include/vigra/inspectimage.hxx

/************************************************************************/
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/*               Copyright 1998-2002 by Ullrich Koethe                  */
/*                                                                      */
/*    This file is part of the VIGRA computer vision library.           */
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#ifndef VIGRA_INSPECTIMAGE_HXX
#define VIGRA_INSPECTIMAGE_HXX

#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include "utilities.hxx"
#include "numerictraits.hxx"
#include "iteratortraits.hxx"
#include "functortraits.hxx"
#include "rgbvalue.hxx"
#include "inspector_passes.hxx"
#include "multi_shape.hxx"

namespace vigra {

/** \addtogroup InspectAlgo Algorithms to Inspect Images

    Collect information and statistics over all or selected pixels.
*/
//@{

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                      inspectLine                     */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor, class Functor>
void
inspectLine(SrcIterator s,
            SrcIterator send, SrcAccessor src,
            Functor & f)
{
    for(; s != send; ++s)
        f(src(s));
}

template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
          class MaskIterator, class MaskAccessor,
          class Functor>
void
inspectLineIf(SrcIterator s,
              SrcIterator send, SrcAccessor src,
              MaskIterator m, MaskAccessor mask,
              Functor & f)
{
    for(; s != send; ++s, ++m)
        if(mask(m))
            f(src(s));
}

template <class SrcIterator1, class SrcAccessor1,
          class SrcIterator2, class SrcAccessor2,
          class Functor>
void
inspectTwoLines(SrcIterator1 s1,
                SrcIterator1 s1end, SrcAccessor1 src1,
                SrcIterator2 s2, SrcAccessor2 src2,
                Functor & f)
{
    for(; s1 != s1end; ++s1, ++s2)
        f(src1(s1), src2(s2));
}

template <class SrcIterator1, class SrcAccessor1,
          class SrcIterator2, class SrcAccessor2,
          class MaskIterator, class MaskAccessor,
          class Functor>
void
inspectTwoLinesIf(SrcIterator1 s1,
                  SrcIterator1 s1end, SrcAccessor1 src1,
                  SrcIterator2 s2, SrcAccessor2 src2,
                  MaskIterator m, MaskAccessor mask,
                  Functor & f)
{
    for(; s1 != s1end; ++s1, ++s2, ++m)
        if(mask(m))
            f(src1(s1), src2(s2));
}

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                        inspectImage                  */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Apply read-only functor to every pixel in the image.

    This function can be used to collect statistics of the image etc.
    The results must be stored in the functor, which serves as a return value
    (and is therefore passed by reference).

    For many common statistics, the use of \ref vigra::acc::extractFeatures() in combination with
    \ref FeatureAccumulators is more convenient.

    <b> Declarations:</b>

    pass 2D array views:
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class T, class S, class Functor>
        void
        inspectImage(MultiArrayView<2, T, S> const & img,
                     Functor & f);
    }
    \endcode

    \deprecatedAPI{inspectImage}
    pass \ref ImageIterators and \ref DataAccessors :
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor, class Functor>
        void
        inspectImage(ImageIterator upperleft, ImageIterator lowerright, Accessor a,
                     Functor & f)
    }
    \endcode
    use argument objects in conjunction with \ref ArgumentObjectFactories :
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor, class Functor>
        void
        inspectImage(triple<ImageIterator, ImageIterator, Accessor> img,
                     Functor & f)
    }
    \endcode
    \deprecatedEnd

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    MultiArray<2, unsigned char> img(width, height);
    ... // fill img

    // init functor
    FindMinMax<unsined char> minmax;

    inspectImage(img, minmax);

    cout << "Min: " << minmax.min << " Max: " << minmax.max;
    \endcode

    \deprecatedUsage{inspectImage}
    \code
    // init functor
    vigra::BImage img;

    vigra::FindMinMax<vigra::BImage::PixelType> minmax;

    vigra::inspectImage(srcImageRange(img), minmax);

    cout << "Min: " << minmax.min << " Max: " << minmax.max;
    \endcode
    <b> Required Interface:</b>
    \code
    ConstImageIterator upperleft, lowerright;
    ConstImageIterator::row_iterator ix = upperleft.rowIterator();

    Accessor accessor;
    Functor functor;

    functor(accessor(ix));         // return not used
    \endcode
    \deprecatedEnd

    \see InspectFunctor, FeatureAccumulators
*/
doxygen_overloaded_function(template <...> void inspectImage)

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor>
struct inspectImage_binder
{
    ImageIterator upperleft;
    ImageIterator lowerright;
    Accessor a;

    inspectImage_binder(ImageIterator ul, ImageIterator lr, Accessor ac)
        : upperleft(ul), lowerright(lr), a(ac) {}
    template <class Functor>
    void operator()(Functor & f)
    {
        int w = lowerright.x - upperleft.x;

        for (ImageIterator t = upperleft; t.y < lowerright.y; ++t.y)
        {
            inspectLine(t.rowIterator(), t.rowIterator() + w, a, f);
        }
    }
};

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor, class Functor>
void
inspectImage(ImageIterator upperleft, ImageIterator lowerright,
         Accessor a, Functor & f)
{
    inspectImage_binder<ImageIterator, Accessor> g(upperleft, lowerright, a);
    detail::extra_passes_select(g, f);
}

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImage(triple<ImageIterator, ImageIterator, Accessor> img,
             Functor & f)
{
    inspectImage(img.first, img.second, img.third, f);
}

template <class T, class S, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImage(MultiArrayView<2, T, S> const & img,
             Functor & f)
{
    inspectImage(srcImageRange(img), f);
}

namespace functor
{
    template <class T> class UnaryAnalyser;
}

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor, class Functor>
inline
void
inspectImage(ImageIterator upperleft, ImageIterator lowerright,
         Accessor a, functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectImage(upperleft, lowerright, a,
                 const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImage(triple<ImageIterator, ImageIterator, Accessor> img,
             functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectImage(img.first, img.second, img.third,
                 const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

template <class T, class S, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImage(MultiArrayView<2, T, S> const & img,
             functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectImage(srcImageRange(img),
                 const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                      inspectImageIf                  */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Apply read-only functor to every pixel in the ROI.

    This function can be used to collect statistics of the ROI etc.
    The functor is called whenever the return value of the mask's
    accessor is not zero.
    The results must be stored in the functor, which serves as a return
    value (and is therefore passed by reference.

    <b> Declarations:</b>

    pass 2D array views:
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class T, class S,
                  class TM, class SM, class Functor>
        void
        inspectImageIf(MultiArrayView<2, T, S> const & img,
                       MultiArrayView<2, TM, SM> const & mask,
                       Functor & f);
    }
    \endcode

    \deprecatedAPI{inspectImageIf}
    pass \ref ImageIterators and \ref DataAccessors :
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor,
                  class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor, class Functor>
        void
        inspectImageIf(ImageIterator upperleft, ImageIterator lowerright,
               MaskImageIterator mask_upperleft, MaskAccessor ma,
               Functor & f)
    }
    \endcode
    use argument objects in conjunction with \ref ArgumentObjectFactories :
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor,
              class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor, class Functor>
        void
        inspectImageIf(triple<ImageIterator, ImageIterator, Accessor> img,
               pair<MaskImageIterator, MaskAccessor> mask,
               Functor & f)
    }
    \endcode
    \deprecatedEnd

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    MultiArray<2, unsigned char> img(100, 100),
                                 mask(100, 100);
    ... // fill img and mask

    // init functor
    FindMinMax<unsigned char> minmax;

    inspectImageIf(img, mask, minmax);

    cout << "Min: " << minmax.min << " Max: " << minmax.max;
    \endcode

    \deprecatedUsage{inspectImageIf}
    \code
    vigra::BImage img(100, 100);
    vigra::BImage mask(100, 100);

    // init functor
    vigra::FindMinMax<vigra::BImage::PixelType> minmax;

    vigra::inspectImageIf(srcImageRange(img),
                          maskImage(mask), minmax);

    cout << "Min: " << minmax.min << " Max: " << minmax.max;
    \endcode
    <b> Required Interface:</b>
    \code
    ConstImageIterator upperleft, lowerright;
    MaskImageIterator mask_upperleft;
    ConstImageIterator::row_iterator ix = upperleft.rowIterator();
    MaskImageIterator::row_iterator mx = mask_upperleft.rowIterator();

    Accessor accessor;
    MaskAccessor mask_accessor;

    Functor functor;

    if(mask_accessor(mx)) functor(accessor(ix));
    \endcode
    \deprecatedEnd

    \see InspectFunctor, FeatureAccumulators
*/
doxygen_overloaded_function(template <...> void inspectImageIf)

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor,
      class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor>
struct inspectImageIf_binder
{
    ImageIterator upperleft;
    ImageIterator lowerright;
    Accessor a;
    MaskImageIterator mask_upperleft;
    MaskAccessor ma;

    inspectImageIf_binder(ImageIterator ul, ImageIterator lr, Accessor ac,
                        MaskImageIterator m_ul, MaskAccessor m_ac)
        : upperleft(ul), lowerright(lr), a(ac), mask_upperleft(m_ul), ma(m_ac)
    {}
    template <class Functor>
    void operator()(Functor & f)
    {
        int w = lowerright.x - upperleft.x;

        MaskImageIterator mt = mask_upperleft;
        for (ImageIterator t = upperleft; t.y < lowerright.y; ++t.y, ++mt.y)
        {
            inspectLineIf(t.rowIterator(),
                          t.rowIterator() + w, a,
                          mt.rowIterator(), ma, f);
        }
    }
};

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor,
      class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor, class Functor>
void
inspectImageIf(ImageIterator upperleft,
               ImageIterator lowerright, Accessor a,
           MaskImageIterator mask_upperleft, MaskAccessor ma,
           Functor & f)
{
    inspectImageIf_binder<ImageIterator, Accessor, MaskImageIterator,
                                                                   MaskAccessor>
        g(upperleft, lowerright, a, mask_upperleft, ma);
    detail::extra_passes_select(g, f);
}

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor,
      class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImageIf(ImageIterator upperleft,
               ImageIterator lowerright, Accessor a,
               MaskImageIterator mask_upperleft, MaskAccessor ma,
               functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectImageIf(upperleft, lowerright, a,
                   mask_upperleft, ma, const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor,
          class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImageIf(triple<ImageIterator, ImageIterator, Accessor> img,
               pair<MaskImageIterator, MaskAccessor> mask,
               Functor & f)
{
    inspectImageIf(img.first, img.second, img.third,
                   mask.first, mask.second, f);
}

template <class ImageIterator, class Accessor,
          class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImageIf(triple<ImageIterator, ImageIterator, Accessor> img,
               pair<MaskImageIterator, MaskAccessor> mask,
               functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectImageIf(img.first, img.second, img.third,
                   mask.first, mask.second, const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

template <class T, class S,
          class TM, class SM, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImageIf(MultiArrayView<2, T, S> const & img,
               MultiArrayView<2, TM, SM> const & mask,
               Functor & f)
{
    vigra_precondition(img.shape() == mask.shape(),
        "inspectImageIf(): shape mismatch between input and output.");
    inspectImageIf(srcImageRange(img),
                   maskImage(mask), f);
}

template <class T, class S,
          class TM, class SM, class Functor>
inline void
inspectImageIf(MultiArrayView<2, T, S> const & img,
               MultiArrayView<2, TM, SM> const & mask,
               functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectImageIf(srcImageRange(img),
                   maskImage(mask), const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                  inspectTwoImages                    */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Apply read-only functor to every pixel of both images.

    This function can be used to collect statistics for each region of a
    labeled image, especially in conjunction with
    the \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics functor. The results must be
    stored in the functor which serves as a return value.

    Note: For many common statistics, the use of \ref vigra::acc::extractFeatures() in combination
    with \ref FeatureAccumulators is more convenient.

    <b> Declarations:</b>

    pass 2D array views:
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class T1, class S1,
                  class T2, class S2,
                  class Functor>
        void
        inspectTwoImages(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & img1,
                         MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> const & img2,
                         Functor & f);
    }
    \endcode

    \deprecatedAPI{inspectTwoImages}
    pass \ref ImageIterators and \ref DataAccessors :
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
              class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
              class Functor>
        void
        inspectTwoImages(ImageIterator1 upperleft1, ImageIterator1 lowerright1, Accessor1 a1,
                 ImageIterator2 upperleft2, Accessor2 a2,
                 Functor & f)
    }
    \endcode
    use argument objects in conjunction with \ref ArgumentObjectFactories :
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
              class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
              class Functor>
        void
        inspectTwoImages(triple<ImageIterator1, ImageIterator1, Accessor1> img1,
                         pair<ImageIterator2, Accessor2> img2,
                 Functor & f)
    }
    \endcode
    \deprecatedEnd

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    MultiArray<2, unsigned char> image1(width, height), image2(width, height);

    SomeStatisticsFunctor stats(...);     // init functor

    inspectTwoImages(image1, image2, stats);
    \endcode

    \deprecatedUsage{inspectTwoImages}
    \code
    vigra::BImage image1;
    vigra::BImage image2;

    SomeStatisticsFunctor stats(...);     // init functor

    vigra::inspectTwoImages(srcImageRange(image1), srcImage(image2),
                            stats);
    \endcode
    <b> Required Interface:</b>
    \code
    ImageIterator1 upperleft1, lowerright1;
    ImageIterator2 upperleft2;
    ImageIterator1::row_iterator ix1 = upperleft1.rowIterator();
    ImageIterator2::row_iterator ix2 = upperleft2.rowIterator();

    Accessor1 accessor1;
    Accessor2 accessor2;

    Functor functor;
    functor(accessor1(ix1), accessor2(ix2));  // return not used
    \endcode
    \deprecatedEnd

    \see InspectFunctor, FeatureAccumulators
*/
doxygen_overloaded_function(template <...> void inspectTwoImages)

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2>
struct inspectTwoImages_binder
{
    ImageIterator1 upperleft1;
    ImageIterator1 lowerright1;
    Accessor1      a1;
    ImageIterator2 upperleft2;
    Accessor2      a2;
    inspectTwoImages_binder(ImageIterator1 u1, ImageIterator1 l1, Accessor1 a1_,
                        ImageIterator2 u2, Accessor2 a2_)
        : upperleft1(u1), lowerright1(l1), a1(a1_), upperleft2(u2), a2(a2_) {}
    template <class Functor>
    void operator()(Functor & f)
    {
        int w = lowerright1.x - upperleft1.x;

        ImageIterator1 t1 = upperleft1;
        ImageIterator2 t2 = upperleft2;
        for (; t1.y < lowerright1.y; ++t1.y, ++t2.y)
        {
            inspectTwoLines(t1.rowIterator(),
                            t1.rowIterator() + w, a1,
                            t2.rowIterator(), a2, f);
        }
    }
};

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class Functor>
void
inspectTwoImages(ImageIterator1 upperleft1, ImageIterator1 lowerright1,
                 Accessor1 a1,
                 ImageIterator2 upperleft2, Accessor2 a2,
                 Functor & f)
{
    inspectTwoImages_binder<ImageIterator1, Accessor1,
                            ImageIterator2, Accessor2>
        g(upperleft1, lowerright1, a1, upperleft2, a2);
    detail::extra_passes_select(g, f);
}

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImages(ImageIterator1 upperleft1, ImageIterator1 lowerright1, Accessor1 a1,
                 ImageIterator2 upperleft2, Accessor2 a2,
                 functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectTwoImages(upperleft1, lowerright1, a1,
                     upperleft2, a2, const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImages(triple<ImageIterator1, ImageIterator1, Accessor1> img1,
                 pair<ImageIterator2, Accessor2> img2,
                 Functor & f)
{
    inspectTwoImages(img1.first, img1.second, img1.third,
                     img2.first, img2.second, f);
}

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImages(triple<ImageIterator1, ImageIterator1, Accessor1> img1,
                 pair<ImageIterator2, Accessor2> img2,
                 functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectTwoImages(img1.first, img1.second, img1.third,
                     img2.first, img2.second, const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

template <class T1, class S1,
          class T2, class S2,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImages(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & img1,
                 MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> const & img2,
                 Functor & f)
{
    vigra_precondition(img1.shape() == img2.shape(),
        "inspectTwoImages(): shape mismatch between input and output.");
    inspectTwoImages(srcImageRange(img1),
                     srcImage(img2),
                     f);
}


template <class T1, class S1,
          class T2, class S2,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImages(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & img1,
                 MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> const & img2,
                 functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    vigra_precondition(img1.shape() == img2.shape(),
        "inspectTwoImages(): shape mismatch between input and output.");
    inspectTwoImages(srcImageRange(img1),
                     srcImage(img2), const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                inspectTwoImagesIf                    */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Apply read-only functor to those pixels of both images where
    the mask image is non-zero.

    This function can be used to collect statistics for selected regions of a
    labeled image, especially in conjunction with
    the \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics functor. The results must be
    stored in the functor which serves as a return value.

    <b> Declarations:</b>

    pass 2D array views:
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class T1, class S1,
                  class T2, class S2,
                  class TM, class SM,
                  class Functor>
        void
        inspectTwoImagesIf(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & img1,
                           MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> const & img2,
                           MultiArrayView<2, TM, SM> const & mask,
                           Functor & f);
    }
    \endcode

    \deprecatedAPI{inspectTwoImagesIf}
    pass \ref ImageIterators and \ref DataAccessors :
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
                  class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
                  class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor,
                  class Functor>
        void
        inspectTwoImagesIf(ImageIterator1 upperleft1, ImageIterator1 lowerright1, Accessor1 a1,
                         ImageIterator2 upperleft2, Accessor2 a2,
                         MaskImageIterator mupperleft, MaskAccessor mask,
                         Functor & f)
    }
    \endcode
    use argument objects in conjunction with \ref ArgumentObjectFactories :
    \code
    namespace vigra {
        template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
                  class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
                  class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor,
                  class Functor>
        void
        inspectTwoImagesIf(triple<ImageIterator1, ImageIterator1, Accessor1> img1,
                 pair<ImageIterator2, Accessor2> img2,
                 pair<MaskImageIterator, MaskAccessor> mimg,
                 Functor & f)
    }
    \endcode
    \deprecatedEnd

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    MultiArray<2, unsigned char> image1(width, height), image2(width, height),
                                 maskimage(width, height);

    SomeStatisticsFunctor stats(...);     // init functor

    inspectTwoImagesIf(image1, image2, maskimage, region_stats);
    \endcode

    \deprecatedUsage{inspectTwoImagesIf}
    \code
    vigra::BImage image1;
    vigra::BImage image2;
    vigra::BImage maskimage;

    SomeStatisticsFunctor stats(...);     // init functor

    vigra::inspectTwoImagesIf(srcImageRange(image1), srcImage(image2),
                              srcImage(maskimage), region_stats);

    \endcode
    <b> Required Interface:</b>
    \code
    ImageIterator1 upperleft1, lowerright1;
    ImageIterator2 upperleft2;
    MaskImageIterator upperleftm;
    ImageIterator1::row_iterator ix1 = upperleft1.rowIterator();
    ImageIterator2::row_iterator ix2 = upperleft2.rowIterator();
    MaskImageIterator::row_iterator mx = mupperleft.rowIterator();

    Accessor1 accessor1;
    Accessor2 accessor2;
    MaskAccessor mask;

    Functor functor;
    if(mask(mx))
        functor(accessor1(ix1), accessor2(ix2));
    \endcode
    \deprecatedEnd

    \see InspectFunctor, FeatureAccumulators
*/
doxygen_overloaded_function(template <...> void inspectTwoImagesIf)

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor>
struct inspectTwoImagesIf_binder
{
    ImageIterator1    upperleft1;
    ImageIterator1    lowerright1;
    Accessor1         a1;
    ImageIterator2    upperleft2;
    Accessor2         a2;
    MaskImageIterator mupperleft;
    MaskAccessor      mask;
    inspectTwoImagesIf_binder(ImageIterator1 u1, ImageIterator1 l1,
                              Accessor1 a1_, ImageIterator2 u2, Accessor2 a2_,
                              MaskImageIterator mu, MaskAccessor ma)
        : upperleft1(u1), lowerright1(l1), a1(a1_), upperleft2(u2), a2(a2_),
          mupperleft(mu), mask(ma) {}
    template <class Functor>
    void operator()(Functor & f)
    {
        int w = lowerright1.x - upperleft1.x;

        ImageIterator1 t1 = upperleft1;
        ImageIterator2 t2 = upperleft2;
        MaskImageIterator mu = mupperleft;
        for(; t1.y < lowerright1.y; ++t1.y, ++t2.y, ++mu.y)
        {
            inspectTwoLinesIf(t1.rowIterator(),
                              t1.rowIterator() + w, a1,
                              t2.rowIterator(), a2,
                              mu.rowIterator(), mask, f);
        }
    }
};

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor,
          class Functor>
void
inspectTwoImagesIf(ImageIterator1 upperleft1, ImageIterator1 lowerright1,
                   Accessor1 a1,
                   ImageIterator2 upperleft2, Accessor2 a2,
                   MaskImageIterator mupperleft, MaskAccessor mask,
                   Functor & f)
{
    inspectTwoImagesIf_binder<ImageIterator1, Accessor1,
                              ImageIterator2, Accessor2,
                              MaskImageIterator, MaskAccessor>
        g(upperleft1, lowerright1, a1, upperleft2, a2, mupperleft, mask);
    detail::extra_passes_select(g, f);
}

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImagesIf(ImageIterator1 upperleft1, ImageIterator1 lowerright1, Accessor1 a1,
                 ImageIterator2 upperleft2, Accessor2 a2,
                 MaskImageIterator mupperleft, MaskAccessor mask,
                 functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectTwoImagesIf(upperleft1, lowerright1, a1,
                       upperleft2, a2,
                       mupperleft, mask,
                       const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImagesIf(triple<ImageIterator1, ImageIterator1, Accessor1> img1,
                   pair<ImageIterator2, Accessor2> img2,
                   pair<MaskImageIterator, MaskAccessor> m,
                   Functor & f)
{
    inspectTwoImagesIf(img1.first, img1.second, img1.third,
                       img2.first, img2.second,
                       m.first, m.second,
                       f);
}

template <class ImageIterator1, class Accessor1,
          class ImageIterator2, class Accessor2,
          class MaskImageIterator, class MaskAccessor,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImagesIf(triple<ImageIterator1, ImageIterator1, Accessor1> img1,
                   pair<ImageIterator2, Accessor2> img2,
                   pair<MaskImageIterator, MaskAccessor> m,
                   functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    inspectTwoImagesIf(img1.first, img1.second, img1.third,
                       img2.first, img2.second,
                       m.first, m.second,
                       const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

template <class T1, class S1,
          class T2, class S2,
          class TM, class SM,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImagesIf(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & img1,
                   MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> const & img2,
                   MultiArrayView<2, TM, SM> const & mask,
                   Functor & f)
{
    vigra_precondition(img1.shape() == img2.shape() && img1.shape() == mask.shape(),
        "inspectTwoImagesIf(): shape mismatch between input and output.");
    inspectTwoImagesIf(srcImageRange(img1),
                       srcImage(img2),
                       maskImage(mask),
                       f);
}

template <class T1, class S1,
          class T2, class S2,
          class TM, class SM,
          class Functor>
inline void
inspectTwoImagesIf(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & img1,
                   MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> const & img2,
                   MultiArrayView<2, TM, SM> const & mask,
                   functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> const & f)
{
    vigra_precondition(img1.shape() == img2.shape() && img1.shape() == mask.shape(),
        "inspectTwoImagesIf(): shape mismatch between input and output.");
    inspectTwoImagesIf(srcImageRange(img1),
                       srcImage(img2),
                       maskImage(mask),
                       const_cast<functor::UnaryAnalyser<Functor> &>(f));
}

//@}

/** \addtogroup InspectFunctor Functors To Inspect Images
    Functors which report image statistics
*/
//@{

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                     FindMinMax                       */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Find the minimum and maximum pixel value in an image or ROI.

    In addition the size of the ROI is calculated.
    These functors can also be used in conjunction with
    \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics to find the extremes of all regions in
    a labeled image.

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryAnalyser</tt> is true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img;

    vigra::FindMinMax<vigra::BImage::PixelType> minmax;   // init functor

    vigra::inspectImage(srcImageRange(img), minmax);

    cout << "Min: " << minmax.min << " Max: " << minmax.max;

    \endcode

    <b> Required Interface:</b>

    \code
    VALUETYPE v1, v2(v1);

    v1 < v2;
    v1 = v2;
    \endcode

*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class FindMinMax
{
   public:

        /** the functor's argument type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE argument_type;

        /** the functor's result type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE result_type;

        /** \deprecated use argument_type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE value_type;

        /** init min and max
        */
    FindMinMax()
    : min( NumericTraits<value_type>::max() ),
      max( NumericTraits<value_type>::min() ),
      count(0)
    {}

        /** (re-)init functor (clear min, max)
        */
    void reset()
    {
        count = 0;
    }

        /** update min and max
        */
    void operator()(argument_type const & v)
    {
        if(count)
        {
            if(v < min) min = v;
            if(max < v) max = v;
        }
        else
        {
            min = v;
            max = v;
        }
        ++count;
    }

        /** update min and max with components of RGBValue<VALUETYPE>
        */
    void operator()(RGBValue<VALUETYPE> const & v)
    {
        operator()(v.red());
        operator()(v.green());
        operator()(v.blue());
    }

        /** merge two statistics
        */
    void operator()(FindMinMax const & v)
    {
        if(v.count)
        {
            if(count)
            {
                if(v.min < min) min = v.min;
                if((this->max) < v.max) max = v.max;
            }
            else
            {
                min = v.min;
                max = v.max;
            }
        }
        count += v.count;
    }

        /** the current min
        */
    VALUETYPE min;

        /** the current max
        */
    VALUETYPE max;

        /** the number of values processed so far
        */
    unsigned int count;

};

template <class VALUETYPE>
class FunctorTraits<FindMinMax<VALUETYPE> >
: public FunctorTraitsBase<FindMinMax<VALUETYPE> >
{
  public:
    typedef VigraTrueType isUnaryAnalyser;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                      FindSum                         */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief  Find the sum of the pixel values in an image or ROI.

    This Functor can also be used in conjunction with
    \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics to find the sum of all regions in
    a labeled image, and with the reduce mode of transformMultiArray().

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryAnalyser</tt> and <tt>FunctorTraits::isInitializer</tt>
    are true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img;

    vigra::FindSum<vigra::BImage::PixelType> sum;   // init functor

    vigra::inspectImage(srcImageRange(img), sum);

    cout << "Sum: " << sum();

    \endcode

    <b> Required Interface:</b>

    \code
    VALUETYPE v1, v2(v1);

    v1 += v2;
    \endcode

*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class FindSum
: public UnaryReduceFunctorTag
{
   public:

        /** the functor's argument type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE argument_type;

        /** the functor's result type
        */
    typedef typename NumericTraits<VALUETYPE>::Promote result_type;

        /** init sum
        */
    FindSum()
    : sum_(NumericTraits<result_type>::zero())
    {}

        /** (re-)init sum
        */
    void reset()
    {
        sum_ = NumericTraits<result_type>::zero();
    }

        /** update sum
        */
    void operator()(argument_type const & v)
    {
        sum_ += v;
    }

        /** merge two statistics
        */
    void operator()(FindSum const & v)
    {
        sum_   += v.sum_;
    }

        /** return current sum
        */
    result_type sum() const
    {
        return sum_;
    }

        /** return current sum
        */
    result_type operator()() const
    {
        return sum_;
    }

    result_type sum_;
};


/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                    FindAverage                       */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief  Find the average pixel value in an image or ROI.

    In addition the size of the ROI is calculated.
    This Functor can also be used in conjunction with
    \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics to find the average of all regions in
    a labeled image.

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryAnalyser</tt> and <tt>FunctorTraits::isInitializer</tt>
    are true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img;

    vigra::FindAverage<vigra::BImage::PixelType> average;   // init functor

    vigra::inspectImage(srcImageRange(img), average);

    cout << "Average: " << average();

    \endcode

    <b> Required Interface:</b>

    \code
    VALUETYPE v1, v2(v1);
    double d;

    v1 += v2;
    v1 / d;
    \endcode

*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class FindAverage
{
   public:

        /** the functor's argument type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE argument_type;

        /** the functor's first argument type (for calls with a weight)
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE first_argument_type;

        /** the functor's second argument type (for calls with a weight)
        */
    typedef double second_argument_type;

        /** the functor's result type
        */
    typedef typename NumericTraits<VALUETYPE>::RealPromote result_type;

        /** \deprecated use argument_type and result_type
        */
    typedef typename NumericTraits<VALUETYPE>::RealPromote value_type;

        /** init average
        */
    FindAverage()
    : sum_(NumericTraits<result_type>::zero()), count_(0)
    {}

        /** (re-)init average
        */
    void reset()
    {
        count_ = 0;
        sum_ = NumericTraits<result_type>::zero();
    }

        /** update average
        */
    void operator()(argument_type const & v)
    {
        sum_ += v;
        ++count_;
    }

        /** update average, using weighted input.
         * <tt>stats(value, 1.0)</tt> is equivalent to the unweighted
         * call <tt>stats(value)</tt>, and <tt>stats(value, 2.0)</tt>
         * is equivalent to two unweighted calls.
         */
    void operator()(first_argument_type const & v, second_argument_type weight)
    {
        sum_   += v * weight;
        count_ += weight;
    }

        /** merge two statistics
        */
    void operator()(FindAverage const & v)
    {
        sum_   += v.sum_;
        count_ += v.count_;
    }

        /** return number of values (sum of weights) seen so far
        */
    double count() const
    {
        return count_;
    }

        /** return current average
        */
    result_type average() const
    {
        return sum_ / (double)count_;
    }

        /** return current average
        */
    result_type operator()() const
    {
        return sum_ / (double)count_;
    }

    result_type sum_;
    double count_;
};

template <class VALUETYPE>
class FunctorTraits<FindAverage<VALUETYPE> >
: public FunctorTraitsBase<FindAverage<VALUETYPE> >
{
  public:
    typedef VigraTrueType isInitializer;
    typedef VigraTrueType isUnaryAnalyser;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                 FindAverageAndVariance               */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief  Find the average pixel value and its variance in an image or ROI.

    This Functor uses West's algorithm to accumulate highly accurate values for
    the mean and the sum of squared differences of all values seen so far (the
    naive incremental algorithm for the computation of the sum of squares
    produces large round-off errors when the mean is much larger than the
    standard deviation of the data.) This Functor can also be used in
    conjunction with \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics to find the statistics of all
    regions in a labeled image.

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryAnalyser</tt> and <tt>FunctorTraits::isInitializer</tt>
    are true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img;

    vigra::FindAverageAndVariance<vigra::BImage::PixelType> averageAndVariance;   // init functor

    vigra::inspectImage(srcImageRange(img), averageAndVariance);

    cout << "Average: " << averageAndVariance.average() << "\n";
    cout << "Standard deviation: " << sqrt(averageAndVariance.variance()) << "\n";

    \endcode

    <b> Required Interface:</b>

    \code
    VALUETYPE v1, v2(v1);
    double d;

    v1 += v2;
    v1 + v2;
    v1 - v2;
    v1 * v2;
    v1 / d;
    d * v1;
    \endcode

*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class FindAverageAndVariance
{
   public:

        /** the functor's argument type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE argument_type;

        /** the functor's first argument type (for calls with a weight)
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE first_argument_type;

        /** the functor's second argument type (for calls with a weight)
        */
    typedef double second_argument_type;

        /** the functor's result type
        */
    typedef typename NumericTraits<VALUETYPE>::RealPromote result_type;

        /** \deprecated use argument_type and result_type
        */
    typedef typename NumericTraits<VALUETYPE>::RealPromote value_type;

        /** init average
        */
    FindAverageAndVariance()
    : mean_(NumericTraits<result_type>::zero()),
      sumOfSquaredDifferences_(NumericTraits<result_type>::zero()),
      count_(0.0)
    {}

        /** (re-)init average and variance
        */
    void reset()
    {
        count_ = 0.0;
        mean_ = NumericTraits<result_type>::zero();
        sumOfSquaredDifferences_ = NumericTraits<result_type>::zero();
    }

        /** update average and variance
        */
    void operator()(argument_type const & v)
    {
        ++count_;
        result_type t1 = v - mean_;
        result_type t2 = t1 / count_;
        mean_ += t2;
        sumOfSquaredDifferences_ += (count_-1.0)*t1*t2;
    }

        /** update average and variance, using weighted input.
         * <tt>stats(value, 1.0)</tt> is equivalent to the unweighted
         * call <tt>stats(value)</tt>, and <tt>stats(value, 2.0)</tt>
         * is equivalent to two unweighted calls.
         */
    void operator()(first_argument_type const & v, second_argument_type weight)
    {
        count_ += weight;
        result_type t1 = v - mean_;
        result_type t2 = t1 * weight / count_;
        mean_ += t2;

        //sumOfSquaredDifferences_ += (count_ - weight)*t1*t2;

        if(count_ > weight)
            sumOfSquaredDifferences_ +=
                (t1 * t1 * weight / count_) * (count_ - weight );
    }

        /** merge two statistics
        */
    void operator()(FindAverageAndVariance const & v)
    {
        double newCount = count_ + v.count_;
        sumOfSquaredDifferences_ += v.sumOfSquaredDifferences_ +
                                    count_ / newCount * v.count_ * (mean_ - v.mean_) * (mean_ - v.mean_);
        mean_ = (count_ * mean_ + v.count_ * v.mean_) / newCount;
        count_ += v.count_;
    }

        /** return number of values (sum of weights) seen so far
        */
    unsigned int count() const
    {
        return (unsigned int)count_;
    }

        /** return current average
        */
    result_type average() const
    {
        return mean_;
    }

        /** return current variance.
            If <tt>unbiased = true</tt>, the sum of squared differences
            is divided by <tt>count()-1</tt> instead of just <tt>count()</tt>.
        */
    result_type variance(bool unbiased = false) const
    {
        return unbiased
                  ? sumOfSquaredDifferences_ / (count_ - 1.0)
                  : sumOfSquaredDifferences_ / count_;
    }

        /** return current variance. calls <tt>variance()</tt>.
        */
    result_type operator()() const
    {
        return variance();
    }

    result_type mean_, sumOfSquaredDifferences_;
    double count_;
};

template <class VALUETYPE>
class FunctorTraits<FindAverageAndVariance<VALUETYPE> >
: public FunctorTraitsBase<FindAverageAndVariance<VALUETYPE> >
{
  public:
    typedef VigraTrueType isInitializer;
    typedef VigraTrueType isUnaryAnalyser;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                    FindROISize                       */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Calculate the size of an ROI in an image.

    This Functor is often used in conjunction with
    \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics to find the sizes of all regions in
    a labeled image.

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryAnalyser</tt> and <tt>FunctorTraits::isInitializer</tt>
    are true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img, mask;

    vigra::FindROISize<vigra::BImage::PixelType> roisize;   // init functor

    vigra::inspectImageIf(srcImageRange(img), srcImage(mask), roisize);

    cout << "Size of ROI: " << roisize.count;

    \endcode

*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class FindROISize
{
   public:

        /** the functor's argument type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE argument_type;

        /** the functor's result type
        */
    typedef unsigned int result_type;

        /** \deprecated use argument_type and result_type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE value_type;

        /** init counter to 0
        */
    FindROISize()
    : count(0)
    {}

        /** (re-)init ROI size with 0
        */
    void reset()
    {
        count = 0;
    }

        /** update counter
        */
    void operator()(argument_type const &)
    {
        ++count;
    }

        /** return current size
        */
    result_type operator()() const
    {
        return count;
    }

        /** return current size
        */
    result_type size() const
    {
        return count;
    }

        /** merge two statistics
        */
    void operator()(FindROISize const & o)
    {
        count += o.count;
    }

        /** the current counter
        */
    result_type count;

};

template <class VALUETYPE>
class FunctorTraits<FindROISize<VALUETYPE> >
: public FunctorTraitsBase<FindROISize<VALUETYPE> >
{
  public:
    typedef VigraTrueType isInitializer;
    typedef VigraTrueType isUnaryAnalyser;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                FindBoundingRectangle                 */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Calculate the bounding rectangle of an ROI in an image.

    As always in VIGRA, <TT>roiRect.lowerRight</TT> is <em> just outside the rectangle</em>.
    That is, the last pixel actually in the rectangle is <TT>roiRect.lowerRight - Diff2D(1,1)</TT>.
    This Functor is often used in conjunction with
    \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics to find the bounding rectangles
    of all regions in a labeled image.

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryAnalyser</tt> and <tt>FunctorTraits::isInitializer</tt>
    are true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img, mask;
    ...

    vigra::FindBoundingRectangle roiRect;   // init functor

    // Diff2D is used as the iterator for the source image. This
    // simulates an image where each pixel value equals the pixel's
    // coordinates. The image 'mask' determines the ROI.
    vigra::inspectImageIf(srcIterRange(Diff2D(0,0), (Diff2D)img.size()),
                          srcImage(mask), roiRect);

    cout << "Upper left of ROI: " <<
        roiRect.upperLeft.x << ", " << roiRect.upperLeft.y << endl;
    cout << "Lower right of ROI: " <<
        roiRect.lowerRight.x << ", " << roiRect.lowerRight.y << endl;

    \endcode

*/
class FindBoundingRectangle
{
  public:

        /** the functor's argument type
        */
    typedef Diff2D argument_type;

        /** the functors result type
        */
    typedef Rect2D result_type;

        /** \deprecated use argument_type
        */
    typedef Diff2D value_type;

        /** Upper left of the region as seen so far
        */
    Point2D upperLeft;

        /** Lower right of the region as seen so far
        */
    Point2D lowerRight;

        /** are the functors contents valid ?
        */
    bool valid;

        /** init rectangle to invalid values
        */
    FindBoundingRectangle()
    : valid(false)
    {}

        /** (re-)init functor to find other bounds
        */
    void reset()
    {
        valid = false;
    }

        /** update rectangle by including the coordinate coord
        */
    void operator()(argument_type const & coord)
    {
        if(!valid)
        {
            upperLeft = Point2D(coord);
            lowerRight = Point2D(coord + Diff2D(1,1));
            valid = true;
        }
        else
        {
            upperLeft.x = std::min(upperLeft.x, coord.x);
            upperLeft.y = std::min(upperLeft.y, coord.y);
            lowerRight.x = std::max(lowerRight.x, coord.x + 1);
            lowerRight.y = std::max(lowerRight.y, coord.y + 1);
        }
    }

        /** update rectangle by merging it with another rectangle
        */
    void operator()(FindBoundingRectangle const & otherRegion)
    {
        if(!valid)
        {
            upperLeft = otherRegion.upperLeft;
            lowerRight = otherRegion.lowerRight;
            valid = otherRegion.valid;
        }
        else if(otherRegion.valid)
        {
            upperLeft.x = std::min(upperLeft.x, otherRegion.upperLeft.x);
            upperLeft.y = std::min(upperLeft.y, otherRegion.upperLeft.y);
            lowerRight.x = std::max(lowerRight.x, otherRegion.lowerRight.x);
            lowerRight.y = std::max(lowerRight.y, otherRegion.lowerRight.y);
        }
    }

        /** Get size of current rectangle.
        */
    Size2D size() const
    {
        return lowerRight - upperLeft;
    }

        /** Get current rectangle. <TT>result_type::first</TT> is the upper
            left corner of the rectangle, <TT>result_type::second</TT>
            the lower right.
        */
    result_type operator()() const
    {
        return result_type(upperLeft, lowerRight);
    }
};

template <>
class FunctorTraits<FindBoundingRectangle>
: public FunctorTraitsBase<FindBoundingRectangle>
{
  public:
    typedef VigraTrueType isInitializer;
    typedef VigraTrueType isUnaryAnalyser;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                 LastValueFunctor                     */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Stores and returns the last value it has seen.

    This Functor is best used in conjunction with
    \ref ArrayOfRegionStatistics to realize a look-up table.

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryAnalyser</tt> and <tt>FunctorTraits::isInitializer</tt>
    are true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img;

    vigra::ArrayOfRegionStatistics<LastValueFunctor<unsigned char> > lut(255);

    for(int i=0; i<256; ++i)
    {
        lut[i] = ...; // init look-up table
    }

    vigra::transformImage(srcImageRange(img), destImage(img), lut);

    \endcode

*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class LastValueFunctor
{
   public:

        /** the functor's argument type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE argument_type;

        /** the functor's result type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE result_type;

        /** \deprecated use argument_type and result_type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE value_type;

        /** default construction of value (i.e. builtin types will be set to zero)
        */
    LastValueFunctor(argument_type const &initial = argument_type())
    : value(initial)
    {}

        /** replace value
        */
    void operator=(argument_type const & v) { value = v; }

        /** reset to initial value (the same as after default construction)
        */
    void reset() { value = VALUETYPE(); }

        /** replace value
        */
    void operator()(argument_type const & v) { value = v; }

        /** return current value
        */
    result_type const & operator()() const { return value; }

        /** the current value
        */
    VALUETYPE value;

};

template <class VALUETYPE>
class FunctorTraits<LastValueFunctor<VALUETYPE> >
: public FunctorTraitsBase<LastValueFunctor<VALUETYPE> >
{
  public:
    typedef VigraTrueType isInitializer;
    typedef VigraTrueType isUnaryAnalyser;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                     ReduceFunctor                    */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Apply a functor to reduce the dimensionality of an array.

    This functor can be used to emulate the <tt>reduce</tt> standard function of
    functional programming using <tt>std::for_each()</tt> or <tt>inspectImage()</tt>
    and similar functions. This functor is initialized with a functor encoding
    the expression to be applied, and an accumulator storing the current state
    of the reduction. For each element of the array, the embedded functor is called
    with the accumulator and the current element(s) of the array. The result
    of the reduction is available by calling <tt>reduceFunctor()</tt>.

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryAnalyser</tt>, <tt>FunctorTraits::isBinaryAnalyser</tt>
    and <tt>FunctorTraits::isInitializer</tt>
    are true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img;
    ... // fill the image

    // create a functor to sum the elements of the image
    vigra::ReduceFunctor<std::plus<int>, int> sumElements(std::plus<int>, 0);

    vigra::inspectImage(srcImageRange(img), sumElements);

    cout << "The sum of the elements " << sumElements() << endl;

    \endcode

    <b> Required Interface:</b>

    \code
    FUNCTOR f;
    VALUETYPE accumulator, current1, current2;

    f(accumulator, current1); // for inspectImage()
    f(accumulator, current1, current2); // for inspectTwoImages()
    \endcode
*/
template <class FUNCTOR, class VALUETYPE>
class ReduceFunctor
{
    FUNCTOR f_;
    VALUETYPE start_, accumulator_;
   public:

        /** the functor's argument type
            when used as a unary inspector.
            (This is not strictly correct since the argument type
            is actually a template parameter.)
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE argument_type;

        /** the functor's first argument type
            when used as a binary inspector.
            (This is not strictly correct since the argument type
            is actually a template parameter.)
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE first_argument_type;

        /** the functor's second argument type
            when used as a binary inspector.
            (This is not strictly correct since the argument type
            is actually a template parameter.)
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE second_argument_type;

        /** the functor's result type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE result_type;

        /** create with the given functor and initial value \a initial
            for the accumulator.
        */
    ReduceFunctor(FUNCTOR const & f, VALUETYPE const & initial)
    : f_(f),
      start_(initial),
      accumulator_(initial)
    {}

        /** Reset accumulator to the initial value.
        */
    void reset()
      { accumulator_ = start_; }

        /** Use binary functor to connect given value with the accumulator.
            The accumulator is used as the first argument, the value \a v
            as the second.
        */
    template <class T>
    void operator()(T const & v)
    {
        accumulator_ = f_(accumulator_, v);
    }

        /** Use ternary functor to connect given values with accumulator.
            The accumulator is used as the first argument, the values \a v1
            ans \a v2 as the second and third.
        */
    template <class T1, class T2>
    void operator()(T1 const & v1, T2 const & v2)
    {
        accumulator_ = f_(accumulator_, v1, v2);
    }

        /** return current value
        */
    result_type const & operator()() const
      { return accumulator_; }
};

template <class FUNCTOR, class VALUETYPE>
ReduceFunctor<FUNCTOR, VALUETYPE>
reduceFunctor(FUNCTOR const & f, VALUETYPE const & initial)
{
    return ReduceFunctor<FUNCTOR, VALUETYPE>(f, initial);
}

template <class FUNCTOR, class VALUETYPE>
class FunctorTraits<ReduceFunctor<FUNCTOR, VALUETYPE> >
: public FunctorTraitsBase<ReduceFunctor<FUNCTOR, VALUETYPE> >
{
  public:
    typedef VigraTrueType isInitializer;
    typedef VigraTrueType isUnaryAnalyser;
    typedef VigraTrueType isBinaryAnalyser;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*              ArrayOfRegionStatistics                 */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Calculate statistics for all regions of a labeled image.

    This Functor encapsulates an array of statistics functors, one
    for each label, and selects the one to be updated according to the
    pixel's label.

    <b> Traits defined:</b>

    <tt>FunctorTraits::isBinaryAnalyser</tt> and <tt>FunctorTraits::isUnaryFunctor</tt>
    are true (<tt>VigraTrueType</tt>)

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/inspectimage.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    vigra::BImage img;
    vigra::IImage labels;
    int max_label;
    ...

    // init functor as an array of 'max_label' FindMinMax-Functors
    vigra::ArrayOfRegionStatistics<vigra::FindMinMax<vigra::BImage::PixelType> >
                                                         minmax(max_label);

    vigra::inspectTwoImages(srcImageRange(img), srcImage(labels), minmax);

    for(int i=0; i<= max_label; ++i)
    {
        cout << "Max gray level of region " << i << ": "
             << minmax.region[i].max << endl;
    }

    // init functor as an array of 'max_label' FindAverage-Functors
    vigra::ArrayOfRegionStatistics<vigra::FindAverage<vigra::BImage::PixelType> >
                                                         average(max_label);

    vigra::inspectTwoImages(srcImageRange(img), srcImage(labels), average);

    // write back the average of each region into the original image
    vigra::transformImage(srcImageRange(labels), destImage(img), average);

    \endcode

    <b> Required Interface:</b>

    \code
    RegionStatistics region;
    RegionStatistics::argument_type a;
    RegionStatistics::result_type r;

    region(a);     // update statistics
    r = region();  // return statistics

    \endcode
*/
template <class RegionStatistics, class LabelType = int>
class ArrayOfRegionStatistics
    : public detail::get_extra_passes<RegionStatistics>
{
    typedef std::vector<RegionStatistics> RegionArray;

  public:
         /** argument type of the contained statistics object
             becomes first argument of the analyser
         */
    typedef typename RegionStatistics::argument_type first_argument_type;

         /** label type is used to determine the region to be updated
         */
    typedef LabelType second_argument_type;

         /** label type is also used to determine the region to be
             returned by the 1 argument operator()
         */
    typedef LabelType argument_type;

         /** result type of the contained statistics object
             becomes result type of the analyser
         */
    typedef typename RegionStatistics::result_type result_type;

         /** the value type of the array: the contained statistics object.
             <b>Note:</b> this definition was different in older
             VIGRA versions. The old definition was wrong.
         */
    typedef RegionStatistics value_type;

         /** the array's reference type
         */
    typedef RegionStatistics & reference;

         /** the array's const reference type
         */
    typedef RegionStatistics const & const_reference;

         /** type to iterate over the statistics array
         */
    typedef typename RegionArray::iterator iterator;

         /** type to iterate over a const statistics array
         */
    typedef typename RegionArray::const_iterator const_iterator;

        /** init array of RegionStatistics with default size 0.
        */
    ArrayOfRegionStatistics()
    {}

        /** init array of RegionStatistics with index domain
            0...max_region_label.
        */
    ArrayOfRegionStatistics(unsigned int max_region_label)
    : regions(max_region_label+1)
    {}

        /** resize array to new index domain 0...max_region_label.
            All bin are re-initialized.
        */
    void resize(unsigned int max_region_label)
    {
        RegionArray newRegions(max_region_label+1);
        regions.swap(newRegions);
    }

        /** reset the contained functors to their initial state.
        */
    void reset()
    {
        RegionArray newRegions(regions.size());
        regions.swap(newRegions);
    }

        /** update regions statistics for region <TT>label</TT>. The label type
            is converted to <TT>unsigned int</TT>.
        */
    void operator()(first_argument_type const & v, second_argument_type label) {
        regions[static_cast<unsigned int>(label)](v);
    }

        /** merge second region into first
        */
    void merge(argument_type label1, argument_type label2) {
        regions[static_cast<unsigned int>(label1)](regions[static_cast<unsigned int>(label2)]);
    }

        /** ask for maximal index (label) allowed
        */
    unsigned int maxRegionLabel() const
        { return size() - 1; }

        /** ask for array size (i.e. maxRegionLabel() + 1)
        */
    unsigned int size() const
        { return regions.size(); }

        /** access the statistics for a region via its label. The label type
            is converted to <TT>unsigned int</TT>.
        */
    result_type operator()(argument_type label) const
        { return regions[static_cast<unsigned int>(label)](); }

        /** read the statistics functor for a region via its label
        */
    const_reference operator[](argument_type label) const
        { return regions[static_cast<unsigned int>(label)]; }

        /** access the statistics functor for a region via its label
        */
    reference operator[](argument_type label)
        { return regions[static_cast<unsigned int>(label)]; }

        /** iterator to the begin of the region array
        */
    iterator begin()
        { return regions.begin(); }

        /** const iterator to the begin of the region array
        */
    const_iterator begin() const
        { return regions.begin(); }

        /** iterator to the end of the region array
        */
    iterator end()
        { return regions.end(); }

        /** const iterator to the end of the region array
        */
    const_iterator end() const
        { return regions.end(); }

        /** prepare next pass for multi-pass RegionStatistics types
        */
    void calc_sync()
    {
        for (iterator j = begin(); j != end(); ++j)
            this->sync(*j);
    }
    // update: passes >= 2
    struct pass_n_dispatch
    {
        ArrayOfRegionStatistics & x;
        unsigned                  pass_number;
        pass_n_dispatch(ArrayOfRegionStatistics & a, unsigned n)
            : x(a), pass_number(n) {}
        template <class S> // instantiate only when used.
        void operator()(const first_argument_type & v, S label)
        {
            x.regions[static_cast<unsigned>(label)].updatePassN(v, pass_number);
        }
    };
    template <class N> // instantiate only when used.
    pass_n_dispatch pass_n(N n)
    {
        if (n < 2 || static_cast<unsigned>(n) > this->max_passes)
            vigra_fail("ArrayOfRegionStatistics::pass_n(): inconsistent use.");
        return pass_n_dispatch(*this, n);
    }

    std::vector<RegionStatistics> regions;
};

template <class RegionStatistics, class LabelType>
class FunctorTraits<ArrayOfRegionStatistics<RegionStatistics, LabelType> >
: public FunctorTraitsBase<ArrayOfRegionStatistics<RegionStatistics, LabelType> >
{
  public:
    typedef VigraTrueType isUnaryFunctor;
    typedef VigraTrueType isBinaryAnalyser;
};

//@}

} // namespace vigra

#endif // VIGRA_INSPECTIMAGE_HXX