hadoop/util/StringUtils.java

/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.hadoop.util;

import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.util.Collection;

import org.apache.hadoop.fs.*;

/**
 * General string utils
 */
public class StringUtils {

  private static final DecimalFormat decimalFormat;
  static {
          NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(Locale.ENGLISH);
          decimalFormat = (DecimalFormat) numberFormat;
          decimalFormat.applyPattern("#.##");
  }

  /**
   * Make a string representation of the exception.
   * @param e The exception to stringify
   * @return A string with exception name and call stack.
   */
  public static String stringifyException(Throwable e) {
    StringWriter stm = new StringWriter();
    PrintWriter wrt = new PrintWriter(stm);
    e.printStackTrace(wrt);
    wrt.close();
    return stm.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Given a full hostname, return the word upto the first dot.
   * @param fullHostname the full hostname
   * @return the hostname to the first dot
   */
  public static String simpleHostname(String fullHostname) {
    int offset = fullHostname.indexOf('.');
    if (offset != -1) {
      return fullHostname.substring(0, offset);
    }
    return fullHostname;
  }

  private static DecimalFormat oneDecimal = new DecimalFormat("0.0");

  /**
   * Given an integer, return a string that is in an approximate, but human
   * readable format.
   * It uses the bases 'k', 'm', and 'g' for 1024, 1024**2, and 1024**3.
   * @param number the number to format
   * @return a human readable form of the integer
   */
  public static String humanReadableInt(long number) {
    long absNumber = Math.abs(number);
    double result = number;
    String suffix = "";
    if (absNumber < 1024) {
      // nothing
    } else if (absNumber < 1024 * 1024) {
      result = number / 1024.0;
      suffix = "k";
    } else if (absNumber < 1024 * 1024 * 1024) {
      result = number / (1024.0 * 1024);
      suffix = "m";
    } else {
      result = number / (1024.0 * 1024 * 1024);
      suffix = "g";
    }
    return oneDecimal.format(result) + suffix;
  }

  /**
   * Format a percentage for presentation to the user.
   * @param done the percentage to format (0.0 to 1.0)
   * @param digits the number of digits past the decimal point
   * @return a string representation of the percentage
   */
  public static String formatPercent(double done, int digits) {
    DecimalFormat percentFormat = new DecimalFormat("0.00%");
    double scale = Math.pow(10.0, digits+2);
    double rounded = Math.floor(done * scale);
    percentFormat.setDecimalSeparatorAlwaysShown(false);
    percentFormat.setMinimumFractionDigits(digits);
    percentFormat.setMaximumFractionDigits(digits);
    return percentFormat.format(rounded / scale);
  }

  /**
   * Given an array of strings, return a comma-separated list of its elements.
   * @param strs Array of strings
   * @return Empty string if strs.length is 0, comma separated list of strings
   * otherwise
   */

  public static String arrayToString(String[] strs) {
    if (strs.length == 0) { return ""; }
    StringBuffer sbuf = new StringBuffer();
    sbuf.append(strs[0]);
    for (int idx = 1; idx < strs.length; idx++) {
      sbuf.append(",");
      sbuf.append(strs[idx]);
    }
    return sbuf.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Given an array of bytes it will convert the bytes to a hex string
   * representation of the bytes
   * @param bytes
   * @param start start index, inclusively
   * @param end end index, exclusively
   * @return hex string representation of the byte array
   */
  public static String byteToHexString(byte[] bytes, int start, int end) {
    if (bytes == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("bytes == null");
    }
    StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
    for(int i = start; i < end; i++) {
      s.append(String.format("%02x", bytes[i]));
    }
    return s.toString();
  }

  /** Same as byteToHexString(bytes, 0, bytes.length). */
  public static String byteToHexString(byte bytes[]) {
    return byteToHexString(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
  }

  /**
   * Given a hexstring this will return the byte array corresponding to the
   * string
   * @param hex the hex String array
   * @return a byte array that is a hex string representation of the given
   *         string. The size of the byte array is therefore hex.length/2
   */
  public static byte[] hexStringToByte(String hex) {
    byte[] bts = new byte[hex.length() / 2];
    for (int i = 0; i < bts.length; i++) {
      bts[i] = (byte) Integer.parseInt(hex.substring(2 * i, 2 * i + 2), 16);
    }
    return bts;
  }
  /**
   *
   * @param uris
   */
  public static String uriToString(URI[] uris){
    if (uris == null) {
      return null;
    }
    StringBuffer ret = new StringBuffer(uris[0].toString());
    for(int i = 1; i < uris.length;i++){
      ret.append(",");
      ret.append(uris[i].toString());
    }
    return ret.toString();
  }

  /**
   *
   * @param str
   */
  public static URI[] stringToURI(String[] str){
    if (str == null)
      return null;
    URI[] uris = new URI[str.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < str.length;i++){
      try{
        uris[i] = new URI(str[i]);
      }catch(URISyntaxException ur){
        System.out.println("Exception in specified URI's " + StringUtils.stringifyException(ur));
        //making sure its asssigned to null in case of an error
        uris[i] = null;
      }
    }
    return uris;
  }

  /**
   *
   * @param str
   */
  public static Path[] stringToPath(String[] str){
    if (str == null) {
      return null;
    }
    Path[] p = new Path[str.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < str.length;i++){
      p[i] = new Path(str[i]);
    }
    return p;
  }
  /**
   *
   * Given a finish and start time in long milliseconds, returns a
   * String in the format Xhrs, Ymins, Z sec, for the time difference between two times.
   * If finish time comes before start time then negative valeus of X, Y and Z wil return.
   *
   * @param finishTime finish time
   * @param startTime start time
   */
  public static String formatTimeDiff(long finishTime, long startTime){
    long timeDiff = finishTime - startTime;
    return formatTime(timeDiff);
  }

  /**
   *
   * Given the time in long milliseconds, returns a
   * String in the format Xhrs, Ymins, Z sec.
   *
   * @param timeDiff The time difference to format
   */
  public static String formatTime(long timeDiff){
    StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
    long hours = timeDiff / (60*60*1000);
    long rem = (timeDiff % (60*60*1000));
    long minutes =  rem / (60*1000);
    rem = rem % (60*1000);
    long seconds = rem / 1000;

    if (hours != 0){
      buf.append(hours);
      buf.append("hrs, ");
    }
    if (minutes != 0){
      buf.append(minutes);
      buf.append("mins, ");
    }
    // return "0sec if no difference
    buf.append(seconds);
    buf.append("sec");
    return buf.toString();
  }
  /**
   * Formats time in ms and appends difference (finishTime - startTime)
   * as returned by formatTimeDiff().
   * If finish time is 0, empty string is returned, if start time is 0
   * then difference is not appended to return value.
   * @param dateFormat date format to use
   * @param finishTime fnish time
   * @param startTime start time
   * @return formatted value.
   */
  public static String getFormattedTimeWithDiff(DateFormat dateFormat,
                                                long finishTime, long startTime){
    StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
    if (0 != finishTime) {
      buf.append(dateFormat.format(new Date(finishTime)));
      if (0 != startTime){
        buf.append(" (" + formatTimeDiff(finishTime , startTime) + ")");
      }
    }
    return buf.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Returns an arraylist of strings.
   * @param str the comma seperated string values
   * @return the arraylist of the comma seperated string values
   */
  public static String[] getStrings(String str){
    Collection<String> values = getStringCollection(str);
    if(values.size() == 0) {
      return null;
    }
    return values.toArray(new String[values.size()]);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a collection of strings.
   * @param str comma seperated string values
   * @return an <code>ArrayList</code> of string values
   */
  public static Collection<String> getStringCollection(String str){
    List<String> values = new ArrayList<String>();
    if (str == null)
      return values;
    StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer (str,",");
    values = new ArrayList<String>();
    while (tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
      values.add(tokenizer.nextToken());
    }
    return values;
  }

  final public static char COMMA = ',';
  final public static String COMMA_STR = ",";
  final public static char ESCAPE_CHAR = '\\';

  /**
   * Split a string using the default separator
   * @param str a string that may have escaped separator
   * @return an array of strings
   */
  public static String[] split(String str) {
    return split(str, ESCAPE_CHAR, COMMA);
  }

  /**
   * Split a string using the given separator
   * @param str a string that may have escaped separator
   * @param escapeChar a char that be used to escape the separator
   * @param separator a separator char
   * @return an array of strings
   */
  public static String[] split(
      String str, char escapeChar, char separator) {
    if (str==null) {
      return null;
    }
    ArrayList<String> strList = new ArrayList<String>();
    StringBuilder split = new StringBuilder();
    int index = 0;
    while ((index = findNext(str, separator, escapeChar, index, split)) >= 0) {
      ++index; // move over the separator for next search
      strList.add(split.toString());
      split.setLength(0); // reset the buffer
    }
    strList.add(split.toString());
    // remove trailing empty split(s)
    int last = strList.size(); // last split
    while (--last>=0 && "".equals(strList.get(last))) {
      strList.remove(last);
    }
    return strList.toArray(new String[strList.size()]);
  }

  /**
   * Finds the first occurrence of the separator character ignoring the escaped
   * separators starting from the index. Note the substring between the index
   * and the position of the separator is passed.
   * @param str the source string
   * @param separator the character to find
   * @param escapeChar character used to escape
   * @param start from where to search
   * @param split used to pass back the extracted string
   */
  public static int findNext(String str, char separator, char escapeChar,
                             int start, StringBuilder split) {
    int numPreEscapes = 0;
    for (int i = start; i < str.length(); i++) {
      char curChar = str.charAt(i);
      if (numPreEscapes == 0 && curChar == separator) { // separator
        return i;
      } else {
        split.append(curChar);
        numPreEscapes = (curChar == escapeChar)
                        ? (++numPreEscapes) % 2
                        : 0;
      }
    }
    return -1;
  }

  /**
   * Escape commas in the string using the default escape char
   * @param str a string
   * @return an escaped string
   */
  public static String escapeString(String str) {
    return escapeString(str, ESCAPE_CHAR, COMMA);
  }

  /**
   * Escape <code>charToEscape</code> in the string
   * with the escape char <code>escapeChar</code>
   *
   * @param str string
   * @param escapeChar escape char
   * @param charToEscape the char to be escaped
   * @return an escaped string
   */
  public static String escapeString(
      String str, char escapeChar, char charToEscape) {
    return escapeString(str, escapeChar, new char[] {charToEscape});
  }

  // check if the character array has the character
  private static boolean hasChar(char[] chars, char character) {
    for (char target : chars) {
      if (character == target) {
        return true;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * @param charsToEscape array of characters to be escaped
   */
  public static String escapeString(String str, char escapeChar,
                                    char[] charsToEscape) {
    if (str == null) {
      return null;
    }
    int len = str.length();
    // Let us specify good enough capacity to constructor of StringBuilder sothat
    // resizing would not be needed(to improve perf).
    StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder((int)(len * 1.5));

    for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
      char curChar = str.charAt(i);
      if (curChar == escapeChar || hasChar(charsToEscape, curChar)) {
        // special char
        result.append(escapeChar);
      }
      result.append(curChar);
    }
    return result.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Unescape commas in the string using the default escape char
   * @param str a string
   * @return an unescaped string
   */
  public static String unEscapeString(String str) {
    return unEscapeString(str, ESCAPE_CHAR, COMMA);
  }

  /**
   * Unescape <code>charToEscape</code> in the string
   * with the escape char <code>escapeChar</code>
   *
   * @param str string
   * @param escapeChar escape char
   * @param charToEscape the escaped char
   * @return an unescaped string
   */
  public static String unEscapeString(
      String str, char escapeChar, char charToEscape) {
    return unEscapeString(str, escapeChar, new char[] {charToEscape});
  }

  /**
   * @param charsToEscape array of characters to unescape
   */
  public static String unEscapeString(String str, char escapeChar,
                                      char[] charsToEscape) {
    if (str == null) {
      return null;
    }
    StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(str.length());
    boolean hasPreEscape = false;
    for (int i=0; i<str.length(); i++) {
      char curChar = str.charAt(i);
      if (hasPreEscape) {
        if (curChar != escapeChar && !hasChar(charsToEscape, curChar)) {
          // no special char
          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal escaped string " + str +
              " unescaped " + escapeChar + " at " + (i-1));
        }
        // otherwise discard the escape char
        result.append(curChar);
        hasPreEscape = false;
      } else {
        if (hasChar(charsToEscape, curChar)) {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal escaped string " + str +
              " unescaped " + curChar + " at " + i);
        } else if (curChar == escapeChar) {
          hasPreEscape = true;
        } else {
          result.append(curChar);
        }
      }
    }
    if (hasPreEscape ) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal escaped string " + str +
          ", not expecting " + escapeChar + " in the end." );
    }
    return result.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Return hostname without throwing exception.
   * @return hostname
   */
  public static String getHostname() {
    try {return "" + InetAddress.getLocalHost();}
    catch(UnknownHostException uhe) {return "" + uhe;}
  }

  /**
   * Return a message for logging.
   * @param prefix prefix keyword for the message
   * @param msg content of the message
   * @return a message for logging
   */
  private static String toStartupShutdownString(String prefix, String [] msg) {
    StringBuffer b = new StringBuffer(prefix);
    b.append("\n/************************************************************");
    for(String s : msg)
      b.append("\n" + prefix + s);
    b.append("\n************************************************************/");
    return b.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Print a log message for starting up and shutting down
   * @param clazz the class of the server
   * @param args arguments
   * @param LOG the target log object
   */
  public static void startupShutdownMessage(Class<?> clazz, String[] args,
                                     final org.apache.commons.logging.Log LOG) {
    final String hostname = getHostname();
    final String classname = clazz.getSimpleName();
    LOG.info(
        toStartupShutdownString("STARTUP_MSG: ", new String[] {
            "Starting " + classname,
            "  host = " + hostname,
            "  args = " + Arrays.asList(args),
            "  version = " + VersionInfo.getVersion(),
            "  build = " + VersionInfo.getUrl() + " -r "
                         + VersionInfo.getRevision()
                         + "; compiled by '" + VersionInfo.getUser()
                         + "' on " + VersionInfo.getDate(),
            "  java = " + System.getProperty("java.version") }
        )
      );

    Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread() {
      public void run() {
        LOG.info(toStartupShutdownString("SHUTDOWN_MSG: ", new String[]{
          "Shutting down " + classname + " at " + hostname}));
      }
    });
  }

  /**
   * The traditional binary prefixes, kilo, mega, ..., exa,
   * which can be represented by a 64-bit integer.
   * TraditionalBinaryPrefix symbol are case insensitive.
   */
  public static enum TraditionalBinaryPrefix {
    KILO(1024),
    MEGA(KILO.value << 10),
    GIGA(MEGA.value << 10),
    TERA(GIGA.value << 10),
    PETA(TERA.value << 10),
    EXA(PETA.value << 10);

    public final long value;
    public final char symbol;

    TraditionalBinaryPrefix(long value) {
      this.value = value;
      this.symbol = toString().charAt(0);
    }

    /**
     * @return The TraditionalBinaryPrefix object corresponding to the symbol.
     */
    public static TraditionalBinaryPrefix valueOf(char symbol) {
      symbol = Character.toUpperCase(symbol);
      for(TraditionalBinaryPrefix prefix : TraditionalBinaryPrefix.values()) {
        if (symbol == prefix.symbol) {
          return prefix;
        }
      }
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown symbol '" + symbol + "'");
    }

    /**
     * Convert a string to long.
     * The input string is first be trimmed
     * and then it is parsed with traditional binary prefix.
     *
     * For example,
     * "-1230k" will be converted to -1230 * 1024 = -1259520;
     * "891g" will be converted to 891 * 1024^3 = 956703965184;
     *
     * @param s input string
     * @return a long value represented by the input string.
     */
    public static long string2long(String s) {
      s = s.trim();
      final int lastpos = s.length() - 1;
      final char lastchar = s.charAt(lastpos);
      if (Character.isDigit(lastchar))
        return Long.parseLong(s);
      else {
        long prefix = TraditionalBinaryPrefix.valueOf(lastchar).value;
        long num = Long.parseLong(s.substring(0, lastpos));
        if (num > (Long.MAX_VALUE/prefix) || num < (Long.MIN_VALUE/prefix)) {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException(s + " does not fit in a Long");
        }
        return num * prefix;
      }
    }
  }

    /**
     * Escapes HTML Special characters present in the string.
     * @param string
     * @return HTML Escaped String representation
     */
    public static String escapeHTML(String string) {
      if(string == null) {
        return null;
      }
      StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
      boolean lastCharacterWasSpace = false;
      char[] chars = string.toCharArray();
      for(char c : chars) {
        if(c == ' ') {
          if(lastCharacterWasSpace){
            lastCharacterWasSpace = false;
            sb.append("&nbsp;");
          }else {
            lastCharacterWasSpace=true;
            sb.append(" ");
          }
        }else {
          lastCharacterWasSpace = false;
          switch(c) {
          case '<': sb.append("&lt;"); break;
          case '>': sb.append("&gt;"); break;
          case '&': sb.append("&amp;"); break;
          case '"': sb.append("&quot;"); break;
          default : sb.append(c);break;
          }
        }
      }

      return sb.toString();
    }

  /**
   * Return an abbreviated English-language desc of the byte length
   */
  public static String byteDesc(long len) {
    double val = 0.0;
    String ending = "";
    if (len < 1024 * 1024) {
      val = (1.0 * len) / 1024;
      ending = " KB";
    } else if (len < 1024 * 1024 * 1024) {
      val = (1.0 * len) / (1024 * 1024);
      ending = " MB";
    } else if (len < 1024L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024) {
      val = (1.0 * len) / (1024 * 1024 * 1024);
      ending = " GB";
    } else if (len < 1024L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024) {
      val = (1.0 * len) / (1024L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
      ending = " TB";
    } else {
      val = (1.0 * len) / (1024L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
      ending = " PB";
    }
    return limitDecimalTo2(val) + ending;
  }

  public static synchronized String limitDecimalTo2(double d) {
    return decimalFormat.format(d);
  }

  /**
   * Concatenates strings, using a separator.
   *
   * @param separator Separator to join with.
   * @param strings Strings to join.
   * @return  the joined string
   */
  public static String join(CharSequence separator, Iterable<String> strings) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    boolean first = true;
    for (String s : strings) {
      if (first) {
        first = false;
      } else {
        sb.append(separator);
      }
      sb.append(s);
    }
    return sb.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Concatenates strings, using a separator.
   *
   * @param separator to join with
   * @param strings to join
   * @return  the joined string
   */
  public static String join(CharSequence separator, String[] strings) {
    // Ideally we don't have to duplicate the code here if array is iterable.
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    boolean first = true;
    for (String s : strings) {
      if (first) {
        first = false;
      } else {
        sb.append(separator);
      }
      sb.append(s);
    }
    return sb.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Concatenates objects, using a separator.
   *
   * @param separator to join with
   * @param objects to join
   * @return the joined string
   */
  public static String join(CharSequence separator, Object[] objects) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    boolean first = true;
    for (Object obj : objects) {
      if (first) {
        first = false;
      } else {
        sb.append(separator);
      }
      sb.append(obj);
    }
    return sb.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Capitalize a word
   *
   * @param s the input string
   * @return capitalized string
   */
  public static String capitalize(String s) {
    int len = s.length();
    if (len == 0) return s;
    return new StringBuilder(len).append(Character.toTitleCase(s.charAt(0)))
                                 .append(s.substring(1)).toString();
  }

  /**
   * Convert SOME_STUFF to SomeStuff
   *
   * @param s input string
   * @return camelized string
   */
  public static String camelize(String s) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    String[] words = split(s.toLowerCase(Locale.US), ESCAPE_CHAR, '_');

    for (String word : words)
      sb.append(capitalize(word));

    return sb.toString();
  }
}