chromium/docs/threading_and_tasks.md

# Threading and Tasks in Chrome

[TOC]

Note: See [Threading and Tasks FAQ](threading_and_tasks_faq.md) for more
examples.

## Overview

Chrome has a [multi-process
architecture](https://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/multi-process-architecture)
and each process is heavily multi-threaded. In this document we will go over the
basic threading system shared by each process. The main goal is to keep the main
thread (a.k.a. "UI" thread in the browser process) and IO thread (each process'
thread for handling
[IPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication)) responsive.
This means offloading any blocking I/O or other expensive operations to other
threads. Our approach is to use message passing as the way of communicating
between threads. We discourage locking and thread-safe objects. Instead, objects
live on only one (often virtual -- we'll get to that later!) thread and we pass
messages between those threads for communication.

This documentation assumes familiarity with computer science
[threading concepts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)).

### Nomenclature

## Core Concepts
 * **Task**: A unit of work to be processed. Effectively a function pointer with
   optionally associated state. In Chrome this is `base::Callback` created via
   `base::Bind`
   ([documentation](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/HEAD/docs/callback.md)).
 * **Task queue**: A queue of tasks to be processed.
 * **Physical thread**: An operating system provided thread (e.g. pthread on
   POSIX or CreateThread() on Windows). The Chrome cross-platform abstraction
   is `base::PlatformThread`. You should pretty much never use this directly.
 * **`base::Thread`**: A physical thread forever processing messages from a
   dedicated task queue until Quit(). You should pretty much never be creating
   your own `base::Thread`'s.
 * **Thread pool**: A pool of physical threads with a shared task queue. In
   Chrome, this is `base::ThreadPoolInstance`. There's exactly one instance per
   Chrome process, it serves tasks posted through
   [`base/task/post_task.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/post_task.h)
   and as such you should rarely need to use the `base::ThreadPoolInstance` API
   directly (more on posting tasks later).
 * **Sequence** or **Virtual thread**: A chrome-managed thread of execution.
   Like a physical thread, only one task can run on a given sequence / virtual
   thread at any given moment and each task sees the side-effects of the
   preceding tasks. Tasks are executed sequentially but may hop physical
   threads between each one.
 * **Task runner**: An interface through which tasks can be posted. In Chrome
   this is `base::TaskRunner`.
 * **Sequenced task runner**: A task runner which guarantees that tasks posted
   to it will run sequentially, in posted order. Each such task is guaranteed to
   see the side-effects of the task preceding it. Tasks posted to a sequenced
   task runner are typically processed by a single thread (virtual or physical).
   In Chrome this is `base::SequencedTaskRunner` which is-a
   `base::TaskRunner`.
 * **Single-thread task runner**: A sequenced task runner which guarantees that
   all tasks will be processed by the same physical thread. In Chrome this is
   `base::SingleThreadTaskRunner` which is-a `base::SequencedTaskRunner`. We
   [prefer sequences to threads](#prefer-sequences-to-physical-threads) whenever
   possible.

## Threading Lexicon
Note to the reader: the following terms are an attempt to bridge the gap between
common threading nomenclature and the way we use them in Chrome. It might be a
bit heavy if you're just getting started. Should this be hard to parse, consider
skipping to the more detailed sections below and referring back to this as
necessary.

 * **Thread-unsafe**: The vast majority of types in Chrome are thread-unsafe
   (by design). Access to such types/methods must be externally synchronized.
   Typically thread-unsafe types require that all tasks accessing their state be
   posted to the same `base::SequencedTaskRunner` and they verify this in debug
   builds with a `SEQUENCE_CHECKER` member. Locks are also an option to
   synchronize access but in Chrome we strongly
   [prefer sequences to locks](#Using-Sequences-Instead-of-Locks).
 * **Thread-affine**: Such types/methods need to be always accessed from the
   same physical thread (i.e. from the same `base::SingleThreadTaskRunner`) and
   typically have a `THREAD_CHECKER` member to verify that they are. Short of
   using a third-party API or having a leaf dependency which is thread-affine:
   there's pretty much no reason for a type to be thread-affine in Chrome.
   Note that `base::SingleThreadTaskRunner` is-a `base::SequencedTaskRunner` so
   thread-affine is a subset of thread-unsafe. Thread-affine is also sometimes
   referred to as **thread-hostile**.
 * **Thread-safe**: Such types/methods can be safely accessed concurrently.
 * **Thread-compatible**: Such types provide safe concurrent access to const
   methods but require synchronization for non-const (or mixed const/non-const
   access). Chrome doesn't expose reader-writer locks; as such, the only use
   case for this is objects (typically globals) which are initialized once in a
   thread-safe manner (either in the single-threaded phase of startup or lazily
   through a thread-safe static-local-initialization paradigm a la
   `base::NoDestructor`) and forever after immutable.
 * **Immutable**: A subset of thread-compatible types which cannot be modified
   after construction.
 * **Sequence-friendly**: Such types/methods are thread-unsafe types which
   support being invoked from a `base::SequencedTaskRunner`. Ideally this would
   be the case for all thread-unsafe types but legacy code sometimes has
   overzealous checks that enforce thread-affinity in mere thread-unsafe
   scenarios. See [Prefer Sequences to
   Threads](#prefer-sequences-to-physical-threads) below for more details.

### Threads

Every Chrome process has

* a main thread
   * in the browser process (BrowserThread::UI): updates the UI
   * in renderer processes (Blink main thread): runs most of Blink
* an IO thread
   * in the browser process (BrowserThread::IO): handles IPCs and network
     requests
   * in renderer processes: handles IPCs
* a few more special-purpose threads
* and a pool of general-purpose threads

Most threads have a loop that gets tasks from a queue and runs them (the queue
may be shared between multiple threads).

### Tasks

A task is a `base::OnceClosure` added to a queue for asynchronous execution.

A `base::OnceClosure` stores a function pointer and arguments. It has a `Run()`
method that invokes the function pointer using the bound arguments. It is
created using `base::BindOnce`. (ref. [Callback<> and Bind()
documentation](callback.md)).

```
void TaskA() {}
void TaskB(int v) {}

auto task_a = base::BindOnce(&TaskA);
auto task_b = base::BindOnce(&TaskB, 42);
```

A group of tasks can be executed in one of the following ways:

* [Parallel](#Posting-a-Parallel-Task): No task execution ordering, possibly all
  at once on any thread
* [Sequenced](#Posting-a-Sequenced-Task): Tasks executed in posting order, one
  at a time on any thread.
* [Single Threaded](#Posting-Multiple-Tasks-to-the-Same-Thread): Tasks executed
  in posting order, one at a time on a single thread.
   * [COM Single Threaded](#Posting-Tasks-to-a-COM-Single_Thread-Apartment-STA_Thread-Windows):
     A variant of single threaded with COM initialized.

### Prefer Sequences to Physical Threads

Sequenced execution (on virtual threads) is strongly preferred to
single-threaded execution (on physical threads). Except for types/methods bound
to the main thread (UI) or IO threads: thread-safety is better achieved via
`base::SequencedTaskRunner` than through managing your own physical threads
(ref. [Posting a Sequenced Task](#posting-a-sequenced-task) below).

All APIs which are exposed for "current physical thread" have an equivalent for
"current sequence"
([mapping](threading_and_tasks_faq.md#How-to-migrate-from-SingleThreadTaskRunner-to-SequencedTaskRunner)).

If you find yourself writing a sequence-friendly type and it fails
thread-affinity checks (e.g., `THREAD_CHECKER`) in a leaf dependency: consider
making that dependency sequence-friendly as well. Most core APIs in Chrome are
sequence-friendly, but some legacy types may still over-zealously use
ThreadChecker/ThreadTaskRunnerHandle/SingleThreadTaskRunner when they could
instead rely on the "current sequence" and no longer be thread-affine.

## Posting a Parallel Task

### Direct Posting to the Thread Pool

A task that can run on any thread and doesn’t have ordering or mutual exclusion
requirements with other tasks should be posted using one of the
`base::ThreadPool::PostTask*()` functions defined in
[`base/task/thread_pool.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/thread_pool.h).

```cpp
base::ThreadPool::PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&Task));
```

This posts tasks with default traits.

The `base::ThreadPool::PostTask*()` functions allow the caller to provide
additional details about the task via TaskTraits (ref. [Annotating Tasks with
TaskTraits](#Annotating-Tasks-with-TaskTraits)).

```cpp
base::ThreadPool::PostTask(
    FROM_HERE, {base::TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT, MayBlock()},
    base::BindOnce(&Task));
```

### Posting via a TaskRunner

A parallel
[`base::TaskRunner`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task_runner.h) is
an alternative to calling `base::ThreadPool::PostTask*()` directly. This is
mainly useful when it isn’t known in advance whether tasks will be posted in
parallel, in sequence, or to a single-thread (ref. [Posting a Sequenced
Task](#Posting-a-Sequenced-Task), [Posting Multiple Tasks to the Same
Thread](#Posting-Multiple-Tasks-to-the-Same-Thread)). Since `base::TaskRunner`
is the base class of `base::SequencedTaskRunner` and
`base::SingleThreadTaskRunner`, a `scoped_refptr<TaskRunner>` member can hold a
`base::TaskRunner`, a `base::SequencedTaskRunner` or a
`base::SingleThreadTaskRunner`.

```cpp
class A {
 public:
  A() = default;

  void PostSomething() {
    task_runner_->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&A, &DoSomething));
  }

  void DoSomething() {
  }

 private:
  scoped_refptr<base::TaskRunner> task_runner_ =
      base::ThreadPool::CreateTaskRunner({base::TaskPriority::USER_VISIBLE});
};
```

Unless a test needs to control precisely how tasks are executed, it is preferred
to call `base::ThreadPool::PostTask*()` directly (ref. [Testing](#Testing) for
less invasive ways of controlling tasks in tests).

## Posting a Sequenced Task

A sequence is a set of tasks that run one at a time in posting order (not
necessarily on the same thread). To post tasks as part of a sequence, use a
[`base::SequencedTaskRunner`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/sequenced_task_runner.h).

### Posting to a New Sequence

A `base::SequencedTaskRunner` can be created by
`base::ThreadPool::CreateSequencedTaskRunner()`.

```cpp
scoped_refptr<SequencedTaskRunner> sequenced_task_runner =
    base::ThreadPool::CreateSequencedTaskRunner(...);

// TaskB runs after TaskA completes.
sequenced_task_runner->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&TaskA));
sequenced_task_runner->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&TaskB));
```

### Posting to the Current (Virtual) Thread

The preferred way of posting to the current (virtual) thread is via
`base::SequencedTaskRunnerHandle::Get()`.

```cpp
// The task will run on the current (virtual) thread's default task queue.
base::SequencedTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(
    FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&Task);
```

Note that SequencedTaskRunnerHandle::Get() returns the default queue for the
current virtual thread. On threads with multiple task queues (e.g.
BrowserThread::UI) this can be a different queue than the one the current task
belongs to. The "current" task runner is intentionally not exposed via a static
getter. Either you know it already and can post to it directly or you don't and
the only sensible destination is the default queue.

## Using Sequences Instead of Locks

Usage of locks is discouraged in Chrome. Sequences inherently provide
thread-safety. Prefer classes that are always accessed from the same
sequence to managing your own thread-safety with locks.

**Thread-safe but not thread-affine; how so?** Tasks posted to the same sequence
will run in sequential order. After a sequenced task completes, the next task
may be picked up by a different worker thread, but that task is guaranteed to
see any side-effects caused by the previous one(s) on its sequence.

```cpp
class A {
 public:
  A() {
    // Do not require accesses to be on the creation sequence.
    DETACH_FROM_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  }

  void AddValue(int v) {
    // Check that all accesses are on the same sequence.
    DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
    values_.push_back(v);
}

 private:
  SEQUENCE_CHECKER(sequence_checker_);

  // No lock required, because all accesses are on the
  // same sequence.
  std::vector<int> values_;
};

A a;
scoped_refptr<SequencedTaskRunner> task_runner_for_a = ...;
task_runner_for_a->PostTask(FROM_HERE,
                      base::BindOnce(&A::AddValue, base::Unretained(&a), 42));
task_runner_for_a->PostTask(FROM_HERE,
                      base::BindOnce(&A::AddValue, base::Unretained(&a), 27));

// Access from a different sequence causes a DCHECK failure.
scoped_refptr<SequencedTaskRunner> other_task_runner = ...;
other_task_runner->PostTask(FROM_HERE,
                            base::BindOnce(&A::AddValue, base::Unretained(&a), 1));
```

Locks should only be used to swap in a shared data structure that can be
accessed on multiple threads.  If one thread updates it based on expensive
computation or through disk access, then that slow work should be done without
holding the lock.  Only when the result is available should the lock be used to
swap in the new data.  An example of this is in PluginList::LoadPlugins
([`content/browser/plugin_list.cc`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/content/browser/plugin_list.cc).
If you must use locks,
[here](https://www.chromium.org/developers/lock-and-condition-variable) are some
best practices and pitfalls to avoid.

In order to write non-blocking code, many APIs in Chrome are asynchronous.
Usually this means that they either need to be executed on a particular
thread/sequence and will return results via a custom delegate interface, or they
take a `base::Callback<>` object that is called when the requested operation is
completed.  Executing work on a specific thread/sequence is covered in the
PostTask sections above.

## Posting Multiple Tasks to the Same Thread

If multiple tasks need to run on the same thread, post them to a
[`base::SingleThreadTaskRunner`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/single_thread_task_runner.h).
All tasks posted to the same `base::SingleThreadTaskRunner` run on the same thread in
posting order.

### Posting to the Main Thread or to the IO Thread in the Browser Process

To post tasks to the main thread or to the IO thread, use
`content::GetUIThreadTaskRunner({})` or `content::GetIOThreadTaskRunner({})`
from
[`content/public/browser/browser_thread.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/content/public/browser/browser_thread.h)

You may provide additional BrowserTaskTraits as a parameter to those methods
though this is generally still uncommon in BrowserThreads and should be reserved
for advanced use cases.

There's an ongoing migration ([task APIs v3]) away from the previous
base-API-with-traits which you may still find throughout the codebase (it's
equivalent):

```cpp
base::PostTask(FROM_HERE, {content::BrowserThread::UI}, ...);

base::CreateSingleThreadTaskRunner({content::BrowserThread::IO})
    ->PostTask(FROM_HERE, ...);
```

Note: For the duration of the migration, you'll unfortunately need to continue
manually including
[`content/public/browser/browser_task_traits.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/content/public/browser/browser_task_traits.h).
to use the browser_thread.h API.

The main thread and the IO thread are already super busy. Therefore, prefer
posting to a general purpose thread when possible (ref.
[Posting a Parallel Task](#Posting-a-Parallel-Task),
[Posting a Sequenced task](#Posting-a-Sequenced-Task)).
Good reasons to post to the main thread are to update the UI or access objects
that are bound to it (e.g. `Profile`). A good reason to post to the IO thread is
to access the internals of components that are bound to it (e.g. IPCs, network).
Note: It is not necessary to have an explicit post task to the IO thread to
send/receive an IPC or send/receive data on the network.

### Posting to the Main Thread in a Renderer Process
TODO(blink-dev)

### Posting to a Custom SingleThreadTaskRunner

If multiple tasks need to run on the same thread and that thread doesn’t have to
be the main thread or the IO thread, post them to a
`base::SingleThreadTaskRunner` created by
`base::Threadpool::CreateSingleThreadTaskRunner`.

```cpp
scoped_refptr<SingleThreadTaskRunner> single_thread_task_runner =
    base::Threadpool::CreateSingleThreadTaskRunner(...);

// TaskB runs after TaskA completes. Both tasks run on the same thread.
single_thread_task_runner->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&TaskA));
single_thread_task_runner->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&TaskB));
```

Remember that we [prefer sequences to physical
threads](#prefer-sequences-to-physical-threads) and that this thus should rarely
be necessary.

### Posting to the Current Thread

*** note
**IMPORTANT:** To post a task that needs mutual exclusion with the current
sequence of tasks but doesn’t absolutely need to run on the current physical
thread, use `base::SequencedTaskRunnerHandle::Get()` instead of
`base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()` (ref. [Posting to the Current
Sequence](#Posting-to-the-Current-Virtual_Thread)). That will better document
the requirements of the posted task and will avoid unnecessarily making your API
physical thread-affine. In a single-thread task,
`base::SequencedTaskRunnerHandle::Get()` is equivalent to
`base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()`.
***

If you must post a task to the current physical thread nonetheless, use
[`base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/threading/thread_task_runner_handle.h).

```cpp
// The task will run on the current thread in the future.
base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(
    FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&Task));
```

## Posting Tasks to a COM Single-Thread Apartment (STA) Thread (Windows)

Tasks that need to run on a COM Single-Thread Apartment (STA) thread must be
posted to a `base::SingleThreadTaskRunner` returned by
`base::ThreadPool::CreateCOMSTATaskRunner()`. As mentioned in [Posting Multiple
Tasks to the Same Thread](#Posting-Multiple-Tasks-to-the-Same-Thread), all tasks
posted to the same `base::SingleThreadTaskRunner` run on the same thread in
posting order.

```cpp
// Task(A|B|C)UsingCOMSTA will run on the same COM STA thread.

void TaskAUsingCOMSTA() {
  // [ This runs on a COM STA thread. ]

  // Make COM STA calls.
  // ...

  // Post another task to the current COM STA thread.
  base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(
      FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&TaskCUsingCOMSTA));
}
void TaskBUsingCOMSTA() { }
void TaskCUsingCOMSTA() { }

auto com_sta_task_runner = base::ThreadPool::CreateCOMSTATaskRunner(...);
com_sta_task_runner->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&TaskAUsingCOMSTA));
com_sta_task_runner->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&TaskBUsingCOMSTA));
```

## Annotating Tasks with TaskTraits

[`base::TaskTraits`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/task_traits.h)
encapsulate information about a task that helps the thread pool make better
scheduling decisions.

Methods that take `base::TaskTraits` can be be passed `{}` when default traits
are sufficient. Default traits are appropriate for tasks that:
- Don’t block (ref. MayBlock and WithBaseSyncPrimitives);
- Pertain to user-blocking activity;
  (explicitly or implicitly by having an ordering dependency with a component
   that does)
- Can either block shutdown or be skipped on shutdown (thread pool is free to
  choose a fitting default).
Tasks that don’t match this description must be posted with explicit TaskTraits.

[`base/task/task_traits.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/task_traits.h)
provides exhaustive documentation of available traits. The content layer also
provides additional traits in
[`content/public/browser/browser_task_traits.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/content/public/browser/browser_task_traits.h)
to facilitate posting a task onto a BrowserThread.

Below are some examples of how to specify `base::TaskTraits`.

```cpp
// This task has no explicit TaskTraits. It cannot block. Its priority is
// USER_BLOCKING. It will either block shutdown or be skipped on shutdown.
base::ThreadPool::PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(...));

// This task has the highest priority. The thread pool will schedule it before
// USER_VISIBLE and BEST_EFFORT tasks.
base::ThreadPool::PostTask(
    FROM_HERE, {base::TaskPriority::USER_BLOCKING},
    base::BindOnce(...));

// This task has the lowest priority and is allowed to block (e.g. it
// can read a file from disk).
base::ThreadPool::PostTask(
    FROM_HERE, {base::TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT, base::MayBlock()},
    base::BindOnce(...));

// This task blocks shutdown. The process won't exit before its
// execution is complete.
base::ThreadPool::PostTask(
    FROM_HERE, {base::TaskShutdownBehavior::BLOCK_SHUTDOWN},
    base::BindOnce(...));
```

## Keeping the Browser Responsive

Do not perform expensive work on the main thread, the IO thread or any sequence
that is expected to run tasks with a low latency. Instead, perform expensive
work asynchronously using `base::ThreadPool::PostTaskAndReply*()` or
`base::SequencedTaskRunner::PostTaskAndReply()`. Note that
asynchronous/overlapped I/O on the IO thread are fine.

Example: Running the code below on the main thread will prevent the browser from
responding to user input for a long time.

```cpp
// GetHistoryItemsFromDisk() may block for a long time.
// AddHistoryItemsToOmniboxDropDown() updates the UI and therefore must
// be called on the main thread.
AddHistoryItemsToOmniboxDropdown(GetHistoryItemsFromDisk("keyword"));
```

The code below solves the problem by scheduling a call to
`GetHistoryItemsFromDisk()` in a thread pool followed by a call to
`AddHistoryItemsToOmniboxDropdown()` on the origin sequence (the main thread in
this case). The return value of the first call is automatically provided as
argument to the second call.

```cpp
base::ThreadPool::PostTaskAndReplyWithResult(
    FROM_HERE, {base::MayBlock()},
    base::BindOnce(&GetHistoryItemsFromDisk, "keyword"),
    base::BindOnce(&AddHistoryItemsToOmniboxDropdown));
```

## Posting a Task with a Delay

### Posting a One-Off Task with a Delay

To post a task that must run once after a delay expires, use
`base::ThreadPool::PostDelayedTask*()` or `base::TaskRunner::PostDelayedTask()`.

```cpp
base::ThreadPool::PostDelayedTask(
  FROM_HERE, {base::TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT}, base::BindOnce(&Task),
  base::TimeDelta::FromHours(1));

scoped_refptr<base::SequencedTaskRunner> task_runner =
    base::ThreadPool::CreateSequencedTaskRunner(
        {base::TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT});
task_runner->PostDelayedTask(
    FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&Task), base::TimeDelta::FromHours(1));
```

*** note
**NOTE:** A task that has a 1-hour delay probably doesn’t have to run right away
when its delay expires. Specify `base::TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT` to prevent it
from slowing down the browser when its delay expires.
***

### Posting a Repeating Task with a Delay
To post a task that must run at regular intervals,
use [`base::RepeatingTimer`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/timer/timer.h).

```cpp
class A {
 public:
  ~A() {
    // The timer is stopped automatically when it is deleted.
  }
  void StartDoingStuff() {
    timer_.Start(FROM_HERE, TimeDelta::FromSeconds(1),
                 this, &MyClass::DoStuff);
  }
  void StopDoingStuff() {
    timer_.Stop();
  }
 private:
  void DoStuff() {
    // This method is called every second on the sequence that invoked
    // StartDoingStuff().
  }
  base::RepeatingTimer timer_;
};
```

## Cancelling a Task

### Using base::WeakPtr

[`base::WeakPtr`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/memory/weak_ptr.h)
can be used to ensure that any callback bound to an object is canceled when that
object is destroyed.

```cpp
int Compute() { … }

class A {
 public:
  void ComputeAndStore() {
    // Schedule a call to Compute() in a thread pool followed by
    // a call to A::Store() on the current sequence. The call to
    // A::Store() is canceled when |weak_ptr_factory_| is destroyed.
    // (guarantees that |this| will not be used-after-free).
    base::ThreadPool::PostTaskAndReplyWithResult(
        FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&Compute),
        base::BindOnce(&A::Store, weak_ptr_factory_.GetWeakPtr()));
  }

 private:
  void Store(int value) { value_ = value; }

  int value_;
  base::WeakPtrFactory<A> weak_ptr_factory_{this};
};
```

Note: `WeakPtr` is not thread-safe: `GetWeakPtr()`, `~WeakPtrFactory()`, and
`Compute()` (bound to a `WeakPtr`) must all run on the same sequence.

### Using base::CancelableTaskTracker

[`base::CancelableTaskTracker`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/cancelable_task_tracker.h)
allows cancellation to happen on a different sequence than the one on which
tasks run. Keep in mind that `CancelableTaskTracker` cannot cancel tasks that
have already started to run.

```cpp
auto task_runner = base::ThreadPool::CreateTaskRunner({});
base::CancelableTaskTracker cancelable_task_tracker;
cancelable_task_tracker.PostTask(task_runner.get(), FROM_HERE,
                                 base::DoNothing());
// Cancels Task(), only if it hasn't already started running.
cancelable_task_tracker.TryCancelAll();
```

## Posting a Job to run in parallel

The [`base::PostJob`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/post_job.h)
is a power user API to be able to schedule a single base::RepeatingCallback
worker task and request that ThreadPool workers invoke it concurrently.
This avoids degenerate cases:
* Calling `PostTask()` for each work item, causing significant overhead.
* Fixed number of `PostTask()` calls that split the work and might run for a
  long time. This is problematic when many components post “num cores” tasks and
  all expect to use all the cores. In these cases, the scheduler lacks context
  to be fair to multiple same-priority requests and/or ability to request lower
  priority work to yield when high priority work comes in.

```cpp
// A canonical implementation of |worker_task|.
void WorkerTask(base::JobDelegate* job_delegate) {
  while (!job_delegate->ShouldYield()) {
    auto work_item = TakeWorkItem(); // Smallest unit of work.
    if (!work_item)
      return:
    ProcessWork(work_item);
  }
}

// Returns the latest thread-safe number of incomplete work items.
void NumIncompleteWorkItems();

base::PostJob(FROM_HERE, {},
              base::BindRepeating(&WorkerTask),
              base::BindRepeating(&NumIncompleteWorkItems));
```

By doing as much work as possible in a loop when invoked, the worker task avoids
scheduling overhead. Meanwhile `base::JobDelegate::ShouldYield()` is
periodically invoked to conditionally exit and let the scheduler prioritize
other work. This yield-semantic allows, for example, a user-visible job to use
all cores but get out of the way when a user-blocking task comes in.

### Adding additional work to a running job.

When new work items are added and the API user wants additional threads to
invoke the worker task concurrently,
`JobHandle/JobDelegate::NotifyConcurrencyIncrease()` *must* be invoked shortly
after max concurrency increases.

## Testing

For more details see [Testing Components Which Post
Tasks](threading_and_tasks_testing.md).

To test code that uses `base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle`,
`base::SequencedTaskRunnerHandle` or a function in
[`base/task/post_task.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/post_task.h),
instantiate a
[`base::test::TaskEnvironment`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/test/task_environment.h)
for the scope of the test. If you need BrowserThreads, use
`content::BrowserTaskEnvironment` instead of
`base::test::TaskEnvironment`.

Tests can run the `base::test::TaskEnvironment`'s message pump using a
`base::RunLoop`, which can be made to run until `Quit()` (explicitly or via
`RunLoop::QuitClosure()`), or to `RunUntilIdle()` ready-to-run tasks and
immediately return.

TaskEnvironment configures RunLoop::Run() to GTEST_FAIL() if it hasn't been
explicitly quit after TestTimeouts::action_timeout(). This is preferable to
having the test hang if the code under test fails to trigger the RunLoop to
quit. The timeout can be overridden with base::test::ScopedRunLoopTimeout.

```cpp
class MyTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
  // ...
 protected:
   base::test::TaskEnvironment task_environment_;
};

TEST(MyTest, MyTest) {
  base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&A));
  base::SequencedTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(FROM_HERE,
                                                   base::BindOnce(&B));
  base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostDelayedTask(
      FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&C), base::TimeDelta::Max());

  // This runs the (Thread|Sequenced)TaskRunnerHandle queue until it is empty.
  // Delayed tasks are not added to the queue until they are ripe for execution.
  base::RunLoop().RunUntilIdle();
  // A and B have been executed. C is not ripe for execution yet.

  base::RunLoop run_loop;
  base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&D));
  base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(FROM_HERE, run_loop.QuitClosure());
  base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&E));

  // This runs the (Thread|Sequenced)TaskRunnerHandle queue until QuitClosure is
  // invoked.
  run_loop.Run();
  // D and run_loop.QuitClosure() have been executed. E is still in the queue.

  // Tasks posted to thread pool run asynchronously as they are posted.
  base::ThreadPool::PostTask(FROM_HERE, {}, base::BindOnce(&F));
  auto task_runner =
      base::ThreadPool::CreateSequencedTaskRunner({});
  task_runner->PostTask(FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&G));

  // To block until all tasks posted to thread pool are done running:
  base::ThreadPoolInstance::Get()->FlushForTesting();
  // F and G have been executed.

  base::ThreadPool::PostTaskAndReplyWithResult(
      FROM_HERE, {}, base::BindOnce(&H), base::BindOnce(&I));

  // This runs the (Thread|Sequenced)TaskRunnerHandle queue until both the
  // (Thread|Sequenced)TaskRunnerHandle queue and the TaskSchedule queue are
  // empty:
  task_environment_.RunUntilIdle();
  // E, H, I have been executed.
}
```

## Using ThreadPool in a New Process

ThreadPoolInstance needs to be initialized in a process before the functions in
[`base/task/post_task.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/post_task.h)
can be used. Initialization of ThreadPoolInstance in the Chrome browser process
and child processes (renderer, GPU, utility) has already been taken care of. To
use ThreadPoolInstance in another process, initialize ThreadPoolInstance early
in the main function:

```cpp
// This initializes and starts ThreadPoolInstance with default params.
base::ThreadPoolInstance::CreateAndStartWithDefaultParams(“process_name”);
// The base/task/post_task.h API can now be used with base::ThreadPool trait.
// Tasks will be // scheduled as they are posted.

// This initializes ThreadPoolInstance.
base::ThreadPoolInstance::Create(“process_name”);
// The base/task/post_task.h API can now be used with base::ThreadPool trait. No
// threads will be created and no tasks will be scheduled until after Start() is
// called.
base::ThreadPoolInstance::Get()->Start(params);
// ThreadPool can now create threads and schedule tasks.
```

And shutdown ThreadPoolInstance late in the main function:

```cpp
base::ThreadPoolInstance::Get()->Shutdown();
// Tasks posted with TaskShutdownBehavior::BLOCK_SHUTDOWN and
// tasks posted with TaskShutdownBehavior::SKIP_ON_SHUTDOWN that
// have started to run before the Shutdown() call have now completed their
// execution. Tasks posted with
// TaskShutdownBehavior::CONTINUE_ON_SHUTDOWN may still be
// running.
```
## TaskRunner ownership (encourage no dependency injection)

TaskRunners shouldn't be passed through several components. Instead, the
components that uses a TaskRunner should be the one that creates it.

See [this example](https://codereview.chromium.org/2885173002/) of a
refactoring where a TaskRunner was passed through a lot of components only to be
used in an eventual leaf. The leaf can and should now obtain its TaskRunner
directly from
[`base/task/post_task.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/task/post_task.h).

As mentioned above, `base::test::TaskEnvironment` allows unit tests to
control tasks posted from underlying TaskRunners. In rare cases where a test
needs to more precisely control task ordering: dependency injection of
TaskRunners can be useful. For such cases the preferred approach is the
following:

```cpp
class Foo {
 public:

  // Overrides |background_task_runner_| in tests.
  void SetBackgroundTaskRunnerForTesting(
      scoped_refptr<base::SequencedTaskRunner> background_task_runner) {
    background_task_runner_ = std::move(background_task_runner);
  }

 private:
  scoped_refptr<base::SequencedTaskRunner> background_task_runner_ =
      base::ThreadPool::CreateSequencedTaskRunner(
          {base::MayBlock(), base::TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT});
}
```

Note that this still allows removing all layers of plumbing between //chrome and
that component since unit tests will use the leaf layer directly.

## FAQ
See [Threading and Tasks FAQ](threading_and_tasks_faq.md) for more examples.

[task APIs v3]: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tssusPykvx3g0gvbvU4HxGyn3MjJlIylnsH13-Tv6s4/edit?ts=5de99a52#heading=h.ss4tw38hvh3s