

Error:
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid binary operation %v %s %v", x_, op, y_))
}

func add(x, y Value) Value { return BinaryOp(x, token.ADD, y) }
func sub(x, y Value) Value { return BinaryOp(x, token.SUB, y) }
func mul(x, y Value) Value { return BinaryOp(x, token.MUL, y) }
func quo(x, y Value) Value { return BinaryOp(x, token.QUO, y) }

// Shift returns the result of the shift expression x op s
// with op == token.SHL or token.SHR (<< or >>). x must be
// an Int or an Unknown. If x is Unknown, the result is x.
//
func Shift(x Value, op token.Token, s uint) Value {
	switch x := x.(type) {
	case unknownVal:
		return x

	case int64Val:
		if s == 0 {
			return x
		}
		switch op {
		case token.SHL:
			z := i64toi(x).val
			return makeInt(z.Lsh(z, s))
		case token.SHR:
			return x >> s
		}

	case intVal:
		if s == 0 {
			return x
		}
		z := newInt()
		switch op {
		case token.SHL:
			return makeInt(z.Lsh(x.val, s))
		case token.SHR:
			return makeInt(z.Rsh(x.val, s))
		}
	}

	panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid shift %v %s %d", x, op, s))
}

func cmpZero(x int, op token.Token) bool {
	switch op {
	case token.EQL:
		return x == 0
	case token.NEQ:
		return x != 0
	case token.LSS:
		return x < 0
	case token.LEQ:
		return x <= 0
	case token.GTR:
		return x > 0
	case token.GEQ:
		return x >= 0
	}
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid comparison %v %s 0", x, op))
}

// Compare returns the result of the comparison x op y.
// The comparison must be defined for the operands.
// If one of the operands is Unknown, the result is
// false.
//
func Compare(x_ Value, op token.Token, y_ Value) bool {
	x, y := match(x_, y_)

	switch x := x.(type) {
	case unknownVal:
		return false

	case boolVal:
		y := y.(boolVal)
		switch op {
		case token.EQL:
			return x == y
		case token.NEQ:
			return x != y
		}

	case int64Val:
		y := y.(int64Val)
		switch op {
		case token.EQL:
			return x == y
		case token.NEQ:
			return x != y
		case token.LSS:
			return x < y
		case token.LEQ:
			return x <= y
		case token.GTR:
			return x > y
		case token.GEQ:
			return x >= y
		}

	case intVal:
		return cmpZero(x.val.Cmp(y.(intVal).val), op)

	case ratVal:
		return cmpZero(x.val.Cmp(y.(ratVal).val), op)

	case floatVal:
		return cmpZero(x.val.Cmp(y.(floatVal).val), op)

	case complexVal:
		y := y.(complexVal)
		re := Compare(x.re, token.EQL, y.re)
		im := Compare(x.im, token.EQL, y.im)
		switch op {
		case token.EQL:
			return re && im
		case token.NEQ:
			return !re || !im
		}

	case *stringVal:
		xs := x.string()
		ys := y.(*stringVal).string()
		switch op {
		case token.EQL:
			return xs == ys
		case token.NEQ:
			return xs != ys
		case token.LSS:
			return xs < ys
		case token.LEQ:
			return xs <= ys
		case token.GTR:
			return xs > ys
		case token.GEQ:
			return xs >= ys
		}
	}

	panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid comparison %v %s %v", x_, op, y_))
}