xref: /dports/math/py-cdecimal/cdecimal-2.3/python/test_cdecimal2.py

# Copyright (c) 2004 Python Software Foundation.
# All rights reserved.

# Written by Eric Price <eprice at tjhsst.edu>
#    and Facundo Batista <facundo at taniquetil.com.ar>
#    and Raymond Hettinger <python at rcn.com>
#    and Aahz (aahz at pobox.com)
#    and Tim Peters

"""
These are the test cases for the Decimal module.

There are two groups of tests, Arithmetic and Behaviour. The former test
the Decimal arithmetic using the tests provided by Mike Cowlishaw. The latter
test the pythonic behaviour according to PEP 327.

Cowlishaw's tests can be downloaded from:

   http://speleotrove.com/decimal/dectest.zip

This test module can be called from command line with one parameter (Arithmetic
or Behaviour) to test each part, or without parameter to test both parts. If
you're working through IDLE, you can import this test module and call test_main()
with the corresponding argument.
"""

import math
import os, sys
import operator
import warnings
import pickle, copy
import unittest
import numbers
import locale
from test.test_support import run_unittest, run_doctest, is_resource_enabled
from test.test_support import check_warnings, TestFailed
import random
import time
import warnings
import fractions
try:
    import threading
except ImportError:
    threading = None


import cdecimal as C
import decimal as P
orig_sys_decimal = sys.modules['decimal']

py_minor = sys.version_info[1]

# Testing all failures of API functions for _decimal. First,
# the number of API calls in a test case is determined. Then,
# the testcase is run with all possible API failures, checking
# that FailAPIException is properly raised.
def assertRaises(expEx, func, *args, **kwargs):
    """assertRaises has to reraise FailAPIException."""
    try:
        func(*args, **kwargs)
    except Exception as e:
       if e.__class__ is C.FailAPIException:
           raise C.FailAPIException
       if not e.__class__ is expEx:
           raise e

def withFailpoint(func):
    """Wrap a function for testing all possible API failures."""
    def iter_failpoint(testcase, *args):
        # These tests will not work.
        setattr(testcase, 'assertRaises', assertRaises)
        # Determine number of API calls.
        C.setapicalls(0)
        C.setfailpoint(0)
        func(testcase, *args)
        n = C.getapicalls()
        # Fail at each possible API call.
        for i in range(1, n+1):
            C.setapicalls(0)
            C.setfailpoint(i)
            try:
                func(testcase, *args)
            except C.FailAPIException:
                continue
            # Error: FailAPIException was not raised
            raise TestFailed("FailAPIException not raised in: %s" % func)
        C.setapicalls(0)
        C.setfailpoint(0)
    return iter_failpoint

class ProtectFail(object):
    """Protect code regions that modify global state (e.g. lines
       that set or restore global context values). Otherwise it
       would not be possible to rerun a test case several times."""
    def __enter__(self):
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            self.calls = C.getapicalls()
            self.fpoint = C.getfailpoint()
            C.setfailpoint(0)
    def __exit__(self, *_):
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            C.setfailpoint(self.fpoint)
            if self.fpoint:
                if self.calls < self.fpoint <= C.getapicalls():
                    # Pretend that API calls in the protected block failed.
                    raise C.FailAPIException

def protectfail():
    return ProtectFail()

if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
    # Functions that are iterated several times must use
    # the same random sequence each time.
    randseed = int(time.time())
    # Implicit initialization of the module context must
    # be tested first.
    for i in range(1, 100):
        C.setapicalls(0)
        C.setfailpoint(i)
        try:
            C.getcontext()
        except C.FailAPIException as e:
            continue
        C.setapicalls(0)
        C.setfailpoint(0)

# Useful Test Constant
Signals = {
  C: C.getcontext().flags.keys() if C else None,
  P: P.getcontext().flags.keys()
}
# Signals ordered with respect to precedence: when an operation
# produces multiple signals, signals occurring later in the list
# should be handled before those occurring earlier in the list.
OrderedSignals = {
  C: [C.Clamped, C.Rounded, C.Inexact, C.Subnormal, C.Underflow,
      C.Overflow, C.DivisionByZero, C.InvalidOperation] if C else None,
  P: [P.Clamped, P.Rounded, P.Inexact, P.Subnormal, P.Underflow,
      P.Overflow, P.DivisionByZero, P.InvalidOperation]
}
def assert_signals(cls, context, attr, expected):
    d = getattr(context, attr)
    cls.assertTrue(all(d[s] if s in expected else not d[s] for s in d))

RoundingModes = {
  C: (C.ROUND_UP, C.ROUND_DOWN, C.ROUND_CEILING, C.ROUND_FLOOR,
      C.ROUND_HALF_UP, C.ROUND_HALF_DOWN, C.ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
      C.ROUND_05UP) if C else None,
  P: (P.ROUND_UP, P.ROUND_DOWN, P.ROUND_CEILING, P.ROUND_FLOOR,
      P.ROUND_HALF_UP, P.ROUND_HALF_DOWN, P.ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
      P.ROUND_05UP)
}

# Tests are built around these assumed context defaults.
# test_main() restores the original context.
ORIGINAL_CONTEXT = {
  C: C.getcontext().copy() if C else None,
  P: P.getcontext().copy()
}
def init(m):
    if not m: return
    DefaultTestContext = m.Context(
       prec=9, rounding=m.ROUND_HALF_EVEN, traps=dict.fromkeys(Signals[m], 0)
    )
    m.setcontext(DefaultTestContext)

TESTDATADIR = 'decimaltestdata'
if __name__ == '__main__':
    file = sys.argv[0]
else:
    file = __file__
testdir = os.path.dirname(file) or os.curdir
directory = testdir + os.sep + TESTDATADIR + os.sep

skip_expected = not os.path.isdir(directory)

# Make sure it actually raises errors when not expected and caught in flags
# Slower, since it runs some things several times.
EXTENDEDERRORTEST = False


class IBMTestCases(unittest.TestCase):
    """Class which tests the Decimal class against the IBM test cases."""

    def setUp(self):
        self.context = self.decimal.Context()
        self.readcontext = self.decimal.Context()
        self.ignore_list = ['#']

        # List of individual .decTest test ids that correspond to tests that
        # we're skipping for one reason or another.
        self.skipped_test_ids = set([
            # Skip implementation-specific scaleb tests.
            'scbx164',
            'scbx165',

            # Skip large powers for _power_exact:
            'extr1700',
            'extr1701',
            'extr1702',
            'extr1703',

            # For some operations (currently exp, ln, log10, power), the decNumber
            # reference implementation imposes additional restrictions on the context
            # and operands.  These restrictions are not part of the specification;
            # however, the effect of these restrictions does show up in some of the
            # testcases.  We skip testcases that violate these restrictions, since
            # Decimal behaves differently from decNumber for these testcases so these
            # testcases would otherwise fail.
            'expx901',
            'expx902',
            'expx903',
            'expx905',
            'lnx901',
            'lnx902',
            'lnx903',
            'lnx905',
            'logx901',
            'logx902',
            'logx903',
            'logx905',
            'powx1183',
            'powx1184',
            'powx4001',
            'powx4002',
            'powx4003',
            'powx4005',
            'powx4008',
            'powx4010',
            'powx4012',
            'powx4014',
            # plus/minus special cases with ROUND_FLOOR (fixed in 3.3)
            'minx1030',
            'plux1031',
            ])

        if self.decimal == C:
            # status has additional Subnormal, Underflow
            self.skipped_test_ids.add('pwsx803')
            self.skipped_test_ids.add('pwsx805')
            # Correct rounding (skipped for decNumber, too)
            self.skipped_test_ids.add('powx4302')
            self.skipped_test_ids.add('powx4303')
            self.skipped_test_ids.add('powx4342')
            self.skipped_test_ids.add('powx4343')
            # http://bugs.python.org/issue7049
            self.skipped_test_ids.add('pwmx325')
            self.skipped_test_ids.add('pwmx326')

        # Map test directives to setter functions.
        self.ChangeDict = {'precision' : self.change_precision,
                           'rounding' : self.change_rounding_method,
                           'maxexponent' : self.change_max_exponent,
                           'minexponent' : self.change_min_exponent,
                           'clamp' : self.change_clamp}

        # Name adapter to be able to change the Decimal and Context
        # interface without changing the test files from Cowlishaw.
        self.NameAdapter = {'and':'logical_and',
                            'apply':'_apply',
                            'class':'number_class',
                            'comparesig':'compare_signal',
                            'comparetotal':'compare_total',
                            'comparetotmag':'compare_total_mag',
                            'copy':'copy_decimal',
                            'copyabs':'copy_abs',
                            'copynegate':'copy_negate',
                            'copysign':'copy_sign',
                            'divideint':'divide_int',
                            'invert':'logical_invert',
                            'iscanonical':'is_canonical',
                            'isfinite':'is_finite',
                            'isinfinite':'is_infinite',
                            'isnan':'is_nan',
                            'isnormal':'is_normal',
                            'isqnan':'is_qnan',
                            'issigned':'is_signed',
                            'issnan':'is_snan',
                            'issubnormal':'is_subnormal',
                            'iszero':'is_zero',
                            'maxmag':'max_mag',
                            'minmag':'min_mag',
                            'nextminus':'next_minus',
                            'nextplus':'next_plus',
                            'nexttoward':'next_toward',
                            'or':'logical_or',
                            'reduce':'normalize',
                            'remaindernear':'remainder_near',
                            'samequantum':'same_quantum',
                            'squareroot':'sqrt',
                            'toeng':'to_eng_string',
                            'tointegral':'to_integral_value',
                            'tointegralx':'to_integral_exact',
                            'tosci':'to_sci_string',
                            'xor':'logical_xor'}

        # Map test-case names to roundings.
        self.RoundingDict = {'ceiling' : self.decimal.ROUND_CEILING,
                             'down' : self.decimal.ROUND_DOWN,
                             'floor' : self.decimal.ROUND_FLOOR,
                             'half_down' : self.decimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN,
                             'half_even' : self.decimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
                             'half_up' : self.decimal.ROUND_HALF_UP,
                             'up' : self.decimal.ROUND_UP,
                             '05up' : self.decimal.ROUND_05UP}

        # Map the test cases' error names to the actual errors.
        self.ErrorNames = {'clamped' : self.decimal.Clamped,
                           'conversion_syntax' : self.decimal.InvalidOperation,
                           'division_by_zero' : self.decimal.DivisionByZero,
                           'division_impossible' : self.decimal.InvalidOperation,
                           'division_undefined' : self.decimal.InvalidOperation,
                           'inexact' : self.decimal.Inexact,
                           'invalid_context' : self.decimal.InvalidOperation,
                           'invalid_operation' : self.decimal.InvalidOperation,
                           'overflow' : self.decimal.Overflow,
                           'rounded' : self.decimal.Rounded,
                           'subnormal' : self.decimal.Subnormal,
                           'underflow' : self.decimal.Underflow}

        # The following functions return True/False rather than a
        # Decimal instance.
        self.LogicalFunctions = ('is_canonical',
                                 'is_finite',
                                 'is_infinite',
                                 'is_nan',
                                 'is_normal',
                                 'is_qnan',
                                 'is_signed',
                                 'is_snan',
                                 'is_subnormal',
                                 'is_zero',
                                 'same_quantum')

    def read_unlimited(self, v, context):
        """Work around the limitations of the 32-bit _decimal version. The
           guaranteed maximum values for prec, Emax etc. are 425000000,
           but higher values usually work, except for rare corner cases.
           In particular, all of the IBM tests pass with maximum values
           of 1070000000."""
        if self.decimal == C and self.decimal.MAX_EMAX == 425000000:
            self.readcontext.unsafe_setprec(1070000000)
            self.readcontext.unsafe_setemax(1070000000)
            self.readcontext.unsafe_setemin(-1070000000)
            return self.readcontext.create_decimal(v)
        else:
            return self.decimal.Decimal(v, context)

    def eval_file(self, file):
        global skip_expected
        if skip_expected:
            raise unittest.SkipTest
            return
        with open(file) as f:
            for line in f:
                line = line.replace('\r\n', '').replace('\n', '')
                #print line
                try:
                    t = self.eval_line(line)
                except self.decimal.DecimalException as exception:
                    #Exception raised where there shouldn't have been one.
                    self.fail('Exception "'+exception.__class__.__name__ + '" raised on line '+line)

        return

    def eval_line(self, s):
        if s.find(' -> ') >= 0 and s[:2] != '--' and not s.startswith('  --'):
            s = (s.split('->')[0] + '->' +
                 s.split('->')[1].split('--')[0]).strip()
        else:
            s = s.split('--')[0].strip()

        for ignore in self.ignore_list:
            if s.find(ignore) >= 0:
                #print s.split()[0], 'NotImplemented--', ignore
                return
        if not s:
            return
        elif ':' in s:
            return self.eval_directive(s)
        else:
            return self.eval_equation(s)

    def eval_directive(self, s):
        funct, value = (x.strip().lower() for x in s.split(':'))
        if funct == 'rounding':
            value = self.RoundingDict[value]
        else:
            try:
                value = int(value)
            except ValueError:
                pass

        funct = self.ChangeDict.get(funct, (lambda *args: None))
        funct(value)

    def eval_equation(self, s):

        if not TEST_ALL and not hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint') and \
           random.random() < 0.90:
            return

        with protectfail():
            self.context.clear_flags()

        try:
            Sides = s.split('->')
            L = Sides[0].strip().split()
            id = L[0]
            if DEBUG:
                print("Test ", id)
            funct = L[1].lower()
            valstemp = L[2:]
            L = Sides[1].strip().split()
            ans = L[0]
            exceptions = L[1:]
        except (TypeError, AttributeError, IndexError):
            raise self.decimal.InvalidOperation
        def FixQuotes(val):
            val = val.replace("''", 'SingleQuote').replace('""', 'DoubleQuote')
            val = val.replace("'", '').replace('"', '')
            val = val.replace('SingleQuote', "'").replace('DoubleQuote', '"')
            return val

        if id in self.skipped_test_ids:
            return

        fname = self.NameAdapter.get(funct, funct)
        if fname == 'rescale':
            return
        funct = getattr(self.context, fname)
        vals = []
        conglomerate = ''
        quote = 0
        theirexceptions = [self.ErrorNames[x.lower()] for x in exceptions]

        for exception in Signals[self.decimal]:
            self.context.traps[exception] = 1 #Catch these bugs...
        for exception in theirexceptions:
            self.context.traps[exception] = 0
        for i, val in enumerate(valstemp):
            if val.count("'") % 2 == 1:
                quote = 1 - quote
            if quote:
                conglomerate = conglomerate + ' ' + val
                continue
            else:
                val = conglomerate + val
                conglomerate = ''
            v = FixQuotes(val)
            if fname in ('to_sci_string', 'to_eng_string'):
                if EXTENDEDERRORTEST:
                    for error in theirexceptions:
                        self.context.traps[error] = 1
                        try:
                            funct(self.context.create_decimal(v))
                        except error:
                            pass
                        except Signals[self.decimal] as e:
                            self.fail("Raised %s in %s when %s disabled" % \
                                      (e, s, error))
                        else:
                            self.fail("Did not raise %s in %s" % (error, s))
                        self.context.traps[error] = 0
                v = self.context.create_decimal(v)
            else:
                v = self.read_unlimited(v, self.context)
            vals.append(v)

        ans = FixQuotes(ans)

        # three argument power/powmod (deprecated)
        if self.decimal == C:
            if fname == 'power' and len(vals) == 3:
                # name is different
                fname = 'powmod'
                funct = getattr(self.context, fname)

        if EXTENDEDERRORTEST and fname not in ('to_sci_string', 'to_eng_string'):
            for error in theirexceptions:
                self.context.traps[error] = 1
                try:
                    funct(*vals)
                except error:
                    pass
                except Signals[self.decimal] as e:
                    self.fail("Raised %s in %s when %s disabled" % \
                              (e, s, error))
                else:
                    self.fail("Did not raise %s in %s" % (error, s))
                self.context.traps[error] = 0

            # as above, but add traps cumulatively, to check precedence
            ordered_errors = [e for e in OrderedSignals[self.decimal] if e in theirexceptions]
            for error in ordered_errors:
                self.context.traps[error] = 1
                try:
                    funct(*vals)
                except error:
                    pass
                except Signals[self.decimal] as e:
                    self.fail("Raised %s in %s; expected %s" %
                              (type(e), s, error))
                else:
                    self.fail("Did not raise %s in %s" % (error, s))
            # reset traps
            for error in ordered_errors:
                self.context.traps[error] = 0


        if DEBUG:
            print("--", self.context)
        try:
            result = str(funct(*vals))
            if fname in self.LogicalFunctions:
                result = str(int(eval(result))) # 'True', 'False' -> '1', '0'
        except Signals[self.decimal] as error:
            self.fail("Raised %s in %s" % (error, s))
        except Exception as e: #Catch any error long enough to state the test case.
            # Errors are expected with failpoints.
            if not hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
                print("ERROR:", s)
            raise e.__class__

        myexceptions = self.getexceptions()

        myexceptions.sort(key=repr)
        theirexceptions.sort(key=repr)

        self.assertEqual(result, ans,
                         'Incorrect answer for ' + s + ' -- got ' + result)

        self.assertEqual(myexceptions, theirexceptions,
              'Incorrect flags set in ' + s + ' -- got ' + str(myexceptions))
        return

    def getexceptions(self):
        return [e for e in Signals[self.decimal] if self.context.flags[e]]

    def change_precision(self, prec):
        if self.decimal == C and self.decimal.MAX_PREC == 425000000:
            self.context.unsafe_setprec(prec)
        else:
            self.context.prec = prec
    def change_rounding_method(self, rounding):
        self.context.rounding = rounding
    def change_min_exponent(self, exp):
        if self.decimal == C and self.decimal.MAX_PREC == 425000000:
            self.context.unsafe_setemin(exp)
        else:
            self.context.Emin = exp
    def change_max_exponent(self, exp):
        if self.decimal == C and self.decimal.MAX_PREC == 425000000:
            self.context.unsafe_setemax(exp)
        else:
            self.context.Emax = exp
    def change_clamp(self, clamp):
        self.context._clamp = clamp

class CIBMTestCases(IBMTestCases):
    decimal = C
class PyIBMTestCases(IBMTestCases):
    decimal = P

# The following classes test the behaviour of Decimal according to PEP 327

class ExplicitConstructionTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for Explicit Construction cases of Decimal.'''

    def test_explicit_empty(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(), Decimal("0"))

    def test_explicit_from_None(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal, None)

    def test_explicit_from_int(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        #positive
        d = Decimal(45)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '45')

        #very large positive
        d = Decimal(500000123)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '500000123')

        #negative
        d = Decimal(-45)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-45')

        #zero
        d = Decimal(0)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')
        d = Decimal(0L)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')

        # single word longs
        for n in range(0, 32):
            for sign in (-1, 1):
                for x in range(-5, 5):
                    i = sign * (2**n + x)
                    d = Decimal(i)
                    self.assertEqual(str(d), str(i))

    def test_explicit_from_string(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        #empty
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('')), 'NaN')

        #int
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('45')), '45')

        #float
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('45.34')), '45.34')

        #engineer notation
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('45e2')), '4.5E+3')

        #just not a number
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('ugly')), 'NaN')

        #leading and trailing whitespace permitted
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('1.3E4 \n')), '1.3E+4')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('  -7.89')), '-7.89')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal("  3.45679  ")), '3.45679')

        #same for unicode
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u"  3.45679  ")), '3.45679')

        #unicode strings should be permitted
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u'0E-017')), '0E-17')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u'45')), '45')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u'-Inf')), '-Infinity')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u'NaN123')), 'NaN123')

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.traps[InvalidOperation] = True
            # Invalid string
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal, "xyz")
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal, u"xyz")
            # Two arguments max
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal, "1234", "x", "y")

    def test_explicit_from_tuples(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        #zero
        d = Decimal( (0, (0,), 0) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')

        #int
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 5), 0) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-45')

        #float
        d = Decimal( (0, (4, 5, 3, 4), -2) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '45.34')

        #weird
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-4.34913534E-17')

        #inf
        d = Decimal( (0, (), "F") )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), 'Infinity')

        #wrong number of items
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1)) )

        #bad sign
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (8, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (0., (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (Decimal(1), (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 2))

        #bad exp
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 'wrong!') )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 0.) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), '1') )

        #bad coefficients
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, "xyz", 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, None, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, -3, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 10, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 'a', 1), 2) )

    def test_explicit_from_bool(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        self.assertTrue(bool(Decimal(0)) is False)
        self.assertTrue(bool(Decimal(1)) is True)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(False), Decimal(0))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(True), Decimal(1))

    def test_explicit_from_Decimal(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        #positive
        d = Decimal(45)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '45')

        #very large positive
        d = Decimal(500000123)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '500000123')

        #negative
        d = Decimal(-45)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '-45')

        #zero
        d = Decimal(0)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '0')

    def test_explicit_from_float(self):
        if not float.__getformat__("double").startswith("IEEE"):
            return
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            random.seed(randseed)

        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        if self.decimal == C:
            FloatOperation = self.decimal.FloatOperation
            if py_minor <= 6:
                with localcontext() as c:
                    # TypeError in 2.6
                    c.clear_flags()
                    self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal, 7.5)
                    self.assertFalse(c.flags[FloatOperation])

                    c.traps[FloatOperation] = True
                    self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal, 7.5)
                    self.assertFalse(c.flags[FloatOperation])
                    return
            else:
                with localcontext() as c:
                    c.clear_flags()
                    self.assertEqual(Decimal(7.5), 7.5)
                    self.assertTrue(c.flags[FloatOperation])

                    c.traps[FloatOperation] = True
                    self.assertRaises(FloatOperation, Decimal, 7.5)
                    self.assertTrue(c.flags[FloatOperation])

        r = Decimal.from_float(0.1)
        self.assertEqual(type(r), Decimal)
        self.assertEqual(str(r),
                '0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625')
        self.assertTrue(Decimal.from_float(float('nan')).is_qnan())
        self.assertTrue(Decimal.from_float(float('inf')).is_infinite())
        self.assertTrue(Decimal.from_float(float('-inf')).is_infinite())
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal.from_float(float('nan'))),
                         str(Decimal('NaN')))
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal.from_float(float('inf'))),
                         str(Decimal('Infinity')))
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal.from_float(float('-inf'))),
                         str(Decimal('-Infinity')))
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal.from_float(float('-0.0'))),
                         str(Decimal('-0')))
        for i in range(200):
            x = random.expovariate(0.01) * (random.random() * 2.0 - 1.0)
            self.assertEqual(x, float(Decimal.from_float(x))) # roundtrip


    def test_explicit_context_create_decimal(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation
        Rounded = self.decimal.Rounded

        nc = copy.copy(self.decimal.getcontext())
        nc.prec = 3

        # empty
        d = Decimal()
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')
        d = nc.create_decimal()
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')

        # from None
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, nc.create_decimal, None)

        # from int
        d = nc.create_decimal(456)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(d, Decimal))
        self.assertEqual(nc.create_decimal(45678),
                         nc.create_decimal('457E+2'))

        # from string
        d = Decimal('456789')
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '456789')
        d = nc.create_decimal('456789')
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '4.57E+5')
        # leading and trailing whitespace should result in a NaN;
        # spaces are already checked in Cowlishaw's test-suite, so
        # here we just check that a trailing newline results in a NaN
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal('3.14\n')), 'NaN')

        # from tuples
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-4.34913534E-17')
        d = nc.create_decimal( (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-4.35E-17')

        # from Decimal
        prevdec = Decimal(500000123)
        d = Decimal(prevdec)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '500000123')
        d = nc.create_decimal(prevdec)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '5.00E+8')

        # more integers
        nc.prec = 28
        nc.traps[InvalidOperation] = True

        for v in [-2**63-1, -2**63, -2**31-1, -2**31, 0, 0L,
                   2**31-1, 2**31, 2**63-1, 2**63]:
            d = nc.create_decimal(v)
            self.assertTrue(isinstance(d, Decimal))
            self.assertEqual(int(d), v)

        nc.prec = 3
        nc.traps[Rounded] = True
        self.assertRaises(Rounded, nc.create_decimal, 1234)
        self.assertRaises(Rounded, nc.create_decimal, 1234L)

        # from string
        nc.prec = 28
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal('0E-017')), '0E-17')
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal('45')), '45')
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal('-Inf')), '-Infinity')
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal('NaN123')), 'NaN123')

        # from unicode
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal(u'0E-017')), '0E-17')
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal(u'45')), '45')
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal(u'-Inf')), '-Infinity')
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal(u'NaN123')), 'NaN123')

        # invalid arguments
        self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, nc.create_decimal, "xyz")
        self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, nc.create_decimal, u'xyz')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, nc.create_decimal, (1, "xyz", -25))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, nc.create_decimal, "1234", "5678")

        # too many NaN payload digits
        nc.prec = 3
        self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, nc.create_decimal, 'NaN12345')
        self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, nc.create_decimal,
                          Decimal('NaN12345'))

        nc.traps[InvalidOperation] = False
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal('NaN12345')), 'NaN')
        self.assertTrue(nc.flags[InvalidOperation])

        nc.flags[InvalidOperation] = False
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal(Decimal('NaN12345'))), 'NaN')
        self.assertTrue(nc.flags[InvalidOperation])

    def test_explicit_context_create_from_float(self):
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            random.seed(randseed)

        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        nc = Context()
        if self.decimal == C:
            FloatOperation = self.decimal.FloatOperation
            if py_minor <= 6:
                # TypeError in 2.6
                nc.clear_flags()
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, nc.create_decimal, 7.5)
                self.assertFalse(nc.flags[FloatOperation])

                nc.traps[FloatOperation] = True
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, nc.create_decimal, 7.5)
                self.assertFalse(nc.flags[FloatOperation])
                nc.traps[FloatOperation] = False
                return
            else:
                nc.clear_flags()
                self.assertEqual(nc.create_decimal(7.5), 7.5)
                self.assertTrue(nc.flags[FloatOperation])

                nc.traps[FloatOperation] = True
                self.assertRaises(FloatOperation, nc.create_decimal, 7.5)
                self.assertTrue(nc.flags[FloatOperation])
                nc.traps[FloatOperation] = False

        r = nc.create_decimal_from_float(0.1)
        self.assertEqual(type(r), Decimal)
        self.assertEqual(str(r), '0.1000000000000000055511151231')
        self.assertTrue(nc.create_decimal_from_float(float('nan')).is_qnan())
        self.assertTrue(nc.create_decimal_from_float(float('inf')).is_infinite())
        self.assertTrue(nc.create_decimal_from_float(float('-inf')).is_infinite())
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal_from_float(float('nan'))),
                         str(nc.create_decimal('NaN')))
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal_from_float(float('inf'))),
                         str(nc.create_decimal('Infinity')))
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal_from_float(float('-inf'))),
                         str(nc.create_decimal('-Infinity')))
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal_from_float(float('-0.0'))),
                         str(nc.create_decimal('-0')))
        nc.prec = 100
        for i in range(200):
            x = random.expovariate(0.01) * (random.random() * 2.0 - 1.0)
            self.assertEqual(x, float(nc.create_decimal_from_float(x))) # roundtrip

    def test_unicode_digits(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        test_values = {
            u'\uff11': '1',
            u'\u0660.\u0660\u0663\u0667\u0662e-\u0663' : '0.0000372',
            u'-nan\u0c68\u0c6a\u0c66\u0c66' : '-NaN2400',
            }
        for input, expected in test_values.items():
            self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(input)), expected)

class CExplicitConstructionTest(ExplicitConstructionTest):
    decimal = C
class PyExplicitConstructionTest(ExplicitConstructionTest):
    decimal = P

class ImplicitConstructionTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for Implicit Construction cases of Decimal.'''

    def test_implicit_from_None(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'Decimal(5) + None', locals())

    def test_implicit_from_int(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        #normal
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(5) + 45), '50')
        #exceeding precision
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(5) + 123456789000, Decimal(123456789000))

    def test_implicit_from_string(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'Decimal(5) + "3"', locals())

    def test_implicit_from_float(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'Decimal(5) + 2.2', locals())

    def test_implicit_from_Decimal(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(5) + Decimal(45), Decimal(50))

    def test_rop(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        # Allow other classes to be trained to interact with Decimals
        class E:
            def __divmod__(self, other):
                return 'divmod ' + str(other)
            def __rdivmod__(self, other):
                return str(other) + ' rdivmod'
            def __lt__(self, other):
                return 'lt ' + str(other)
            def __gt__(self, other):
                return 'gt ' + str(other)
            def __le__(self, other):
                return 'le ' + str(other)
            def __ge__(self, other):
                return 'ge ' + str(other)
            def __eq__(self, other):
                return 'eq ' + str(other)
            def __ne__(self, other):
                return 'ne ' + str(other)

        self.assertEqual(divmod(E(), Decimal(10)), 'divmod 10')
        self.assertEqual(divmod(Decimal(10), E()), '10 rdivmod')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) < E()'), 'gt 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) > E()'), 'lt 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) <= E()'), 'ge 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) >= E()'), 'le 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) == E()'), 'eq 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) != E()'), 'ne 10')

        # insert operator methods and then exercise them
        oplist = [
            ('+', '__add__', '__radd__'),
            ('-', '__sub__', '__rsub__'),
            ('*', '__mul__', '__rmul__'),
            ('%', '__mod__', '__rmod__'),
            ('//', '__floordiv__', '__rfloordiv__'),
            ('**', '__pow__', '__rpow__')
        ]
        if 1/2 == 0:
            # testing with classic division, so add __div__
            oplist.append(('/', '__div__', '__rdiv__'))
        else:
            # testing with -Qnew, so add __truediv__
            oplist.append(('/', '__truediv__', '__rtruediv__'))

        for sym, lop, rop in oplist:
            setattr(E, lop, lambda self, other: 'str' + lop + str(other))
            setattr(E, rop, lambda self, other: str(other) + rop + 'str')
            self.assertEqual(eval('E()' + sym + 'Decimal(10)'),
                             'str' + lop + '10')
            self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10)' + sym + 'E()'),
                             '10' + rop + 'str')

class CImplicitConstructionTest(ImplicitConstructionTest):
    decimal = C
class PyImplicitConstructionTest(ImplicitConstructionTest):
    decimal = P

class FormatTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for the format function.'''
    def test_formatting(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        if py_minor <= 1 and self.decimal == P:
            raise unittest.SkipTest("requires Python 3.2")

        # triples giving a format, a Decimal, and the expected result
        test_values = [
            ('e', '0E-15', '0e-15'),
            ('e', '2.3E-15', '2.3e-15'),
            ('e', '2.30E+2', '2.30e+2'), # preserve significant zeros
            ('e', '2.30000E-15', '2.30000e-15'),
            ('e', '1.23456789123456789e40', '1.23456789123456789e+40'),
            ('e', '1.5', '1.5e+0'),
            ('e', '0.15', '1.5e-1'),
            ('e', '0.015', '1.5e-2'),
            ('e', '0.0000000000015', '1.5e-12'),
            ('e', '15.0', '1.50e+1'),
            ('e', '-15', '-1.5e+1'),
            ('e', '0', '0e+0'),
            ('e', '0E1', '0e+1'),
            ('e', '0.0', '0e-1'),
            ('e', '0.00', '0e-2'),
            ('.6e', '0E-15', '0.000000e-9'),
            ('.6e', '0', '0.000000e+6'),
            ('.6e', '9.999999', '9.999999e+0'),
            ('.6e', '9.9999999', '1.000000e+1'),
            ('.6e', '-1.23e5', '-1.230000e+5'),
            ('.6e', '1.23456789e-3', '1.234568e-3'),
            ('f', '0', '0'),
            ('f', '0.0', '0.0'),
            ('f', '0E-2', '0.00'),
            ('f', '0.00E-8', '0.0000000000'),
            ('f', '0E1', '0'), # loses exponent information
            ('f', '3.2E1', '32'),
            ('f', '3.2E2', '320'),
            ('f', '3.20E2', '320'),
            ('f', '3.200E2', '320.0'),
            ('f', '3.2E-6', '0.0000032'),
            ('.6f', '0E-15', '0.000000'), # all zeros treated equally
            ('.6f', '0E1', '0.000000'),
            ('.6f', '0', '0.000000'),
            ('.0f', '0', '0'), # no decimal point
            ('.0f', '0e-2', '0'),
            ('.0f', '3.14159265', '3'),
            ('.1f', '3.14159265', '3.1'),
            ('.4f', '3.14159265', '3.1416'),
            ('.6f', '3.14159265', '3.141593'),
            ('.7f', '3.14159265', '3.1415926'), # round-half-even!
            ('.8f', '3.14159265', '3.14159265'),
            ('.9f', '3.14159265', '3.141592650'),

            ('g', '0', '0'),
            ('g', '0.0', '0.0'),
            ('g', '0E1', '0e+1'),
            ('G', '0E1', '0E+1'),
            ('g', '0E-5', '0.00000'),
            ('g', '0E-6', '0.000000'),
            ('g', '0E-7', '0e-7'),
            ('g', '-0E2', '-0e+2'),
            ('.0g', '3.14159265', '3'),  # 0 sig fig -> 1 sig fig
            ('.1g', '3.14159265', '3'),
            ('.2g', '3.14159265', '3.1'),
            ('.5g', '3.14159265', '3.1416'),
            ('.7g', '3.14159265', '3.141593'),
            ('.8g', '3.14159265', '3.1415926'), # round-half-even!
            ('.9g', '3.14159265', '3.14159265'),
            ('.10g', '3.14159265', '3.14159265'), # don't pad

            ('%', '0E1', '0%'),
            ('%', '0E0', '0%'),
            ('%', '0E-1', '0%'),
            ('%', '0E-2', '0%'),
            ('%', '0E-3', '0.0%'),
            ('%', '0E-4', '0.00%'),

            ('.3%', '0', '0.000%'), # all zeros treated equally
            ('.3%', '0E10', '0.000%'),
            ('.3%', '0E-10', '0.000%'),
            ('.3%', '2.34', '234.000%'),
            ('.3%', '1.234567', '123.457%'),
            ('.0%', '1.23', '123%'),

            ('e', 'NaN', 'NaN'),
            ('f', '-NaN123', '-NaN123'),
            ('+g', 'NaN456', '+NaN456'),
            ('.3e', 'Inf', 'Infinity'),
            ('.16f', '-Inf', '-Infinity'),
            ('.0g', '-sNaN', '-sNaN'),

            ('', '1.00', '1.00'),

            # test alignment and padding
            ('6', '123', '   123'),
            ('<6', '123', '123   '),
            ('>6', '123', '   123'),
            ('^6', '123', ' 123  '),
            ('=+6', '123', '+  123'),
            ('#<10', 'NaN', 'NaN#######'),
            ('#<10', '-4.3', '-4.3######'),
            ('#<+10', '0.0130', '+0.0130###'),
            ('#< 10', '0.0130', ' 0.0130###'),
            ('@>10', '-Inf', '@-Infinity'),
            ('#>5', '-Inf', '-Infinity'),
            ('?^5', '123', '?123?'),
            ('%^6', '123', '%123%%'),
            (' ^6', '-45.6', '-45.6 '),
            ('/=10', '-45.6', '-/////45.6'),
            ('/=+10', '45.6', '+/////45.6'),
            ('/= 10', '45.6', ' /////45.6'),

            # thousands separator
            (',', '1234567', '1,234,567'),
            (',', '123456', '123,456'),
            (',', '12345', '12,345'),
            (',', '1234', '1,234'),
            (',', '123', '123'),
            (',', '12', '12'),
            (',', '1', '1'),
            (',', '0', '0'),
            (',', '-1234567', '-1,234,567'),
            (',', '-123456', '-123,456'),
            ('7,', '123456', '123,456'),
            ('8,', '123456', ' 123,456'),
            ('08,', '123456', '0,123,456'), # special case: extra 0 needed
            ('+08,', '123456', '+123,456'), # but not if there's a sign
            (' 08,', '123456', ' 123,456'),
            ('08,', '-123456', '-123,456'),
            ('+09,', '123456', '+0,123,456'),
            # ... with fractional part...
            ('07,', '1234.56', '1,234.56'),
            ('08,', '1234.56', '1,234.56'),
            ('09,', '1234.56', '01,234.56'),
            ('010,', '1234.56', '001,234.56'),
            ('011,', '1234.56', '0,001,234.56'),
            ('012,', '1234.56', '0,001,234.56'),
            ('08,.1f', '1234.5', '01,234.5'),
            # no thousands separators in fraction part
            (',', '1.23456789', '1.23456789'),
            (',%', '123.456789', '12,345.6789%'),
            (',e', '123456', '1.23456e+5'),
            (',E', '123456', '1.23456E+5'),

            # issue 6850
            ('a=-7.0', '0.12345', 'aaaa0.1'),
            ]
        for fmt, d, result in test_values:
            self.assertEqual(format(Decimal(d), fmt), result)

    def test_n_format(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        try:
            from locale import CHAR_MAX
        except ImportError:
            return

        def make_grouping(lst):
            return unicode(''.join([chr(x) for x in lst])) if self.decimal == C else lst

        def get_fmt(x, override=None, fmt='n'):
            if self.decimal == C:
                return Decimal(x).__format__(fmt, override)
            else:
                return Decimal(x).__format__(fmt, _localeconv=override)

        # Set up some localeconv-like dictionaries
        en_US = {
            'decimal_point' : u'.',
            'grouping' : make_grouping([3, 3, 0]),
            'thousands_sep' : u','
            }

        fr_FR = {
            'decimal_point' : u',',
            'grouping' : make_grouping([CHAR_MAX]),
            'thousands_sep' : u''
            }

        ru_RU = {
            'decimal_point' : u',',
            'grouping': make_grouping([3, 3, 0]),
            'thousands_sep' : u' '
            }

        crazy = {
            'decimal_point' : u'&',
            'grouping': make_grouping([1, 4, 2, CHAR_MAX]),
            'thousands_sep' : u'-'
            }

        dotsep_wide = {
            'decimal_point' : b'\xc2\xbf'.decode('utf-8'),
            'grouping': make_grouping([3, 3, 0]),
            'thousands_sep' : b'\xc2\xb4'.decode('utf-8')
            }

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('12.7'), en_US), '12.7')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('12.7'), fr_FR), '12,7')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('12.7'), ru_RU), '12,7')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('12.7'), crazy), '1-2&7')

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, en_US), '123,456,789')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, fr_FR), '123456789')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, ru_RU), '123 456 789')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234567890123, crazy), '123456-78-9012-3')

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, en_US, '.6n'), '1.23457e+8')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, fr_FR, '.6n'), '1,23457e+8')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, ru_RU, '.6n'), '1,23457e+8')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, crazy, '.6n'), '1&23457e+8')

        # zero padding
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234, fr_FR, '03n'), '1234')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234, fr_FR, '04n'), '1234')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234, fr_FR, '05n'), '01234')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234, fr_FR, '06n'), '001234')

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '05n'), '12,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '06n'), '12,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '07n'), '012,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '08n'), '0,012,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '09n'), '0,012,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '010n'), '00,012,345')

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '06n'), '1-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '07n'), '1-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '08n'), '1-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '09n'), '01-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '010n'), '0-01-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '011n'), '0-01-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '012n'), '00-01-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '013n'), '000-01-2345-6')

        # wide char separator and decimal point
        if self.decimal == C:
            self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('-1.5'), dotsep_wide, '020n'),
                      '-0\xc2\xb4000\xc2\xb4000\xc2\xb4000\xc2\xb4001\xc2\xbf5')

class CFormatTest(FormatTest):
    decimal = C
class PyFormatTest(FormatTest):
    decimal = P

class ArithmeticOperatorsTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for all arithmetic operators, binary and unary.'''

    def test_addition(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('-11.1')
        d2 = Decimal('22.2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1+d2, Decimal('11.1'))
        self.assertEqual(d2+d1, Decimal('11.1'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 + 5
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-6.1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 5 + d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-6.1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 += d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('11.1'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 += 5
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('16.1'))

    def test_subtraction(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('-11.1')
        d2 = Decimal('22.2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1-d2, Decimal('-33.3'))
        self.assertEqual(d2-d1, Decimal('33.3'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 - 5
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-16.1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 5 - d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('16.1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 -= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-33.3'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 -= 5
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-38.3'))

    def test_multiplication(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('-5')
        d2 = Decimal('3')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1*d2, Decimal('-15'))
        self.assertEqual(d2*d1, Decimal('-15'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 * 5
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-25'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 5 * d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-25'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 *= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-15'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 *= 5
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-75'))

    def test_division(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('-5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1/d2, Decimal('-2.5'))
        self.assertEqual(d2/d1, Decimal('-0.4'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 / 4
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-1.25'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 4 / d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-0.8'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 /= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-2.5'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 /= 4
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-0.625'))

    def test_floor_division(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1//d2, Decimal('2'))
        self.assertEqual(d2//d1, Decimal('0'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 // 4
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 7 // d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 //= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('2'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 //= 2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('1'))

    def test_powering(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1**d2, Decimal('25'))
        self.assertEqual(d2**d1, Decimal('32'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 ** 4
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('625'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 7 ** d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('16807'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 **= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('25'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 **= 4
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('390625'))

    def test_module(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1%d2, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(d2%d1, Decimal('2'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 % 4
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 7 % d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('2'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 %= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('1'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 %= 4
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('1'))

    def test_floor_div_module(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        (p, q) = divmod(d1, d2)
        self.assertEqual(p, Decimal('2'))
        self.assertEqual(q, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(p), type(d1))
        self.assertEqual(type(q), type(d1))

        #with other type, left
        (p, q) = divmod(d1, 4)
        self.assertEqual(p, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(q, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(p), type(d1))
        self.assertEqual(type(q), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        (p, q) = divmod(7, d1)
        self.assertEqual(p, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(q, Decimal('2'))
        self.assertEqual(type(p), type(d1))
        self.assertEqual(type(q), type(d1))

    def test_unary_operators(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        self.assertEqual(+Decimal(45), Decimal(+45))           #  +
        self.assertEqual(-Decimal(45), Decimal(-45))           #  -
        self.assertEqual(abs(Decimal(45)), abs(Decimal(-45)))  # abs

    def test_nan_comparisons(self):
        # comparisons involving signaling nans signal InvalidOperation

        # order comparisons (<, <=, >, >=) involving only quiet nans
        # also signal InvalidOperation

        # equality comparisons (==, !=) involving only quiet nans
        # don't signal, but return False or True respectively.
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        if py_minor <= 1 and self.decimal == P:
            raise unittest.SkipTest("requires Python 3.2")

        n = Decimal('NaN')
        s = Decimal('sNaN')
        i = Decimal('Inf')
        f = Decimal('2')

        qnan_pairs = (n, n), (n, i), (i, n), (n, f), (f, n)
        snan_pairs = (s, n), (n, s), (s, i), (i, s), (s, f), (f, s), (s, s)
        order_ops = operator.lt, operator.le, operator.gt, operator.ge
        equality_ops = operator.eq, operator.ne

        # results when InvalidOperation is not trapped
        for x, y in qnan_pairs + snan_pairs:
            for op in order_ops + equality_ops:
                got = op(x, y)
                expected = True if op is operator.ne else False
                self.assertTrue(expected is got)

        # repeat the above, but this time trap the InvalidOperation
        with localcontext() as ctx:
            ctx.traps[InvalidOperation] = 1

            for x, y in qnan_pairs:
                for op in equality_ops:
                    got = op(x, y)
                    expected = True if op is operator.ne else False
                    self.assertTrue(expected is got)

            for x, y in snan_pairs:
                for op in equality_ops:
                    self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, operator.eq, x, y)
                    self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, operator.ne, x, y)

            for x, y in qnan_pairs + snan_pairs:
                for op in order_ops:
                    self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, op, x, y)

    def test_copy_sign(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        if py_minor <= 1 and self.decimal == P:
            raise unittest.SkipTest("requires Python 3.2")

        d = Decimal(1).copy_sign(Decimal(-2))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(1).copy_sign(-2), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(1).copy_sign, '-2')

class CArithmeticOperatorsTest(ArithmeticOperatorsTest):
    decimal = C
class PyArithmeticOperatorsTest(ArithmeticOperatorsTest):
    decimal = P

# The following are two functions used to test threading in the next class

def thfunc1(cls):
    Decimal = cls.decimal.Decimal
    InvalidOperation = cls.decimal.InvalidOperation
    DivisionByZero = cls.decimal.DivisionByZero
    Overflow = cls.decimal.Overflow
    Underflow = cls.decimal.Underflow
    Inexact = cls.decimal.Inexact
    getcontext = cls.decimal.getcontext
    localcontext = cls.decimal.localcontext

    d1 = Decimal(1)
    d3 = Decimal(3)
    test1 = d1/d3

    cls.finish1.set()
    cls.synchro.wait()

    test2 = d1/d3
    with localcontext() as c2:
        cls.assertTrue(c2.flags[Inexact])
        cls.assertRaises(DivisionByZero, c2.divide, d1, 0)
        cls.assertTrue(c2.flags[DivisionByZero])
        with localcontext() as c3:
            cls.assertTrue(c3.flags[Inexact])
            cls.assertTrue(c3.flags[DivisionByZero])
            cls.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, c3.compare, d1, Decimal('sNaN'))
            cls.assertTrue(c3.flags[InvalidOperation])
            del c3
        cls.assertFalse(c2.flags[InvalidOperation])
        del c2

    cls.assertEqual(test1, Decimal('0.333333333333333333333333'))
    cls.assertEqual(test2, Decimal('0.333333333333333333333333'))

    c1 = getcontext()
    cls.assertTrue(c1.flags[Inexact])
    for sig in Overflow, Underflow, DivisionByZero, InvalidOperation:
        cls.assertFalse(c1.flags[sig])
    return

def thfunc2(cls):
    Decimal = cls.decimal.Decimal
    InvalidOperation = cls.decimal.InvalidOperation
    DivisionByZero = cls.decimal.DivisionByZero
    Overflow = cls.decimal.Overflow
    Underflow = cls.decimal.Underflow
    Inexact = cls.decimal.Inexact
    getcontext = cls.decimal.getcontext
    localcontext = cls.decimal.localcontext

    d1 = Decimal(1)
    d3 = Decimal(3)
    test1 = d1/d3

    thiscontext = getcontext()
    thiscontext.prec = 18
    test2 = d1/d3

    with localcontext() as c2:
        cls.assertTrue(c2.flags[Inexact])
        cls.assertRaises(Overflow, c2.multiply, Decimal('1e425000000'), 999)
        cls.assertTrue(c2.flags[Overflow])
        with localcontext(thiscontext) as c3:
            cls.assertTrue(c3.flags[Inexact])
            cls.assertFalse(c3.flags[Overflow])
            c3.traps[Underflow] = True
            cls.assertRaises(Underflow, c3.divide, Decimal('1e-425000000'), 999)
            cls.assertTrue(c3.flags[Underflow])
            del c3
        cls.assertFalse(c2.flags[Underflow])
        cls.assertFalse(c2.traps[Underflow])
        del c2

    cls.synchro.set()
    cls.finish2.set()

    cls.assertEqual(test1, Decimal('0.333333333333333333333333'))
    cls.assertEqual(test2, Decimal('0.333333333333333333'))

    cls.assertFalse(thiscontext.traps[Underflow])
    cls.assertTrue(thiscontext.flags[Inexact])
    for sig in Overflow, Underflow, DivisionByZero, InvalidOperation:
        cls.assertFalse(thiscontext.flags[sig])
    return

class ThreadingTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for thread local contexts in Decimal.'''

    # Take care executing this test from IDLE, there's an issue in threading
    # that hangs IDLE and I couldn't find it

    def test_threading(self):
        if threading is None:
            return
        if self.decimal == C and not self.decimal.HAVE_THREADS:
            return

        DefaultContext = self.decimal.DefaultContext

        # Test the "threading isolation" of a Context. Also test changing
        # the DefaultContext, which acts as a template for the thread-local
        # contexts.
        save_prec = DefaultContext.prec
        save_emax = DefaultContext.Emax
        save_emin = DefaultContext.Emin
        DefaultContext.prec = 24
        DefaultContext.Emax = 425000000
        DefaultContext.Emin = -425000000

        with protectfail():
            self.synchro = threading.Event()
            self.finish1 = threading.Event()
            self.finish2 = threading.Event()

            th1 = threading.Thread(target=thfunc1, args=(self,))
            th2 = threading.Thread(target=thfunc2, args=(self,))

            th1.start()
            th2.start()

            self.finish1.wait()
            self.finish2.wait()

        for sig in Signals[self.decimal]:
            self.assertFalse(DefaultContext.flags[sig])

        DefaultContext.prec = save_prec
        DefaultContext.Emax = save_emax
        DefaultContext.Emin = save_emin
        return

class CThreadingTest(ThreadingTest):
    decimal = C
class PyThreadingTest(ThreadingTest):
    decimal = P

class UsabilityTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for Usability cases of Decimal.'''

    def test_comparison_operators(self):
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            random.seed(randseed)

        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        da = Decimal('23.42')
        db = Decimal('23.42')
        dc = Decimal('45')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertTrue(dc > da)
        self.assertTrue(dc >= da)
        self.assertTrue(da < dc)
        self.assertTrue(da <= dc)
        self.assertTrue(da == db)
        self.assertTrue(da != dc)
        self.assertTrue(da <= db)
        self.assertTrue(da >= db)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(dc,da), 1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(da,dc), -1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(da,db), 0)

        #a Decimal and an int
        self.assertTrue(dc > 23)
        self.assertTrue(23 < dc)
        self.assertTrue(dc == 45)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(dc,23), 1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(23,dc), -1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(dc,45), 0)

        #a Decimal and uncomparable
        self.assertNotEqual(da, 'ugly')
        self.assertNotEqual(da, 32.7)
        self.assertNotEqual(da, object())
        self.assertNotEqual(da, object)

        # sortable
        a = list(map(Decimal, range(100)))
        b =  a[:]
        random.shuffle(a)
        a.sort()
        self.assertEqual(a, b)

        # with None
        self.assertFalse(Decimal(1) < None)
        self.assertTrue(Decimal(1) > None)

        # long
        x = 28847289182731823123121213123823129L
        self.assertTrue(dc < x)
        self.assertTrue(dc <= x)
        self.assertTrue(dc > -x)
        self.assertTrue(dc >= -x)
        self.assertTrue(dc != -x)
        self.assertTrue(Decimal(x) == x)

    def test_decimal_float_comparison(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        def assert_attr(a, b, attr, context, signal=None):
            context.clear_flags()
            f = getattr(a, attr)
            if self.decimal == C:
                if signal == C.FloatOperation:
                    self.assertRaises(signal, f, b)
                elif py_minor <= 6:
                    # The actual TypeError is raised by
                    # the caller of the comparison methods.
                    self.assertTrue(f(b) is NotImplemented)
                else:
                    self.assertTrue(f(b) is True)
                self.assertTrue(context.flags[C.FloatOperation])
            else:
                if py_minor <= 6:
                    self.assertTrue(f(b) is NotImplemented)
                else:
                    self.assertTrue(f(b) is True)

        small_d = Decimal('0.25')
        big_d = Decimal('3.0')
        small_f = 0.25
        big_f = 3.0

        zero_d = Decimal('0.0')
        neg_zero_d = Decimal('-0.0')
        zero_f = 0.0
        neg_zero_f = -0.0

        inf_d = Decimal('Infinity')
        neg_inf_d = Decimal('-Infinity')
        inf_f = float('inf')
        neg_inf_f = float('-inf')

        def doit(c, signal=None):
            # Order
            for attr in '__lt__', '__le__':
                assert_attr(small_d, big_f, attr, c, signal)

            for attr in '__gt__', '__ge__':
                assert_attr(big_d, small_f, attr, c, signal)

            # Equality
            assert_attr(small_d, small_f, '__eq__', c, None)

            assert_attr(neg_zero_d, neg_zero_f, '__eq__', c, None)
            assert_attr(neg_zero_d, zero_f, '__eq__', c, None)

            assert_attr(zero_d, neg_zero_f, '__eq__', c, None)
            assert_attr(zero_d, zero_f, '__eq__', c, None)

            assert_attr(neg_inf_d, neg_inf_f, '__eq__', c, None)
            assert_attr(inf_d, inf_f, '__eq__', c, None)

            # Inequality
            assert_attr(small_d, big_f, '__ne__', c, None)

            assert_attr(Decimal('0.1'), 0.1, '__ne__', c, None)

            assert_attr(neg_inf_d, inf_f, '__ne__', c, None)
            assert_attr(inf_d, neg_inf_f, '__ne__', c, None)

            assert_attr(Decimal('NaN'), float('nan'), '__ne__', c, None)

        def test_containers(c, signal):
            c.clear_flags()
            s = set([100.0, Decimal('100.0')])
            expected_len = 2 if py_minor <= 6 else 1
            self.assertEqual(len(s), expected_len)
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[C.FloatOperation])

            c.clear_flags()
            if signal:
                self.assertRaises(signal, sorted, [1.0, Decimal('10.0')])
            else:
                s = sorted([10.0, Decimal('10.0')])
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[C.FloatOperation])

            c.clear_flags()
            b = 10.0 in [Decimal('10.0'), 1.0]
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[C.FloatOperation])

            c.clear_flags()
            b = 10.0 in {Decimal('10.0'):'a', 1.0:'b'}
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[C.FloatOperation])

        if self.decimal == C:
            nc = Context()
            with localcontext(nc) as c:
                self.assertFalse(c.traps[C.FloatOperation])
                doit(c, signal=None)
                test_containers(c, None)

                c.traps[C.FloatOperation] = True
                doit(c, signal=C.FloatOperation)
                test_containers(c, C.FloatOperation)
        else:
            # decimal.py does not have the FloatOperation signal.
            nc = Context()
            with localcontext(nc) as c:
                doit(c, signal=False)

    def test_decimal_complex_comparison(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        da = Decimal('0.25')
        db = Decimal('3.0')
        self.assertNotEqual(da, (1.5+0j))
        self.assertNotEqual((1.5+0j), da)

        if py_minor >= 8:
            self.assertEqual(da, (0.25+0j))
            self.assertEqual((0.25+0j), da)
            self.assertEqual((3.0+0j), db)
            self.assertEqual(db, (3.0+0j))
        else:
            self.assertNotEqual(da, (0.25+0j))
            self.assertNotEqual((0.25+0j), da)
            self.assertNotEqual((3.0+0j), db)
            self.assertNotEqual(db, (3.0+0j))

        self.assertNotEqual(db, (3.0+1j))
        self.assertNotEqual((3.0+1j), db)

        self.assertTrue(db.__lt__(3.0+0j) is NotImplemented)
        self.assertTrue(db.__le__(3.0+0j) is NotImplemented)
        self.assertTrue(db.__gt__(3.0+0j) is NotImplemented)
        self.assertTrue(db.__le__(3.0+0j) is NotImplemented)

    def test_decimal_fraction_comparison(self):
        D = self.decimal.Decimal
        F = fractions.Fraction
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation


        emax = C.MAX_EMAX if C else 999999999
        emin = C.MIN_EMIN if C else -999999999
        etiny = C.MIN_ETINY if C else -1999999997
        c = Context(Emax=emax, Emin=emin)

        with localcontext(c):
            c.prec = emax
            if py_minor >= 8:
                self.assertTrue(D(0) < F(1,9999999999999999999999999999999999999))
                self.assertTrue(F(-1,9999999999999999999999999999999999999) < D(0))
                self.assertTrue(F(0,1) < D("1e" + str(etiny)))
                self.assertTrue(D("-1e" + str(etiny)) < F(0,1))
                self.assertTrue(F(0,9999999999999999999999999) < D("1e" + str(etiny)))
                self.assertTrue(D("-1e" + str(etiny)) < F(0,9999999999999999999999999))
            else:
                self.assertTrue(NotImplemented is D(0).__lt__(F(1,1)))
                self.assertTrue(NotImplemented is D(0).__le__(F(1,1)))
                self.assertTrue(NotImplemented is D(0).__gt__(F(1,1)))
                self.assertTrue(NotImplemented is D(0).__ge__(F(1,1)))

            if py_minor >= 8:
                self.assertEqual(D("0.1"), F(1,10))
                self.assertEqual(F(1,10), D("0.1"))
            else:
                self.assertNotEqual(D("0.1"), F(1,10))
                self.assertNotEqual(F(1,10), D("0.1"))

            c.prec = 300
            self.assertNotEqual(D(1)/3, F(1,3))
            self.assertNotEqual(F(1,3), D(1)/3)

            if py_minor >= 8:
                self.assertTrue(F(120984237, 9999999999) <= D("9e" + str(emax)))
                self.assertTrue(D("9e" + str(emax)) >= F(120984237, 9999999999))

                self.assertTrue(D('inf') > F(99999999999,123))
                self.assertTrue(D('inf') > F(-99999999999,123))
                self.assertTrue(D('-inf') < F(99999999999,123))
                self.assertTrue(D('-inf') < F(-99999999999,123))

                self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, D('nan').__gt__, F(-9,123))

            self.assertTrue(NotImplemented is F(-9,123).__lt__(D('nan')))
            self.assertNotEqual(D('nan'), F(-9,123))
            self.assertNotEqual(F(-9,123), D('nan'))

    def test_copy_and_deepcopy_methods(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d = Decimal('43.24')
        c = copy.copy(d)
        self.assertEqual(id(c), id(d))
        dc = copy.deepcopy(d)
        self.assertEqual(id(dc), id(d))

    def test_hash_method(self):
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            random.seed(randseed)

        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        def hashit(d):
            a = hash(d)
            b = d.__hash__()
            self.assertEqual(a, b)
            return a

        #just that it's hashable
        hashit(Decimal(23))
        hashit(Decimal('Infinity'))
        hashit(Decimal('-Infinity'))
        if py_minor >= 7:
            hashit(Decimal('nan123'))
            hashit(Decimal('-NaN'))

        test_values = [Decimal(sign*(2**m + n))
                       for m in [0, 14, 15, 16, 17, 30, 31,
                                 32, 33, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66]
                       for n in range(-10, 10)
                       for sign in [-1, 1]]
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            test_values = random.sample(test_values, 10)
        test_values.extend([
                Decimal("-1"), # ==> -2
                Decimal("-0"), # zeros
                Decimal("0.00"),
                Decimal("-0.000"),
                Decimal("0E10"),
                Decimal("-0E12"),
                Decimal("10.0"), # negative exponent
                Decimal("-23.00000"),
                Decimal("1230E100"), # positive exponent
                Decimal("-4.5678E50"),
                # a value for which hash(n) != hash(n % (2**64-1))
                # in Python pre-2.6
                Decimal(2**64 + 2**32 - 1),
                # selection of values which fail with the old (before
                # version 2.6) long.__hash__
                Decimal("1.634E100"),
                Decimal("90.697E100"),
                Decimal("188.83E100"),
                Decimal("1652.9E100"),
                Decimal("56531E100"),
                ])

        # check that hash(d) == hash(int(d)) for integral values
        for value in test_values:
            self.assertEqual(hashit(value), hashit(int(value)))

        #the same hash that to an int
        self.assertEqual(hashit(Decimal(23)), hashit(23))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, Decimal('sNaN'))
        self.assertTrue(hashit(Decimal('Inf')))
        self.assertTrue(hashit(Decimal('-Inf')))

        if py_minor >= 7:
            # check that the hashes of a Decimal float match when they
            # represent exactly the same values
            test_strings = ['inf', '-Inf', '0.0', '-.0e1',
                            '34.0', '2.5', '112390.625', '-0.515625']
            for s in test_strings:
                f = float(s)
                d = Decimal(s)
                self.assertEqual(hashit(f), hashit(d))

        with localcontext() as c:
            # check that the value of the hash doesn't depend on the
            # current context (issue #1757)
            x = Decimal("123456789.1")

            c.prec = 6
            h1 = hashit(x)
            c.prec = 10
            h2 = hashit(x)
            c.prec = 16
            h3 = hashit(x)

            self.assertEqual(h1, h2)
            self.assertEqual(h1, h3)

            c.prec = 10000
            x = 1100 ** 1248
            self.assertEqual(hashit(Decimal(x)), hashit(x))

    def test_min_and_max_methods(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('15.32')
        d2 = Decimal('28.5')
        l1 = 15
        l2 = 28

        #between Decimals
        self.assertTrue(min(d1,d2) is d1)
        self.assertTrue(min(d2,d1) is d1)
        self.assertTrue(max(d1,d2) is d2)
        self.assertTrue(max(d2,d1) is d2)

        #between Decimal and long
        self.assertTrue(min(d1,l2) is d1)
        self.assertTrue(min(l2,d1) is d1)
        self.assertTrue(max(l1,d2) is d2)
        self.assertTrue(max(d2,l1) is d2)

    def test_as_nonzero(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        #as false
        self.assertFalse(Decimal(0))
        #as true
        self.assertTrue(Decimal('0.372'))

    def test_tostring_methods(self):
        #Test str and repr methods.
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d = Decimal('15.32')
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '15.32')               # str
        self.assertEqual(repr(d), "Decimal('15.32')")   # repr

        # result type of string methods should be str, not unicode
        unicode_inputs = [u'123.4', u'0.5E2', u'Infinity', u'sNaN',
                          u'-0.0E100', u'-NaN001', u'-Inf']

        for u in unicode_inputs:
            d = Decimal(u)
            self.assertEqual(type(str(d)), str)
            self.assertEqual(type(repr(d)), str)
            self.assertEqual(type(d.to_eng_string()), str)

    def test_tonum_methods(self):
        #Test float, int and long methods.
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        d1 = Decimal('66')
        d2 = Decimal('15.32')

        #int
        self.assertEqual(int(d1), 66)
        self.assertEqual(int(d2), 15)

        #long
        self.assertEqual(long(d1), 66)
        self.assertEqual(long(d2), 15)

        #float
        self.assertEqual(float(d1), 66)
        self.assertEqual(float(d2), 15.32)

    def test_eval_round_trip(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        #with zero
        d = Decimal( (0, (0,), 0) )
        self.assertEqual(d, eval(repr(d)))

        #int
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 5), 0) )
        self.assertEqual(d, eval(repr(d)))

        #float
        d = Decimal( (0, (4, 5, 3, 4), -2) )
        self.assertEqual(d, eval(repr(d)))

        #weird
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )
        self.assertEqual(d, eval(repr(d)))

    def test_as_tuple(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        #with zero
        d = Decimal(0)
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (0,), 0) )

        #int
        d = Decimal(-45)
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (4, 5), 0) )

        #complicated string
        d = Decimal("-4.34913534E-17")
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )

        # XXX non-compliant infinity payload.
        d = Decimal("Infinity")
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (0,), 'F') )

        #leading zeros in coefficient should be stripped
        d = Decimal( (0, (0, 0, 4, 0, 5, 3, 4), -2) )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (4, 0, 5, 3, 4), -2) )
        d = Decimal( (1, (0, 0, 0), 37) )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (0,), 37))
        d = Decimal( (1, (), 37) )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (0,), 37))

        #leading zeros in NaN diagnostic info should be stripped
        d = Decimal( (0, (0, 0, 4, 0, 5, 3, 4), 'n') )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (4, 0, 5, 3, 4), 'n') )
        d = Decimal( (1, (0, 0, 0), 'N') )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (), 'N') )
        d = Decimal( (1, (), 'n') )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (), 'n') )

        # XXX coefficient in infinity should raise an error
        if self.decimal == P:
            d = Decimal( (0, (4, 5, 3, 4), 'F') )
            self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (0,), 'F'))
            d = Decimal( (1, (0, 2, 7, 1), 'F') )
            self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (0,), 'F'))

    def test_subclassing(self):
        # Different behaviours when subclassing Decimal
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        class MyDecimal(Decimal):
            pass

        d1 = MyDecimal(1)
        d2 = MyDecimal(2)
        d = d1 + d2
        self.assertTrue(type(d) is Decimal)

        d = d1.max(d2)
        self.assertTrue(type(d) is Decimal)

        d = copy.copy(d1)
        self.assertTrue(type(d) is MyDecimal)
        self.assertEqual(d, d1)

        d = copy.deepcopy(d1)
        self.assertTrue(type(d) is MyDecimal)
        self.assertEqual(d, d1)

    def test_implicit_context(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext

        # Check results when context given implicitly.  (Issue 2478)
        c = getcontext()
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(0).sqrt()),
                         str(c.sqrt(Decimal(0))))

    def test_conversions_from_int(self):
        # Check that methods taking a second Decimal argument will
        # always accept an integer in place of a Decimal.
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        self.assertEqual(Decimal(4).compare(3),
                         Decimal(4).compare(Decimal(3)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(4).compare_signal(3),
                         Decimal(4).compare_signal(Decimal(3)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(4).compare_total(3),
                         Decimal(4).compare_total(Decimal(3)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(4).compare_total_mag(3),
                         Decimal(4).compare_total_mag(Decimal(3)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(10101).logical_and(1001),
                         Decimal(10101).logical_and(Decimal(1001)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(10101).logical_or(1001),
                         Decimal(10101).logical_or(Decimal(1001)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(10101).logical_xor(1001),
                         Decimal(10101).logical_xor(Decimal(1001)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(567).max(123),
                         Decimal(567).max(Decimal(123)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(567).max_mag(123),
                         Decimal(567).max_mag(Decimal(123)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(567).min(123),
                         Decimal(567).min(Decimal(123)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(567).min_mag(123),
                         Decimal(567).min_mag(Decimal(123)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(567).next_toward(123),
                         Decimal(567).next_toward(Decimal(123)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(1234).quantize(100),
                         Decimal(1234).quantize(Decimal(100)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(768).remainder_near(1234),
                         Decimal(768).remainder_near(Decimal(1234)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(123).rotate(1),
                         Decimal(123).rotate(Decimal(1)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(1234).same_quantum(1000),
                         Decimal(1234).same_quantum(Decimal(1000)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal('9.123').scaleb(-100),
                         Decimal('9.123').scaleb(Decimal(-100)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(456).shift(-1),
                         Decimal(456).shift(Decimal(-1)))

        self.assertEqual(Decimal(-12).fma(Decimal(45), 67),
                         Decimal(-12).fma(Decimal(45), Decimal(67)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(-12).fma(45, 67),
                         Decimal(-12).fma(Decimal(45), Decimal(67)))
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(-12).fma(45, Decimal(67)),
                         Decimal(-12).fma(Decimal(45), Decimal(67)))

class CUsabilityTest(UsabilityTest):
    decimal = C
class PyUsabilityTest(UsabilityTest):
    decimal = P

class PythonAPItests(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_abc(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(Decimal, numbers.Number))
        self.assertTrue(not issubclass(Decimal, numbers.Real))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(Decimal(0), numbers.Number))
        self.assertTrue(not isinstance(Decimal(0), numbers.Real))

    def test_pickle(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        # Round trip
        d = Decimal('-3.141590000')
        p = pickle.dumps(d)
        e = pickle.loads(p)
        self.assertEqual(d, e)

    def test_int(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        ROUND_DOWN = self.decimal.ROUND_DOWN

        lim = 10 if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint') else 250
        for x in range(-lim, lim):
            s = '%0.2f' % (x / 100.0)
            # should work the same as for floats
            self.assertEqual(int(Decimal(s)), int(float(s)))
            # should work the same as to_integral in the ROUND_DOWN mode
            d = Decimal(s)
            r = d.to_integral(ROUND_DOWN)
            self.assertEqual(Decimal(int(d)), r)

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, Decimal('-nan'))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, Decimal('snan'))
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, int, Decimal('inf'))
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, int, Decimal('-inf'))

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, long, Decimal('-nan'))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, long, Decimal('snan'))
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, long, Decimal('inf'))
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, long, Decimal('-inf'))

    def test_trunc(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        ROUND_DOWN = self.decimal.ROUND_DOWN

        lim = 10 if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint') else 250
        for x in range(-lim, lim):
            s = '%0.2f' % (x / 100.0)
            # should work the same as for floats
            self.assertEqual(int(Decimal(s)), int(float(s)))
            # should work the same as to_integral in the ROUND_DOWN mode
            d = Decimal(s)
            r = d.to_integral(ROUND_DOWN)
            self.assertEqual(Decimal(math.trunc(d)), r)

    def test_from_float(self):
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            random.seed(randseed)

        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        class MyDecimal(Decimal):
            pass

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(MyDecimal, Decimal))

        r = MyDecimal.from_float(0.1)
        self.assertEqual(type(r), MyDecimal)
        self.assertEqual(str(r),
                '0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625')
        bigint = 12345678901234567890123456789
        self.assertEqual(MyDecimal.from_float(bigint), MyDecimal(bigint))
        self.assertTrue(MyDecimal.from_float(float('nan')).is_qnan())
        self.assertTrue(MyDecimal.from_float(float('inf')).is_infinite())
        self.assertTrue(MyDecimal.from_float(float('-inf')).is_infinite())
        self.assertEqual(str(MyDecimal.from_float(float('nan'))),
                         str(Decimal('NaN')))
        self.assertEqual(str(MyDecimal.from_float(float('inf'))),
                         str(Decimal('Infinity')))
        self.assertEqual(str(MyDecimal.from_float(float('-inf'))),
                         str(Decimal('-Infinity')))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, MyDecimal.from_float, 'abc')
        lim = 10 if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint') else 200
        for i in range(lim):
            x = random.expovariate(0.01) * (random.random() * 2.0 - 1.0)
            self.assertEqual(x, float(MyDecimal.from_float(x))) # roundtrip

    def test_create_decimal_from_float(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        ROUND_DOWN = self.decimal.ROUND_DOWN
        ROUND_UP = self.decimal.ROUND_UP
        Inexact = self.decimal.Inexact

        context = Context(prec=5, rounding=ROUND_DOWN)
        self.assertEqual(
            context.create_decimal_from_float(math.pi),
            Decimal('3.1415')
        )
        context = Context(prec=5, rounding=ROUND_UP)
        self.assertEqual(
            context.create_decimal_from_float(math.pi),
            Decimal('3.1416')
        )
        context = Context(prec=5, traps=[Inexact])
        self.assertRaises(
            Inexact,
            context.create_decimal_from_float,
            math.pi
        )
        self.assertEqual(repr(context.create_decimal_from_float(-0.0)),
                         "Decimal('-0')")
        self.assertEqual(repr(context.create_decimal_from_float(1.0)),
                         "Decimal('1')")
        self.assertEqual(repr(context.create_decimal_from_float(10)),
                         "Decimal('10')")

    def test_quantize(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation
        ROUND_DOWN = self.decimal.ROUND_DOWN

        c = Context(Emax=99999, Emin=-99999)
        self.assertEqual(
            Decimal('7.335').quantize(Decimal('.01')),
            Decimal('7.34')
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            Decimal('7.335').quantize(Decimal('.01'), rounding=ROUND_DOWN),
            Decimal('7.33')
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            InvalidOperation,
            Decimal("10e99999").quantize, Decimal('1e100000'), context=c
        )

        c = Context()
        d = Decimal("0.871831e800")
        x = d.quantize(context=c, exp=Decimal("1e797"), rounding=ROUND_DOWN)
        self.assertEqual(x, Decimal('8.71E+799'))

    def test_complex(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        x = Decimal("9.8182731e181273")
        self.assertEqual(x.real, x)
        self.assertEqual(x.imag, 0)
        self.assertEqual(x.conjugate(), x)

        x = Decimal("1")
        self.assertEqual(complex(x), complex(float(1)))

        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, x, 'real', 100)
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, x, 'imag', 100)
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, x, 'conjugate', 100)
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, x, '__complex__', 100)

class CPythonAPItests(PythonAPItests):
    decimal = C
class PyPythonAPItests(PythonAPItests):
    decimal = P

class ContextAPItests(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_pickle(self):
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        e = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(c))
        if self.decimal == C:
            self.assertEqual(c.prec, e.prec)
            self.assertEqual(c.Emin, e.Emin)
            self.assertEqual(c.Emax, e.Emax)
            self.assertEqual(c.rounding, e.rounding)
            self.assertEqual(c.capitals, e.capitals)
            self.assertEqual(c.traps, e.traps)
            self.assertEqual(c.flags, e.flags)
            self.assertEqual(c._clamp, e._clamp)
        else:
            for k in vars(c):
                v1 = vars(c)[k]
                v2 = vars(e)[k]
                self.assertEqual(v1, v2)

    def test_equality_with_other_types(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        self.assertTrue(Decimal(10) in ['a', 1.0, Decimal(10), (1,2), {}])
        self.assertTrue(Decimal(10) not in ['a', 1.0, (1,2), {}])

    def test_copy(self):
        # All copies should be deep
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.copy()
        self.assertNotEqual(id(c), id(d))
        self.assertNotEqual(id(c.flags), id(d.flags))
        self.assertNotEqual(id(c.traps), id(d.traps))
        k1 = set(c.flags.keys())
        k2 = set(d.flags.keys())
        self.assertEqual(k1, k2)
        self.assertEqual(c.flags, d.flags)

    def test_abs(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.abs(Decimal(-1))
        self.assertEqual(c.abs(-1), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.abs, '-1')

    def test_add(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.add(Decimal(1), Decimal(1))
        self.assertEqual(c.add(1, 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.add(Decimal(1), 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.add(1, Decimal(1)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.add, '1', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.add, 1, '1')

    def test_compare(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.compare(Decimal(1), Decimal(1))
        self.assertEqual(c.compare(1, 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.compare(Decimal(1), 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.compare(1, Decimal(1)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.compare, '1', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.compare, 1, '1')

    def test_compare_signal(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.compare_signal(Decimal(1), Decimal(1))
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_signal(1, 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_signal(Decimal(1), 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_signal(1, Decimal(1)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.compare_signal, '1', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.compare_signal, 1, '1')

    def test_compare_total(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.compare_total(Decimal(1), Decimal(1))
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_total(1, 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_total(Decimal(1), 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_total(1, Decimal(1)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.compare_total, '1', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.compare_total, 1, '1')

    def test_compare_total_mag(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.compare_total_mag(Decimal(1), Decimal(1))
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_total_mag(1, 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_total_mag(Decimal(1), 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.compare_total_mag(1, Decimal(1)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.compare_total_mag, '1', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.compare_total_mag, 1, '1')

    def test_copy_abs(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.copy_abs(Decimal(-1))
        self.assertEqual(c.copy_abs(-1), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.copy_abs, '-1')

    def test_copy_decimal(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.copy_decimal(Decimal(-1))
        self.assertEqual(c.copy_decimal(-1), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.copy_decimal, '-1')

    def test_copy_negate(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.copy_negate(Decimal(-1))
        self.assertEqual(c.copy_negate(-1), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.copy_negate, '-1')

    def test_copy_sign(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.copy_sign(Decimal(1), Decimal(-2))
        self.assertEqual(c.copy_sign(1, -2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.copy_sign(Decimal(1), -2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.copy_sign(1, Decimal(-2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.copy_sign, '1', -2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.copy_sign, 1, '-2')

    def test_divide(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.divide(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.divide(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.divide(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.divide(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.divide, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.divide, 1, '2')

    def test_divide_int(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.divide_int(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.divide_int(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.divide_int(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.divide_int(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.divide_int, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.divide_int, 1, '2')

    def test_divmod(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.divmod(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.divmod(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.divmod(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.divmod(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.divmod, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.divmod, 1, '2')

    def test_exp(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.exp(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.exp(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.exp, '10')

    def test_fma(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.fma(Decimal(2), Decimal(3), Decimal(4))
        self.assertEqual(c.fma(2, 3, 4), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.fma(Decimal(2), 3, 4), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.fma(2, Decimal(3), 4), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.fma(2, 3, Decimal(4)), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.fma(Decimal(2), Decimal(3), 4), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.fma, '2', 3, 4)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.fma, 2, '3', 4)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.fma, 2, 3, '4')

        if self.decimal == C or py_minor >= 8:
            # Issue 12079 for Context.fma ...
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.fma,
                              Decimal('Infinity'), Decimal(0), "not a decimal")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.fma,
                              Decimal(1), Decimal('snan'), 1.222)
            # ... and for Decimal.fma.
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal('Infinity').fma,
                              Decimal(0), "not a decimal")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(1).fma,
                              Decimal('snan'), 1.222)

    def test_is_finite(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_finite(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_finite(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_finite, '10')

    def test_is_infinite(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_infinite(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_infinite(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_infinite, '10')

    def test_is_nan(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_nan(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_nan(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_nan, '10')

    def test_is_normal(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_normal(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_normal(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_normal, '10')

    def test_is_qnan(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_qnan(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_qnan(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_qnan, '10')

    def test_is_signed(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_signed(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_signed(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_signed, '10')

    def test_is_snan(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_snan(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_snan(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_snan, '10')

    def test_is_subnormal(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_subnormal(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_subnormal(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_subnormal, '10')

    def test_is_zero(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.is_zero(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.is_zero(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_zero, '10')

    def test_ln(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.ln(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.ln(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.ln, '10')

    def test_log10(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.log10(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.log10(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.log10, '10')

    def test_logb(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.logb(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.logb(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.logb, '10')

    def test_logical_and(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.logical_and(Decimal(1), Decimal(1))
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_and(1, 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_and(Decimal(1), 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_and(1, Decimal(1)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.logical_and, '1', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.logical_and, 1, '1')

    def test_logical_invert(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.logical_invert(Decimal(1000))
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_invert(1000), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.logical_invert, '1000')

    def test_logical_or(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.logical_or(Decimal(1), Decimal(1))
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_or(1, 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_or(Decimal(1), 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_or(1, Decimal(1)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.logical_or, '1', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.logical_or, 1, '1')

    def test_logical_xor(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.logical_xor(Decimal(1), Decimal(1))
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_xor(1, 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_xor(Decimal(1), 1), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.logical_xor(1, Decimal(1)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.logical_xor, '1', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.logical_xor, 1, '1')

    def test_max(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.max(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.max(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.max(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.max(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.max, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.max, 1, '2')

    def test_max_mag(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.max_mag(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.max_mag(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.max_mag(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.max_mag(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.max_mag, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.max_mag, 1, '2')

    def test_min(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.min(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.min(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.min(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.min(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.min, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.min, 1, '2')

    def test_min_mag(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.min_mag(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.min_mag(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.min_mag(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.min_mag(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.min_mag, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.min_mag, 1, '2')

    def test_minus(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.minus(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.minus(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.minus, '10')

    def test_multiply(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.multiply(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.multiply(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.multiply(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.multiply(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.multiply, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.multiply, 1, '2')

    def test_next_minus(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.next_minus(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.next_minus(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.next_minus, '10')

    def test_next_plus(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.next_plus(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.next_plus(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.next_plus, '10')

    def test_next_toward(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.next_toward(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.next_toward(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.next_toward(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.next_toward(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.next_toward, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.next_toward, 1, '2')

    def test_normalize(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.normalize(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.normalize(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.normalize, '10')

    def test_number_class(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        self.assertEqual(c.number_class(123), c.number_class(Decimal(123)))
        self.assertEqual(c.number_class(0), c.number_class(Decimal(0)))
        self.assertEqual(c.number_class(-45), c.number_class(Decimal(-45)))

    def test_plus(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.plus(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.plus(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.plus, '10')

    def test_power(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.power(Decimal(1), Decimal(4))
        self.assertEqual(c.power(1, 4), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.power(Decimal(1), 4), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.power(1, Decimal(4)), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.power(Decimal(1), Decimal(4)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.power, '1', 4)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.power, 1, '4')

    def test_quantize(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.quantize(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.quantize(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.quantize(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.quantize(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.quantize, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.quantize, 1, '2')

    def test_remainder(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.remainder(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.remainder(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.remainder(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.remainder(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.remainder, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.remainder, 1, '2')

    def test_remainder_near(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.remainder_near(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.remainder_near(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.remainder_near(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.remainder_near(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.remainder_near, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.remainder_near, 1, '2')

    def test_rotate(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.rotate(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.rotate(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.rotate(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.rotate(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.rotate, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.rotate, 1, '2')

    def test_sqrt(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.sqrt(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.sqrt(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.sqrt, '10')

    def test_same_quantum(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.same_quantum(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.same_quantum(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.same_quantum(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.same_quantum(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.same_quantum, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.same_quantum, 1, '2')

    def test_scaleb(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.scaleb(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.scaleb(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.scaleb(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.scaleb(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.scaleb, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.scaleb, 1, '2')

    def test_shift(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.shift(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.shift(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.shift(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.shift(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.shift, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.shift, 1, '2')

    def test_subtract(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.subtract(Decimal(1), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.subtract(1, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.subtract(Decimal(1), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.subtract(1, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.subtract, '1', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.subtract, 1, '2')

    def test_to_eng_string(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.to_eng_string(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.to_eng_string(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.to_eng_string, '10')

    def test_to_sci_string(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.to_sci_string(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.to_sci_string(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.to_sci_string, '10')

    def test_to_integral_exact(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.to_integral_exact(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.to_integral_exact(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.to_integral_exact, '10')

    def test_to_integral_value(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.to_integral_value(Decimal(10))
        self.assertEqual(c.to_integral_value(10), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.to_integral_value, '10')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.to_integral_value, 10, 'x')

class CContextAPItests(ContextAPItests):
    decimal = C
if py_minor >= 7:
    class PyContextAPItests(ContextAPItests):
        decimal = P
else:
    class PyContextAPItests(unittest.TestCase):
        pass

class ContextWithStatement(unittest.TestCase):
    # Can't do these as docstrings until Python 2.6
    # as doctest can't handle __future__ statements

    def test_localcontext(self):
        # Use a copy of the current context in the block
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        orig_ctx = getcontext()
        with localcontext() as enter_ctx:
            set_ctx = getcontext()
        final_ctx = getcontext()
        self.assertTrue(orig_ctx is final_ctx, 'did not restore context correctly')
        self.assertTrue(orig_ctx is not set_ctx, 'did not copy the context')
        self.assertTrue(set_ctx is enter_ctx, '__enter__ returned wrong context')

    def test_localcontextarg(self):
        # Use a copy of the supplied context in the block
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext
        orig_ctx = getcontext()
        new_ctx = Context(prec=42)
        with localcontext(new_ctx) as enter_ctx:
            set_ctx = getcontext()
        final_ctx = getcontext()
        self.assertTrue(orig_ctx is final_ctx, 'did not restore context correctly')
        self.assertTrue(set_ctx.prec == new_ctx.prec, 'did not set correct context')
        self.assertTrue(new_ctx is not set_ctx, 'did not copy the context')
        self.assertTrue(set_ctx is enter_ctx, '__enter__ returned wrong context')

    def test_nested_with_statements(self):
        # Use a copy of the supplied context in the block
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext
        Clamped = self.decimal.Clamped
        Overflow = self.decimal.Overflow

        orig_ctx = getcontext()
        orig_ctx.clear_flags()
        new_ctx = Context(Emax=384)
        with localcontext() as c1:
            self.assertEqual(c1.flags, orig_ctx.flags)
            self.assertEqual(c1.traps, orig_ctx.traps)
            c1.traps[Clamped] = True
            c1.Emin = -383
            self.assertNotEqual(orig_ctx.Emin, -383)
            self.assertRaises(Clamped, c1.create_decimal, '0e-999')
            self.assertTrue(c1.flags[Clamped])
            with localcontext(new_ctx) as c2:
                self.assertEqual(c2.flags, new_ctx.flags)
                self.assertEqual(c2.traps, new_ctx.traps)
                self.assertRaises(Overflow, c2.power, Decimal('3.4e200'), 2)
                self.assertFalse(c2.flags[Clamped])
                self.assertTrue(c2.flags[Overflow])
                del c2
            self.assertFalse(c1.flags[Overflow])
            del c1
        self.assertNotEqual(orig_ctx.Emin, -383)
        self.assertFalse(orig_ctx.flags[Clamped])
        self.assertFalse(orig_ctx.flags[Overflow])
        self.assertFalse(new_ctx.flags[Clamped])
        self.assertFalse(new_ctx.flags[Overflow])

    def test_with_statements_gc1(self):
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        with localcontext() as c1:
            del c1
            with localcontext() as c2:
                del c2
                with localcontext() as c3:
                    del c3
                    with localcontext() as c4:
                        del c4

    def test_with_statements_gc2(self):
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        with localcontext() as c1:
            with localcontext(c1) as c2:
                del c1
                with localcontext(c2) as c3:
                    del c2
                    with localcontext(c3) as c4:
                        del c3
                        del c4

    def test_with_statements_gc3(self):
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext
        setcontext = self.decimal.setcontext

        with localcontext() as c1:
            del c1
            n1 = Context(prec=1)
            setcontext(n1)
            with localcontext(n1) as c2:
                del n1
                self.assertEqual(c2.prec, 1)
                del c2
                n2 = Context(prec=2)
                setcontext(n2)
                del n2
                self.assertEqual(getcontext().prec, 2)
                n3 = Context(prec=3)
                setcontext(n3)
                self.assertEqual(getcontext().prec, 3)
                with localcontext(n3) as c3:
                    del n3
                    self.assertEqual(c3.prec, 3)
                    del c3
                    n4 = Context(prec=4)
                    setcontext(n4)
                    del n4
                    self.assertEqual(getcontext().prec, 4)
                    with localcontext() as c4:
                        self.assertEqual(c4.prec, 4)
                        del c4

class CContextWithStatement(ContextWithStatement):
    decimal = C
class PyContextWithStatement(ContextWithStatement):
    decimal = P

class ContextFlags(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_flags_irrelevant(self):
        # check that the result (numeric result + flags raised) of an
        # arithmetic operation doesn't depend on the current flags
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        Inexact = self.decimal.Inexact
        Rounded = self.decimal.Rounded
        Underflow = self.decimal.Underflow
        Clamped = self.decimal.Clamped
        Subnormal = self.decimal.Subnormal
        ROUND_HALF_EVEN = self.decimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN

        def raise_error(context, flag):
            if self.decimal == C:
                context.flags[flag] = True
                if context.traps[flag]:
                    raise flag
            else:
                context._raise_error(flag)

        context = Context(prec=9, Emin = -425000000, Emax = 425000000,
                          rounding=ROUND_HALF_EVEN, traps=[], flags=[])

        # operations that raise various flags, in the form (function, arglist)
        operations = [
            (context._apply, [Decimal("100E-425000010")]),
            (context.sqrt, [Decimal(2)]),
            (context.add, [Decimal("1.23456789"), Decimal("9.87654321")]),
            (context.multiply, [Decimal("1.23456789"), Decimal("9.87654321")]),
            (context.subtract, [Decimal("1.23456789"), Decimal("9.87654321")]),
            ]

        # try various flags individually, then a whole lot at once
        flagsets = [[Inexact], [Rounded], [Underflow], [Clamped], [Subnormal],
                    [Inexact, Rounded, Underflow, Clamped, Subnormal]]

        for fn, args in operations:
            # find answer and flags raised using a clean context
            context.clear_flags()
            ans = fn(*args)
            flags = [k for k, v in context.flags.items() if v]

            for extra_flags in flagsets:
                # set flags, before calling operation
                context.clear_flags()
                for flag in extra_flags:
                    raise_error(context, flag)
                new_ans = fn(*args)

                # flags that we expect to be set after the operation
                expected_flags = list(flags)
                for flag in extra_flags:
                    if flag not in expected_flags:
                        expected_flags.append(flag)
                expected_flags.sort(key=id)

                # flags we actually got
                new_flags = [k for k,v in context.flags.items() if v]
                new_flags.sort(key=id)

                self.assertEqual(ans, new_ans,
                                 "operation produces different answers depending on flags set: " +
                                 "expected %s, got %s." % (ans, new_ans))
                self.assertEqual(new_flags, expected_flags,
                                  "operation raises different flags depending on flags set: " +
                                  "expected %s, got %s" % (expected_flags, new_flags))

class CContextFlags(ContextFlags):
    decimal = C
class PyContextFlags(ContextFlags):
    decimal = P

class SpecialContexts(unittest.TestCase):
    """Test the context templates."""

    def test_context_templates(self):
        BasicContext = self.decimal.BasicContext
        ExtendedContext = self.decimal.ExtendedContext
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext
        setcontext = self.decimal.setcontext
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation
        DivisionByZero = self.decimal.DivisionByZero
        Overflow = self.decimal.Overflow
        Underflow = self.decimal.Underflow
        Clamped = self.decimal.Clamped

        assert_signals(self, BasicContext, 'traps',
            [InvalidOperation, DivisionByZero, Overflow, Underflow, Clamped]
        )

        savecontext = getcontext().copy()
        basic_context_prec = BasicContext.prec
        extended_context_prec = ExtendedContext.prec

        ex = None
        try:
            BasicContext.prec = ExtendedContext.prec = 441
            for template in BasicContext, ExtendedContext:
                setcontext(template)
                c = getcontext()
                self.assertFalse(c is template)
                self.assertEqual(c.prec, 441)
        except Exception as e:
            ex = e.__class__
        finally:
            with protectfail():
                BasicContext.prec = basic_context_prec
                ExtendedContext.prec = extended_context_prec
                setcontext(savecontext)
            if ex:
                raise ex

    def test_default_context(self):
        DefaultContext = self.decimal.DefaultContext
        BasicContext = self.decimal.BasicContext
        ExtendedContext = self.decimal.ExtendedContext
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext
        setcontext = self.decimal.setcontext
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation
        DivisionByZero = self.decimal.DivisionByZero
        Overflow = self.decimal.Overflow

        self.assertEqual(BasicContext.prec, 9)
        self.assertEqual(ExtendedContext.prec, 9)

        assert_signals(self, DefaultContext, 'traps',
            [InvalidOperation, DivisionByZero, Overflow]
        )

        savecontext = getcontext().copy()
        default_context_prec = DefaultContext.prec

        ex = None
        try:
            c = getcontext()
            saveprec = c.prec

            DefaultContext.prec = 961
            c = getcontext()
            self.assertEqual(c.prec, saveprec)

            setcontext(DefaultContext)
            c = getcontext()
            self.assertFalse(c is DefaultContext)
            self.assertEqual(c.prec, 961)
        except Exception as e:
            ex = e.__class__
        finally:
            with protectfail():
                DefaultContext.prec = default_context_prec
                setcontext(savecontext)
            if ex:
                raise ex

class CSpecialContexts(SpecialContexts):
    decimal = C
class PySpecialContexts(SpecialContexts):
    decimal = P

class ContextInputValidation(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_invalid_context(self):
        Context = self.decimal.Context
        DefaultContext = self.decimal.DefaultContext

        c = DefaultContext.copy()

        # prec, Emax
        for attr in ['prec', 'Emax']:
            setattr(c, attr, 999999)
            self.assertEqual(getattr(c, attr), 999999)
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, -1)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, attr, 'xyz')

        # Emin
        setattr(c, 'Emin', -999999)
        self.assertEqual(getattr(c, 'Emin'), -999999)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, 'Emin', 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'Emin', (1,2,3))

        # rounding: always raise TypeError in order to get consistent
        # exceptions across implementations. In decimal, rounding
        # modes are strings, in _decimal they are integers. The idea
        # is to view rounding as an abstract type and not mind the
        # implementation details.
        # Hence, a user should view the rounding modes as if they
        # had been defined in a language that supports abstract
        # data types, e.g. ocaml:
        #
        #   type rounding = ROUND_DOWN | ROUND_HALF_UP | ... ;;
        #
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'rounding', -1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'rounding', 9)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'rounding', 1.0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'rounding', 'xyz')

        # capitals, clamp
        for attr in ['capitals', 'clamp']:
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, -1)
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, 2)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, attr, [1,2,3])

        # Invalid attribute
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, c, 'emax', 100)

        # Invalid signal dict
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'flags', [])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'flags', {})
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'traps',
                          {'InvalidOperation':0})

        # Attributes cannot be deleted
        for attr in ['prec', 'Emax', 'Emin', 'rounding', 'capitals', 'clamp',
                     'flags', 'traps']:
            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, c.__delattr__, attr)

        # Invalid attributes
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, getattr, c, 9)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 9)

        # Invalid values in constructor
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Context, rounding=999999)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Context, rounding='xyz')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Context, clamp=2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Context, capitals=-1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Context, flags=["P"])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Context, traps=["Q"])

        # Type error in conversion
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Context, flags=(0,1))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Context, traps=(1,0))

class CContextInputValidation(ContextInputValidation):
    decimal = C
class PyContextInputValidation(unittest.TestCase):
    # No context input validation in decimal.py
    pass

class Coverage(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_adjusted(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        self.assertEqual(Decimal('1234e9999').adjusted(), 10002)
        # XXX raise?
        self.assertEqual(Decimal('nan').adjusted(), 0)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal('inf').adjusted(), 0)

    def test_canonical(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext

        x = Decimal(9).canonical()
        self.assertEqual(x, 9)

        c = getcontext()
        x = c.canonical(Decimal(9))
        self.assertEqual(x, 9)

    def test_context_repr(self):
        c = self.decimal.DefaultContext.copy()

        if py_minor <= 8 and self.decimal == P:
            raise unittest.SkipTest("requires Python 3.2")

        c.prec = 425000000
        c.Emax = 425000000
        c.Emin = -425000000
        c.rounding = self.decimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN
        c.capitals = 0
        c.clamp = 1
        for sig in OrderedSignals[self.decimal]:
            c.flags[sig] = False
            c.traps[sig] = False

        s = c.__repr__()
        t = "Context(prec=425000000, rounding=ROUND_HALF_DOWN, " \
            "Emin=-425000000, Emax=425000000, capitals=0, clamp=1, " \
            "flags=[], traps=[])"
        self.assertEqual(s, t)

    def test_implicit_context(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 1
            c.Emax = 1
            c.Emin = -1

            # abs
            self.assertEqual(abs(Decimal("-10")), 10)
            # add
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("7") + 1, 8)
            # divide
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("10") / 5, 2)
            # divide_int
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("10") // 7, 1)
            # fma
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("1.2").fma(Decimal("0.01"), 1), 1)
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("NaN").fma(7, 1).is_nan() is True)
            # three arg power
            self.assertEqual(pow(Decimal(10), 2, 7), 2)
            # exp
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("1.01").exp(), 3)
            # is_normal
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("0.01").is_normal() is False)
            # is_subnormal
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("0.01").is_subnormal() is True)
            # ln
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("20").ln(), 3)
            # log10
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("20").log10(), 1)
            # logb
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("580").logb(), 2)
            # logical_invert
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("10").logical_invert(), 1)
            # minus
            self.assertEqual(-Decimal("-10"), 10)
            # multiply
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("2") * 4, 8)
            # next_minus
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("10").next_minus(), 9)
            # next_plus
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("10").next_plus(), Decimal('2E+1'))
            # normalize
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("-10").normalize(), Decimal('-1E+1'))
            # number_class
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("10").number_class(), '+Normal')
            # plus
            self.assertEqual(+Decimal("-1"), -1)
            # remainder
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("10") % 7, 3)
            # subtract
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("10") - 7, 3)
            # to_integral_exact
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("1.12345").to_integral_exact(), 1)

            # Boolean functions
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("1").is_canonical())
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("1").is_finite())
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("1").is_finite())
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("snan").is_snan())
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("-1").is_signed())
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("0").is_zero())
            self.assertTrue(Decimal("0").is_zero())

        # Copy
        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 10000
            x = 1228 ** 1523
            y = -Decimal(x)

            z = y.copy_abs()
            self.assertEqual(z, x)

            z = y.copy_negate()
            self.assertEqual(z, x)

            z = y.copy_sign(Decimal(1))
            self.assertEqual(z, x)

    def test_divmod(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation
        DivisionByZero = self.decimal.DivisionByZero

        with localcontext() as c:
            q, r = divmod(Decimal("10912837129"), 1001)
            self.assertEqual(q, Decimal('10901935'))
            self.assertEqual(r, Decimal('194'))

            q, r = divmod(Decimal("NaN"), 7)
            self.assertTrue(q.is_nan() and r.is_nan())

            c.traps[InvalidOperation] = False
            q, r = divmod(Decimal("NaN"), 7)
            self.assertTrue(q.is_nan() and r.is_nan())

            c.traps[InvalidOperation] = False
            c.clear_flags()
            q, r = divmod(Decimal("inf"), Decimal("inf"))
            self.assertTrue(q.is_nan() and r.is_nan())
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[InvalidOperation])

            c.clear_flags()
            q, r = divmod(Decimal("inf"), 101)
            self.assertTrue(q.is_infinite() and r.is_nan())
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[InvalidOperation])

            c.clear_flags()
            q, r = divmod(Decimal(0), 0)
            self.assertTrue(q.is_nan() and r.is_nan())
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[InvalidOperation])

            c.traps[DivisionByZero] = False
            c.clear_flags()
            q, r = divmod(Decimal(11), 0)
            self.assertTrue(q.is_infinite() and r.is_nan())
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[InvalidOperation] and
                            c.flags[DivisionByZero])

    def test_power(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext
        Overflow = self.decimal.Overflow
        Rounded = self.decimal.Rounded

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 3
            c.clear_flags()
            self.assertEqual(Decimal("1.0") ** 100, Decimal('1.00'))
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[Rounded])

            c.prec = 1
            c.Emax = 1
            c.Emin = -1
            c.clear_flags()
            c.traps[Overflow] = False
            self.assertEqual(Decimal(10000) ** Decimal("0.5"), Decimal('inf'))
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[Overflow])

    def test_quantize(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext
        InvalidOperation = self.decimal.InvalidOperation

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 1
            c.Emax = 1
            c.Emin = -1
            c.traps[InvalidOperation] = False
            x = Decimal(99).quantize(Decimal("1e1"))
            self.assertTrue(x.is_nan())

    def test_radix(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext

        c = getcontext()
        self.assertEqual(Decimal("1").radix(), 10)
        self.assertEqual(c.radix(), 10)

    def test_rop(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal

        for attr in ('__radd__', '__rsub__', '__rmul__', '__rtruediv__',
                     '__rdivmod__', '__rmod__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rpow__'):
            self.assertTrue(getattr(Decimal("1"), attr)("xyz") is NotImplemented)

    def test_round(self):
        # Python3 behavior: round() returns Decimal
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        getcontext = self.decimal.getcontext

        if self.decimal == P:
            return

        c = getcontext()
        c.prec = 28

        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal("9.99").__round__()), "10")
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal("9.99e-5").__round__()), "0")
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal("1.23456789").__round__(5)), "1.23457")
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal("1.2345").__round__(10)), "1.2345000000")
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal("1.2345").__round__(-10)), "0E+10")

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal("1.23").__round__, "5")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal("1.23").__round__, 5, 8)

    def test_create_decimal(self):
        c = self.decimal.Context()
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c.create_decimal, ["%"])

    def test_int(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        localcontext = self.decimal.localcontext

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 9999
            x = Decimal(1221**1271) / 10**3923
            self.assertEqual(int(x), 1)
            self.assertEqual(x.to_integral(), 2)

    def test_long(self):
        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
        DefaultContext = self.decimal.DefaultContext

        c = DefaultContext.copy()

        x = Decimal(28) * 28L
        self.assertEqual(str(x), '784')

        x = c.multiply(Decimal(101), 101L)
        self.assertEqual(str(x), '10201')

    def test_copy(self):
        Context = self.decimal.Context

        if py_minor <= 1 and self.decimal == P:
            raise unittest.SkipTest("requires Python 3.2")

        c = Context()
        c.prec = 10000
        x = -(1172 ** 1712)

        y = c.copy_abs(x)
        self.assertEqual(y, -x)

        y = c.copy_negate(x)
        self.assertEqual(y, -x)

        y = c.copy_sign(x, 1)
        self.assertEqual(y, -x)

class CCoverage(Coverage):
    decimal = C
class PyCoverage(Coverage):
    decimal = P

class PyFunctionality(unittest.TestCase):
    """Extra functionality in decimal.py"""

    def test_py_quantize_watchexp(self):
        # watchexp functionality
        Decimal = P.Decimal
        localcontext = P.localcontext

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 1
            c.Emax = 1
            c.Emin = -1
            x = Decimal(99999).quantize(Decimal("1e3"), watchexp=False)
            self.assertEqual(x, Decimal('1.00E+5'))

class PyWhitebox(unittest.TestCase):
    """White box testing for decimal.py"""

    def test_py_exact_power(self):
        # Rarely exercised lines in _power_exact.
        Decimal = P.Decimal
        localcontext = P.localcontext

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 8
            x = Decimal(2**16) ** Decimal("-0.5")
            self.assertEqual(x, Decimal('0.00390625'))

            x = Decimal(2**16) ** Decimal("-0.6")
            self.assertEqual(x, Decimal('0.0012885819'))

            x = Decimal("256e7") ** Decimal("-0.5")

            x = Decimal(152587890625) ** Decimal('-0.0625')
            self.assertEqual(x, Decimal("0.2"))

            x = Decimal("152587890625e7") ** Decimal('-0.0625')

            x = Decimal(5**2659) ** Decimal('-0.0625')

            c.prec = 1
            x = Decimal("152587890625") ** Decimal('-0.5')
            c.prec = 201
            x = Decimal(2**578) ** Decimal("-0.5")

    def test_py_immutability_operations(self):
        # Do operations and check that it didn't change change internal objects.
        Decimal = P.Decimal
        DefaultContext = P.DefaultContext
        setcontext = P.setcontext

        c = DefaultContext.copy()
        c.traps = dict((s, 0) for s in OrderedSignals[P])
        setcontext(c)

        d1 = Decimal('-25e55')
        b1 = Decimal('-25e55')
        d2 = Decimal('33e+33')
        b2 = Decimal('33e+33')

        def checkSameDec(operation, useOther=False):
            if useOther:
                eval("d1." + operation + "(d2)")
                self.assertEqual(d1._sign, b1._sign)
                self.assertEqual(d1._int, b1._int)
                self.assertEqual(d1._exp, b1._exp)
                self.assertEqual(d2._sign, b2._sign)
                self.assertEqual(d2._int, b2._int)
                self.assertEqual(d2._exp, b2._exp)
            else:
                eval("d1." + operation + "()")
                self.assertEqual(d1._sign, b1._sign)
                self.assertEqual(d1._int, b1._int)
                self.assertEqual(d1._exp, b1._exp)
            return

        Decimal(d1)
        self.assertEqual(d1._sign, b1._sign)
        self.assertEqual(d1._int, b1._int)
        self.assertEqual(d1._exp, b1._exp)

        checkSameDec("__abs__")
        checkSameDec("__add__", True)
        checkSameDec("__div__", True)
        checkSameDec("__divmod__", True)
        checkSameDec("__eq__", True)
        checkSameDec("__ne__", True)
        checkSameDec("__le__", True)
        checkSameDec("__lt__", True)
        checkSameDec("__ge__", True)
        checkSameDec("__gt__", True)
        checkSameDec("__float__")
        checkSameDec("__floordiv__", True)
        checkSameDec("__hash__")
        checkSameDec("__int__")
        checkSameDec("__trunc__")
        checkSameDec("__long__")
        checkSameDec("__mod__", True)
        checkSameDec("__mul__", True)
        checkSameDec("__neg__")
        checkSameDec("__nonzero__")
        checkSameDec("__pos__")
        checkSameDec("__pow__", True)
        checkSameDec("__radd__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rdiv__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rdivmod__", True)
        checkSameDec("__repr__")
        checkSameDec("__rfloordiv__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rmod__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rmul__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rpow__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rsub__", True)
        checkSameDec("__str__")
        checkSameDec("__sub__", True)
        checkSameDec("__truediv__", True)
        checkSameDec("adjusted")
        checkSameDec("as_tuple")
        checkSameDec("compare", True)
        checkSameDec("max", True)
        checkSameDec("min", True)
        checkSameDec("normalize")
        checkSameDec("quantize", True)
        checkSameDec("remainder_near", True)
        checkSameDec("same_quantum", True)
        checkSameDec("sqrt")
        checkSameDec("to_eng_string")
        checkSameDec("to_integral")

    def test_py_decimal_id(self):
        Decimal = P.Decimal

        d = Decimal(45)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '45')
        self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e))

    def test_py_rescale(self):
        # Coverage
        Decimal = P.Decimal
        ROUND_UP = P.ROUND_UP
        localcontext = P.localcontext

        with localcontext() as c:
            x = Decimal("NaN")._rescale(3, ROUND_UP)
            self.assertTrue(x.is_nan())

    def test_py__round(self):
        # Coverage
        Decimal = P.Decimal
        ROUND_UP = P.ROUND_UP

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal("3.1234")._round, 0, ROUND_UP)

class CFunctionality(unittest.TestCase):
    """Extra functionality in _decimal"""

    def test_c_ieee_context(self):
        # issue 8786: Add support for IEEE 754 contexts to decimal module.
        IEEEContext = C.IEEEContext
        DECIMAL32 = C.DECIMAL32
        DECIMAL64 = C.DECIMAL64
        DECIMAL128 = C.DECIMAL128

        def assert_rest(self, context):
            self.assertEqual(context.clamp, 1)
            assert_signals(self, context, 'traps', [])
            assert_signals(self, context, 'flags', [])

        c = IEEEContext(DECIMAL32)
        self.assertEqual(c.prec, 7)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emax, 96)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emin, -95)
        assert_rest(self, c)

        c = IEEEContext(DECIMAL64)
        self.assertEqual(c.prec, 16)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emax, 384)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emin, -383)
        assert_rest(self, c)

        c = IEEEContext(DECIMAL128)
        self.assertEqual(c.prec, 34)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emax, 6144)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emin, -6143)
        assert_rest(self, c)

        # Invalid values
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, IEEEContext, 2**63)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, IEEEContext, -1)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, IEEEContext, 1024)

    def test_apply(self):
        # Decimal("9.9999999").apply() applies the current context.
        Decimal = C.Decimal
        localcontext = C.localcontext

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 5
            c.Emax = 99999
            c.Emin = -99999

            d = c.copy()
            d.prec = 4

            x = Decimal("123456")
            self.assertEqual(str(x.apply()), "1.2346E+5")
            self.assertEqual(str(c.apply(x)), "1.2346E+5")

            self.assertEqual(str(x.apply(d)), "1.235E+5")
            self.assertEqual(str(d.apply(x)), "1.235E+5")

            self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.apply, "p")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.apply, "p", "q")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.apply, "p")

            x = Decimal(1171**2221)
            self.assertEqual(str(x.apply()), "1.8402E+6815")
            self.assertEqual(str(c.apply(x)), "1.8402E+6815")
            self.assertEqual(str(d.apply(x)), "1.840E+6815")

    def test_c_float_operation_default(self):
        Decimal = C.Decimal
        Context = C.Context
        Inexact = C.Inexact
        DecInexact = C.DecInexact
        FloatOperation= C.FloatOperation
        DecFloatOperation= C.DecFloatOperation

        context = Context()
        self.assertFalse(context.flags[FloatOperation])
        self.assertFalse(context.traps[FloatOperation])
        self.assertFalse(context._flags&DecFloatOperation)
        self.assertFalse(context._traps&DecFloatOperation)

        context.settraps([Inexact, FloatOperation])
        self.assertEqual(context._traps, DecInexact|DecFloatOperation)
        self.assertTrue(context.traps[FloatOperation])
        self.assertTrue(context.traps[Inexact])

    def test_c_powmod(self):
        Decimal = C.Decimal
        Context = C.Context

        c = Context()
        d = c.powmod(Decimal(1), Decimal(4), Decimal(2))
        self.assertEqual(c.powmod(1, 4, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.powmod(Decimal(1), 4, 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.powmod(1, Decimal(4), 2), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.powmod(1, 4, Decimal(2)), d)
        self.assertEqual(c.powmod(Decimal(1), Decimal(4), 2), d)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.powmod, '1', 4, 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.powmod, 1, '4', 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.powmod, 1, 4, '2')

    def test_c_context(self):
        Context = C.Context

        c = Context(flags=C.DecClamped, traps=C.DecRounded)
        self.assertEqual(c._flags, C.DecClamped)
        self.assertEqual(c._traps, C.DecRounded)

    def test_sundry(self):
        Decimal = C.Decimal

        # mpd_isinteger
        self.assertTrue(Decimal("1.234e5").is_integer())
        self.assertTrue(Decimal("snan").is_special())

        # Extra functions
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(-1).abs(), 1)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(1).minus(), -1)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(1).plus(), 1)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(1).add(1), 2)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(12).div(2), 6)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(10).divint(7), 1)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(10).mul(12), 120)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(10).rem(7), 3)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(10).sub(7), 3)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(10).divmod(7), (1, 3))

    def test_constants(self):
        # Condition flags
        cond = (
            C.DecClamped, C.DecConversionSyntax, C.DecDivisionByZero,
            C.DecDivisionImpossible, C.DecDivisionUndefined,
            C.DecFpuError, C.DecInexact, C.DecInvalidContext,
            C.DecInvalidOperation, C.DecMallocError,
            C.DecFloatOperation, C.DecOverflow, C.DecRounded,
            C.DecSubnormal, C.DecUnderflow
        )

        # Architecture dependent context limits
        if C.MAX_EMAX > 425000000:
            self.assertEqual(C.MAX_PREC, 999999999999999999)
            self.assertEqual(C.MAX_EMAX, 999999999999999999)
            self.assertEqual(C.MIN_EMIN, -999999999999999999)
            self.assertEqual(C.MIN_ETINY, -1999999999999999997)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(C.MAX_PREC, 425000000)
            self.assertEqual(C.MAX_EMAX, 425000000)
            self.assertEqual(C.MIN_EMIN, -425000000)
            self.assertEqual(C.MIN_ETINY, -849999999)

	# IEEEContext
        self.assertEqual(C.DECIMAL32, 32)
        self.assertEqual(C.DECIMAL64, 64)
        self.assertEqual(C.DECIMAL128, 128)
        self.assertEqual(C.IEEE_CONTEXT_MAX_BITS, 512)

        # Rounding modes
        for i, v in enumerate(RoundingModes[C]):
            self.assertEqual(v, i)
        self.assertEqual(C.ROUND_TRUNC, 8)

        # Conditions
        for i, v in enumerate(cond):
            self.assertEqual(v, 1<<i)

        self.assertEqual(C.DecIEEEInvalidOperation,
                         C.DecConversionSyntax|
                         C.DecDivisionImpossible|
                         C.DecDivisionUndefined|
                         C.DecFpuError|
                         C.DecInvalidContext|
                         C.DecInvalidOperation|
                         C.DecMallocError)

        self.assertEqual(C.DecErrors,
                         C.DecIEEEInvalidOperation|
                         C.DecDivisionByZero)

        self.assertEqual(C.DecTraps,
                         C.DecErrors|C.DecOverflow|C.DecUnderflow)

class CWhitebox(unittest.TestCase):
    """Whitebox testing for _decimal"""

    def test_bignum(self):
        # Not exactly whitebox, but too slow with pydecimal.
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            random.seed(randseed)

        Decimal = C.Decimal
        localcontext = C.localcontext

        b1 = 10**35
        b2 = 10**36
        with localcontext() as c:
            c.prec = 1000000
            r = 1 if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint') else 5
            for i in range(r):
                a = random.randrange(b1, b2)
                b = random.randrange(1000, 1200)
                x = a ** b
                y = Decimal(a) ** Decimal(b)
                self.assertEqual(x, y)

    def test_c_input_restriction(self):
        # Too large for _decimal to be converted exactly
        Decimal = C.Decimal
        InvalidOperation = C.InvalidOperation
        Context = C.Context
        localcontext = C.localcontext

        with localcontext(Context()):
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal,
                              "1e9999999999999999999")
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal,
                              u"1e9999999999999999999")

    def test_c_context_repr(self):
        # This test is _decimal-only because flags are not printed
        # in the same order.
        DefaultContext = C.DefaultContext
        FloatOperation = C.FloatOperation
        ROUND_HALF_DOWN = C.ROUND_HALF_DOWN

        c = DefaultContext.copy()

        c.prec = 425000000
        c.Emax = 425000000
        c.Emin = -425000000
        c.rounding = ROUND_HALF_DOWN
        c.capitals = 0
        c.clamp = 1
        for sig in OrderedSignals[C]:
            c.flags[sig] = True
            c.traps[sig] = True
        c.flags[FloatOperation] = True
        c.traps[FloatOperation] = True

        s = c.__repr__()
        t = "Context(prec=425000000, rounding=ROUND_HALF_DOWN, " \
            "Emin=-425000000, Emax=425000000, capitals=0, clamp=1, " \
            "flags=[Clamped, InvalidOperation, DivisionByZero, Inexact, " \
                   "FloatOperation, Overflow, Rounded, Subnormal, Underflow], " \
            "traps=[Clamped, InvalidOperation, DivisionByZero, Inexact, " \
                   "FloatOperation, Overflow, Rounded, Subnormal, Underflow])"
        self.assertEqual(s, t)

    def test_c_context_errors(self):
        Context = C.Context
        InvalidOperation = C.InvalidOperation
        Overflow = C.Overflow
        HAVE_CONFIG_64 = (C.MAX_PREC > 425000000)

        c = Context()

        # SignalDict: input validation
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.flags.__setitem__, 801, 0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.traps.__setitem__, 801, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c.flags.__delitem__, Overflow)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c.traps.__delitem__, InvalidOperation)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'flags', ['x'])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c,'traps', ['y'])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'flags', {0:1})
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'traps', {0:1})

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.setflags, ['x'])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.settraps, ['y'])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.setflags, 'x')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.settraps, 'y')

        # Input corner cases
        int_max = 2**63-1 if HAVE_CONFIG_64 else 2**31-1
        gt_max_emax = 10**18 if HAVE_CONFIG_64 else 10**9

        # prec, Emax, Emin
        for attr in ['prec', 'Emax']:
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, gt_max_emax)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, 'Emin', -gt_max_emax)

        # prec, Emax, Emin in context constructor
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Context, prec=gt_max_emax)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Context, Emax=gt_max_emax)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Context, Emin=-gt_max_emax)

        # Overflow in conversion
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Context, prec=int_max+1)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Context, Emax=int_max+1)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Context, Emin=-int_max-2)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Context, rounding=int_max+1)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Context, clamp=int_max+1)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Context, capitals=int_max+1)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Context, _allcr=int_max+1)

        # OverflowError, general ValueError
        for attr in ('prec', 'Emin', 'Emax', 'capitals', 'clamp', '_allcr'):
            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, setattr, c, attr, int_max+1)
            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, setattr, c, attr, -int_max-2)
            if sys.platform != 'win32':
                self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, int_max)
                self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, -int_max-1)

        # OverflowError, general TypeError
        for attr in ('rounding', '_flags', '_traps'):
            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, setattr, c, attr, int_max+1)
            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, setattr, c, attr, -int_max-2)
            if sys.platform != 'win32':
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, attr, int_max)
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, attr, -int_max-1)

        # OverflowError: unsafe_prec, unsafe_emin, unsafe_emax
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, getattr(c, 'unsafe_setprec'), int_max+1)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, getattr(c, 'unsafe_setemax'), int_max+1)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, getattr(c, 'unsafe_setemin'), -int_max-2)

        # capitals, clamp, _allcr
        for attr in ['capitals', 'clamp', '_allcr']:
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, -1)
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, 2)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, attr, [1,2,3])
            if HAVE_CONFIG_64:
                self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, 2**32)
                self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, c, attr, 2**32+1)

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Context, _allcr=2)

        # _flags, _traps
        for attr in ['_flags', '_traps']:
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, attr, 999999)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, attr, 'x')

    def test_c_valid_context(self):
        # These tests are for code coverage in _decimal.
        DefaultContext = C.DefaultContext
        ROUND_HALF_UP = C.ROUND_HALF_UP
        Clamped = C.Clamped
        Underflow = C.Underflow
        Inexact = C.Inexact
        Rounded = C.Rounded
        Subnormal = C.Subnormal
        DecClamped = C.DecClamped
        DecUnderflow = C.DecUnderflow
        DecInexact = C.DecInexact
        DecRounded = C.DecRounded
        DecSubnormal = C.DecSubnormal

        c = DefaultContext.copy()

        # Exercise all getters and setters
        c.prec = 34
        c.rounding = ROUND_HALF_UP
        c.Emax = 3000
        c.Emin = -3000
        c.capitals = 1
        c.clamp = 0
        c._flags = DecUnderflow
        c._traps = DecClamped
        c._allcr = 0

        self.assertEqual(c.prec, 34)
        self.assertEqual(c.rounding, ROUND_HALF_UP)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emin, -3000)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emax, 3000)
        self.assertEqual(c.capitals, 1)
        self.assertEqual(c.clamp, 0)
        self.assertEqual(c._flags, DecUnderflow)
        self.assertEqual(c._traps, DecClamped)
        self.assertEqual(c._allcr, 0)

        self.assertEqual(c.Etiny(), -3033)
        self.assertEqual(c.Etop(), 2967)

        # Set traps/flags from list
        c.settraps([Clamped, Underflow])
        self.assertEqual(c._traps, DecClamped|DecUnderflow)

        c.setflags([Inexact, Rounded, Subnormal])
        self.assertEqual(c._flags, DecInexact|DecRounded|DecSubnormal)

        # Exercise all unsafe setters
        c.unsafe_setprec(999999999)
        c.unsafe_setemax(999999999)
        c.unsafe_setemin(-999999999)

        self.assertEqual(c.prec, 999999999)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emax, 999999999)
        self.assertEqual(c.Emin, -999999999)

    def test_c_round(self):
        # Restricted input.
        Decimal = C.Decimal
        InvalidOperation = C.InvalidOperation
        localcontext = C.localcontext
        MAX_EMAX = C.MAX_EMAX
        MIN_ETINY = C.MIN_ETINY
        int_max = 2**63-1 if C.MAX_PREC > 425000000 else 2**31-1

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.traps[InvalidOperation] = True
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal("1.23").__round__,
                              -int_max-1)
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal("1.23").__round__,
                              int_max)
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal("1").__round__,
                              int(MAX_EMAX+1))
            self.assertRaises(C.InvalidOperation, Decimal("1").__round__,
                              -int(MIN_ETINY-1))
            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Decimal("1.23").__round__,
                              -int_max-2)
            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, Decimal("1.23").__round__,
                              int_max+1)

    def test_c_format(self):
        # Restricted input
        Decimal = C.Decimal
        InvalidOperation = C.InvalidOperation
        Rounded = C.Rounded
        localcontext = C.localcontext
        HAVE_CONFIG_64 = (C.MAX_PREC > 425000000)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(1).__format__, "=10.10", [], 9)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(1).__format__, "=10.10", 9)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(1).__format__, [])

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.traps[InvalidOperation] = True
            c.traps[Rounded] = True
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal(1).__format__, u"<>=10.10")
            maxsize = 2**63-1 if HAVE_CONFIG_64 else 2**31-1
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal("1.23456789").__format__,
                              u"=%d.1" % maxsize)

    def test_c_integral(self):
        Decimal = C.Decimal
        Inexact = C.Inexact
        ROUND_UP = C.ROUND_UP
        localcontext = C.localcontext

        x = Decimal(10)
        self.assertEqual(x.to_integral(), 10)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral, '10')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral, 10, 'x')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral, 10)

        self.assertEqual(x.to_integral_value(), 10)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral_value, '10')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral_value, 10, 'x')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral_value, 10)

        self.assertEqual(x.to_integral_exact(), 10)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral_exact, '10')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral_exact, 10, 'x')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.to_integral_exact, 10)

        with localcontext() as c:
            x = Decimal("99999999999999999999999999.9").to_integral_value(ROUND_UP)
            self.assertEqual(x, Decimal('100000000000000000000000000'))

            x = Decimal("99999999999999999999999999.9").to_integral_exact(ROUND_UP)
            self.assertEqual(x, Decimal('100000000000000000000000000'))

            c.traps[Inexact] = True
            self.assertRaises(Inexact, Decimal("999.9").to_integral_exact, ROUND_UP)

    def test_c_funcs(self):
        # Invalid arguments
        Decimal = C.Decimal
        InvalidOperation = C.InvalidOperation
        DivisionByZero = C.DivisionByZero
        ROUND_UP = C.ROUND_UP
        getcontext = C.getcontext
        localcontext = C.localcontext

        self.assertEqual(Decimal('9.99e10').to_sci_string(), '9.99E+10')
        self.assertEqual(Decimal('9.99e10').to_eng_string(), '99.9E+9')

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow, Decimal(1), 2, "3")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(9).number_class, "x", "y")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(9).divmod, 8, "x", "y")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(9).same_quantum, 3, "x", "y")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(9).to_sci, 3, "x", "y")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal(9).to_eng, 3, "x", "y")

        self.assertEqual(Decimal("1.234e2007").sign(), 1)
        self.assertEqual(Decimal("-1.234e2007").sign(), -1)

        self.assertRaises(
            TypeError,
            Decimal("1.23456789").quantize, Decimal('1e-100000'), []
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            TypeError,
            Decimal("1.23456789").quantize, Decimal('1e-100000'), getcontext()
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            TypeError,
            Decimal("1.23456789").quantize, Decimal('1e-100000'), 10
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            TypeError,
            Decimal("1.23456789").quantize, Decimal('1e-100000'), ROUND_UP, 1000
        )

        with localcontext() as c:
            c.clear_traps()

            # Invalid arguments
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.copy_sign, Decimal(1), "x", "y")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.canonical, 200)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.is_canonical, 200)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.divmod, 9, 8, "x", "y")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.same_quantum, 9, 3, "x", "y")

            self.assertEqual(str(c.canonical(Decimal(200))), '200')
            self.assertEqual(c.radix(), 10)

            c.traps[DivisionByZero] = True
            self.assertRaises(DivisionByZero, Decimal(9).__divmod__, 0)
            self.assertRaises(DivisionByZero, Decimal(9).divmod, 0)
            self.assertRaises(DivisionByZero, c.divmod, 9, 0)
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[InvalidOperation])

            c.clear_flags()
            c.traps[InvalidOperation] = True
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal(9).__divmod__, 0)
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal(9).divmod, 0)
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, c.divmod, 9, 0)
            self.assertTrue(c.flags[DivisionByZero])

            c.traps[InvalidOperation] = True
            c.prec = 2
            self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, pow, Decimal(1000), 1, 501)

            c.prec = 10
            x = Decimal(2).invroot()
            self.assertEqual(str(x), '0.7071067812')

            x = c.invroot(3)
            self.assertEqual(str(x), '0.5773502692')

            c.prec = 28
            x = Decimal(2).power(8)
            self.assertEqual(str(x), '256')

            x = Decimal(2).powmod(8, 31)
            self.assertEqual(str(x), '8')

    def test_c_context_templates(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            C.BasicContext._traps,
            C.DecIEEEInvalidOperation|C.DecDivisionByZero|C.DecOverflow|
            C.DecUnderflow|C.DecClamped
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            C.DefaultContext._traps,
            C.DecIEEEInvalidOperation|C.DecDivisionByZero|C.DecOverflow
        )

    def test_c_signal_dict(self):
        if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint'):
            random.seed(randseed)

        # SignalDict coverage
        Context = C.Context
        DefaultContext = C.DefaultContext

        InvalidOperation = C.InvalidOperation
        DivisionByZero = C.DivisionByZero
        Overflow = C.Overflow
        Subnormal = C.Subnormal
        Underflow = C.Underflow
        Rounded = C.Rounded
        Inexact = C.Inexact
        Clamped = C.Clamped

        DecClamped = C.DecClamped
        DecInvalidOperation = C.DecInvalidOperation
        DecIEEEInvalidOperation = C.DecIEEEInvalidOperation

        def assertIsExclusivelySet(signal, signal_dict):
            for sig in signal_dict:
                if sig == signal:
                    self.assertTrue(signal_dict[sig])
                else:
                    self.assertFalse(signal_dict[sig])

        c = DefaultContext.copy()

        # Signal dict methods
        self.assertTrue(Overflow in c.traps)
        self.assertTrue(c.traps.has_key(Overflow))

        c.clear_traps()
        for k in c.traps.iterkeys():
            c.traps[k] = True
        for v in c.traps.itervalues():
            self.assertTrue(v)
        c.clear_traps()
        for k, v in c.traps.iteritems():
            self.assertFalse(v)

        c.clear_traps()
        for k in c.traps.keys():
            c.traps[k] = True
        for v in c.traps.values():
            self.assertTrue(v)
        c.clear_traps()
        for k, v in c.traps.iteritems():
            self.assertFalse(v)

        self.assertFalse(c.flags.get(Overflow))
        self.assertTrue(c.flags.get("x") is None)
        self.assertEqual(c.flags.get("x", "y"), "y")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.flags.get, "x", "y", "z")

        self.assertEqual(len(c.flags), len(c.traps))
        s = sys.getsizeof(c.flags)
        s = sys.getsizeof(c.traps)
        s = c.flags.__repr__()

        # Set flags/traps form long.
        c.clear_flags()
        c._flags = long(DecClamped)
        self.assertTrue(c.flags[Clamped])

        c.clear_traps()
        c._traps = long(DecInvalidOperation)
        self.assertTrue(c.traps[InvalidOperation])

        # Set flags/traps from dictionary.
        c.clear_flags()
        d = c.flags.copy()
        d[DivisionByZero] = True
        c.flags = d
        assertIsExclusivelySet(DivisionByZero, c.flags)

        c.clear_traps()
        d = c.traps.copy()
        d[Underflow] = True
        c.traps = d
        assertIsExclusivelySet(Underflow, c.traps)

        # Random constructors
        IntSignals = {
          Clamped: C.DecClamped,
          Rounded: C.DecRounded,
          Inexact: C.DecInexact,
          Subnormal: C.DecSubnormal,
          Underflow: C.DecUnderflow,
          Overflow: C.DecOverflow,
          DivisionByZero: C.DecDivisionByZero,
          InvalidOperation: C.DecIEEEInvalidOperation
        }
        IntCond = [
          C.DecDivisionImpossible, C.DecDivisionUndefined, C.DecFpuError,
          C.DecInvalidContext, C.DecInvalidOperation, C.DecMallocError,
          C.DecConversionSyntax,
        ]

        lim = 1 if hasattr(C, 'setfailpoint') else len(OrderedSignals[C])
        for r in range(lim):
            for t in range(lim):
                for round in RoundingModes[C]:
                    flags = random.sample(OrderedSignals[C], r)
                    traps = random.sample(OrderedSignals[C], t)
                    prec = random.randrange(1, 10000)
                    emin = random.randrange(-10000, 0)
                    emax = random.randrange(0, 10000)
                    clamp = random.randrange(0, 2)
                    caps = random.randrange(0, 2)
                    cr = random.randrange(0, 2)
                    c = Context(prec=prec, rounding=round, Emin=emin, Emax=emax,
                                capitals=caps, clamp=clamp, flags=list(flags),
                                traps=list(traps), _allcr=cr)

                    self.assertEqual(c.prec, prec)
                    self.assertEqual(c.rounding, round)
                    self.assertEqual(c.Emin, emin)
                    self.assertEqual(c.Emax, emax)
                    self.assertEqual(c.capitals, caps)
                    self.assertEqual(c.clamp, clamp)
                    self.assertEqual(c._allcr, cr)

                    f = 0
                    for x in flags:
                        f |= IntSignals[x]
                    self.assertEqual(c._flags, f)

                    f = 0
                    for x in traps:
                        f |= IntSignals[x]
                    self.assertEqual(c._traps, f)

        for cond in IntCond:
            c._flags = cond
            self.assertTrue(c._flags&DecIEEEInvalidOperation)
            assertIsExclusivelySet(InvalidOperation, c.flags)

        for cond in IntCond:
            c._traps = cond
            self.assertTrue(c._traps&DecIEEEInvalidOperation)
            assertIsExclusivelySet(InvalidOperation, c.traps)


all_tests = [
  CExplicitConstructionTest, PyExplicitConstructionTest,
  CImplicitConstructionTest, PyImplicitConstructionTest,
  CFormatTest,               PyFormatTest,
  CArithmeticOperatorsTest,  PyArithmeticOperatorsTest,
  CThreadingTest,            PyThreadingTest,
  CUsabilityTest,            PyUsabilityTest,
  CPythonAPItests,           PyPythonAPItests,
  CContextAPItests,          PyContextAPItests,
  CContextWithStatement,     PyContextWithStatement,
  CContextFlags,             PyContextFlags,
  CSpecialContexts,          PySpecialContexts,
  CContextInputValidation,   PyContextInputValidation,
  CCoverage,                 PyCoverage,
  CFunctionality,            PyFunctionality,
  CWhitebox,                 PyWhitebox,
  CIBMTestCases,             PyIBMTestCases,
]

if py_minor <= 6:
    all_tests = all_tests[::2]

# Wrap test functions for testing api failures. Doing this in
# test_main() causes spurious refleaks, so it is done here.
if hasattr(C, 'setapicalls'):
    for cls in all_tests:
        if cls == CIBMTestCases or cls == PyIBMTestCases:
            newfunc = withFailpoint(getattr(cls, 'eval_equation'))
            setattr(cls, 'eval_equation', newfunc)
        else:
            for attr in dir(cls):
                if attr.startswith('test_'):
                    if attr == 'test_threading':
                        continue
                    newfunc = withFailpoint(getattr(cls, attr))
                    setattr(cls, attr, newfunc)

def test_main(arith=False, verbose=None, todo_tests=None, debug=None):
    """ Execute the tests.

    Runs all arithmetic tests if arith is True or if the "decimal" resource
    is enabled in regrtest.py
    """

    init(C)
    init(P)
    global TEST_ALL, DEBUG
    TEST_ALL = arith or is_resource_enabled('decimal')
    DEBUG = debug

    if todo_tests is None:
        test_classes = all_tests
    else:
        test_classes = [CIBMTestCases, PyIBMTestCases]

    # Dynamically build custom test definition for each file in the test
    # directory and add the definitions to the DecimalTest class.  This
    # procedure insures that new files do not get skipped.
    for filename in os.listdir(directory):
        if '.decTest' not in filename or filename.startswith("."):
            continue
        head, tail = filename.split('.')
        if todo_tests is not None and head not in todo_tests:
            continue
        tester = lambda self, f=filename: self.eval_file(directory + f)
        setattr(CIBMTestCases, 'test_' + head, tester)
        setattr(PyIBMTestCases, 'test_' + head, tester)
        del filename, head, tail, tester


    try:
        run_unittest(*test_classes)
        if todo_tests is None:
            run_doctest(C, verbose)
            run_doctest(P, verbose)
    finally:
        if C: C.setcontext(ORIGINAL_CONTEXT[C])
        P.setcontext(ORIGINAL_CONTEXT[P])
        if not C:
            warnings.warn('C tests skipped: no module named _decimal.',
                          UserWarning)
        if not orig_sys_decimal is sys.modules['decimal']:
            raise TestFailed("Internal error: unbalanced number of changes to "
                             "sys.modules['decimal'].")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    import optparse
    p = optparse.OptionParser("test_decimal.py [--debug] [{--skip | test1 [test2 [...]]}]")
    p.add_option('--debug', '-d', action='store_true', help='shows the test number and context before each test')
    p.add_option('--skip',  '-s', action='store_true', help='skip over 90% of the arithmetic tests')
    (opt, args) = p.parse_args()

    if opt.skip:
        test_main(arith=False, verbose=True)
    elif args:
        test_main(arith=True, verbose=True, todo_tests=args, debug=opt.debug)
    else:
        test_main(arith=True, verbose=True)