1# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team
3# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
5#
6# Translators:
7# Kannad Ar Stered <kannad.ar.stered@gmail.com>, 2020
8#
9#, fuzzy
10msgid ""
11msgstr ""
12"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
13"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n"
14"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n"
15"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-01-06 16:35+0000\n"
16"Last-Translator: Kannad Ar Stered <kannad.ar.stered@gmail.com>, 2020\n"
17"Language-Team: Breton (https://www.transifex.com/stellarium/teams/80998/br/)\n"
18"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
19"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
20"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
21"Language: br\n"
22"Plural-Forms: nplurals=5; plural=((n%10 == 1) && (n%100 != 11) && (n%100 !=71) && (n%100 !=91) ? 0 :(n%10 == 2) && (n%100 != 12) && (n%100 !=72) && (n%100 !=92) ? 1 :(n%10 ==3 || n%10==4 || n%10==9) && (n%100 < 10 || n% 100 > 19) && (n%100 < 70 || n%100 > 79) && (n%100 < 90 || n%100 > 99) ? 2 :(n != 0 && n % 1000000 == 0) ? 3 : 4);\n"
23
24#. type: Content of: <h1>
25#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1
26msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")"
27msgstr ""
28
29#. type: Content of: <p>
30#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2
31msgid ""
32"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul "
33"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the "
34"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in"
35" Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 "
36"classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in "
37"Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the "
38"following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation "
39"and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of "
40"the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a "
41"record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation,"
42" and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding"
43" Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is "
44"seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. "
45"Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal "
46"description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and "
47"magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star "
48"catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In "
49"addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. "
50"Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were "
51"neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to "
52"Ptolemy star catalog."
53msgstr ""
54
55#. type: Content of: <p>
56#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3
57msgid ""
58"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of "
59"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in "
60"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by "
61"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or "
62"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by "
63"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 "
64"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for "
65"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. "
66"Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and"
67" 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units,"
68" Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I "
69"came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and "
70"relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a "
71"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research."
72msgstr ""
73
74#. type: Content of: <h2>
75#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5
76msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi"
77msgstr ""
78
79#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
80#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10
81msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>"
82msgstr ""
83
84#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
85#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11
86msgid "<b>Khalid</b>"
87msgstr ""
88
89#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
90#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14
91msgid "<b>unit</b>"
92msgstr ""
93
94#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
95#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15
96#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17
97msgid "<b>cubits</b>"
98msgstr ""
99
100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
101#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16
102#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18
103msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>"
104msgstr ""
105
106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
107#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21
108msgid "spear"
109msgstr ""
110
111#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
112#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22
113#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24
114msgid "6 cubits"
115msgstr ""
116
117#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
118#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28
119msgid "Man-Height"
120msgstr ""
121
122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
123#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31
124msgid "3 cubits"
125msgstr ""
126
127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
128#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35
129msgid "cubit"
130msgstr ""
131
132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
133#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36
134#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38
135msgid "1 cubit"
136msgstr ""
137
138#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
139#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42
140msgid "span"
141msgstr ""
142
143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
144#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43
145msgid "1/3 of a cubit"
146msgstr ""
147
148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
149#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45
150msgid "1/2 of a cubit"
151msgstr ""
152
153#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
154#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49
155msgid "finger"
156msgstr ""
157
158#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
159#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50
160msgid "1/32 of a cubit"
161msgstr ""
162
163#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
164#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52
165msgid "1/16 of a cubit"
166msgstr ""
167
168#. type: Content of: <p>
169#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57
170msgid ""
171"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous "
172"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact "
173"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic "
174"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at "
175"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one."
176msgstr ""
177
178#. type: Content of: <h2>
179#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59
180msgid "The Sky Culture"
181msgstr ""
182
183#. type: Content of: <p>
184#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60
185msgid ""
186"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of "
187"the book, oldest of which is the <a "
188"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\""
189" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh "
190"144 dated 1009 AD</a>."
191msgstr ""
192
193#. type: Content of: <p>
194#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61
195msgid ""
196"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, "
197"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations"
198" was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built "
199"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and "
200"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and "
201"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous "
202"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars"
203" plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a "
204"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
205msgstr ""
206
207#. type: Content of: <p>
208#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62
209msgid ""
210"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the "
211"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for "
212"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>."
213" The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the "
214"primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a "
215"secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the"
216" star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this "
217"constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, "
218"which will display \"The star on the end of the tail\" on the top of the "
219"screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the "
220"constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. "
221"For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the "
222"star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined "
223"through asterism names and asterism lines files."
224msgstr ""
225
226#. type: Content of: <p>
227#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63
228msgid ""
229"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted "
230"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which "
231"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a "
232"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few "
233"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording."
234msgstr ""
235
236#. type: Content of: <p>
237#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64
238msgid ""
239"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the "
240"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content."
241msgstr ""
242
243#. type: Content of: <h2>
244#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66
245#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522
246#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464
247#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496
248#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299
249#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288
250msgid "Fair Use"
251msgstr ""
252
253#. type: Content of: <p>
254#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67
255msgid ""
256"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International "
257"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the "
258"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work "
259"be cited according to the common rules."
260msgstr ""
261
262#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
263#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69
264#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45
265#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32
266#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61
267#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475
268#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23
269#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48
270#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17
271#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302
272#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291
273#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12
274#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10
275#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17
276#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9
277#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63
278#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11
279#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85
280#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23
281msgid "Author"
282msgstr ""
283
284#. type: Content of: <p>
285#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70
286msgid ""
287"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: "
288"turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
289msgstr ""
290
291#. type: Content of: <h3>
292#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72
293#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151
294#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77
295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960
296#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57
297msgid "Notes"
298msgstr ""
299
300#. type: Content of: <p>
301#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73
302msgid ""
303"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-"
304"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: "
305"Variorum Reprints, 1989."
306msgstr ""
307
308#. type: Content of: <p>
309#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74
310msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga."
311msgstr ""
312
313#. type: Content of: <p>
314#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75
315msgid ""
316"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par "
317"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27."
318msgstr ""
319
320#. type: Content of: <p>
321#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76
322msgid ""
323"[4] <a "
324"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\""
325" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical "
326"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>."
327msgstr ""
328
329#. type: Content of: <p>
330#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77
331msgid ""
332"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" "
333"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān "
334"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque "
335"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>."
336msgstr ""
337
338#. type: Content of: <p>
339#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78
340msgid ""
341"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
342"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
343"of the Almagest Catalog</a>."
344msgstr ""
345
346#. type: Content of: <p>
347#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79
348msgid ""
349"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., "
350"1998."
351msgstr ""
352
353#. type: Content of: <h2>
354#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1
355msgid "Anutan"
356msgstr ""
357
358#. type: Content of: <p>
359#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2
360msgid ""
361"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon "
362"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the "
363"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars "
364"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed "
365"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) "
366"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major "
367"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or "
368"undistinguished)."
369msgstr ""
370
371#. type: Content of: <h3>
372#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9
373#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43
374msgid "Nomenclature"
375msgstr ""
376
377#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
378#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
379msgid "Anutan name"
380msgstr ""
381
382#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
383#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
384msgid "English translation"
385msgstr ""
386
387#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
388#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
389msgid "Western skylore"
390msgstr ""
391
392#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
393#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
394msgid "Te Tino A Manu"
395msgstr ""
396
397#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
398#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
399msgid "The Bird's Body"
400msgstr ""
401
402#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
403#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
404#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191
405#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36
406#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
407msgid "Sirius"
408msgstr ""
409
410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
411#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
412msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga"
413msgstr ""
414
415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
416#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
417msgid "The East Wing"
418msgstr ""
419
420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
421#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
422#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428
423#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372
424#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186
425#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
426msgid "Canopus"
427msgstr ""
428
429#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
430#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
431msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau"
432msgstr ""
433
434#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
435#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
436msgid "The North Wing"
437msgstr ""
438
439#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
440#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
441msgid "Procyon"
442msgstr ""
443
444#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
445#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
446msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu"
447msgstr ""
448
449#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
450#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
451msgid "The Bird's Armpit"
452msgstr ""
453
454#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
455#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
456msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body"
457msgstr ""
458
459#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
460#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
461msgid "Te Kope"
462msgstr ""
463
464#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
465#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
466msgid "The Bamboo"
467msgstr ""
468
469#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
470#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
471msgid "Grus"
472msgstr ""
473
474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
475#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
476msgid "Ara Toru"
477msgstr ""
478
479#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
480#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
481msgid "Path of Three"
482msgstr ""
483
484#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
485#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
486#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66
487msgid "Orion's belt"
488msgstr ""
489
490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
491#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
492msgid "Te Angaanga"
493msgstr ""
494
495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
496#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
497msgid "The Tongs"
498msgstr ""
499
500#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
501#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
502msgid "Taurus's forehead"
503msgstr ""
504
505#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
506#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
507msgid "Matariki"
508msgstr ""
509
510#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
511#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
512msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes"
513msgstr ""
514
515#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
516#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
517#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306
518#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251
519#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96
520#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129
521#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41
522#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13
523#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
524msgid "Pleiades"
525msgstr ""
526
527#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
528#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
529msgid "Kaavei"
530msgstr ""
531
532#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
533#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
534msgid "Octopus Tentacle"
535msgstr ""
536
537#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
538#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
539msgid "Aries"
540msgstr ""
541
542#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
543#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
544msgid "Taki Roto"
545msgstr ""
546
547#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
548#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
549msgid "Middle Precursor"
550msgstr ""
551
552#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
553#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
554msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)"
555msgstr ""
556
557#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
558#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
559msgid "Taki Mua"
560msgstr ""
561
562#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
563#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
564msgid "Forward Precursor"
565msgstr ""
566
567#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
568#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
569msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder"
570msgstr ""
571
572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
573#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
574msgid "Toki"
575msgstr ""
576
577#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
578#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
579msgid "Adze"
580msgstr ""
581
582#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
583#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
584#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131
585msgid "Delphinus"
586msgstr ""
587
588#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
589#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
590msgid "Te Aamonga"
591msgstr ""
592
593#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
594#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
595msgid "The Carrying Stick"
596msgstr ""
597
598#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
599#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
600msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line"
601msgstr ""
602
603#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
604#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
605msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu"
606msgstr ""
607
608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
609#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
610msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish"
611msgstr ""
612
613#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
614#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
615msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius"
616msgstr ""
617
618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
619#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
620msgid "Te Rua Tangata"
621msgstr ""
622
623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
624#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
625msgid "Double Man"
626msgstr ""
627
628#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
629#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
630#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21
631msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri"
632msgstr ""
633
634#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
635#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
636#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
637msgid "Te Rakau Tapu"
638msgstr ""
639
640#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
641#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
642#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
643msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber"
644msgstr ""
645
646#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
647#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
648#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
649#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
650msgid "Southern Cross"
651msgstr ""
652
653#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
654#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
655msgid "Taro"
656msgstr ""
657
658#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
659#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
660msgid "Taro plant"
661msgstr ""
662
663#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
664#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
665msgid ""
666"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau "
667"(its leaves)"
668msgstr ""
669
670#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
671#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
672msgid "Te Tukaniva"
673msgstr ""
674
675#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
676#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
677#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41
678#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
679msgid "&mdash;"
680msgstr ""
681
682#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
683#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
684msgid "Milky way"
685msgstr ""
686
687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
688#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
689msgid "Te Aro Rere"
690msgstr ""
691
692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
693#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
694msgid "The Running Cloud"
695msgstr ""
696
697#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
698#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
699msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud"
700msgstr ""
701
702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
703#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
704msgid "Te Ao Toka"
705msgstr ""
706
707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
708#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
709msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)"
710msgstr ""
711
712#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
713#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
714msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud"
715msgstr ""
716
717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
718#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
719msgid "Te Petuu Ao"
720msgstr ""
721
722#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
723#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
724msgid "The Morning Star"
725msgstr ""
726
727#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
728#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
729#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
730#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
731#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
732#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
733#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377
734#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36
735#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26
736#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
737msgid "Venus"
738msgstr ""
739
740#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
741#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
742msgid "Tiuriuri"
743msgstr ""
744
745#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
746#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
747msgid "The Morning Star(?)"
748msgstr ""
749
750#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
751#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
752msgid "Venus(?)"
753msgstr ""
754
755#. type: Content of: <h3>
756#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37
757#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486
758#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293
759#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275
760#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35
761#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381
762#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30
763msgid "References"
764msgstr ""
765
766#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
767#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39
768msgid ""
769"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean "
770"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, "
771"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4."
772msgstr ""
773
774#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
775#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41
776msgid ""
777"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa,"
778" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University "
779"of California : ISBN 9780959378771."
780msgstr ""
781
782#. type: Content of: <p>
783#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46
784msgid ""
785"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
786"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
787msgstr ""
788
789#. type: Content of: <h1>
790#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1
791msgid "Arabian Peninsula"
792msgstr ""
793
794#. type: Content of: <h4>
795#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2
796#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2
797#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2
798#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3
799msgid "Introduction"
800msgstr ""
801
802#. type: Content of: <p>
803#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3
804msgid ""
805"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian "
806"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs."
807msgstr ""
808
809#. type: Content of: <h2>
810#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4
811#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4
812#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4
813msgid "Description"
814msgstr ""
815
816#. type: Content of: <p>
817#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6
818msgid ""
819"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia,"
820" bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and "
821"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is "
822"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by "
823"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a "
824"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a "
825"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and "
826"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, "
827"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq."
828msgstr ""
829
830#. type: Content of: <p>
831#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9
832msgid ""
833"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars "
834"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and "
835"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs"
836" and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented "
837"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these "
838"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the "
839"people of this region."
840msgstr ""
841
842#. type: Content of: <p>
843#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10
844msgid ""
845"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the "
846"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of"
847" al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13"
848" days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This "
849"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle."
850" Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon "
851"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper."
852msgstr ""
853
854#. type: Content of: <p>
855#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11
856msgid ""
857"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of "
858"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and "
859"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up "
860"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain "
861"but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a "
862"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by "
863"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar "
864"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a "
865"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
866msgstr ""
867
868#. type: Content of: <h4>
869#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13
870msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms"
871msgstr ""
872
873#. type: Content of: <p>
874#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14
875msgid ""
876"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral "
877"traditions and the following books:"
878msgstr ""
879
880#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
881#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16
882msgid ""
883"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The folk "
884"proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010."
885msgstr ""
886
887#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
888#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18
889msgid ""
890"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-"
891"dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 "
892"volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009."
893msgstr ""
894
895#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
896#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20
897msgid ""
898"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins poetry "
899"by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif "
900"library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia."
901msgstr ""
902
903#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
904#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22
905msgid ""
906"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of poetry "
907"by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 "
908"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."
909msgstr ""
910
911#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
912#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24
913msgid ""
914"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat "
915"Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
916"2007."
917msgstr ""
918
919#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
920#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26
921msgid ""
922"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of folk "
923"poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999."
924msgstr ""
925
926#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
927#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28
928msgid ""
929"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The Poets of the"
930" mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
931msgstr ""
932
933#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
934#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30
935msgid ""
936"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation "
937"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
938msgstr ""
939
940#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
941#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32
942msgid ""
943"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation of al-"
944"Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
945msgstr ""
946
947#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
948#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35
949#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24
950#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69
951#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8
952#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5
953#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4
954#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15
955#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4
956#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4
957#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4
958msgid "Constellations"
959msgstr ""
960
961#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
962#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
963msgid "ID"
964msgstr ""
965
966#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
967#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
968msgid "<b>Arabic</b>"
969msgstr ""
970
971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
972#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
973msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>"
974msgstr ""
975
976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
977#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
978msgid "<b>Translation</b>"
979msgstr ""
980
981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
982#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
983msgid "<b>Comment</b>"
984msgstr ""
985
986#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
987#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
988msgid "<b>References</b>"
989msgstr ""
990
991#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
992#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39
993msgid "<b>Constellations</b>"
994msgstr ""
995
996#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
997#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
998msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain"
999msgstr ""
1000
1001#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1002#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1003msgid "The Two Guards"
1004msgstr ""
1005
1006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1007#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1008msgid ""
1009"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards"
1010" comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven"
1011" sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big "
1012"Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father "
1013"until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name"
1014" is The Two Guards."
1015msgstr ""
1016
1017#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1018#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1019msgid "al-Diḫīlain"
1020msgstr ""
1021
1022#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1023#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1024msgid "The Two Refugees"
1025msgstr ""
1026
1027#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1028#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1029msgid ""
1030"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes "
1031"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the "
1032"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection."
1033msgstr ""
1034
1035#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1036#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1037msgid "Āl Aba Bzay"
1038msgstr ""
1039
1040#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1041#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1042msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay"
1043msgstr ""
1044
1045#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1046#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1047msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi"
1048msgstr ""
1049
1050#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1051#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1052#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1053msgid "al-Naʿāyem"
1054msgstr ""
1055
1056#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1057#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1058msgid "Al-Nayem"
1059msgstr ""
1060
1061#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1062#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1063msgid ""
1064"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the "
1065"seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1066msgstr ""
1067
1068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1069#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1070msgid "al-Sibbaʿ"
1071msgstr ""
1072
1073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1074#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1075msgid "The Seven"
1076msgstr ""
1077
1078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1079#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1080msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1081msgstr ""
1082
1083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1084#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1085msgid "Banāt Naʿš"
1086msgstr ""
1087
1088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1089#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1090msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh"
1091msgstr ""
1092
1093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1094#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1095msgid ""
1096"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their "
1097"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)."
1098msgstr ""
1099
1100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1101#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1102msgid "al-Šdād"
1103msgstr ""
1104
1105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1106#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1107msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel"
1108msgstr ""
1109
1110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1111#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1112msgid ""
1113"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas "
1114"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia."
1115msgstr ""
1116
1117#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1118#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1119msgid "al-Miġzal"
1120msgstr ""
1121
1122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1123#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1124msgid "The Wool Spindle"
1125msgstr ""
1126
1127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1128#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1129msgid ""
1130"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ "
1131"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of "
1132"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia."
1133msgstr ""
1134
1135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1136#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1137msgid "al-Muqaddam"
1138msgstr ""
1139
1140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1141#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1142msgid "The Front"
1143msgstr ""
1144
1145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1146#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1147msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)"
1148msgstr ""
1149
1150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1151#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1152msgid "al-Muḫḫar"
1153msgstr ""
1154
1155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1156#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1157msgid "The Rear"
1158msgstr ""
1159
1160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1161#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1162msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)"
1163msgstr ""
1164
1165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1166#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1167msgid "al-Rša"
1168msgstr ""
1169
1170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1171#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1172msgid "The Bucket Rope"
1173msgstr ""
1174
1175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1176#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1177msgid ""
1178"The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)"
1179msgstr ""
1180
1181#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1182#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1183msgid "al-Šarṭain"
1184msgstr ""
1185
1186#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1187#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1188msgid "The Two Signs"
1189msgstr ""
1190
1191#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1192#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1193msgid ""
1194"The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)"
1195msgstr ""
1196
1197#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1198#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1199msgid "al-Bṭain"
1200msgstr ""
1201
1202#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1203#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1204msgid "The Little Abdomen"
1205msgstr ""
1206
1207#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1208#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1209msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)."
1210msgstr ""
1211
1212#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1213#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1214msgid "al-Thrayyā"
1215msgstr ""
1216
1217#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1218#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1219msgid "Al-Thurayya"
1220msgstr ""
1221
1222#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1223#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1224msgid ""
1225"al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)."
1226msgstr ""
1227
1228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1229#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1230msgid "al-Dhraʿ"
1231msgstr ""
1232
1233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1234#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1235msgid "The Arm"
1236msgstr ""
1237
1238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1239#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1240msgid ""
1241"The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)."
1242msgstr ""
1243
1244#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1245#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1246msgid "al-Klaibain"
1247msgstr ""
1248
1249#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1250#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1251msgid "The Two Little Dogs"
1252msgstr ""
1253
1254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1255#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1256msgid ""
1257"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used"
1258" for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common "
1259"in central Arabia."
1260msgstr ""
1261
1262#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1263#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1264msgid "al-Nathrah"
1265msgstr ""
1266
1267#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1268#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1269msgid "The Nostrils"
1270msgstr ""
1271
1272#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1273#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1274msgid ""
1275"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th "
1276"mansion of the Moon)."
1277msgstr ""
1278
1279#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1280#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1281msgid "al-Ṭarf"
1282msgstr ""
1283
1284#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1285#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1286msgid "The Eyes"
1287msgstr ""
1288
1289#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1290#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1291msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)."
1292msgstr ""
1293
1294#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1295#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1296msgid "al-Ǧabhah"
1297msgstr ""
1298
1299#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1300#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1301msgid "The Forehead"
1302msgstr ""
1303
1304#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1305#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1306msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)."
1307msgstr ""
1308
1309#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1310#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1311msgid "al-Zubrah"
1312msgstr ""
1313
1314#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1315#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1316msgid "The Mane"
1317msgstr ""
1318
1319#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1320#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1321msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)."
1322msgstr ""
1323
1324#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1325#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1326msgid "al-ʿAwwā"
1327msgstr ""
1328
1329#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1330#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1331msgid "The Bend"
1332msgstr ""
1333
1334#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1335#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1336msgid ""
1337"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs "
1338"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)."
1339msgstr ""
1340
1341#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1342#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1343msgid "al-Ġafr"
1344msgstr ""
1345
1346#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1347#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1348msgid "The Cover"
1349msgstr ""
1350
1351#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1352#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1353msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)"
1354msgstr ""
1355
1356#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1357#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1358msgid "al-Zubānā"
1359msgstr ""
1360
1361#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1362#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1363msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion"
1364msgstr ""
1365
1366#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1367#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1368msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)."
1369msgstr ""
1370
1371#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1372#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1373msgid "al-Iklīl"
1374msgstr ""
1375
1376#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1377#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1378msgid "The Diadem"
1379msgstr ""
1380
1381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1382#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1383msgid ""
1384"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the "
1385"Moon)."
1386msgstr ""
1387
1388#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1389#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1390#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
1391msgid "al-Šawlah"
1392msgstr ""
1393
1394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1395#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1396#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
1397msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion"
1398msgstr ""
1399
1400#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1401#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1402msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)."
1403msgstr ""
1404
1405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1406#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1407msgid "aal-ʿAqrab"
1408msgstr ""
1409
1410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1411#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1412msgid "The Scorpion"
1413msgstr ""
1414
1415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1416#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1417msgid "The scorpion image"
1418msgstr ""
1419
1420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1421#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1422msgid "al-Baldah"
1423msgstr ""
1424
1425#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1426#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1427msgid "The Empty Place"
1428msgstr ""
1429
1430#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1431#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1432msgid ""
1433"An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)."
1434msgstr ""
1435
1436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1437#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1438msgid "The Ostriches"
1439msgstr ""
1440
1441#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1442#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1443msgid ""
1444"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the "
1445"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches "
1446"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is "
1447"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion "
1448"of the Moon)."
1449msgstr ""
1450
1451#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1452#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1453msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ"
1454msgstr ""
1455
1456#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1457#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1458msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer"
1459msgstr ""
1460
1461#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1462#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1463msgid ""
1464"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion "
1465"of the Moon)."
1466msgstr ""
1467
1468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1469#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1470msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ"
1471msgstr ""
1472
1473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1474#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1475msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower"
1476msgstr ""
1477
1478#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1479#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1480msgid ""
1481"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of "
1482"the Moon)."
1483msgstr ""
1484
1485#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1486#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1487msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd"
1488msgstr ""
1489
1490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1491#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1492msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars"
1493msgstr ""
1494
1495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1496#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1497msgid ""
1498"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring "
1499"(22nd mansion of the Moon)."
1500msgstr ""
1501
1502#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1503#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1504msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah"
1505msgstr ""
1506
1507#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1508#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1509msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents"
1510msgstr ""
1511
1512#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1513#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1514msgid ""
1515"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is "
1516"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)."
1517msgstr ""
1518
1519#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1520#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1521#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
1522msgid "al-Haqʿah"
1523msgstr ""
1524
1525#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1526#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1527#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
1528msgid "The Circular Mark"
1529msgstr ""
1530
1531#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1532#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1533msgid ""
1534"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) "
1535"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)."
1536msgstr ""
1537
1538#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1539#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1540msgid "al-Hanʿah"
1541msgstr ""
1542
1543#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1544#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1545msgid "Stoopness"
1546msgstr ""
1547
1548#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1549#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1550msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)"
1551msgstr ""
1552
1553#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1554#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1555msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā"
1556msgstr ""
1557
1558#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1559#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1560msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza"
1561msgstr ""
1562
1563#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1564#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1565msgid ""
1566"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of"
1567" Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the "
1568"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The "
1569"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
1570msgstr ""
1571
1572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1573#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1574msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā"
1575msgstr ""
1576
1577#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1578#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1579#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1580msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza"
1581msgstr ""
1582
1583#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1584#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1585#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1586msgid ""
1587"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem"
1588" region of Saudi Arabia."
1589msgstr ""
1590
1591#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1592#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1593msgid "al-Zibban"
1594msgstr ""
1595
1596#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1597#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1598msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā"
1599msgstr ""
1600
1601#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1602#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1603msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya"
1604msgstr ""
1605
1606#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1607#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1608msgid ""
1609"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is "
1610"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this "
1611"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern "
1612"Saudi Arabia."
1613msgstr ""
1614
1615#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1616#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1617msgid "al-Ǧawā"
1618msgstr ""
1619
1620#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1621#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1622msgid "Al-Jawza"
1623msgstr ""
1624
1625#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1626#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1627msgid ""
1628"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape "
1629"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral "
1630"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt."
1631msgstr ""
1632
1633#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1634#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79
1635msgid "<b>Planets</b>"
1636msgstr ""
1637
1638#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1639#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1640msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ"
1641msgstr ""
1642
1643#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1644#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1645msgid "Morning Star"
1646msgstr ""
1647
1648#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1649#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1650msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun."
1651msgstr ""
1652
1653#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1654#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1655msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā"
1656msgstr ""
1657
1658#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1659#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1660msgid "Evening Star"
1661msgstr ""
1662
1663#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1664#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1665msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun."
1666msgstr ""
1667
1668#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1669#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1670msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah"
1671msgstr ""
1672
1673#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1674#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1675msgid "The Sip, The Sipper"
1676msgstr ""
1677
1678#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1679#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1680msgid ""
1681"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The "
1682"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children "
1683"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it."
1684msgstr ""
1685
1686#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1687#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1688msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān"
1689msgstr ""
1690
1691#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1692#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1693msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan"
1694msgstr ""
1695
1696#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1697#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1698msgid ""
1699"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in "
1700"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for "
1701"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is "
1702"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises "
1703"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening "
1704"when Venus sets."
1705msgstr ""
1706
1707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1708#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84
1709msgid "<b>Stars</b>"
1710msgstr ""
1711
1712#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1713#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1714msgid "al-Ǧady"
1715msgstr ""
1716
1717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1718#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1719msgid "The Kid"
1720msgstr ""
1721
1722#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1723#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1724msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name."
1725msgstr ""
1726
1727#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1728#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1729msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1"
1730msgstr ""
1731
1732#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1733#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1734msgid "The Two Guards 1"
1735msgstr ""
1736
1737#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1738#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1739#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1740#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1741#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1742#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1743#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1744msgid "See CON100"
1745msgstr ""
1746
1747#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1748#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1749msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2"
1750msgstr ""
1751
1752#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1753#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1754msgid "The Two Guards 2"
1755msgstr ""
1756
1757#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1758#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1759msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1"
1760msgstr ""
1761
1762#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1763#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1764msgid "The Two Refugees 1"
1765msgstr ""
1766
1767#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1768#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1769msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2"
1770msgstr ""
1771
1772#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1773#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1774msgid "The Two Refugees 2"
1775msgstr ""
1776
1777#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1778#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1779msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1"
1780msgstr ""
1781
1782#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1783#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1784msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1"
1785msgstr ""
1786
1787#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1788#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1789msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2"
1790msgstr ""
1791
1792#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1793#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1794msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2"
1795msgstr ""
1796
1797#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1798#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1799msgid "al-Ḫilj 1"
1800msgstr ""
1801
1802#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1803#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1804msgid "Al-Khilj 1"
1805msgstr ""
1806
1807#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1808#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1809#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1810#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1811#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1812msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
1813msgstr ""
1814
1815#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1816#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1817msgid "al-Ḫilj 2"
1818msgstr ""
1819
1820#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1821#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1822msgid "Al-Khilj 2"
1823msgstr ""
1824
1825#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1826#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1827msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1"
1828msgstr ""
1829
1830#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1831#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1832msgid "The first Khilj 1"
1833msgstr ""
1834
1835#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1836#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1837msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2"
1838msgstr ""
1839
1840#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1841#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1842msgid "The first Khilj 2"
1843msgstr ""
1844
1845#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1846#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1847msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1"
1848msgstr ""
1849
1850#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1851#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1852msgid "The Latter Khilj 1"
1853msgstr ""
1854
1855#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1856#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1857#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1858#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1859#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1860msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
1861msgstr ""
1862
1863#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1864#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1865msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2"
1866msgstr ""
1867
1868#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1869#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1870msgid "The Latter Khilj 2"
1871msgstr ""
1872
1873#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1874#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1875msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1"
1876msgstr ""
1877
1878#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1879#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1880msgid "The fourth ones 1"
1881msgstr ""
1882
1883#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1884#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1885msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2"
1886msgstr ""
1887
1888#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1889#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1890msgid "The fourth ones 2"
1891msgstr ""
1892
1893#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1894#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1895msgid "al-Ḫamis"
1896msgstr ""
1897
1898#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1899#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1900msgid "The Fifth"
1901msgstr ""
1902
1903#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1904#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1905msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1906msgstr ""
1907
1908#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1909#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1910msgid "al-Satt"
1911msgstr ""
1912
1913#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1914#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1915msgid "The Sixth"
1916msgstr ""
1917
1918#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1919#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1920msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1921msgstr ""
1922
1923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1924#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1925msgid "al-Swaibiʿ"
1926msgstr ""
1927
1928#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1929#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1930msgid "The Seventh"
1931msgstr ""
1932
1933#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1934#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1935msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1936msgstr ""
1937
1938#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1939#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
1940msgid "al-Reqīb"
1941msgstr ""
1942
1943#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1944#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
1945msgid "The Watcher"
1946msgstr ""
1947
1948#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1949#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
1950msgid ""
1951"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region."
1952msgstr ""
1953
1954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1955#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
1956msgid "al-Iḥaimir"
1957msgstr ""
1958
1959#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1960#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
1961msgid "The Reddish One"
1962msgstr ""
1963
1964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1965#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
1966msgid ""
1967"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers "
1968"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula."
1969msgstr ""
1970
1971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1972#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
1973msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf"
1974msgstr ""
1975
1976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1977#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
1978msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle"
1979msgstr ""
1980
1981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1982#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
1983msgid ""
1984"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms "
1985"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
1986msgstr ""
1987
1988#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1989#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
1990msgid "al-Mbarī"
1991msgstr ""
1992
1993#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1994#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
1995msgid "The Parallel One"
1996msgstr ""
1997
1998#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1999#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
2000msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
2001msgstr ""
2002
2003#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2004#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2005msgid "al-Ǧinīb"
2006msgstr ""
2007
2008#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2009#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2010msgid "The Sided One"
2011msgstr ""
2012
2013#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2014#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2015msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
2016msgstr ""
2017
2018#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2019#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2020msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ"
2021msgstr ""
2022
2023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2024#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2025msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle"
2026msgstr ""
2027
2028#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2029#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2030msgid ""
2031"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms "
2032"the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
2033msgstr ""
2034
2035#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2036#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2037msgid "aal-Kanūn"
2038msgstr ""
2039
2040#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2041#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2042msgid "Al-Kanoon"
2043msgstr ""
2044
2045#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2046#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2047msgid ""
2048"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī."
2049msgstr ""
2050
2051#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2052#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2053msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2"
2054msgstr ""
2055
2056#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2057#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2058msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2"
2059msgstr ""
2060
2061#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2062#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2063#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2064msgid "See CON2504"
2065msgstr ""
2066
2067#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2068#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2069msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1"
2070msgstr ""
2071
2072#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2073#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2074msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1"
2075msgstr ""
2076
2077#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2078#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2079msgid "al-Mqaddam 2"
2080msgstr ""
2081
2082#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2083#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2084msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2"
2085msgstr ""
2086
2087#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2088#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2089#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2090msgid "See CON2502"
2091msgstr ""
2092
2093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2094#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2095msgid "al-Mqaddam 1"
2096msgstr ""
2097
2098#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2099#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2100msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1"
2101msgstr ""
2102
2103#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2104#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2105msgid "al-Twaibiʿ"
2106msgstr ""
2107
2108#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2109#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2110msgid "The Follower"
2111msgstr ""
2112
2113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2114#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2115#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2116msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)"
2117msgstr ""
2118
2119#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2120#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2121msgid "al-Twailī"
2122msgstr ""
2123
2124#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2125#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2126msgid "The Latter"
2127msgstr ""
2128
2129#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2130#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2131msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ"
2132msgstr ""
2133
2134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2135#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2136msgid "Al-Mjaidih"
2137msgstr ""
2138
2139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2140#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2141msgid ""
2142"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef "
2143"region, western Saudi Arabia."
2144msgstr ""
2145
2146#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2147#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2148msgid "al-Aẓfār 1"
2149msgstr ""
2150
2151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2152#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2153msgid "The Claws 1"
2154msgstr ""
2155
2156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2157#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2158#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2159#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2160#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2161#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2162#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2163msgid ""
2164"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of "
2165"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia."
2166msgstr ""
2167
2168#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2169#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2170msgid "al-Aẓfār 2"
2171msgstr ""
2172
2173#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2174#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2175msgid "The Claws 2"
2176msgstr ""
2177
2178#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2179#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2180msgid "al-Aẓfār 3"
2181msgstr ""
2182
2183#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2184#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2185msgid "The Claws 3"
2186msgstr ""
2187
2188#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2189#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2190msgid "al-Aẓfār 4"
2191msgstr ""
2192
2193#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2194#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2195msgid "The Claws 4"
2196msgstr ""
2197
2198#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2199#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2200msgid "al-Aẓfār 5"
2201msgstr ""
2202
2203#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2204#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2205msgid "The Claws 5"
2206msgstr ""
2207
2208#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2209#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2210msgid "al-Aẓfār 6"
2211msgstr ""
2212
2213#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2214#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2215msgid "The Claws 6"
2216msgstr ""
2217
2218#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2219#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2220msgid "al-Ṣarfah"
2221msgstr ""
2222
2223#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2224#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2225msgid "Star Of Weather Change"
2226msgstr ""
2227
2228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2229#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2230msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)"
2231msgstr ""
2232
2233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2234#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2235msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal"
2236msgstr ""
2237
2238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2239#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2240msgid "The High Unarmed One"
2241msgstr ""
2242
2243#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2244#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2245msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)"
2246msgstr ""
2247
2248#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2249#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2250msgid "al-Qalb"
2251msgstr ""
2252
2253#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2254#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2255msgid "The Heart"
2256msgstr ""
2257
2258#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2259#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2260msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)"
2261msgstr ""
2262
2263#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2264#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
2265msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)"
2266msgstr ""
2267
2268#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2269#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
2270msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)"
2271msgstr ""
2272
2273#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2274#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2275msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2276msgstr ""
2277
2278#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2279#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2280msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
2281msgstr ""
2282
2283#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2284#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2285msgid ""
2286"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2287" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2288"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2289msgstr ""
2290
2291#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2292#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2293msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2294msgstr ""
2295
2296#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2297#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2298msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
2299msgstr ""
2300
2301#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2302#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2303msgid ""
2304"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" "
2305"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd "
2306"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical "
2307"edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
2308"2012, pg. 292.\"."
2309msgstr ""
2310
2311#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2312#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2313msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza"
2314msgstr ""
2315
2316#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2317#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2318msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza"
2319msgstr ""
2320
2321#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2322#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2323msgid ""
2324"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2325" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2326"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2327msgstr ""
2328
2329#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2330#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2331msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2332msgstr ""
2333
2334#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2335#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2336msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
2337msgstr ""
2338
2339#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2340#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2341msgid ""
2342"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2343" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2344"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2345msgstr ""
2346
2347#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2348#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2349msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2350msgstr ""
2351
2352#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2353#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2354msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
2355msgstr ""
2356
2357#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2358#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2359msgid ""
2360"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern "
2361"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1"
2362msgstr ""
2363
2364#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2365#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2366msgid "al-Mirzam"
2367msgstr ""
2368
2369#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2370#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2371msgid "Al-Mirzam"
2372msgstr ""
2373
2374#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2375#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2376msgid ""
2377"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar "
2378"mansion."
2379msgstr ""
2380
2381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2382#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2383msgid "al-Šiʿla"
2384msgstr ""
2385
2386#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2387#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2388msgid "Al-Shi'la"
2389msgstr ""
2390
2391#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2392#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2393msgid ""
2394"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian "
2395"Peninsula."
2396msgstr ""
2397
2398#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2399#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2400msgid "Shail"
2401msgstr ""
2402
2403#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2404#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2405msgid "Suhayl"
2406msgstr ""
2407
2408#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2409#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2410msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin."
2411msgstr ""
2412
2413#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2414#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2415msgid "Miḥlif"
2416msgstr ""
2417
2418#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2419#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2420msgid "The Oath Star"
2421msgstr ""
2422
2423#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2424#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2425msgid ""
2426"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with "
2427"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that"
2428" it is or is not Suhayl."
2429msgstr ""
2430
2431#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2432#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2433msgid "Aba al-sihil"
2434msgstr ""
2435
2436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2437#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2438msgid "Aba Alsihil"
2439msgstr ""
2440
2441#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2442#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2443#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2444#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2445msgid "Another name of α Eri."
2446msgstr ""
2447
2448#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2449#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2450msgid "al-Mishil"
2451msgstr ""
2452
2453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2454#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2455msgid "Al-Miss.hil"
2456msgstr ""
2457
2458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2459#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2460msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)"
2461msgstr ""
2462
2463#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2464#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2465msgid "As-S.hali"
2466msgstr ""
2467
2468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2469#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2470msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1"
2471msgstr ""
2472
2473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2474#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2475msgid "al-Naayem 1"
2476msgstr ""
2477
2478#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2479#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2480#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2481msgid ""
2482"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the "
2483"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and "
2484"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper "
2485"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the "
2486"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion."
2487msgstr ""
2488
2489#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2490#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2491msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2"
2492msgstr ""
2493
2494#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2495#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2496msgid "al-Naayem 2"
2497msgstr ""
2498
2499#. type: Content of: <h3>
2500#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145
2501#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71
2502#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539
2503#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42
2504#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220
2505#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980
2506#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57
2507#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505
2508#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31
2509#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377
2510#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73
2511#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259
2512#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57
2513#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48
2514#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59
2515#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78
2516msgid "Authors"
2517msgstr ""
2518
2519#. type: Content of: <p>
2520#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147
2521msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com."
2522msgstr ""
2523
2524#. type: Content of: <h2>
2525#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149
2526#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34
2527#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74
2528msgid "License"
2529msgstr ""
2530
2531#. type: Content of: <p>
2532#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150
2533#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75
2534msgid ""
2535"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2536msgstr ""
2537
2538#. type: Content of: <p>
2539#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152
2540msgid ""
2541"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich "
2542"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47."
2543msgstr ""
2544
2545#. type: Content of: <p><p>
2546#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153
2547msgid ""
2548"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de "
2549"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1."
2550msgstr ""
2551
2552#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
2553#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154
2554msgid ""
2555"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation "
2556"of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
2557msgstr ""
2558
2559#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
2560#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155
2561msgid ""
2562"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, "
2563"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
2564msgstr ""
2565
2566#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
2567#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156
2568msgid ""
2569"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ "
2570"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition "
2571"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. "
2572"292."
2573msgstr ""
2574
2575#. type: Content of: <h1>
2576#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1
2577msgid "Arabic"
2578msgstr ""
2579
2580#. type: Content of: <p>
2581#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3
2582msgid ""
2583"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient"
2584" Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy "
2585"influence in the ninth century."
2586msgstr ""
2587
2588#. type: Content of: <p>
2589#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5
2590msgid ""
2591"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in "
2592"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of "
2593"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star "
2594"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. "
2595"The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th century) listed "
2596"twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and "
2597"tenth century<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely"
2598" preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many "
2599"of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the "
2600"indigenous Arab star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ "
2601"964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the "
2602"indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek "
2603"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>."
2604msgstr ""
2605
2606#. type: Content of: <h4>
2607#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6
2608msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture"
2609msgstr ""
2610
2611#. type: Content of: <p>
2612#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7
2613msgid ""
2614"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge "
2615"of ancient Arabs from the following books:"
2616msgstr ""
2617
2618#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2619#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9
2620msgid ""
2621"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), "
2622"Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, "
2623"Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)"
2624msgstr ""
2625
2626#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2627#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11
2628msgid ""
2629"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah "
2630"wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in "
2631"2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2632msgstr ""
2633
2634#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2635#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13
2636msgid ""
2637"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-"
2638"azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996,"
2639" Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2640msgstr ""
2641
2642#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2643#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15
2644msgid ""
2645"<a "
2646"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2647" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by "
2648"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>"
2649msgstr ""
2650
2651#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2652#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17
2653msgid ""
2654"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-"
2655"ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic "
2656"print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)."
2657msgstr ""
2658
2659#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2660#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19
2661msgid ""
2662"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, "
2663"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923."
2664msgstr ""
2665
2666#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2667#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21
2668msgid ""
2669"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-"
2670"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925."
2671msgstr ""
2672
2673#. type: Content of: <p>
2674#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25
2675msgid ""
2676"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the "
2677"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars.  Single stars were named "
2678"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, "
2679"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a "
2680"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat).  If"
2681" two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given "
2682"a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves.  "
2683"Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are "
2684"adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and"
2685" their youngsters, The horses and the foals.  Particular shapes of stars "
2686"were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper "
2687"name of a woman for Orion stars.  Other asterisms are given names according "
2688"to legends and stories."
2689msgstr ""
2690
2691#. type: Content of: <p>
2692#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33
2693msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
2694msgstr ""
2695
2696#. type: Content of: <p>
2697#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35
2698msgid ""
2699"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2700" The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules."
2701msgstr ""
2702
2703#. type: Content of: <p>
2704#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36
2705msgid ""
2706"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’a"
2707" (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic print of the original book in 1956"
2708" in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد."
2709msgstr ""
2710
2711#. type: Content of: <p>
2712#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37
2713msgid ""
2714"[2]: <a "
2715"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2716" of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital "
2717"edition</a>"
2718msgstr ""
2719
2720#. type: Content of: <h1>
2721#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1
2722msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations"
2723msgstr ""
2724
2725#. type: Content of: <p>
2726#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3
2727msgid ""
2728"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient "
2729"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip "
2730"around the sky."
2731msgstr ""
2732
2733#. type: Content of: <h4>
2734#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5
2735msgid "Historical Overview"
2736msgstr ""
2737
2738#. type: Content of: <p>
2739#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6
2740msgid ""
2741"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or"
2742" stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots "
2743"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its "
2744"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar "
2745"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority "
2746"of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. "
2747"However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, "
2748"prior to the 7th century of the common era."
2749msgstr ""
2750
2751#. type: Content of: <p>
2752#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9
2753msgid ""
2754"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to "
2755"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days "
2756"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are "
2757"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is "
2758"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning "
2759"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning"
2760" of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, "
2761"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting"
2762" and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a "
2763"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict "
2764"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The "
2765"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a "
2766"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a "
2767"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>."
2768msgstr ""
2769
2770#. type: Content of: <p>
2771#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11
2772msgid ""
2773"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of "
2774"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological "
2775"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of "
2776"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 "
2777"- d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was "
2778"printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
2779msgstr ""
2780
2781#. type: Content of: <p>
2782#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14
2783msgid ""
2784"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of "
2785"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of "
2786"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been "
2787"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 "
2788"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions"
2789" was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his "
2790"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to Muḥammad "
2791"al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a "
2792"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by "
2793"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for farmers</em>"
2794" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>."
2795msgstr ""
2796
2797#. type: Content of: <h4>
2798#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16
2799msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations"
2800msgstr ""
2801
2802#. type: Content of: <p>
2803#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18
2804msgid ""
2805"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are "
2806"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes "
2807"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an "
2808"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days"
2809" period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em>"
2810" (Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:"
2811msgstr ""
2812
2813#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
2814#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20
2815msgid ""
2816"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells"
2817" gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to "
2818"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to "
2819"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when "
2820"grapes start to get its color."
2821msgstr ""
2822
2823#. type: Content of: <h4>
2824#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23
2825msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations"
2826msgstr ""
2827
2828#. type: Content of: <p>
2829#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24
2830msgid ""
2831"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> "
2832"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an "
2833"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by "
2834"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs"
2835" to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations.  An example of al-Sufi "
2836"definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of "
2837"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a "
2838"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:"
2839msgstr ""
2840
2841#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
2842#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27
2843msgid ""
2844"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the "
2845"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] "
2846"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion."
2847msgstr ""
2848
2849#. type: Content of: <p>
2850#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29
2851msgid ""
2852"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it"
2853" is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names."
2854msgstr ""
2855
2856#. type: Content of: <h4>
2857#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31
2858msgid "The 28 lunar stations"
2859msgstr ""
2860
2861#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2862#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33
2863msgid ""
2864"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) "
2865"<em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β"
2866" Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)"
2867msgstr ""
2868
2869#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2870#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34
2871msgid ""
2872"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little ram]) "
2873"composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari"
2874msgstr ""
2875
2876#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2877#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35
2878msgid ""
2879"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star "
2880"cluster of the Pleiades"
2881msgstr ""
2882
2883#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2884#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36
2885msgid ""
2886"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) "
2887"composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)"
2888msgstr ""
2889
2890#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2891#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37
2892msgid ""
2893"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) composed of"
2894" the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and"
2895" φ<sup>2</sup> Ori"
2896msgstr ""
2897
2898#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2899#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38
2900msgid ""
2901"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed"
2902" of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem"
2903msgstr ""
2904
2905#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2906#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39
2907msgid ""
2908"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed "
2909"of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)"
2910msgstr ""
2911
2912#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2913#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40
2914msgid ""
2915"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) "
2916"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) "
2917"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)"
2918msgstr ""
2919
2920#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2921#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41
2922msgid ""
2923"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 "
2924"stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)"
2925msgstr ""
2926
2927#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2928#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42
2929msgid ""
2930"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4"
2931" stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo "
2932"(Regulus)"
2933msgstr ""
2934
2935#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2936#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43
2937msgid ""
2938"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2"
2939" stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)"
2940msgstr ""
2941
2942#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2943#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44
2944msgid ""
2945"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) composed "
2946"of one star: β Leo (Denebola)"
2947msgstr ""
2948
2949#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2950#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45
2951msgid ""
2952"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir "
2953"(Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)"
2954msgstr ""
2955
2956#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2957#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46
2958msgid ""
2959"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of the "
2960"star α Vir (Spica)"
2961msgstr ""
2962
2963#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2964#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47
2965msgid ""
2966"(Arabic: الغفر)  <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir "
2967"(Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir"
2968msgstr ""
2969
2970#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2971#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48
2972msgid ""
2973"(Arabic: الزبانى)  <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) composed "
2974"of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)"
2975msgstr ""
2976
2977#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2978#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49
2979msgid ""
2980"(Arabic: الإكليل)  <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The diadem) "
2981"composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π "
2982"Sco."
2983msgstr ""
2984
2985#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2986#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50
2987msgid ""
2988"(Arabic: القلب)  <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed of "
2989"the star α Sco (Antares)"
2990msgstr ""
2991
2992#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2993#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51
2994msgid ""
2995"(Arabic: الشولة)  <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) composed "
2996"of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)"
2997msgstr ""
2998
2999#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3000#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52
3001msgid ""
3002"(Arabic: النعائم)  <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ "
3003"Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr"
3004msgstr ""
3005
3006#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3007#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53
3008msgid ""
3009"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where there "
3010"are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)"
3011msgstr ""
3012
3013#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3014#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54
3015msgid ""
3016"(Arabic: سعد الذابح)  <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star of the "
3017"Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap "
3018"(Dabih), and ν Cap"
3019msgstr ""
3020
3021#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3022#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55
3023msgid ""
3024"(Arabic: سعد بلع)  <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the swallower) "
3025"composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)"
3026msgstr ""
3027
3028#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3029#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56
3030msgid ""
3031"(Arabic: سعد السعود)  <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of the lucky "
3032"stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap"
3033msgstr ""
3034
3035#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3036#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57
3037msgid ""
3038"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية)  <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky stars of the tent"
3039" dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> "
3040"Aqr and η Aqr"
3041msgstr ""
3042
3043#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3044#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58
3045msgid ""
3046"(Arabic: المقدم)  <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) composed of "
3047"the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)"
3048msgstr ""
3049
3050#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3051#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59
3052msgid ""
3053"(Arabic: المؤخر)  <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) composed of "
3054"the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)"
3055msgstr ""
3056
3057#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3058#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60
3059msgid ""
3060"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت)  <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or <em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope "
3061"of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two "
3062"arcs of stars making a figure of a fish"
3063msgstr ""
3064
3065#. type: Content of: <h5>
3066#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62
3067msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore"
3068msgstr ""
3069
3070#. type: Content of: <p>
3071#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64
3072msgid ""
3073"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that "
3074"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 "
3075"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of "
3076"these stars a lion figure can be constructed."
3077msgstr ""
3078
3079#. type: Content of: <p>
3080#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67
3081msgid ""
3082"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are "
3083"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some "
3084"stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a "
3085"woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced "
3086"from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as"
3087" well as Greek traces of constellations).  Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed "
3088"these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: <a "
3089"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-"
3090"vault\">Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed "
3091"discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: &quot;Le Ciel des"
3092" Arabes&quot; <sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>."
3093msgstr ""
3094
3095#. type: Content of: <p>
3096#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70
3097msgid ""
3098"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms "
3099"have been added."
3100msgstr ""
3101
3102#. type: Content of: <p>
3103#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73
3104msgid ""
3105"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M "
3106"Hoffmann."
3107msgstr ""
3108
3109#. type: Content of: <p>
3110#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78
3111msgid ""
3112"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton "
3113"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7."
3114msgstr ""
3115
3116#. type: Content of: <p>
3117#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79
3118msgid ""
3119"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3120" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, "
3121"Kunitzsch P. p 520"
3122msgstr ""
3123
3124#. type: Content of: <p>
3125#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80
3126msgid ""
3127"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic "
3128"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)"
3129msgstr ""
3130
3131#. type: Content of: <p>
3132#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81
3133msgid ""
3134"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3135" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429"
3136msgstr ""
3137
3138#. type: Content of: <p>
3139#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82
3140msgid ""
3141"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad "
3142"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie "
3143"orientale, 1899."
3144msgstr ""
3145
3146#. type: Content of: <p>
3147#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83
3148msgid ""
3149"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī "
3150"poem</a>"
3151msgstr ""
3152
3153#. type: Content of: <p>
3154#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84
3155msgid ""
3156"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala "
3157"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN "
3158"9960-49-971-5"
3159msgstr ""
3160
3161#. type: Content of: <p>
3162#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85
3163msgid ""
3164"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the "
3165"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"
3166msgstr ""
3167
3168#. type: Content of: <p>
3169#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86
3170msgid ""
3171"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture "
3172"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002"
3173msgstr ""
3174
3175#. type: Content of: <p>
3176#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87
3177msgid ""
3178"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with "
3179"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي "
3180"الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد"
3181" الله ."
3182msgstr ""
3183
3184#. type: Content of: <p>
3185#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88
3186msgid ""
3187"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation"
3188" into French)"
3189msgstr ""
3190
3191#. type: Content of: <p>
3192#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89
3193msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012"
3194msgstr ""
3195
3196#. type: Content of: <h3>
3197#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1
3198msgid "Aztec"
3199msgstr ""
3200
3201#. type: Content of: <p>
3202#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2
3203msgid ""
3204"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had "
3205"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both "
3206"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was "
3207"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental "
3208"America in the 16th century."
3209msgstr ""
3210
3211#. type: Content of: <p>
3212#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3
3213msgid ""
3214"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is "
3215"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient "
3216"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>."
3217" These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: "
3218"books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word"
3219" that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book."
3220msgstr ""
3221
3222#. type: Content of: <p>
3223#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4
3224msgid ""
3225"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed,"
3226" their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials "
3227"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no "
3228"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican "
3229"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some "
3230"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial "
3231"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new "
3232"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also "
3233"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and "
3234"Nahuatl."
3235msgstr ""
3236
3237#. type: Content of: <h5>
3238#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6
3239msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>"
3240msgstr ""
3241
3242#. type: Content of: <p>
3243#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7
3244msgid ""
3245"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really "
3246"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and "
3247"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the "
3248"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial "
3249"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun."
3250msgstr ""
3251
3252#. type: Content of: <p>
3253#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9
3254msgid ""
3255"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for "
3256"Stellarium."
3257msgstr ""
3258
3259#. type: Content of: <h4>
3260#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10
3261msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>"
3262msgstr ""
3263
3264#. type: Content of: <p>
3265#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11
3266msgid ""
3267"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it "
3268"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration "
3269"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named "
3270"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with"
3271" the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>."
3272msgstr ""
3273
3274#. type: Content of: <h4>
3275#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13
3276msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>"
3277msgstr ""
3278
3279#. type: Content of: <p>
3280#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14
3281msgid ""
3282"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas "
3283"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that "
3284"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a"
3285" circle with goods."
3286msgstr ""
3287
3288#. type: Content of: <p>
3289#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16
3290msgid ""
3291"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called "
3292"<em>Tianguis</em>."
3293msgstr ""
3294
3295#. type: Content of: <h4>
3296#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17
3297msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>"
3298msgstr ""
3299
3300#. type: Content of: <p>
3301#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18
3302msgid ""
3303"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means "
3304"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance"
3305" and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball "
3306"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon."
3307msgstr ""
3308
3309#. type: Content of: <h4>
3310#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19
3311msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>"
3312msgstr ""
3313
3314#. type: Content of: <p>
3315#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20
3316msgid ""
3317"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which "
3318"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is "
3319"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and "
3320"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god."
3321msgstr ""
3322
3323#. type: Content of: <p>
3324#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22
3325msgid ""
3326"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern "
3327"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For "
3328"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of "
3329"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>."
3330msgstr ""
3331
3332#. type: Content of: <p>
3333#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23
3334msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>"
3335msgstr ""
3336
3337#. type: Content of: <h4>
3338#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24
3339msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>"
3340msgstr ""
3341
3342#. type: Content of: <p>
3343#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25
3344msgid ""
3345"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of"
3346" stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc"
3347" also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, "
3348"which means face of a scorpion."
3349msgstr ""
3350
3351#. type: Content of: <h5>
3352#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27
3353msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>"
3354msgstr ""
3355
3356#. type: Content of: <p>
3357#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28
3358msgid ""
3359"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in"
3360" this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the "
3361"Celestial Dragon."
3362msgstr ""
3363
3364#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
3365#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29
3366#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237
3367msgid "Conclusion"
3368msgstr ""
3369
3370#. type: Content of: <p>
3371#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30
3372msgid ""
3373"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are"
3374" still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to "
3375"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to "
3376"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture."
3377msgstr ""
3378
3379#. type: Content of: <h3>
3380#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31
3381#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31
3382#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969
3383#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14
3384#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29
3385#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50
3386#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7
3387#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86
3388#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25
3389#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273
3390#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7
3391#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62
3392#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4
3393#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6
3394#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3
3395#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41
3396#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4
3397#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17
3398#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53
3399#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14
3400#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12
3401#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73
3402msgid "External links"
3403msgstr ""
3404
3405#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3406#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33
3407msgid ""
3408"<a "
3409"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego"
3410" Nuevo</a>"
3411msgstr ""
3412
3413#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3414#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34
3415msgid ""
3416"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones "
3417"Prehisp&#225;nicas</a>"
3418msgstr ""
3419
3420#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3421#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35
3422msgid ""
3423"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question"
3424" of the Zodiac in America</a>"
3425msgstr ""
3426
3427#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3428#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37
3429msgid ""
3430"<a "
3431"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec "
3432"Mythology</a>"
3433msgstr ""
3434
3435#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3436#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38
3437msgid ""
3438"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los c&#243;dices de "
3439"M&#233;xico</a>"
3440msgstr ""
3441
3442#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3443#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39
3444msgid ""
3445"<a "
3446"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los"
3447" c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico</a>"
3448msgstr ""
3449
3450#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3451#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41
3452msgid ""
3453"<a "
3454"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real"
3455" c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva "
3456"Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n</a>"
3457msgstr ""
3458
3459#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3460#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44
3461msgid ""
3462"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>"
3463msgstr ""
3464
3465#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3466#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45
3467msgid ""
3468"<a "
3469"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false\">Iconograf&#237;a"
3470" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>"
3471msgstr ""
3472
3473#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3474#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46
3475msgid ""
3476"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El "
3477"C&#243;dice Par&#237;s</a>"
3478msgstr ""
3479
3480#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3481#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47
3482msgid ""
3483"<a "
3484"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El"
3485" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>"
3486msgstr ""
3487
3488#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3489#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48
3490msgid ""
3491"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - "
3492"espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX</a>"
3493msgstr ""
3494
3495#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3496#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49
3497msgid ""
3498"<a "
3499"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>"
3500msgstr ""
3501
3502#. type: Content of: <h3>
3503#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51
3504#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527
3505#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467
3506msgid "Thanks to"
3507msgstr ""
3508
3509#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3510#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53
3511msgid "Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval"
3512msgstr ""
3513
3514#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3515#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54
3516msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera"
3517msgstr ""
3518
3519#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3520#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55
3521msgid "Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra"
3522msgstr ""
3523
3524#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3525#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56
3526msgid "Hector Vega"
3527msgstr ""
3528
3529#. type: Content of: <h5>
3530#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57
3531#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
3532msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano"
3533msgstr ""
3534
3535#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3536#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58
3537msgid "Juan Caballero"
3538msgstr ""
3539
3540#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3541#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59
3542msgid "SAAGS"
3543msgstr ""
3544
3545#. type: Content of: <p>
3546#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
3547msgid "<strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong>"
3548msgstr ""
3549
3550#. type: Content of: <p>
3551#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
3552msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>"
3553msgstr ""
3554
3555#. type: Content of: <h5>
3556#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
3557msgid "English translation by:"
3558msgstr ""
3559
3560#. type: Content of: <h1>
3561#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1
3562msgid "Babylonian &mdash; MUL.APIN"
3563msgstr ""
3564
3565#. type: Content of: <p>
3566#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2
3567msgid ""
3568"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek"
3569" one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the"
3570" 12th century BCE.  The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE "
3571"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the "
3572"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150."
3573msgstr ""
3574
3575#. type: Content of: <p>
3576#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7
3577msgid ""
3578"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper"
3579" (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>"
3580msgstr ""
3581
3582#. type: Content of: <p>
3583#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8
3584msgid ""
3585"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five"
3586" lists of different content.  On the first tablet, there is the so called "
3587"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed "
3588"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu "
3589"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path.  "
3590"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the"
3591" sundial and rules for omina."
3592msgstr ""
3593
3594#. type: Content of: <h2>
3595#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14
3596msgid "Zodiac"
3597msgstr ""
3598
3599#. type: Content of: <p>
3600#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15
3601msgid ""
3602"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source.  It is not "
3603"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to "
3604"Greek mathematical astronomy.  We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. "
3605"BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE)  with a zodiac "
3606"divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the"
3607" 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the"
3608" zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical "
3609"astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians.  Taking Eudoxus' "
3610"writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the "
3611"genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE.  In other fragments of "
3612"mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac "
3613"is not present.  Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of "
3614"invention - but to be honest, we don't know.  The common sense is that the "
3615"zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE."
3616msgstr ""
3617
3618#. type: Content of: <p>
3619#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25
3620msgid ""
3621"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of "
3622"the Moon.  There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path"
3623" of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes "
3624"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and"
3625" Steele, 2018, p. 143).  This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not "
3626"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are "
3627"not highlighted."
3628msgstr ""
3629
3630#. type: Content of: <h3>
3631#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31
3632#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20
3633msgid "Planets"
3634msgstr ""
3635
3636#. type: Content of: <p>
3637#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32
3638msgid ""
3639"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the "
3640"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'.  It is not a real star catalogue"
3641" because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given "
3642"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects "
3643"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we "
3644"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The "
3645"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have"
3646" a fixed position.  However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to "
3647"mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky.  They are usually "
3648"denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the "
3649"later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two "
3650"<em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one)."
3651msgstr ""
3652
3653#. type: Content of: <p>
3654#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38
3655msgid ""
3656"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in"
3657" the sky and not of the gods associated with them.  The list below shows "
3658"that almost every asterism was associated with a deity.  According to "
3659"Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one "
3660"on Earth as statue in the temple.  That means a celestial object `is' not "
3661"the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case "
3662"for the planets.  For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the "
3663"goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian "
3664"Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus.  This "
3665"goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and "
3666"even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros "
3667"(Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but "
3668"associated with the goddess.  Similar cases exist for most of the "
3669"constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN."
3670msgstr ""
3671
3672#. type: Content of: <p>
3673#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47
3674msgid ""
3675"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object "
3676"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated "
3677"deity."
3678msgstr ""
3679
3680#. type: Content of: <h2>
3681#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49
3682msgid "Star Catalogue"
3683msgstr ""
3684
3685#. type: Content of: <p>
3686#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50
3687msgid ""
3688"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by "
3689"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik "
3690"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) "
3691"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations "
3692"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche "
3693"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)."
3694msgstr ""
3695
3696#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3697#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57
3698#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273
3699#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407
3700#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21
3701#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209
3702#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347
3703msgid "constellation number"
3704msgstr ""
3705
3706#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3707#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58
3708#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274
3709#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408
3710msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)"
3711msgstr ""
3712
3713#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3714#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59
3715#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275
3716#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409
3717msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)"
3718msgstr ""
3719
3720#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3721#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60
3722#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276
3723#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410
3724#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24
3725#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212
3726#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350
3727msgid "position in the sky"
3728msgstr ""
3729
3730#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3731#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64
3732#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29
3733msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)"
3734msgstr ""
3735
3736#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3737#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65
3738msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
3739msgstr ""
3740
3741#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3742#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70
3743msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)"
3744msgstr ""
3745
3746#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3747#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71
3748msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
3749msgstr ""
3750
3751#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3752#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76
3753#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42
3754msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)"
3755msgstr ""
3756
3757#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3758#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77
3759msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enme&scaron;arra"
3760msgstr ""
3761
3762#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3763#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82
3764#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49
3765msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)"
3766msgstr ""
3767
3768#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3769#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83
3770msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)"
3771msgstr ""
3772
3773#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3774#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84
3775#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196
3776#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342
3777#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446
3778#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51
3779#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155
3780#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293
3781#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393
3782msgid "in"
3783msgstr ""
3784
3785#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3786#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88
3787#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55
3788msgid ""
3789"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)"
3790msgstr ""
3791
3792#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3793#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89
3794msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea"
3795msgstr ""
3796
3797#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3798#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94
3799#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63
3800msgid ""
3801"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little"
3802" Twins)"
3803msgstr ""
3804
3805#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3806#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95
3807msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammu&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga"
3808msgstr ""
3809
3810#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3811#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100
3812#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69
3813msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)"
3814msgstr ""
3815
3816#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3817#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101
3818msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
3819msgstr ""
3820
3821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3822#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106
3823#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75
3824msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)"
3825msgstr ""
3826
3827#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3828#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107
3829msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
3830msgstr ""
3831
3832#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3833#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112
3834msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
3835msgstr ""
3836
3837#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3838#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113
3839msgid "STAR (of the) King"
3840msgstr ""
3841
3842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3843#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114
3844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83
3845msgid "Regulus"
3846msgstr ""
3847
3848#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3849#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118
3850msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
3851msgstr ""
3852
3853#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3854#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119
3855msgid ""
3856"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, "
3857"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum"
3858msgstr ""
3859
3860#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3861#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124
3862msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)"
3863msgstr ""
3864
3865#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3866#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125
3867msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land"
3868msgstr ""
3869
3870#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3871#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130
3872msgid "STAR in front of it"
3873msgstr ""
3874
3875#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3876#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131
3877msgid ""
3878"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundant), vizier of "
3879"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
3880msgstr ""
3881
3882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3883#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132
3884#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330
3885#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101
3886#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279
3887msgid "or"
3888msgstr ""
3889
3890#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3891#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136
3892#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230
3893#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298
3894#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328
3895msgid "STAR behind it"
3896msgstr ""
3897
3898#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3899#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137
3900msgid ""
3901"<sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of "
3902"<sup>GOD</sup>Ti&scaron;pak"
3903msgstr ""
3904
3905#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3906#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142
3907msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)"
3908msgstr ""
3909
3910#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3911#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143
3912msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
3913msgstr ""
3914
3915#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3916#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147
3917msgid "15"
3918msgstr ""
3919
3920#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3921#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148
3922msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
3923msgstr ""
3924
3925#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3926#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149
3927msgid ""
3928"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the "
3929"strong of the gods"
3930msgstr ""
3931
3932#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3933#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150
3934msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)"
3935msgstr ""
3936
3937#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3938#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154
3939msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
3940msgstr ""
3941
3942#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3943#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155
3944msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya"
3945msgstr ""
3946
3947#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3948#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160
3949msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA(Hitched yoke?)"
3950msgstr ""
3951
3952#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3953#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161
3954msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> of heaven"
3955msgstr ""
3956
3957#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3958#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166
3959msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)"
3960msgstr ""
3961
3962#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3963#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167
3964msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna"
3965msgstr ""
3966
3967#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3968#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168
3969#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137
3970msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?"
3971msgstr ""
3972
3973#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3974#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172
3975msgid "STAR in its bond"
3976msgstr ""
3977
3978#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3979#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173
3980msgid ""
3981"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i>(Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple), "
3982"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
3983msgstr ""
3984
3985#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3986#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179
3987msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple"
3988msgstr ""
3989
3990#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3991#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183
3992msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple"
3993msgstr ""
3994
3995#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3996#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188
3997#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147
3998msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)"
3999msgstr ""
4000
4001#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4002#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189
4003msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula"
4004msgstr ""
4005
4006#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4007#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194
4008msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
4009msgstr ""
4010
4011#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4012#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195
4013msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)"
4014msgstr ""
4015
4016#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4017#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200
4018#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159
4019msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
4020msgstr ""
4021
4022#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4023#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201
4024msgid ""
4025"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-"
4026"la)"
4027msgstr ""
4028
4029#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4030#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206
4031#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450
4032msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it"
4033msgstr ""
4034
4035#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4036#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207
4037msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
4038msgstr ""
4039
4040#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4041#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212
4042msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A"
4043msgstr ""
4044
4045#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4046#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213
4047msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)"
4048msgstr ""
4049
4050#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4051#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218
4052msgid "STAR to the right of it"
4053msgstr ""
4054
4055#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4056#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219
4057msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu"
4058msgstr ""
4059
4060#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4061#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224
4062msgid "STAR to the left of it"
4063msgstr ""
4064
4065#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4066#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225
4067msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)"
4068msgstr ""
4069
4070#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4071#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231
4072msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)"
4073msgstr ""
4074
4075#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4076#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236
4077msgid ""
4078"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)"
4079msgstr ""
4080
4081#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4082#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237
4083msgid ""
4084"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse), "
4085"<sup>GOD</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Rainbow)"
4086msgstr ""
4087
4088#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4089#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242
4090msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>"
4091msgstr ""
4092
4093#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4094#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243
4095msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Deleter)"
4096msgstr ""
4097
4098#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4099#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248
4100msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:"
4101msgstr ""
4102
4103#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4104#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252
4105msgid "big STAR, its &quot;light&quot; is dim, it divides the sky and stands"
4106msgstr ""
4107
4108#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4109#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253
4110msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>N&#275;beru(Ford)"
4111msgstr ""
4112
4113#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4114#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254
4115msgid "Milky Way???"
4116msgstr ""
4117
4118#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4119#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258
4120msgid ""
4121"<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
4122msgstr ""
4123
4124#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4125#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259
4126msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]"
4127msgstr ""
4128
4129#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4130#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263
4131msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4132msgstr ""
4133
4134#. type: Content of: <p>
4135#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267
4136msgid ""
4137"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of "
4138"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer"
4139" which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The "
4140"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>"
4141msgstr ""
4142
4143#. type: Content of: <p>
4144#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268
4145msgid ""
4146"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 "
4147"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) "
4148"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the "
4149"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are "
4150"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all"
4151" versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them "
4152"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the "
4153"scientific community.</i>"
4154msgstr ""
4155
4156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4157#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280
4158#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217
4159msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)"
4160msgstr ""
4161
4162#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4163#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281
4164msgid ""
4165"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
4166"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4167msgstr ""
4168
4169#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4170#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286
4171msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
4172msgstr ""
4173
4174#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4175#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287
4176msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
4177msgstr ""
4178
4179#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4180#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292
4181msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
4182msgstr ""
4183
4184#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4185#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293
4186msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
4187msgstr ""
4188
4189#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4190#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299
4191msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz"
4192msgstr ""
4193
4194#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4195#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304
4196msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)"
4197msgstr ""
4198
4199#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4200#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305
4201msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods"
4202msgstr ""
4203
4204#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4205#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310
4206msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)"
4207msgstr ""
4208
4209#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4210#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311
4211msgid ""
4212"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of "
4213"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4214msgstr ""
4215
4216#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4217#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316
4218#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263
4219msgid ""
4220"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN "
4221"(<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)"
4222msgstr ""
4223
4224#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4225#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317
4226msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4227msgstr ""
4228
4229#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4230#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322
4231#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270
4232msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>"
4233msgstr ""
4234
4235#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4236#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323
4237msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
4238msgstr ""
4239
4240#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
4241#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324
4242#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
4243msgid "3"
4244msgstr ""
4245
4246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
4247#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324
4248#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
4249msgid "4"
4250msgstr ""
4251
4252#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4253#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329
4254msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
4255msgstr ""
4256
4257#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4258#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334
4259msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Arrow)"
4260msgstr ""
4261
4262#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4263#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335
4264msgid ""
4265"<i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) "
4266"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta"
4267msgstr ""
4268
4269#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4270#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336
4271#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286
4272msgid "Sirius +"
4273msgstr ""
4274
4275#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4276#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340
4277msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Bow)"
4278msgstr ""
4279
4280#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4281#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341
4282msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;tar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4283msgstr ""
4284
4285#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4286#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346
4287msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Snake-god)"
4288msgstr ""
4289
4290#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4291#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347
4292msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)"
4293msgstr ""
4294
4295#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4296#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352
4297msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Raven)"
4298msgstr ""
4299
4300#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4301#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353
4302msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4303msgstr ""
4304
4305#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4306#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358
4307msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Furrow)"
4308msgstr ""
4309
4310#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4311#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359
4312msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain"
4313msgstr ""
4314
4315#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4316#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364
4317#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319
4318msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)"
4319msgstr ""
4320
4321#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4322#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365
4323msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
4324msgstr ""
4325
4326#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4327#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366
4328#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321
4329msgid "circa Lib"
4330msgstr ""
4331
4332#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4333#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370
4334#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326
4335msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa"
4336msgstr ""
4337
4338#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4339#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371
4340msgid ""
4341"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Eagle) and "
4342"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)"
4343msgstr ""
4344
4345#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4346#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376
4347msgid ""
4348"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the "
4349"sky"
4350msgstr ""
4351
4352#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4353#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381
4354msgid ""
4355"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and "
4356"crosses the sky"
4357msgstr ""
4358
4359#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
4360#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382
4361#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
4362msgid "Mars"
4363msgstr ""
4364
4365#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4366#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386
4367msgid ""
4368"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>,"
4369" Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
4370msgstr ""
4371
4372#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4373#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387
4374msgid "Saturn"
4375msgstr ""
4376
4377#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4378#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391
4379msgid ""
4380"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>,"
4381" Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the"
4382" West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it "
4383"disappears"
4384msgstr ""
4385
4386#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4387#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393
4388msgid "Mercury"
4389msgstr ""
4390
4391#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4392#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397
4393msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum"
4394msgstr ""
4395
4396#. type: Content of: <p>
4397#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402
4398msgid ""
4399"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern "
4400"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to"
4401" this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure "
4402"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at "
4403"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is "
4404"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could "
4405"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation "
4406"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we "
4407"give \"Aql+\".</i>"
4408msgstr ""
4409
4410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4411#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414
4412#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355
4413msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)"
4414msgstr ""
4415
4416#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4417#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415
4418msgid ""
4419"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
4420"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4421msgstr ""
4422
4423#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4424#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420
4425msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR"
4426msgstr ""
4427
4428#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4429#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421
4430#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427
4431msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4432msgstr ""
4433
4434#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4435#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426
4436#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370
4437msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu"
4438msgstr ""
4439
4440#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4441#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432
4442#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444
4443msgid "STAR to its right"
4444msgstr ""
4445
4446#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4447#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433
4448msgid "STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
4449msgstr ""
4450
4451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4452#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438
4453#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384
4454msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i>"
4455msgstr ""
4456
4457#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4458#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439
4459msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu"
4460msgstr ""
4461
4462#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4463#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445
4464msgid ""
4465"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), weapon of "
4466"<sup>GOD</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is "
4467"visible"
4468msgstr ""
4469
4470#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4471#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451
4472msgid ""
4473"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, "
4474"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4475msgstr ""
4476
4477#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4478#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456
4479msgid ""
4480"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea"
4481msgstr ""
4482
4483#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4484#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457
4485msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4486msgstr ""
4487
4488#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4489#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462
4490msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
4491msgstr ""
4492
4493#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4494#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463
4495msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu"
4496msgstr ""
4497
4498#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4499#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468
4500#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416
4501msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
4502msgstr ""
4503
4504#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4505#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469
4506msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, lady of the inhabited world"
4507msgstr ""
4508
4509#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>
4510#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
4511#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
4512msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI"
4513msgstr ""
4514
4515#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4516#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
4517msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)"
4518msgstr ""
4519
4520#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4521#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475
4522msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nab&ucirc;"
4523msgstr ""
4524
4525#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
4526#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476
4527#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424
4528#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61
4529msgid "Antares"
4530msgstr ""
4531
4532#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4533#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480
4534msgid ""
4535"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
4536"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
4537msgstr ""
4538
4539#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4540#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481
4541msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
4542msgstr ""
4543
4544#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4545#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486
4546msgid "STAR behind them"
4547msgstr ""
4548
4549#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4550#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487
4551msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
4552msgstr ""
4553
4554#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4555#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492
4556msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt;"
4557msgstr ""
4558
4559#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4560#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493
4561msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Goat-fish)"
4562msgstr ""
4563
4564#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4565#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498
4566msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4567msgstr ""
4568
4569#. type: Content of: <h3>
4570#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503
4571#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12
4572msgid "Source(s)"
4573msgstr ""
4574
4575#. type: Content of: <p>
4576#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504
4577msgid ""
4578"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some "
4579"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research.  In some cases they "
4580"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other "
4581"scholars since 1950 or earlier.  Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) "
4582"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's "
4583"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek "
4584"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were "
4585"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten "
4586"together with other, mainly German, planetariums.  A first scientific "
4587"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared "
4588"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius "
4589"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017.  Further publications are in preparation (e.g. "
4590"together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre "
4591"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below."
4592msgstr ""
4593
4594#. type: Content of: <h2>
4595#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513
4596msgid "Sources / Further Reading"
4597msgstr ""
4598
4599#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4600#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515
4601msgid ""
4602"British Museum <a "
4603"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image "
4604"Tablet No 152339001</a>"
4605msgstr ""
4606
4607#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li>
4608#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
4609#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
4610#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
4611#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
4612#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
4613#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
4614msgid "fr"
4615msgstr ""
4616
4617#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4618#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
4619msgid ""
4620"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium "
4621"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018."
4622msgstr ""
4623
4624#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4625#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517
4626msgid ""
4627"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a "
4628"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
4629"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017."
4630msgstr ""
4631
4632#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4633#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518
4634msgid ""
4635"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of "
4636"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
4637"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
4638"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
4639"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
4640"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
4641"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017."
4642msgstr ""
4643
4644#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4645#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519
4646msgid ""
4647"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the "
4648"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre "
4649"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)."
4650msgstr ""
4651
4652#. type: Content of: <p>
4653#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523
4654msgid ""
4655"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars."
4656"  We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to"
4657" be cited according to the common rules.  This sky culture is provided under"
4658" CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it "
4659"without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
4660msgstr ""
4661
4662#. type: Content of: <p>
4663#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528
4664msgid ""
4665"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the "
4666"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.  As an "
4667"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very"
4668" enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes."
4669msgstr ""
4670
4671#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4672#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531
4673msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)"
4674msgstr ""
4675
4676#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4677#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532
4678msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)"
4679msgstr ""
4680
4681#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4682#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533
4683#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470
4684msgid ""
4685"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of "
4686"German-speaking Planetariums)"
4687msgstr ""
4688
4689#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4690#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534
4691msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)"
4692msgstr ""
4693
4694#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4695#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535
4696#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471
4697msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)"
4698msgstr ""
4699
4700#. type: Content of: <p>
4701#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540
4702msgid ""
4703"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to"
4704" Stellarium:"
4705msgstr ""
4706
4707#. type: Content of: <p>
4708#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541
4709msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
4710msgstr ""
4711
4712#. type: Content of: <p>
4713#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542
4714msgid ""
4715"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and "
4716"Susanne M Hoffmann)"
4717msgstr ""
4718
4719#. type: Content of: <h5>
4720#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
4721#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
4722#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
4723msgid "written in English:"
4724msgstr ""
4725
4726#. type: Content of: <h5>
4727#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
4728msgid "SMH"
4729msgstr ""
4730
4731#. type: Content of: <h1>
4732#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1
4733msgid "Babylonian &mdash; Seleucid"
4734msgstr ""
4735
4736#. type: Content of: <p>
4737#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2
4738msgid ""
4739"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of "
4740"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN"
4741" (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have "
4742"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there "
4743"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch."
4744msgstr ""
4745
4746#. type: Content of: <p>
4747#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3
4748msgid ""
4749"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed "
4750"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to "
4751"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with "
4752"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since "
4753"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there "
4754"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in "
4755"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, "
4756"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions"
4757" of the constellations around the ecliptic."
4758msgstr ""
4759
4760#. type: Content of: <p>
4761#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6
4762msgid ""
4763"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the "
4764"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of "
4765"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture "
4766"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression "
4767"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture."
4768msgstr ""
4769
4770#. type: Content of: <h3>
4771#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8
4772msgid "Single Stars"
4773msgstr ""
4774
4775#. type: Content of: <p>
4776#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10
4777msgid ""
4778"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars "
4779"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky"
4780" culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i>"
4781" lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "
4782"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = "
4783"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the "
4784"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error"
4785" concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes "
4786"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can"
4787" be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)."
4788msgstr ""
4789
4790#. type: Content of: <p>
4791#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13
4792msgid ""
4793"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the "
4794"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 "
4795"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by "
4796"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and "
4797"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for "
4798"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his "
4799"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late"
4800" Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium."
4801msgstr ""
4802
4803#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
4804#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16
4805msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked"
4806msgstr ""
4807
4808#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4809#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22
4810#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210
4811#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348
4812msgid "asterism"
4813msgstr ""
4814
4815#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4816#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23
4817#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211
4818#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349
4819msgid "our commentary"
4820msgstr ""
4821
4822#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4823#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35
4824msgid ""
4825"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
4826msgstr ""
4827
4828#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4829#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36
4830msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough."
4831msgstr ""
4832
4833#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4834#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64
4835msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)"
4836msgstr ""
4837
4838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4839#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81
4840msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King"
4841msgstr ""
4842
4843#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87
4845msgid ""
4846"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: "
4847"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua"
4848msgstr ""
4849
4850#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4851#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93
4852msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4853msgstr ""
4854
4855#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4856#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99
4857msgid ""
4858"STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)"
4859msgstr ""
4860
4861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4862#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105
4863msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)"
4864msgstr ""
4865
4866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4867#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111
4868msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)"
4869msgstr ""
4870
4871#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4872#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117
4873msgid ""
4874"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
4875"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)"
4876msgstr ""
4877
4878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4879#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119
4880msgid "Alcor"
4881msgstr ""
4882
4883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4884#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123
4885msgid ""
4886"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
4887"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)"
4888msgstr ""
4889
4890#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4891#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129
4892msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)"
4893msgstr ""
4894
4895#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4896#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135
4897msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)"
4898msgstr ""
4899
4900#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4901#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141
4902msgid ""
4903"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the "
4904"Ema&#7723;-temple)"
4905msgstr ""
4906
4907#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4908#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153
4909msgid ""
4910"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: "
4911"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]"
4912msgstr ""
4913
4914#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4915#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165
4916msgid ""
4917"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and "
4918"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
4919msgstr ""
4920
4921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4922#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171
4923msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)"
4924msgstr ""
4925
4926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4927#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172
4928msgid ""
4929"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this "
4930"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "
4931"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems "
4932"to have been replaced."
4933msgstr ""
4934
4935#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4936#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177
4937msgid ""
4938"STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)"
4939msgstr ""
4940
4941#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4942#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183
4943msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)"
4944msgstr ""
4945
4946#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4947#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189
4948msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)"
4949msgstr ""
4950
4951#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4952#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190
4953msgid ""
4954"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther "
4955"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in"
4956" this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field"
4957" Mouse\"."
4958msgstr ""
4959
4960#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4961#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195
4962msgid ""
4963"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): "
4964"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)"
4965msgstr ""
4966
4967#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4968#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201
4969msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished."
4970msgstr ""
4971
4972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4973#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223
4974msgid ""
4975"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
4976"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
4977msgstr ""
4978
4979#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4980#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224
4981msgid ""
4982"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier "
4983"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards"
4984msgstr ""
4985
4986#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4987#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229
4988msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)"
4989msgstr ""
4990
4991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4992#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230
4993msgid ""
4994"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was"
4995" shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained "
4996"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but "
4997"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band "
4998"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of "
4999"Anunitu."
5000msgstr ""
5001
5002#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5003#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236
5004msgid ""
5005"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
5006"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
5007msgstr ""
5008
5009#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5010#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237
5011msgid ""
5012"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is"
5013" another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was "
5014"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish."
5015msgstr ""
5016
5017#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5018#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242
5019msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)"
5020msgstr ""
5021
5022#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5023#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243
5024msgid ""
5025"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the "
5026"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU "
5027"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely "
5028"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not "
5029"supposed to really look like a sheep."
5030msgstr ""
5031
5032#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5033#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249
5034msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu"
5035msgstr ""
5036
5037#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5038#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250
5039msgid ""
5040"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists "
5041"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. "
5042"Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the neck of the "
5043"Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one."
5044msgstr ""
5045
5046#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5047#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256
5048msgid ""
5049"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and "
5050"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)"
5051msgstr ""
5052
5053#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5054#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257
5055msgid ""
5056"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. "
5057"Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction"
5058" in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades."
5059msgstr ""
5060
5061#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5062#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258
5063msgid "and Hyades"
5064msgstr ""
5065
5066#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5067#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277
5068msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
5069msgstr ""
5070
5071#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5072#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278
5073msgid ""
5074"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make "
5075"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very "
5076"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro "
5077"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures "
5078"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for "
5079"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, "
5080"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a "
5081"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius."
5082msgstr ""
5083
5084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5085#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284
5086msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)"
5087msgstr ""
5088
5089#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5090#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285
5091msgid ""
5092"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, "
5093"there are multiple options."
5094msgstr ""
5095
5096#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5097#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291
5098msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)"
5099msgstr ""
5100
5101#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5102#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292
5103msgid ""
5104"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing "
5105"options)."
5106msgstr ""
5107
5108#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5109#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298
5110msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)"
5111msgstr ""
5112
5113#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5114#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305
5115msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)"
5116msgstr ""
5117
5118#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5119#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312
5120msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain"
5121msgstr ""
5122
5123#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5124#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313
5125msgid ""
5126"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess "
5127"&Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for "
5128"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)."
5129msgstr ""
5130
5131#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5132#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320
5133msgid ""
5134"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion "
5135"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in"
5136" early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier "
5137"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not "
5138"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the "
5139"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) "
5140"does not need so much space."
5141msgstr ""
5142
5143#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5144#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327
5145msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus."
5146msgstr ""
5147
5148#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5149#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332
5150msgid ""
5151"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> "
5152"(Corpse)"
5153msgstr ""
5154
5155#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5156#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333
5157msgid ""
5158"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest "
5159"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the "
5160"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated "
5161"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries"
5162" preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do "
5163"not distinguish eagles and vultures."
5164msgstr ""
5165
5166#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5167#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339
5168msgid "Path of Anum completed."
5169msgstr ""
5170
5171#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5172#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356
5173msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\""
5174msgstr ""
5175
5176#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5177#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363
5178msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
5179msgstr ""
5180
5181#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5182#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364
5183msgid ""
5184"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of "
5185"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image "
5186"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the "
5187"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or \"Water-"
5188"Carrier\"."
5189msgstr ""
5190
5191#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5192#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377
5193msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
5194msgstr ""
5195
5196#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5197#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378
5198msgid ""
5199"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where "
5200"this asterism is to be located."
5201msgstr ""
5202
5203#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5204#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385
5205msgid "still unclear"
5206msgstr ""
5207
5208#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5209#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391
5210msgid ""
5211"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in "
5212"the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible"
5213msgstr ""
5214
5215#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5216#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392
5217msgid ""
5218"still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the "
5219"Milky Way."
5220msgstr ""
5221
5222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5223#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397
5224msgid ""
5225"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and "
5226"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;"
5227msgstr ""
5228
5229#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5230#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398
5231msgid "no hints, no clue"
5232msgstr ""
5233
5234#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5235#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403
5236msgid ""
5237"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: "
5238"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da"
5239msgstr ""
5240
5241#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5242#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404
5243msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)"
5244msgstr ""
5245
5246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5247#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410
5248msgid ""
5249"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): "
5250"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>"
5251msgstr ""
5252
5253#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5254#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
5255msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin"
5256msgstr ""
5257
5258#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5259#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423
5260msgid "single star name"
5261msgstr ""
5262
5263#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5264#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428
5265msgid ""
5266"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
5267"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and "
5268"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
5269msgstr ""
5270
5271#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5272#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429
5273msgid ""
5274"Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and "
5275"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016."
5276msgstr ""
5277
5278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5279#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434
5280msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
5281msgstr ""
5282
5283#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5284#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435
5285msgid ""
5286"The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily "
5287"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)."
5288msgstr ""
5289
5290#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5291#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440
5292msgid ""
5293"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) "
5294"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish)"
5295msgstr ""
5296
5297#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5298#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441
5299msgid ""
5300"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms "
5301"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs "
5302"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). "
5303"Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the"
5304" west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains "
5305"Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a "
5306"ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be "
5307"identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)."
5308msgstr ""
5309
5310#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5311#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447
5312msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed."
5313msgstr ""
5314
5315#. type: Content of: <h2>
5316#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452
5317#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45
5318msgid "Further Reading"
5319msgstr ""
5320
5321#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5322#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
5323msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig."
5324msgstr ""
5325
5326#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5327#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
5328msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40."
5329msgstr ""
5330
5331#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5332#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
5333msgid ""
5334"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, "
5335"Brill, Leiden."
5336msgstr ""
5337
5338#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5339#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
5340msgid ""
5341"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical "
5342"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York."
5343msgstr ""
5344
5345#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5346#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458
5347msgid ""
5348"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a "
5349"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
5350"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York."
5351msgstr ""
5352
5353#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5354#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459
5355msgid ""
5356"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization "
5357"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
5358"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
5359"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
5360"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
5361"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
5362"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg."
5363msgstr ""
5364
5365#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5366#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460
5367msgid ""
5368"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near "
5369"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences."
5370msgstr ""
5371
5372#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5373#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
5374msgid ""
5375"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi),"
5376" Utopica, Oberhaid."
5377msgstr ""
5378
5379#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5380#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462
5381msgid ""
5382"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. "
5383"Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the"
5384" above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why "
5385"we do not list them in detail here."
5386msgstr ""
5387
5388#. type: Content of: <p>
5389#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465
5390msgid ""
5391"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence "
5392"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting "
5393"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!"
5394msgstr ""
5395
5396#. type: Content of: <p>
5397#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468
5398msgid ""
5399"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and "
5400"development time in their domes."
5401msgstr ""
5402
5403#. type: Content of: <p>
5404#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476
5405msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and"
5406msgstr ""
5407
5408#. type: Content of: <p>
5409#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477
5410msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:"
5411msgstr ""
5412
5413#. type: Content of: <p>
5414#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478
5415msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
5416msgstr ""
5417
5418#. type: Content of: <h2>
5419#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1
5420msgid "Belarusian"
5421msgstr ""
5422
5423#. type: Content of: <p>
5424#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2
5425msgid ""
5426"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in "
5427"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, "
5428"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the "
5429"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land "
5430"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is "
5431"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional "
5432"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present "
5433"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms "
5434"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized."
5435msgstr ""
5436
5437#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5438#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10
5439msgid ""
5440"Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the "
5441"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> "
5442"a large cart."
5443msgstr ""
5444
5445#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5446#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11
5447msgid "The Bride"
5448msgstr ""
5449
5450#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5451#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12
5452msgid "The Chicks"
5453msgstr ""
5454
5455#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5456#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13
5457msgid "The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross"
5458msgstr ""
5459
5460#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5461#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14
5462msgid "The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head."
5463msgstr ""
5464
5465#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5466#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15
5467msgid "The Goat"
5468msgstr ""
5469
5470#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5471#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16
5472msgid "The Grass Snakes"
5473msgstr ""
5474
5475#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5476#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17
5477msgid ""
5478"The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the "
5479"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom."
5480msgstr ""
5481
5482#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5483#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18
5484msgid ""
5485"The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner "
5486"of people mowing the fields."
5487msgstr ""
5488
5489#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5490#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19
5491msgid ""
5492"The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies "
5493"revolve."
5494msgstr ""
5495
5496#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5497#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20
5498msgid "The Ploughman"
5499msgstr ""
5500
5501#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5502#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21
5503msgid "The Rake"
5504msgstr ""
5505
5506#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5507#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22
5508msgid "The Ram"
5509msgstr ""
5510
5511#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5512#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23
5513msgid ""
5514"The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star "
5515"that always stands in the same place"
5516msgstr ""
5517
5518#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5519#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24
5520msgid ""
5521"The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> "
5522"through it."
5523msgstr ""
5524
5525#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5526#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25
5527msgid ""
5528"The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major."
5529msgstr ""
5530
5531#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5532#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26
5533msgid "The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair."
5534msgstr ""
5535
5536#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5537#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27
5538msgid "The Twins"
5539msgstr ""
5540
5541#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5542#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28
5543msgid "The Goose's Way"
5544msgstr ""
5545
5546#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5547#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33
5548msgid ""
5549"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The "
5550"author's website, in Belarusian."
5551msgstr ""
5552
5553#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5554#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34
5555msgid ""
5556"<a "
5557"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian"
5558" Ethnoastronomy.</a>"
5559msgstr ""
5560
5561#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5562#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35
5563msgid ""
5564"<a "
5565"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical"
5566" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>"
5567msgstr ""
5568
5569#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5570#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36
5571msgid ""
5572"<a "
5573"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-"
5574"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
5575msgstr ""
5576
5577#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5578#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37
5579msgid ""
5580"<a "
5581"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-"
5582"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
5583msgstr ""
5584
5585#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5586#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38
5587msgid ""
5588"<a "
5589"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms"
5590" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>"
5591msgstr ""
5592
5593#. type: Content of: <p>
5594#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43
5595msgid ""
5596"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander "
5597"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk "
5598"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal "
5599"Archaeologia Baltica."
5600msgstr ""
5601
5602#. type: Content of: <p>
5603#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45
5604msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris."
5605msgstr ""
5606
5607#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5608#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1
5609#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24
5610msgid "Boorong"
5611msgstr ""
5612
5613#. type: Content of: <p>
5614#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2
5615msgid ""
5616"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-"
5617"Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their "
5618"stories relating to the night sky.  Some forty stars, constellations and "
5619"other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and "
5620"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in "
5621"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European "
5622"equivalent.  What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial "
5623"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way "
5624"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to "
5625"create the constellation figures in Stellarium."
5626msgstr ""
5627
5628#. type: Content of: <p>
5629#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8
5630msgid ""
5631"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William "
5632"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more "
5633"of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;."
5634msgstr ""
5635
5636#. type: Content of: <h3>
5637#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11
5638msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects"
5639msgstr ""
5640
5641#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5642#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14
5643msgid "<b>Name</b>"
5644msgstr ""
5645
5646#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5647#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15
5648msgid "<b>Explanation</b>"
5649msgstr ""
5650
5651#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5652#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16
5653msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>"
5654msgstr ""
5655
5656#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5657#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19
5658msgid "Berm-berm-gle"
5659msgstr ""
5660
5661#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5662#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20
5663msgid "Red-kneed dotterel"
5664msgstr ""
5665
5666#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5667#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25
5668msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament"
5669msgstr ""
5670
5671#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5672#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26
5673msgid "Starry firmament at night"
5674msgstr ""
5675
5676#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5677#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29
5678msgid "Bunya"
5679msgstr ""
5680
5681#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5682#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30
5683msgid "Ring-tail possum"
5684msgstr ""
5685
5686#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5687#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31
5688msgid "Top star in Southern Cross"
5689msgstr ""
5690
5691#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5692#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34
5693msgid "Chargee Gnowee"
5694msgstr ""
5695
5696#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5697#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35
5698msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun"
5699msgstr ""
5700
5701#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5702#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39
5703msgid "Bittur"
5704msgstr ""
5705
5706#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5707#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40
5708msgid "Larvae of the woodant"
5709msgstr ""
5710
5711#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5712#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44
5713msgid "Collenbitchick"
5714msgstr ""
5715
5716#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5717#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45
5718msgid "Species of ant"
5719msgstr ""
5720
5721#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5722#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46
5723msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus"
5724msgstr ""
5725
5726#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5727#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49
5728msgid "Collowgulloric War"
5729msgstr ""
5730
5731#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5732#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50
5733msgid "Female crow, wife of War"
5734msgstr ""
5735
5736#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5737#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51
5738msgid "Eta Carinae"
5739msgstr ""
5740
5741#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5742#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54
5743msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil"
5744msgstr ""
5745
5746#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5747#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55
5748msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil"
5749msgstr ""
5750
5751#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5752#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56
5753msgid "Rigel In Orion"
5754msgstr ""
5755
5756#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5757#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59
5758msgid "Djuit"
5759msgstr ""
5760
5761#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5762#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60
5763msgid "Red-rumped parrot"
5764msgstr ""
5765
5766#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5767#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64
5768msgid "Gellarlec"
5769msgstr ""
5770
5771#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5772#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65
5773msgid "Pink cockatoo"
5774msgstr ""
5775
5776#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5777#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66
5778msgid "Aldebaran"
5779msgstr ""
5780
5781#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5782#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69
5783msgid "Ginabongbearp"
5784msgstr ""
5785
5786#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5787#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70
5788msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight"
5789msgstr ""
5790
5791#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
5792#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71
5793#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46
5794msgid "Jupiter"
5795msgstr ""
5796
5797#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5798#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74
5799msgid "Gnowee"
5800msgstr ""
5801
5802#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5803#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75
5804msgid "Day; Sun"
5805msgstr ""
5806
5807#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5808#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76
5809#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66
5810#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16
5811#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141
5812#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
5813msgid "Sun"
5814msgstr ""
5815
5816#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5817#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79
5818msgid "Karik Karik"
5819msgstr ""
5820
5821#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5822#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80
5823msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel"
5824msgstr ""
5825
5826#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5827#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81
5828msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius"
5829msgstr ""
5830
5831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5832#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84
5833msgid "Kourt-chin"
5834msgstr ""
5835
5836#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5837#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85
5838msgid "Male and female brolga"
5839msgstr ""
5840
5841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5842#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86
5843msgid "Clouds of Magellan"
5844msgstr ""
5845
5846#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5847#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89
5848msgid "Kulkanbulla"
5849msgstr ""
5850
5851#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5852#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90
5853msgid "Two teenage boys"
5854msgstr ""
5855
5856#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5857#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91
5858msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion"
5859msgstr ""
5860
5861#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5862#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94
5863msgid "Lamankurrk"
5864msgstr ""
5865
5866#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5867#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95
5868msgid "Girls, young women"
5869msgstr ""
5870
5871#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5872#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99
5873msgid "Marpeankurrk"
5874msgstr ""
5875
5876#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5877#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100
5878msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper"
5879msgstr ""
5880
5881#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5882#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101
5883#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
5884msgid "Arcturus"
5885msgstr ""
5886
5887#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5888#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104
5889msgid "Millee"
5890msgstr ""
5891
5892#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5893#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105
5894msgid "Murray River"
5895msgstr ""
5896
5897#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5898#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106
5899#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111
5900msgid "Part of the Milky Way"
5901msgstr ""
5902
5903#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5904#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109
5905msgid "Mindi"
5906msgstr ""
5907
5908#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5909#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110
5910msgid "The maned snake"
5911msgstr ""
5912
5913#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5914#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114
5915msgid "Mityan"
5916msgstr ""
5917
5918#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5919#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115
5920msgid "Quoll"
5921msgstr ""
5922
5923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5924#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116
5925#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67
5926#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21
5927#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
5928msgid "Moon"
5929msgstr ""
5930
5931#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5932#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119
5933msgid "Neilloan"
5934msgstr ""
5935
5936#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5937#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120
5938msgid "Mallee fowl"
5939msgstr ""
5940
5941#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5942#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121
5943msgid "Lyra"
5944msgstr ""
5945
5946#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5947#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124
5948msgid "Nurrumbunguttias"
5949msgstr ""
5950
5951#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5952#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125
5953msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo"
5954msgstr ""
5955
5956#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5957#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126
5958msgid "White aura of the Milky Way"
5959msgstr ""
5960
5961#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5962#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129
5963msgid "Otchocut"
5964msgstr ""
5965
5966#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5967#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130
5968msgid "Great fish"
5969msgstr ""
5970
5971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5972#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134
5973msgid "Porkelong toute"
5974msgstr ""
5975
5976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5977#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135
5978msgid "Loss of tooth"
5979msgstr ""
5980
5981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5982#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136
5983msgid "Shooting star"
5984msgstr ""
5985
5986#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5987#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139
5988msgid "Pupperimbul"
5989msgstr ""
5990
5991#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5992#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140
5993msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola"
5994msgstr ""
5995
5996#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5997#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141
5998msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun"
5999msgstr ""
6000
6001#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6002#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144
6003msgid "Purra"
6004msgstr ""
6005
6006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6007#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145
6008msgid "Red kangaroo"
6009msgstr ""
6010
6011#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6012#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146
6013msgid "Capella"
6014msgstr ""
6015
6016#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6017#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149
6018msgid "Tchingal"
6019msgstr ""
6020
6021#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6022#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150
6023msgid "The tall one; emu"
6024msgstr ""
6025
6026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6027#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151
6028msgid "Dark space near Cross"
6029msgstr ""
6030
6031#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6032#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154
6033msgid "Totyarguil"
6034msgstr ""
6035
6036#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6037#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155
6038msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet"
6039msgstr ""
6040
6041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6042#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156
6043msgid "Altair"
6044msgstr ""
6045
6046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6047#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159
6048msgid "Tourchingboiongerra"
6049msgstr ""
6050
6051#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6052#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160
6053msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails"
6054msgstr ""
6055
6056#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6057#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161
6058#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126
6059msgid "Coma Berenices"
6060msgstr ""
6061
6062#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6063#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164
6064msgid "Tourte"
6065msgstr ""
6066
6067#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6068#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165
6069msgid "Star"
6070msgstr ""
6071
6072#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6073#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166
6074msgid "Any star"
6075msgstr ""
6076
6077#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6078#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169
6079msgid "Tyrille"
6080msgstr ""
6081
6082#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6083#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170
6084#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171
6085msgid "Space; night sky"
6086msgstr ""
6087
6088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6089#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174
6090msgid "Unurgunite"
6091msgstr ""
6092
6093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6094#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175
6095msgid "Jacky lizard"
6096msgstr ""
6097
6098#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6099#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176
6100msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris"
6101msgstr ""
6102
6103#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6104#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179
6105msgid "Wanjel"
6106msgstr ""
6107
6108#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6109#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180
6110msgid "Long-necked tortoise"
6111msgstr ""
6112
6113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6114#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181
6115msgid "Pollux"
6116msgstr ""
6117
6118#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6119#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184
6120msgid "War"
6121msgstr ""
6122
6123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6124#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185
6125msgid "Crow"
6126msgstr ""
6127
6128#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6129#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189
6130msgid "Warepil"
6131msgstr ""
6132
6133#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6134#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190
6135msgid "Wedge tailed eagle"
6136msgstr ""
6137
6138#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6139#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194
6140msgid "Warring"
6141msgstr ""
6142
6143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6144#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195
6145msgid "Galaxy"
6146msgstr "Stergoumoulenn"
6147
6148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6149#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196
6150#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31
6151#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7
6152#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
6153msgid "Milky Way"
6154msgstr ""
6155
6156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6157#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199
6158msgid "Weetkurrk"
6159msgstr ""
6160
6161#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6162#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200
6163msgid "Singing bushlark"
6164msgstr ""
6165
6166#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6167#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201
6168msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus"
6169msgstr ""
6170
6171#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6172#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204
6173msgid "Won"
6174msgstr ""
6175
6176#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6177#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205
6178msgid "Boomerang"
6179msgstr ""
6180
6181#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6182#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206
6183#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121
6184msgid "Corona Australis"
6185msgstr ""
6186
6187#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6188#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209
6189msgid "Yerredetkurrk"
6190msgstr ""
6191
6192#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6193#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210
6194msgid "Owlet nightjar"
6195msgstr ""
6196
6197#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6198#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211
6199msgid "Achernar"
6200msgstr ""
6201
6202#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6203#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214
6204msgid "Yurree"
6205msgstr ""
6206
6207#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6208#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215
6209msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo"
6210msgstr ""
6211
6212#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6213#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216
6214msgid "Castor"
6215msgstr ""
6216
6217#. type: Content of: <p>
6218#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221
6219msgid ""
6220"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a "
6221"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' "
6222"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>"
6223" and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' "
6224"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>."
6225msgstr ""
6226
6227#. type: Content of: <h2>
6228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1
6229msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture"
6230msgstr ""
6231
6232#. type: Content of: <p>
6233#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3
6234msgid ""
6235"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system"
6236" to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān,"
6237" meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching "
6238"implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were "
6239"associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the "
6240"current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th "
6241"centuries."
6242msgstr ""
6243
6244#. type: Content of: <p>
6245#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4
6246msgid ""
6247"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 "
6248"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
6249"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies "
6250"of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). "
6251"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy "
6252"finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a "
6253"revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of "
6254"Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese "
6255"Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual "
6256"research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western "
6257"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; "
6258"pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo)."
6259msgstr ""
6260
6261#. type: Content of: <p>
6262#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5
6263msgid ""
6264"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside "
6265"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and "
6266"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>."
6267msgstr ""
6268
6269#. type: Content of: <p>
6270#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6
6271msgid ""
6272"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of "
6273"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó "
6274"Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ)  by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> "
6275"Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star "
6276"Catalogue)</i>."
6277msgstr ""
6278
6279#. type: Content of: <p>
6280#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7
6281msgid ""
6282"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to "
6283"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>."
6284msgstr ""
6285
6286#. type: Content of: <p>
6287#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8
6288msgid ""
6289"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to "
6290"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully "
6291"certified."
6292msgstr ""
6293
6294#. type: Content of: <h3>
6295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11
6296msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets"
6297msgstr ""
6298
6299#. type: Content of: <p>
6300#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13
6301msgid ""
6302"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient "
6303"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. "
6304"Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is "
6305"named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star."
6306msgstr ""
6307
6308#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6309#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14
6310msgid ""
6311"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "
6312"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳;"
6313" pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other"
6314" name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue "
6315"(Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang"
6316" (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)."
6317msgstr ""
6318
6319#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6320#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15
6321msgid ""
6322"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; "
6323"pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang."
6324msgstr ""
6325
6326#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6327#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17
6328msgid "Xingguans"
6329msgstr ""
6330
6331#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6332#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19
6333msgid ""
6334"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere "
6335"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern "
6336"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans "
6337"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries "
6338"between Xingguans."
6339msgstr ""
6340
6341#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6342#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20
6343msgid ""
6344"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the "
6345"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the "
6346"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world."
6347msgstr ""
6348
6349#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21
6351msgid ""
6352"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic "
6353"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only "
6354"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 "
6355"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are "
6356"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: "
6357"Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; "
6358"pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, "
6359"six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. "
6360"They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing "
6361"Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of "
6362"Astronomical</i>."
6363msgstr ""
6364
6365#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6366#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22
6367msgid ""
6368"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around "
6369"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: "
6370"JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based "
6371"on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern"
6372" Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system."
6373msgstr ""
6374
6375#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23
6377msgid ""
6378"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial "
6379"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but"
6380" changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to "
6381"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: "
6382"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: 正星; "
6383"pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number."
6384"  The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of "
6385"Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few "
6386"Xingguans, each star has a special name."
6387msgstr ""
6388
6389#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24
6391msgid ""
6392"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has"
6393" 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total."
6394msgstr ""
6395
6396#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6397#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25
6398msgid ""
6399"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the "
6400"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star "
6401"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than "
6402"Western names."
6403msgstr ""
6404
6405#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27
6407msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>"
6408msgstr ""
6409
6410#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30
6412msgid "Three Enclosures"
6413msgstr ""
6414
6415#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6416#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32
6417msgid ""
6418"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the "
6419"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; "
6420"pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: "
6421"Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)."
6422msgstr ""
6423
6424#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6425#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33
6426msgid ""
6427"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which "
6428"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There "
6429"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this "
6430"Enclosure."
6431msgstr ""
6432
6433#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6434#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34
6435msgid ""
6436"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the"
6437" northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient "
6438"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is"
6439" circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa "
6440"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts"
6441" of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden "
6442"enclosure has 37 Xingguans."
6443msgstr ""
6444
6445#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6446#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36
6447msgid ""
6448"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple "
6449"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6450msgstr ""
6451
6452#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6453#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38
6454msgid ""
6455"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers "
6456"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of "
6457"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations "
6458"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and "
6459"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans."
6460msgstr ""
6461
6462#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6463#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40
6464msgid ""
6465"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme "
6466"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6467msgstr ""
6468
6469#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6470#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42
6471msgid ""
6472"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary "
6473"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations "
6474"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. "
6475"Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the "
6476"participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar."
6477msgstr ""
6478
6479#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6480#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44
6481msgid ""
6482"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly"
6483" Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6484msgstr ""
6485
6486#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6487#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47
6488msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions"
6489msgstr ""
6490
6491#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6492#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49
6493msgid ""
6494"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as "
6495"28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the "
6496"sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according "
6497"to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; "
6498"pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest."
6499msgstr ""
6500
6501#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6502#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50
6503msgid ""
6504"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the"
6505" main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion."
6506msgstr ""
6507
6508#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6509#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51
6510msgid ""
6511"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; "
6512"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight "
6513"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial "
6514"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative "
6515"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: "
6516"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial "
6517"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the "
6518"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial "
6519"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion."
6520msgstr ""
6521
6522#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6523#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52
6524msgid ""
6525"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each "
6526"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also "
6527"changed in history."
6528msgstr ""
6529
6530#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6531#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53
6532msgid ""
6533"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the "
6534"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial "
6535"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies."
6536msgstr ""
6537
6538#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6539#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54
6540msgid ""
6541"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its "
6542"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, "
6543"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the "
6544"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; "
6545"pinyin: rùxiùdù)."
6546msgstr ""
6547
6548#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6549#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55
6550msgid ""
6551"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which"
6552" is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we "
6553"can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion "
6554"distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two "
6555"components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system."
6556msgstr ""
6557
6558#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6559#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56
6560msgid ""
6561"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; "
6562"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing "
6563"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between "
6564"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk "
6565"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, "
6566"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the "
6567"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west."
6568msgstr ""
6569
6570#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6571#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58
6572msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)"
6573msgstr ""
6574
6575#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6576#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61
6577msgid "Seven Luminaries"
6578msgstr ""
6579
6580#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6581#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63
6582msgid "Wood"
6583msgstr ""
6584
6585#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6586#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64
6587msgid "Metal"
6588msgstr ""
6589
6590#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6591#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65
6592msgid "Earth"
6593msgstr ""
6594
6595#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6596#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68
6597msgid "Fire"
6598msgstr ""
6599
6600#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6601#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69
6602msgid "Water"
6603msgstr ""
6604
6605#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6606#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72
6607#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160
6608#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248
6609#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336
6610#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440
6611#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910
6612msgid "Chinese Name"
6613msgstr ""
6614
6615#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6616#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83
6617#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171
6618#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259
6619#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347
6620#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441
6621#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911
6622msgid "Pinyin"
6623msgstr ""
6624
6625#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6626#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94
6627#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182
6628#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270
6629#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358
6630#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442
6631#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912
6632msgid "Translation"
6633msgstr ""
6634
6635#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6636#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95
6637msgid "Azure Dragon of the East"
6638msgstr ""
6639
6640#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6641#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96
6642#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016
6643msgid "Horn Mansion"
6644msgstr ""
6645
6646#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6647#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97
6648#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100
6649msgid "Neck Mansion"
6650msgstr ""
6651
6652#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98
6654#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156
6655msgid "Root Mansion"
6656msgstr ""
6657
6658#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6659#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99
6660#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240
6661msgid "Room Mansion"
6662msgstr ""
6663
6664#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6665#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100
6666#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303
6667msgid "Heart Mansion"
6668msgstr ""
6669
6670#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6671#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101
6672#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324
6673msgid "Tail Mansion"
6674msgstr ""
6675
6676#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6677#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102
6678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373
6679msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion"
6680msgstr ""
6681
6682#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105
6684#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193
6685#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281
6686#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369
6687msgid "Number of xingguans"
6688msgstr ""
6689
6690#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6691#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116
6692#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204
6693#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292
6694#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380
6695msgid "Determinative Star"
6696msgstr ""
6697
6698#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6699#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127
6700#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215
6701#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303
6702#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391
6703msgid "RA of Determinative Star"
6704msgstr ""
6705
6706#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6707#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138
6708#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226
6709#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314
6710#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402
6711msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1"
6712msgstr ""
6713
6714#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6715#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149
6716#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237
6717#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325
6718#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413
6719msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2"
6720msgstr ""
6721
6722#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6723#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183
6724msgid "Black Tortoise of the North"
6725msgstr ""
6726
6727#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184
6729#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401
6730msgid "Dipper Mansion"
6731msgstr ""
6732
6733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185
6735#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478
6736msgid "Ox Mansion"
6737msgstr ""
6738
6739#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6740#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186
6741#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562
6742msgid "Girl Mansion"
6743msgstr ""
6744
6745#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6746#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187
6747#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625
6748msgid "Emptiness Mansion"
6749msgstr ""
6750
6751#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6752#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188
6753#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702
6754msgid "Rooftop Mansion"
6755msgstr ""
6756
6757#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6758#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189
6759#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786
6760msgid "Encampment Mansion"
6761msgstr ""
6762
6763#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6764#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190
6765#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870
6766msgid "Wall Mansion"
6767msgstr ""
6768
6769#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6770#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271
6771msgid "White Tiger of the West"
6772msgstr ""
6773
6774#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6775#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272
6776#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919
6777msgid "Legs Mansion"
6778msgstr ""
6779
6780#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6781#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273
6782#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989
6783msgid "Bond Mansion"
6784msgstr ""
6785
6786#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6787#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274
6788#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038
6789msgid "Stomach Mansion"
6790msgstr ""
6791
6792#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6793#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275
6794#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094
6795msgid "Hairy Head Mansion"
6796msgstr ""
6797
6798#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6799#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276
6800#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164
6801msgid "Net Mansion"
6802msgstr ""
6803
6804#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6805#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277
6806#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276
6807msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion"
6808msgstr ""
6809
6810#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6811#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278
6812#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304
6813msgid "Three Stars Mansion"
6814msgstr ""
6815
6816#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6817#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359
6818msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South"
6819msgstr ""
6820
6821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6822#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360
6823#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360
6824msgid "Well Mansion"
6825msgstr ""
6826
6827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6828#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361
6829#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507
6830msgid "Ghosts Mansion"
6831msgstr ""
6832
6833#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6834#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362
6835#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563
6836msgid "Willow Mansion"
6837msgstr ""
6838
6839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6840#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363
6841#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584
6842#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591
6843msgid "Star Mansion"
6844msgstr ""
6845
6846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6847#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364
6848#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626
6849msgid "Extended Net Mansion"
6850msgstr ""
6851
6852#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6853#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365
6854#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647
6855msgid "Wings Mansion"
6856msgstr ""
6857
6858#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6859#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366
6860#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668
6861msgid "Chariot Mansion"
6862msgstr ""
6863
6864#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6865#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424
6866msgid ""
6867"note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system."
6868msgstr ""
6869
6870#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6871#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425
6872msgid ""
6873"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate "
6874"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees."
6875msgstr ""
6876
6877#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a>
6878#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428
6879msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)"
6880msgstr ""
6881
6882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6883#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432
6884#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731
6885msgid "The Southern Sky"
6886msgstr ""
6887
6888#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6889#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434
6890msgid ""
6891"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. "
6892"Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight "
6893"Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: "
6894"徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the "
6895"European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the "
6896"traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of "
6897"Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals."
6898msgstr ""
6899
6900#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6901#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436
6902msgid "The list of Xingguans"
6903msgstr ""
6904
6905#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6906#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443
6907msgid "Number of Primary Stars"
6908msgstr ""
6909
6910#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6911#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444
6912msgid "Number of Added Stars"
6913msgstr ""
6914
6915#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6916#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449
6917msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure"
6918msgstr ""
6919
6920#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6921#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456
6922msgid "Northern Pole"
6923msgstr ""
6924
6925#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6926#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463
6927msgid "Four Advisors"
6928msgstr ""
6929
6930#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6931#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470
6932msgid "Celestial Great One"
6933msgstr ""
6934
6935#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6936#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477
6937msgid "First Great One"
6938msgstr ""
6939
6940#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6941#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484
6942msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall"
6943msgstr ""
6944
6945#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6946#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491
6947msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall"
6948msgstr ""
6949
6950#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6951#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498
6952msgid "Hidden Virtue"
6953msgstr ""
6954
6955#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6956#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505
6957msgid "Royal Secretary"
6958msgstr ""
6959
6960#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6961#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512
6962msgid "Female Protocol"
6963msgstr ""
6964
6965#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6966#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519
6967msgid "Official of Royal Archives"
6968msgstr ""
6969
6970#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6971#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526
6972msgid "Maids-in-waiting"
6973msgstr ""
6974
6975#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6976#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533
6977msgid "Celestial Pillar"
6978msgstr ""
6979
6980#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6981#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540
6982msgid "Chief Judge"
6983msgstr ""
6984
6985#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6986#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547
6987msgid "Curved Array"
6988msgstr ""
6989
6990#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6991#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554
6992msgid "Six Jia"
6993msgstr ""
6994
6995#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6996#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561
6997msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven"
6998msgstr ""
6999
7000#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7001#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568
7002msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors"
7003msgstr ""
7004
7005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7006#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575
7007msgid "Canopy of the Emperor"
7008msgstr ""
7009
7010#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7011#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582
7012msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )"
7013msgstr ""
7014
7015#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7016#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589
7017msgid "Guest House"
7018msgstr ""
7019
7020#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7021#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596
7022msgid "Inner Steps"
7023msgstr ""
7024
7025#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7026#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603
7027msgid "Celestial Kitchen"
7028msgstr ""
7029
7030#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7031#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610
7032msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops"
7033msgstr ""
7034
7035#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7036#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617
7037msgid "Celestial Flail"
7038msgstr ""
7039
7040#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7041#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624
7042msgid "Inner Kitchen"
7043msgstr ""
7044
7045#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7046#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631
7047msgid "Administrative Center"
7048msgstr ""
7049
7050#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7051#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638
7052msgid "Three Top Instructors"
7053msgstr ""
7054
7055#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7056#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645
7057#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757
7058msgid "Three Excellencies"
7059msgstr ""
7060
7061#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7062#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652
7063msgid "Celestial Bed"
7064msgstr ""
7065
7066#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7067#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659
7068msgid "Royals"
7069msgstr ""
7070
7071#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7072#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666
7073msgid "Celestial Prison"
7074msgstr ""
7075
7076#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7077#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673
7078msgid "Guard of the Sun"
7079msgstr ""
7080
7081#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7082#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680
7083msgid "Eunuch"
7084msgstr ""
7085
7086#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7087#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687
7088msgid "Prime Minister"
7089msgstr ""
7090
7091#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7092#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694
7093msgid "Sombre Lance"
7094msgstr ""
7095
7096#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7097#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701
7098msgid "Judge for Nobility"
7099msgstr ""
7100
7101#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7102#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708
7103msgid "Northern Dipper"
7104msgstr ""
7105
7106#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7107#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715
7108msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)"
7109msgstr ""
7110
7111#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7112#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722
7113msgid "Celestial Spear"
7114msgstr ""
7115
7116#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7117#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729
7118msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure"
7119msgstr ""
7120
7121#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7122#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736
7123msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall"
7124msgstr ""
7125
7126#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7127#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743
7128msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall"
7129msgstr ""
7130
7131#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7132#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750
7133msgid "Usher to the Court"
7134msgstr ""
7135
7136#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7137#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764
7138msgid "Nine Senior Officers"
7139msgstr ""
7140
7141#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7142#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771
7143msgid "Five Lords"
7144msgstr ""
7145
7146#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7147#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778
7148msgid "Inner Screen"
7149msgstr ""
7150
7151#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7152#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785
7153msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors"
7154msgstr ""
7155
7156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7157#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792
7158msgid "Officer of Honour"
7159msgstr ""
7160
7161#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7162#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799
7163msgid "Crown Prince"
7164msgstr ""
7165
7166#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7167#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806
7168#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296
7169msgid "Retinue"
7170msgstr ""
7171
7172#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7173#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813
7174msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards"
7175msgstr ""
7176
7177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7178#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820
7179msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard"
7180msgstr ""
7181
7182#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7183#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827
7184msgid "Royal Guards"
7185msgstr ""
7186
7187#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7188#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834
7189msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard"
7190msgstr ""
7191
7192#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7193#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841
7194msgid "The Hall of Glory"
7195msgstr ""
7196
7197#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7198#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848
7199msgid "Astronomical Observatory"
7200msgstr ""
7201
7202#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7203#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855
7204msgid "Junior Officers"
7205msgstr ""
7206
7207#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7208#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862
7209msgid "Long Wall"
7210msgstr ""
7211
7212#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7213#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869
7214msgid "Three Steps"
7215msgstr ""
7216
7217#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7218#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876
7219msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure"
7220msgstr ""
7221
7222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7223#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883
7224msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall"
7225msgstr ""
7226
7227#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890
7229msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall"
7230msgstr ""
7231
7232#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7233#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897
7234msgid "Municipal Office"
7235msgstr ""
7236
7237#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7238#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904
7239msgid "Commodity Market"
7240msgstr ""
7241
7242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7243#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911
7244msgid "Official for the Royal Clan"
7245msgstr ""
7246
7247#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7248#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918
7249msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies"
7250msgstr ""
7251
7252#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7253#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925
7254msgid "Patriarchal Clan"
7255msgstr ""
7256
7257#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7258#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932
7259msgid "Textile Ruler"
7260msgstr ""
7261
7262#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7263#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939
7264msgid "Butcher's Shops"
7265msgstr ""
7266
7267#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7268#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946
7269msgid "Astrologer"
7270msgstr ""
7271
7272#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7273#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953
7274msgid "Emperor's Seat"
7275msgstr ""
7276
7277#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7278#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960
7279msgid "Eunuch Official"
7280msgstr ""
7281
7282#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7283#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967
7284msgid "Jewel Market"
7285msgstr ""
7286
7287#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7288#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974
7289msgid "Dipper for Liquids"
7290msgstr ""
7291
7292#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7293#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981
7294msgid "Dipper for Solids"
7295msgstr ""
7296
7297#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7298#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988
7299msgid "Coiled Thong"
7300msgstr ""
7301
7302#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7303#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995
7304msgid "Seven Excellencies"
7305msgstr ""
7306
7307#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7308#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002
7309msgid "Celestial Discipline"
7310msgstr ""
7311
7312#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7313#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009
7314msgid "Woman's Bed"
7315msgstr ""
7316
7317#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7318#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023
7319msgid "Horn"
7320msgstr ""
7321
7322#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7323#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030
7324msgid "Flat Road"
7325msgstr ""
7326
7327#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7328#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037
7329#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492
7330msgid "Celestial Farmland"
7331msgstr ""
7332
7333#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7334#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044
7335msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men"
7336msgstr ""
7337
7338#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7339#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051
7340msgid "Tripod of the Zhou"
7341msgstr ""
7342
7343#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7344#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058
7345msgid "Celestial Gate"
7346msgstr ""
7347
7348#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7349#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065
7350msgid "Justice"
7351msgstr ""
7352
7353#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7354#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072
7355msgid "Arsenal"
7356msgstr ""
7357
7358#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7359#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079
7360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227
7361msgid "Pillars"
7362msgstr ""
7363
7364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086
7366msgid "Railings"
7367msgstr ""
7368
7369#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7370#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093
7371msgid "Southern Gate"
7372msgstr ""
7373
7374#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7375#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107
7376msgid "Neck"
7377msgstr ""
7378
7379#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7380#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114
7381msgid "Great Horn"
7382msgstr ""
7383
7384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7385#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121
7386msgid "Left Conductor"
7387msgstr ""
7388
7389#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128
7391msgid "Right Conductor"
7392msgstr ""
7393
7394#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7395#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135
7396msgid "Trials"
7397msgstr ""
7398
7399#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7400#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142
7401msgid "Gate of Yang"
7402msgstr ""
7403
7404#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7405#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149
7406msgid "Executions"
7407msgstr ""
7408
7409#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7410#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163
7411msgid "Root"
7412msgstr ""
7413
7414#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7415#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170
7416msgid "Celestial Milk"
7417msgstr ""
7418
7419#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7420#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177
7421msgid "Twinkling Indicator"
7422msgstr ""
7423
7424#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7425#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184
7426msgid "Celestial Lance"
7427msgstr ""
7428
7429#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7430#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191
7431msgid "Mattress of the Emperor"
7432msgstr ""
7433
7434#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7435#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198
7436msgid "Boats and Lake"
7437msgstr ""
7438
7439#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7440#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205
7441msgid "Battle Chariots"
7442msgstr ""
7443
7444#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7445#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212
7446msgid "Imperial Guards"
7447msgstr ""
7448
7449#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7450#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219
7451msgid "Chariots and Cavalry"
7452msgstr ""
7453
7454#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7455#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226
7456msgid "Celestial Spokes"
7457msgstr ""
7458
7459#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7460#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233
7461msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General"
7462msgstr ""
7463
7464#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7465#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247
7466msgid "Room"
7467msgstr ""
7468
7469#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7470#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254
7471msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)"
7472msgstr ""
7473
7474#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7475#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261
7476msgid "Door Bolt"
7477msgstr ""
7478
7479#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7480#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268
7481msgid "Punishment"
7482msgstr ""
7483
7484#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7485#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275
7486msgid "Eastern Door"
7487msgstr ""
7488
7489#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7490#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282
7491msgid "Western Door"
7492msgstr ""
7493
7494#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7495#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289
7496msgid "Solar Star"
7497msgstr ""
7498
7499#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7500#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310
7501#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69
7502msgid "Heart"
7503msgstr ""
7504
7505#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7506#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317
7507msgid "Group of Soldiers"
7508msgstr ""
7509
7510#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7511#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331
7512#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76
7513msgid "Tail"
7514msgstr ""
7515
7516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7517#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338
7518msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)"
7519msgstr ""
7520
7521#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7522#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345
7523msgid "Tortoise"
7524msgstr ""
7525
7526#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7527#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352
7528msgid "Celestial River"
7529msgstr ""
7530
7531#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359
7533msgid "Fu Yue"
7534msgstr ""
7535
7536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366
7538#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926
7539msgid "Fish"
7540msgstr ""
7541
7542#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7543#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380
7544msgid "Winnowing Basket"
7545msgstr ""
7546
7547#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7548#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387
7549msgid "Chaff"
7550msgstr ""
7551
7552#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7553#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394
7554#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730
7555msgid "Pestle"
7556msgstr ""
7557
7558#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7559#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408
7560msgid "Dipper"
7561msgstr ""
7562
7563#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7564#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415
7565msgid "Establishment"
7566msgstr ""
7567
7568#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7569#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422
7570msgid "Celestial Keyhole"
7571msgstr ""
7572
7573#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7574#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429
7575msgid "Market Officer"
7576msgstr ""
7577
7578#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7579#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436
7580msgid "River Turtle"
7581msgstr ""
7582
7583#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7584#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443
7585msgid "Celestial Cock"
7586msgstr ""
7587
7588#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7589#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450
7590msgid "Territory of Dog"
7591msgstr ""
7592
7593#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7594#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457
7595msgid "Celestial Spring"
7596msgstr ""
7597
7598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7599#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464
7600#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399
7601#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241
7602#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
7603msgid "Dog"
7604msgstr ""
7605
7606#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7607#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471
7608msgid "Peasant"
7609msgstr ""
7610
7611#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7612#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485
7613msgid "Ox"
7614msgstr ""
7615
7616#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7617#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499
7618msgid "Nine Water Wells"
7619msgstr ""
7620
7621#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7622#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506
7623msgid "Drum at the River"
7624msgstr ""
7625
7626#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7627#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513
7628msgid "Weaving Girl"
7629msgstr ""
7630
7631#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7632#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520
7633msgid "Left Flag"
7634msgstr ""
7635
7636#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7637#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527
7638msgid "Right Flag"
7639msgstr ""
7640
7641#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7642#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534
7643msgid "Celestial Drumstick"
7644msgstr ""
7645
7646#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7647#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541
7648msgid "Network of Dykes"
7649msgstr ""
7650
7651#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7652#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548
7653msgid "Clepsydra Terrace"
7654msgstr ""
7655
7656#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7657#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555
7658msgid "Imperial Passageway"
7659msgstr ""
7660
7661#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7662#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569
7663msgid "Girl"
7664msgstr ""
7665
7666#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7667#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576
7668msgid "Twelve States"
7669msgstr ""
7670
7671#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7672#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583
7673msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear"
7674msgstr ""
7675
7676#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7677#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590
7678msgid "Rotten Gourd"
7679msgstr ""
7680
7681#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7682#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597
7683msgid "Good Gourd"
7684msgstr ""
7685
7686#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7687#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604
7688msgid "Celestial Ford"
7689msgstr ""
7690
7691#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7692#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611
7693msgid "Xi Zhong"
7694msgstr ""
7695
7696#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7697#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618
7698msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves"
7699msgstr ""
7700
7701#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7702#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632
7703#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124
7704msgid "Emptiness"
7705msgstr ""
7706
7707#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7708#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639
7709msgid "Deified Judge of Life"
7710msgstr ""
7711
7712#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7713#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646
7714msgid "Deified Judge of Rank"
7715msgstr ""
7716
7717#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7718#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653
7719msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune"
7720msgstr ""
7721
7722#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7723#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660
7724msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong"
7725msgstr ""
7726
7727#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667
7729msgid "Crying"
7730msgstr ""
7731
7732#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7733#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674
7734msgid "Weeping"
7735msgstr ""
7736
7737#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7738#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681
7739msgid "Celestial Ramparts"
7740msgstr ""
7741
7742#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7743#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688
7744msgid "Decayed Mortar"
7745msgstr ""
7746
7747#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7748#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695
7749msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear"
7750msgstr ""
7751
7752#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7753#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709
7754msgid "Rooftop"
7755msgstr ""
7756
7757#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7758#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716
7759msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)"
7760msgstr ""
7761
7762#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7763#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723
7764msgid "Humans"
7765msgstr ""
7766
7767#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7768#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737
7769msgid "Mortar"
7770msgstr ""
7771
7772#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7773#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744
7774msgid "Big Yard for Chariots"
7775msgstr ""
7776
7777#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7778#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751
7779msgid "Celestial Hook"
7780msgstr ""
7781
7782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7783#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758
7784msgid "Zaofu"
7785msgstr ""
7786
7787#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7788#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765
7789msgid "Roofing"
7790msgstr ""
7791
7792#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7793#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772
7794msgid "Temple"
7795msgstr ""
7796
7797#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7798#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779
7799msgid "Celestial Money"
7800msgstr ""
7801
7802#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7803#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793
7804msgid "Encampment"
7805msgstr ""
7806
7807#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7808#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800
7809msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)"
7810msgstr ""
7811
7812#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7813#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807
7814msgid "Thunder and Lightning"
7815msgstr ""
7816
7817#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7818#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814
7819msgid "Line of Ramparts"
7820msgstr ""
7821
7822#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7823#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821
7824msgid "Palace Guard"
7825msgstr ""
7826
7827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7828#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828
7829msgid "Axe"
7830msgstr ""
7831
7832#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7833#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835
7834msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp"
7835msgstr ""
7836
7837#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7838#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842
7839msgid "Net for Catching Birds"
7840msgstr ""
7841
7842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7843#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849
7844msgid "Materials for Making Tents"
7845msgstr ""
7846
7847#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7848#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856
7849msgid "Official for Materials Supply"
7850msgstr ""
7851
7852#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7853#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863
7854msgid "Flying Serpent"
7855msgstr ""
7856
7857#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7858#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877
7859#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145
7860msgid "Wall"
7861msgstr ""
7862
7863#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7864#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884
7865msgid "Thunderbolt"
7866msgstr ""
7867
7868#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7869#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891
7870msgid "Cloud and Rain"
7871msgstr ""
7872
7873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7874#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898
7875msgid "Celestial Stable"
7876msgstr ""
7877
7878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7879#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905
7880msgid "Sickle"
7881msgstr ""
7882
7883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7884#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912
7885msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings"
7886msgstr ""
7887
7888#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7889#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926
7890msgid "Legs"
7891msgstr ""
7892
7893#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7894#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933
7895msgid "Outer Fence"
7896msgstr ""
7897
7898#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7899#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940
7900msgid "Celestial Pigsty"
7901msgstr ""
7902
7903#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7904#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947
7905#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717
7906msgid "Master of Constructions"
7907msgstr ""
7908
7909#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7910#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954
7911msgid "Southern Military Gate"
7912msgstr ""
7913
7914#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7915#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961
7916msgid "Flying Corridor"
7917msgstr ""
7918
7919#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7920#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968
7921msgid "Auxiliary Road"
7922msgstr ""
7923
7924#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7925#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975
7926msgid "Wang Liang"
7927msgstr ""
7928
7929#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7930#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982
7931msgid "Whip"
7932msgstr ""
7933
7934#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7935#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996
7936msgid "Bond"
7937msgstr ""
7938
7939#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7940#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003
7941msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest"
7942msgstr ""
7943
7944#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7945#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010
7946msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing"
7947msgstr ""
7948
7949#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7950#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017
7951msgid "Square Celestial Granary"
7952msgstr ""
7953
7954#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7955#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024
7956msgid "Ricks of Grain"
7957msgstr ""
7958
7959#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7960#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031
7961msgid "Great General of Heaven"
7962msgstr ""
7963
7964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7965#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045
7966#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178
7967msgid "Stomach"
7968msgstr ""
7969
7970#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7971#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052
7972msgid "Celestial Foodstuff"
7973msgstr ""
7974
7975#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7976#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059
7977msgid "Circular Celestial Granary"
7978msgstr ""
7979
7980#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7981#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066
7982msgid "Mausoleum"
7983msgstr ""
7984
7985#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7986#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073
7987msgid "Celestial Boat"
7988msgstr ""
7989
7990#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7991#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080
7992msgid "Heap of Corpses"
7993msgstr ""
7994
7995#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7996#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087
7997msgid "Stored Water"
7998msgstr ""
7999
8000#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8001#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101
8002msgid "Hairy Head"
8003msgstr ""
8004
8005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8006#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108
8007msgid "Celestial Concave"
8008msgstr ""
8009
8010#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8011#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115
8012msgid "Lunar Star"
8013msgstr ""
8014
8015#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8016#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122
8017msgid "Celestial Yin Force"
8018msgstr ""
8019
8020#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8021#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129
8022msgid "Hay"
8023msgstr ""
8024
8025#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8026#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136
8027msgid "Celestial Meadows"
8028msgstr ""
8029
8030#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8031#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143
8032msgid "Rolled Tongue"
8033msgstr ""
8034
8035#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8036#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150
8037msgid "Celestial Slander"
8038msgstr ""
8039
8040#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8041#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157
8042msgid "Whetstone"
8043msgstr ""
8044
8045#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8046#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171
8047msgid "Net"
8048msgstr ""
8049
8050#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8051#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178
8052msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)"
8053msgstr ""
8054
8055#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8056#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185
8057msgid "Celestial Street"
8058msgstr ""
8059
8060#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8061#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192
8062msgid "Celestial Tally"
8063msgstr ""
8064
8065#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8066#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199
8067msgid "Feudal Kings"
8068msgstr ""
8069
8070#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8071#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206
8072msgid "Celestial High Terrace"
8073msgstr ""
8074
8075#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8076#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213
8077msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects"
8078msgstr ""
8079
8080#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8081#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220
8082msgid "Five Chariots"
8083msgstr ""
8084
8085#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8086#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234
8087msgid "Celestial Pier"
8088msgstr ""
8089
8090#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8091#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241
8092msgid "Pool of Harmony"
8093msgstr ""
8094
8095#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8096#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248
8097msgid "Celestial Pass"
8098msgstr ""
8099
8100#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8101#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255
8102msgid "Banner of Three Stars"
8103msgstr ""
8104
8105#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8106#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262
8107msgid "Imperial Military Flag"
8108msgstr ""
8109
8110#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8111#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269
8112msgid "Celestial Orchard"
8113msgstr ""
8114
8115#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8116#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283
8117msgid "Turtle Beak"
8118msgstr ""
8119
8120#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8121#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290
8122msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters"
8123msgstr ""
8124
8125#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8126#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297
8127msgid "Seat Flags"
8128msgstr ""
8129
8130#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8131#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311
8132msgid "Three Stars"
8133msgstr ""
8134
8135#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8136#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318
8137msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)"
8138msgstr ""
8139
8140#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8141#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325
8142msgid "Jade Well"
8143msgstr ""
8144
8145#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8146#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332
8147msgid "Screen"
8148msgstr ""
8149
8150#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8151#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339
8152msgid "Military well"
8153msgstr ""
8154
8155#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8156#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346
8157msgid "Toilet"
8158msgstr ""
8159
8160#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8161#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353
8162msgid "Excrement"
8163msgstr ""
8164
8165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8166#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367
8167#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225
8168msgid "Well"
8169msgstr ""
8170
8171#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8172#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374
8173msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)"
8174msgstr ""
8175
8176#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8177#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381
8178msgid "South River"
8179msgstr ""
8180
8181#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8182#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388
8183msgid "North River"
8184msgstr ""
8185
8186#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8187#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395
8188msgid "Celestial Wine Cup"
8189msgstr ""
8190
8191#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8192#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402
8193msgid "Five Feudal Kings"
8194msgstr ""
8195
8196#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8197#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409
8198msgid "Accumulated Water"
8199msgstr ""
8200
8201#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8202#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416
8203msgid "Pile of Firewood"
8204msgstr ""
8205
8206#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8207#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423
8208msgid "Official for Irrigation"
8209msgstr ""
8210
8211#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8212#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430
8213msgid "Water Level"
8214msgstr ""
8215
8216#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8217#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437
8218msgid "Four Channels"
8219msgstr ""
8220
8221#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8222#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444
8223msgid "Market for Soldiers"
8224msgstr ""
8225
8226#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8227#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451
8228msgid "Wild Cockerel"
8229msgstr ""
8230
8231#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8232#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458
8233msgid "Grandfather"
8234msgstr ""
8235
8236#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8237#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465
8238msgid "Son"
8239msgstr ""
8240
8241#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8242#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472
8243msgid "Grandson"
8244msgstr ""
8245
8246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8247#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479
8248msgid "Palace Gate"
8249msgstr ""
8250
8251#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8252#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486
8253msgid "Celestial Wolf"
8254msgstr ""
8255
8256#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8257#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493
8258msgid "Bow and Arrow"
8259msgstr ""
8260
8261#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8262#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500
8263msgid "Old Man"
8264msgstr ""
8265
8266#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8267#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514
8268msgid "Ghosts"
8269msgstr ""
8270
8271#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8272#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521
8273#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933
8274msgid "Cumulative Corpses"
8275msgstr ""
8276
8277#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8278#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528
8279msgid "Beacon Fire"
8280msgstr ""
8281
8282#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8283#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535
8284msgid "Celestial Dog"
8285msgstr ""
8286
8287#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8288#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542
8289msgid "Outer Kitchen"
8290msgstr ""
8291
8292#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8293#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549
8294msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple"
8295msgstr ""
8296
8297#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8298#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556
8299msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals"
8300msgstr ""
8301
8302#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8303#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570
8304#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239
8305msgid "Willow"
8306msgstr ""
8307
8308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8309#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577
8310msgid "Banner of Wine Shop"
8311msgstr ""
8312
8313#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8314#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598
8315msgid "Celestial Premier"
8316msgstr ""
8317
8318#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8319#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605
8320msgid "Celestial Cereals"
8321msgstr ""
8322
8323#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8324#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612
8325msgid "Xuanyuan"
8326msgstr ""
8327
8328#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8329#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619
8330msgid "High Judge"
8331msgstr ""
8332
8333#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8334#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633
8335msgid "Extended Net"
8336msgstr ""
8337
8338#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8339#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640
8340msgid "Celestial Temple"
8341msgstr ""
8342
8343#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8344#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654
8345#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260
8346msgid "Wings"
8347msgstr ""
8348
8349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661
8351msgid "Dongou"
8352msgstr ""
8353
8354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675
8356msgid "Chariot"
8357msgstr ""
8358
8359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682
8361msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)"
8362msgstr ""
8363
8364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689
8366msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
8367msgstr ""
8368
8369#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8370#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696
8371msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
8372msgstr ""
8373
8374#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8375#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703
8376msgid "Green Hill"
8377msgstr ""
8378
8379#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8380#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710
8381msgid "Military Gate"
8382msgstr ""
8383
8384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8385#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724
8386msgid "House for Musical Instruments"
8387msgstr ""
8388
8389#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738
8391msgid "Sea and Mountain"
8392msgstr ""
8393
8394#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8395#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745
8396msgid "Cross"
8397msgstr ""
8398
8399#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8400#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752
8401msgid "Horse's Tail"
8402msgstr ""
8403
8404#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8405#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759
8406msgid "Horse's Abdomen"
8407msgstr ""
8408
8409#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8410#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766
8411msgid "Bee"
8412msgstr ""
8413
8414#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8415#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773
8416#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263
8417#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139
8418#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113
8419msgid "Triangle"
8420msgstr ""
8421
8422#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8423#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780
8424msgid "Exotic Bird"
8425msgstr ""
8426
8427#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8428#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787
8429msgid "Peafowl"
8430msgstr ""
8431
8432#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8433#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794
8434msgid "Persia"
8435msgstr ""
8436
8437#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8438#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801
8439msgid "Snake's Tail"
8440msgstr ""
8441
8442#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8443#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808
8444msgid "Snake's Abdomen"
8445msgstr ""
8446
8447#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8448#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815
8449msgid "Snake's Head"
8450msgstr ""
8451
8452#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8453#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822
8454msgid "Bird's Beak"
8455msgstr ""
8456
8457#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8458#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829
8459msgid "Crane"
8460msgstr ""
8461
8462#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8463#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836
8464msgid "Firebird"
8465msgstr ""
8466
8467#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8468#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843
8469msgid "Crooked Running Water"
8470msgstr ""
8471
8472#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8473#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850
8474msgid "White Patched Nearby"
8475msgstr ""
8476
8477#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8478#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857
8479msgid "White Patches Attached"
8480msgstr ""
8481
8482#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8483#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864
8484msgid "Goldfish"
8485msgstr ""
8486
8487#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8488#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871
8489msgid "Sea Rock"
8490msgstr ""
8491
8492#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8493#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878
8494msgid "Flying Fish"
8495msgstr ""
8496
8497#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8498#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885
8499msgid "Southern Boat"
8500msgstr ""
8501
8502#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8503#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892
8504msgid "Little Dipper"
8505msgstr ""
8506
8507#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8508#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897
8509msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752."
8510msgstr ""
8511
8512#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8513#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898
8514msgid ""
8515"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the "
8516"parent Xingguan."
8517msgstr ""
8518
8519#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
8520#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901
8521msgid "Deep Space Objects"
8522msgstr ""
8523
8524#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8525#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904
8526msgid ""
8527"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were "
8528"also included in the Xingguans."
8529msgstr ""
8530
8531#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905
8533msgid "Include the following:"
8534msgstr ""
8535
8536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909
8538msgid "General name"
8539msgstr ""
8540
8541#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8542#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913
8543msgid "Nick name"
8544msgstr ""
8545
8546#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919
8548msgid "God's Palace"
8549msgstr ""
8550
8551#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8552#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920
8553msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster"
8554msgstr ""
8555
8556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8557#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927
8558msgid "Ptolemy Cluster"
8559msgstr ""
8560
8561#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8562#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934
8563msgid "Beehive Cluster"
8564msgstr ""
8565
8566#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8567#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940
8568msgid "Arsenal Added I"
8569msgstr ""
8570
8571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8572#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941
8573msgid "Omega Centauri"
8574msgstr ""
8575
8576#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8577#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947
8578msgid "Legs Mansion XXI"
8579msgstr ""
8580
8581#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8582#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948
8583msgid "Andromeda Galaxy"
8584msgstr "Stergoumoulenn Andromeda"
8585
8586#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8587#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954
8588msgid "Sea and Mountain II"
8589msgstr ""
8590
8591#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8592#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955
8593msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae"
8594msgstr ""
8595
8596#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8597#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962
8598msgid ""
8599"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western "
8600"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: "
8601"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
8602"仪象考成)."
8603msgstr ""
8604
8605#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8606#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963
8607msgid ""
8608"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western "
8609"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced "
8610"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium "
8611"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference."
8612msgstr ""
8613
8614#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8615#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964
8616msgid ""
8617"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar "
8618"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)."
8619msgstr ""
8620
8621#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8622#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965
8623msgid ""
8624"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese "
8625"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: "
8626"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the "
8627"translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two "
8628"different Xingguans are the same."
8629msgstr ""
8630
8631#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8632#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966
8633msgid ""
8634"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP "
8635"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and "
8636"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending "
8637"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head "
8638"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)."
8639msgstr ""
8640
8641#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
8642#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967
8643msgid ""
8644"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because"
8645" thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are "
8646"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are "
8647"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names "
8648"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is "
8649"provided only to make star names readable."
8650msgstr ""
8651
8652#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972
8654msgid ""
8655"<a "
8656"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-"
8657"Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>"
8658msgstr ""
8659
8660#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8661#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973
8662msgid ""
8663"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA "
8664"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>"
8665msgstr ""
8666
8667#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974
8669msgid ""
8670"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
8671"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>"
8672msgstr ""
8673
8674#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8675#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975
8676msgid ""
8677"<a "
8678"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional"
8679" Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>"
8680msgstr ""
8681
8682#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976
8684msgid ""
8685"<a "
8686"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>"
8687msgstr ""
8688
8689#.  a
8690#. href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive-
8691#. star-maps.html"
8692#. /a
8693#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
8694#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982
8695msgid ""
8696"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of "
8697"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star "
8698"maps (no longer available online)."
8699msgstr ""
8700
8701#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
8702#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983
8703msgid ""
8704"Sun Shuwei <a "
8705"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> "
8706"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based "
8707"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and "
8708"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description."
8709msgstr ""
8710
8711#. type: Content of: <h2>
8712#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1
8713msgid "Chinese Contemporary"
8714msgstr ""
8715
8716#. type: Content of: <p>
8717#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3
8718msgid ""
8719"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions "
8720"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western "
8721"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture "
8722"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value."
8723msgstr ""
8724
8725#. type: Content of: <p>
8726#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7
8727msgid ""
8728"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International "
8729"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific "
8730"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright"
8731" stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into "
8732"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy."
8733msgstr ""
8734
8735#. type: Content of: <h3>
8736#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9
8737msgid "star names"
8738msgstr ""
8739
8740#. type: Content of: <p>
8741#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11
8742msgid ""
8743"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. "
8744"More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names.  When a foreign "
8745"astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be "
8746"translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars"
8747" that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, "
8748"which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special "
8749"astronomical significance."
8750msgstr ""
8751
8752#. type: Content of: <p>
8753#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12
8754msgid ""
8755"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and "
8756"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for "
8757"Stellarium</i>."
8758msgstr ""
8759
8760#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8761#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17
8762msgid ""
8763"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
8764"constellations </a> Wikipedia"
8765msgstr ""
8766
8767#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8768#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18
8769msgid ""
8770"<a "
8771"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional"
8772" Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia"
8773msgstr ""
8774
8775#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8776#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19
8777msgid ""
8778"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> "
8779"Wikipedia"
8780msgstr ""
8781
8782#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8783#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20
8784msgid ""
8785"<a "
8786"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation"
8787" image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope "
8788"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings."
8789msgstr ""
8790
8791#. type: Content of: <p>
8792#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25
8793msgid ""
8794"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a "
8795"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>."
8796msgstr ""
8797
8798#. type: Content of: <p>
8799#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26
8800msgid ""
8801"Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for "
8802"Stellarium</i>."
8803msgstr ""
8804
8805#. type: Content of: <p>
8806#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27
8807msgid ""
8808"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese "
8809"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>."
8810msgstr ""
8811
8812#. type: Content of: <h2>
8813#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1
8814msgid "Chinese Medieval"
8815msgstr ""
8816
8817#. type: Content of: <p>
8818#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3
8819msgid ""
8820"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years "
8821"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as "
8822"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese "
8823"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the "
8824"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for "
8825"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of "
8826"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD."
8827msgstr ""
8828
8829#. type: Content of: <h3>
8830#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5
8831msgid "Medieval Xingguans"
8832msgstr ""
8833
8834#. type: Content of: <p>
8835#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6
8836msgid ""
8837"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of "
8838"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar."
8839msgstr ""
8840
8841#. type: Content of: <p>
8842#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7
8843msgid ""
8844"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th"
8845" century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States "
8846"Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During "
8847"the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the "
8848"Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and"
8849" 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and "
8850"after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th "
8851"century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the "
8852"shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of"
8853" the constellations maintained the medieval style."
8854msgstr ""
8855
8856#. type: Content of: <p>
8857#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8
8858msgid ""
8859"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese "
8860"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major"
8861" star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements"
8862" measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were "
8863"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected "
8864"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used"
8865" mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance "
8866"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the "
8867"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for "
8868"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>."
8869msgstr ""
8870
8871#. type: Content of: <p>
8872#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9
8873msgid ""
8874"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue "
8875"in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars."
8876msgstr ""
8877
8878#. type: Content of: <p>
8879#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11
8880msgid ""
8881"Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)."
8882msgstr ""
8883
8884#. type: Content of: <p>
8885#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12
8886msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>"
8887msgstr ""
8888
8889#. type: Content of: <h3>
8890#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14
8891msgid "Restore Sky Map"
8892msgstr ""
8893
8894#. type: Content of: <p>
8895#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15
8896msgid ""
8897"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. "
8898"In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar "
8899"measurements, leaving a lot of data."
8900msgstr ""
8901
8902#. type: Content of: <p>
8903#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16
8904msgid ""
8905"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the "
8906"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's "
8907"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in "
8908"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan "
8909"Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book "
8910"<i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book."
8911msgstr ""
8912
8913#. type: Content of: <p>
8914#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17
8915msgid ""
8916"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined "
8917"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars "
8918"restored the sky map is somewhat different."
8919msgstr ""
8920
8921#. type: Content of: <p>
8922#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18
8923msgid ""
8924"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese "
8925"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)."
8926msgstr ""
8927
8928#. type: Content of: <p>
8929#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21
8930msgid ""
8931"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang,"
8932msgstr ""
8933
8934#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8935#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22
8936msgid ""
8937"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin,"
8938msgstr ""
8939
8940#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8941#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23
8942msgid ""
8943"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 "
8944"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun."
8945msgstr ""
8946
8947#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8948#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24
8949msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white."
8950msgstr ""
8951
8952#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8953#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25
8954msgid ""
8955"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is "
8956"confusing."
8957msgstr ""
8958
8959#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8960#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26
8961msgid ""
8962"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the "
8963"celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's "
8964"position as the standard of the chronology."
8965msgstr ""
8966
8967#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8968#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27
8969msgid ""
8970"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels "
8971"around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a"
8972" Lunar Mansion every year."
8973msgstr ""
8974
8975#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8976#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31
8977msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>"
8978msgstr ""
8979
8980#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8981#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32
8982msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>"
8983msgstr ""
8984
8985#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8986#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33
8987msgid ""
8988"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand "
8989"Historian</a>"
8990msgstr ""
8991
8992#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8993#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34
8994msgid ""
8995"<a "
8996"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese)"
8997" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
8998msgstr ""
8999
9000#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9001#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35
9002msgid ""
9003"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia -"
9004" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
9005msgstr ""
9006
9007#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9008#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36
9009msgid ""
9010"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese "
9011"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>"
9012msgstr ""
9013
9014#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3>
9015#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38
9016msgid "Reference"
9017msgstr ""
9018
9019#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9020#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40
9021msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China"
9022msgstr ""
9023
9024#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9025#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41
9026msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens"
9027msgstr ""
9028
9029#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9030#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42
9031msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>"
9032msgstr ""
9033
9034#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9035#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43
9036msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>"
9037msgstr ""
9038
9039#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9040#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44
9041msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>"
9042msgstr ""
9043
9044#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9045#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45
9046msgid "<i>History of Song</i>"
9047msgstr ""
9048
9049#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p>
9050#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49
9051msgid ""
9052"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) "
9053".  <a href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>"
9054msgstr ""
9055
9056#. type: Content of: <h2>
9057#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1
9058msgid "Dakota"
9059msgstr ""
9060
9061#. type: Content of: <p>
9062#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2
9063msgid ""
9064"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of "
9065"north-central United States and Canada.  Known as the Oceti Sakowin &ndash; "
9066"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands,"
9067" two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic "
9068"distinctions.  Well known for following the buffalo.  The word D(N/L)akota "
9069"means \"Alliance\".  Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation.  The D(L)akota"
9070" Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the "
9071"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. "
9072"Lee, J. Rock, 2012.  More details can be found in the constellation "
9073"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to "
9074"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map "
9075"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
9076msgstr ""
9077
9078#. type: Content of: <h3>
9079#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12
9080#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5
9081msgid "Celestial Objects"
9082msgstr ""
9083
9084#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9085#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14
9086msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & &beta; Eridanus"
9087msgstr ""
9088
9089#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9090#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15
9091msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini"
9092msgstr ""
9093
9094#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9095#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16
9096msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9097msgstr ""
9098
9099#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9100#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17
9101msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9102msgstr ""
9103
9104#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9105#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18
9106msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9107msgstr ""
9108
9109#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9110#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19
9111msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades"
9112msgstr ""
9113
9114#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9115#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20
9116msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major"
9117msgstr ""
9118
9119#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9120#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21
9121msgid ""
9122"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper &ndash; inside "
9123"Bowl"
9124msgstr ""
9125
9126#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9127#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22
9128msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
9129msgstr ""
9130
9131#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9132#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23
9133msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper &ndash; Bowl stars"
9134msgstr ""
9135
9136#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9137#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24
9138msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper &ndash; Handle stars"
9139msgstr ""
9140
9141#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9142#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25
9143msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper"
9144msgstr ""
9145
9146#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9147#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26
9148msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper"
9149msgstr ""
9150
9151#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9152#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27
9153msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper"
9154msgstr ""
9155
9156#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9157#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28
9158msgid ""
9159"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>,"
9160" North star, Polaris"
9161msgstr ""
9162
9163#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9164#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29
9165msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor"
9166msgstr ""
9167
9168#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9169#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30
9170msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus"
9171msgstr ""
9172
9173#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9174#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31
9175msgid ""
9176"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood &ndash; "
9177"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum"
9178msgstr ""
9179
9180#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9181#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32
9182msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces"
9183msgstr ""
9184
9185#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9186#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33
9187msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades"
9188msgstr ""
9189
9190#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9191#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34
9192msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus"
9193msgstr ""
9194
9195#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9196#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35
9197msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo"
9198msgstr ""
9199
9200#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9201#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36
9202msgid ""
9203"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi "
9204"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in "
9205"Bootes)"
9206msgstr ""
9207
9208#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9209#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37
9210msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star"
9211msgstr ""
9212
9213#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9214#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38
9215msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon"
9216msgstr ""
9217
9218#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9219#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39
9220msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon"
9221msgstr ""
9222
9223#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9224#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40
9225msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun"
9226msgstr ""
9227
9228#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9229#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41
9230msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus"
9231msgstr ""
9232
9233#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9234#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42
9235msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way"
9236msgstr ""
9237
9238#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9239#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43
9240msgid ""
9241"<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star"
9242msgstr ""
9243
9244#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9245#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44
9246msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe"
9247msgstr ""
9248
9249#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9250#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45
9251msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet"
9252msgstr ""
9253
9254#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9255#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52
9256msgid ""
9257"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota "
9258"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other "
9259"resources.</a>"
9260msgstr ""
9261
9262#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9263#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53
9264msgid ""
9265"<a "
9266"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-"
9267"top-"
9268"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12"
9269" "
9270"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota"
9271" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
9272msgstr ""
9273
9274#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9275#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54
9276#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45
9277msgid ""
9278"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main"
9279" webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other "
9280"resources.</a>"
9281msgstr ""
9282
9283#. type: Content of: <p>
9284#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58
9285msgid ""
9286"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of"
9287" <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
9288"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. "
9289"Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star "
9290"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map"
9291" Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by"
9292" A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke."
9293msgstr ""
9294
9295#. type: Content of: <p>
9296#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59
9297msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee."
9298msgstr ""
9299
9300#. type: Content of: <p>
9301#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60
9302#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51
9303msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information."
9304msgstr ""
9305
9306#. type: Content of: <h2>
9307#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1
9308msgid "Egyptian"
9309msgstr ""
9310
9311#. type: Content of: <p>
9312#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2
9313msgid ""
9314"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The "
9315"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have "
9316"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah "
9317"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a "
9318"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point."
9319msgstr ""
9320
9321#. type: Content of: <p>
9322#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3
9323msgid ""
9324"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is "
9325"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales "
9326"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]."
9327msgstr ""
9328
9329#. type: Content of: <p>
9330#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4
9331msgid ""
9332"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that"
9333" some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the "
9334"constellations did change significantly over time [3]."
9335msgstr ""
9336
9337#. type: Content of: <p>
9338#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5
9339msgid ""
9340"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew "
9341"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the "
9342"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet "
9343"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was"
9344" \"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; "
9345"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the "
9346"Morning\" [7]."
9347msgstr ""
9348
9349#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9350#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9
9351msgid ""
9352"<a href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-"
9353"Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, <a "
9354"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-"
9355"Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform "
9356"Tablets, etc"
9357msgstr ""
9358
9359#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9360#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10
9361msgid ""
9362"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic "
9363"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?"
9364msgstr ""
9365
9366#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9367#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11
9368msgid ""
9369"<a "
9370"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>"
9371msgstr ""
9372
9373#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9374#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12
9375msgid ""
9376"<a "
9377"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>"
9378msgstr ""
9379
9380#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9381#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13
9382msgid ""
9383"<a "
9384"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>"
9385msgstr ""
9386
9387#. type: Content of: <p>
9388#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18
9389msgid ""
9390"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
9391"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian"
9392" Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte."
9393msgstr ""
9394
9395#. type: Content of: <p>
9396#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19
9397msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)"
9398msgstr ""
9399
9400#. type: Content of: <h1>
9401#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1
9402msgid "Greek (Almagest)"
9403msgstr ""
9404
9405#. type: Content of: <p>
9406#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3
9407msgid ""
9408"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of "
9409"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from "
9410"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius "
9411"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in "
9412"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical "
9413"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title "
9414"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.  The name <i>Almagest</i>, "
9415"meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was developed from Arabian "
9416"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by "
9417"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal "
9418"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we"
9419" made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright."
9420msgstr ""
9421
9422#. type: Content of: <p>
9423#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17
9424msgid ""
9425"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and "
9426"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations "
9427"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters).  It"
9428" is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position"
9429" in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, "
9430"latitude, magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic "
9431"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the "
9432"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from"
9433" Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus&rsquo; catalog is not "
9434"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of "
9435"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible."
9436msgstr ""
9437
9438#. type: Content of: <p>
9439#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30
9440msgid ""
9441"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model "
9442"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, "
9443"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by "
9444"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the "
9445"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always "
9446"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's "
9447"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial "
9448"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the "
9449"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession "
9450"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore "
9451"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a "
9452"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude."
9453msgstr ""
9454
9455#. type: Content of: <h2>
9456#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43
9457msgid "How this sky culture was made"
9458msgstr ""
9459
9460#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
9461#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45
9462#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7
9463#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9
9464msgid "Star names"
9465msgstr ""
9466
9467#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
9468#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47
9469msgid ""
9470"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15.  "
9471"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on "
9472"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such "
9473"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for "
9474"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they "
9475"appear in the catalogue.  For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi "
9476"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi).  "
9477"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations "
9478"and IAU abbreviations.  In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying"
9479" outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label."
9480" To see the long description for a given star, users should enable \"Use "
9481"additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and click on "
9482"the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the "
9483"screen."
9484msgstr ""
9485
9486#. type: Content of: <h3>
9487#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61
9488msgid "Constellation lines"
9489msgstr ""
9490
9491#. type: Content of: <p>
9492#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63
9493msgid ""
9494"The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:"
9495msgstr ""
9496
9497#. type: Content of: <p>
9498#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66
9499msgid ""
9500"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), &alpha; Crv is the star in the "
9501"&quot;head of the raven&quot;. It is connected with the &quot;star in the "
9502"neck&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  This one is connected with &quot;the star in the"
9503" breast&quot; &zeta; Crv.  From there two lines go to the tips of the wings."
9504" &gamma; Crv is the star in the advanced wing and &delta; Crv the star in "
9505"the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the "
9506"&quot;foot of the raven&quot;, the star &beta; Crv."
9507msgstr ""
9508
9509#. type: Content of: <p>
9510#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77
9511msgid ""
9512"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we "
9513"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented "
9514"in the <i>Almagest</i>."
9515msgstr ""
9516
9517#. type: Content of: <p>
9518#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81
9519msgid ""
9520"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, "
9521"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name "
9522"&quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (The Torch-"
9523"like)&quot; for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but "
9524"this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in "
9525"the Almagest."
9526msgstr ""
9527
9528#. type: Content of: <p>
9529#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87
9530msgid ""
9531"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and "
9532"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in "
9533"the reconstruction (column 6)."
9534msgstr ""
9535
9536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9537#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93
9538#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17
9539msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>"
9540msgstr ""
9541
9542#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9543#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94
9544msgid "<b>Original name</b>"
9545msgstr ""
9546
9547#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9548#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95
9549msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)"
9550msgstr ""
9551
9552#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9553#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96
9554msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>"
9555msgstr ""
9556
9557#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9558#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97
9559msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>"
9560msgstr ""
9561
9562#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9563#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98
9564msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>"
9565msgstr ""
9566
9567#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9568#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103
9569msgid "Small She-Bear"
9570msgstr ""
9571
9572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9573#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105
9574#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113
9575#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425
9576#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441
9577#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465
9578msgid "like IAU constellation"
9579msgstr ""
9580
9581#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9582#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111
9583#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31
9584msgid "Great She-Bear"
9585msgstr ""
9586
9587#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9588#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119
9589#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37
9590msgid "Dragon"
9591msgstr ""
9592
9593#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9594#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121
9595msgid ""
9596"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head"
9597" is the tongue"
9598msgstr ""
9599
9600#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9601#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127
9602#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35
9603msgid "Kepheus"
9604msgstr ""
9605
9606#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9607#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129
9608msgid "king, upside down"
9609msgstr ""
9610
9611#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9612#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130
9613msgid ""
9614"three head stars are tiara; &beta; seen as part of the belt, although "
9615"Almagest says beneath belt"
9616msgstr ""
9617
9618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9619#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135
9620msgid "Ploughman"
9621msgstr ""
9622
9623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9624#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137
9625msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (&omega;)"
9626msgstr ""
9627
9628#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9629#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138
9630msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star"
9631msgstr ""
9632
9633#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9634#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143
9635msgid "Crown"
9636msgstr ""
9637
9638#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9639#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145
9640msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text"
9641msgstr ""
9642
9643#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9644#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151
9645#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61
9646msgid "Kneeler"
9647msgstr ""
9648
9649#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9650#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153
9651msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes"
9652msgstr ""
9653
9654#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9655#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154
9656msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star"
9657msgstr ""
9658
9659#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9660#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159
9661#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59
9662msgid "Lyre"
9663msgstr ""
9664
9665#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9666#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167
9667msgid "Bird"
9668msgstr ""
9669
9670#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9671#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169
9672msgid "swan with legs"
9673msgstr ""
9674
9675#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9676#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170
9677msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail"
9678msgstr ""
9679
9680#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9681#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175
9682msgid "Kassiepeia"
9683msgstr ""
9684
9685#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9686#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177
9687msgid "Queen sitting on a throne"
9688msgstr ""
9689
9690#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9691#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178
9692msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne"
9693msgstr ""
9694
9695#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9696#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183
9697#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85
9698#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
9699msgid "Perseus"
9700msgstr ""
9701
9702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9703#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185
9704msgid ""
9705"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - &gt;one of the "
9706"stars in the cluster was used for drawing"
9707msgstr ""
9708
9709#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9710#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186
9711msgid ""
9712"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more "
9713"spherical"
9714msgstr ""
9715
9716#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9717#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191
9718#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91
9719#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83
9720msgid "Charioteer"
9721msgstr ""
9722
9723#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9724#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193
9725msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem"
9726msgstr ""
9727
9728#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9729#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194
9730msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star"
9731msgstr ""
9732
9733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9734#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199
9735msgid "Serpent Bearer"
9736msgstr ""
9737
9738#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9739#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201
9740msgid "has serpent in his hand"
9741msgstr ""
9742
9743#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9744#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202
9745msgid "a star added as neck star"
9746msgstr ""
9747
9748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9749#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207
9750msgid "Snake"
9751msgstr ""
9752
9753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9754#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209
9755msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head"
9756msgstr ""
9757
9758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9759#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215
9760#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103
9761msgid "Arrow"
9762msgstr ""
9763
9764#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9765#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217
9766msgid "Like IAU constellation, &eta; Sge is missing"
9767msgstr ""
9768
9769#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9770#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223
9771#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109
9772msgid "Eagle"
9773msgstr ""
9774
9775#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9776#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225
9777msgid ""
9778"&tau; Aql as head star, &beta; as neck, Altair is between shoulders, &gamma;"
9779" and &mu; are shoulders"
9780msgstr ""
9781
9782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9783#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231
9784#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115
9785#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
9786msgid "Dolphin"
9787msgstr ""
9788
9789#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9790#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234
9791msgid "refined shape"
9792msgstr ""
9793
9794#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9795#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239
9796#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121
9797msgid "Bust [of a horse]"
9798msgstr ""
9799
9800#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9801#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247
9802msgid "Horse"
9803msgstr ""
9804
9805#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9806#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249
9807msgid "with mane and one wing"
9808msgstr ""
9809
9810#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9811#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255
9812msgid "Andromeda"
9813msgstr ""
9814
9815#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9816#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257
9817msgid "dress and belt"
9818msgstr ""
9819
9820#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9821#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265
9822msgid "four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side"
9823msgstr ""
9824
9825#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9826#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271
9827#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145
9828#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
9829msgid "Ram"
9830msgstr ""
9831
9832#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9833#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273
9834msgid "turned head; only one horn"
9835msgstr ""
9836
9837#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9838#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279
9839#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151
9840#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125
9841msgid "Bull"
9842msgstr ""
9843
9844#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9845#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281
9846msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer"
9847msgstr ""
9848
9849#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9850#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287
9851#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157
9852#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137
9853msgid "Twins"
9854msgstr ""
9855
9856#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9857#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289
9858msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands"
9859msgstr ""
9860
9861#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9862#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295
9863msgid "Crab"
9864msgstr ""
9865
9866#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9867#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297
9868msgid "square body"
9869msgstr ""
9870
9871#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9872#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303
9873#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169
9874#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
9875msgid "Lion"
9876msgstr ""
9877
9878#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9879#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305
9880msgid "opens jaw"
9881msgstr ""
9882
9883#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9884#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311
9885msgid "Maiden"
9886msgstr ""
9887
9888#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9889#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313
9890msgid "no separate head"
9891msgstr ""
9892
9893#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9894#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314
9895msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings"
9896msgstr ""
9897
9898#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9899#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319
9900msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]"
9901msgstr ""
9902
9903#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9904#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321
9905msgid ""
9906"Ptolemy always uses the term &quot;claws&quot;, never &quot;the "
9907"balance&quot;."
9908msgstr ""
9909
9910#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9911#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327
9912#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187
9913msgid "Scorpion"
9914msgstr ""
9915
9916#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9917#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330
9918msgid "arms added around the head: &nu; and &rho;"
9919msgstr ""
9920
9921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9922#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335
9923#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174
9924msgid "Archer"
9925msgstr ""
9926
9927#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9928#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337
9929msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; &bdquo;cloak&ldquo; behind"
9930msgstr ""
9931
9932#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9933#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338
9934msgid ""
9935"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the "
9936"picture clear."
9937msgstr ""
9938
9939#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9940#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343
9941msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn"
9942msgstr ""
9943
9944#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9945#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345
9946msgid "fish tail; two legs visible"
9947msgstr ""
9948
9949#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9950#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351
9951msgid "Water-Carrier"
9952msgstr ""
9953
9954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9955#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353
9956msgid "water out of jug"
9957msgstr ""
9958
9959#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9960#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359
9961msgid "[2] Fish"
9962msgstr ""
9963
9964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9965#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362
9966msgid ""
9967"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we "
9968"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and &tau; Psc. Additional "
9969"change on tail fin: extended to &rho;"
9970msgstr ""
9971
9972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9973#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367
9974#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217
9975msgid "Sea Monster"
9976msgstr ""
9977
9978#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9979#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370
9980msgid "Body does not go through star &tau;, but through star &upsilon;"
9981msgstr ""
9982
9983#. type: Content of: <h3>
9984#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375
9985#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223
9986#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
9987#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116
9988#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22
9989msgid "Orion"
9990msgstr ""
9991
9992#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9993#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378
9994msgid ""
9995"The &quot;head&quot; is labeled as &quot;nebulous&quot; which means Ptolemy "
9996"interpreted &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, and &lambda;, together "
9997"with fainter stars between them as a &quot;cluster&quot; (or association "
9998"which is more extended than the modern &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). "
9999"Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a "
10000"connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders."
10001msgstr ""
10002
10003#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10004#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383
10005msgid "River [nameless]"
10006msgstr ""
10007
10008#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10009#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385
10010msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter"
10011msgstr ""
10012
10013#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10014#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391
10015#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235
10016#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
10017msgid "Hare"
10018msgstr ""
10019
10020#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10021#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394
10022msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear"
10023msgstr ""
10024
10025#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10026#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407
10027msgid "The One before the Dog"
10028msgstr ""
10029
10030#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10031#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410
10032msgid ""
10033"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is &quot;The One before the "
10034"Dog&quot; or &quot;Harbinger of Sirius&quot; as Toomer puts it. However, "
10035"&beta; CMi is called &quot;the neck&quot; (of whom is unknown). We drew a "
10036"little dog with &gamma; and &epsilon; as head; &alpha;, &beta;, &eta; and "
10037"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with "
10038"&delta;<sub>2</sub> and &delta;<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634"
10039msgstr ""
10040
10041#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10042#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415
10043#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253
10044#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
10045msgid "Ship &quot;Argo&quot;"
10046msgstr ""
10047
10048#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10049#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417
10050msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel"
10051msgstr ""
10052
10053#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10054#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418
10055msgid ""
10056"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape;"
10057" in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a "
10058"ship is painted."
10059msgstr ""
10060
10061#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10062#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423
10063msgid "Water Snake"
10064msgstr ""
10065
10066#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10067#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431
10068msgid "Krater (vessel)"
10069msgstr ""
10070
10071#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10072#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434
10073msgid ""
10074"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or "
10075"vase: <a "
10076"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a>"
10077" Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (&alpha; Crt) and two handles "
10078"(&eta;, &theta; Crt)"
10079msgstr ""
10080
10081#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10082#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439
10083msgid "Raven"
10084msgstr ""
10085
10086#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10087#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447
10088#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265
10089#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10090msgid "Kentauros"
10091msgstr ""
10092
10093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10094#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450
10095msgid ""
10096"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of &omega; Cen (cluster) taken"
10097" as star on the back. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; not drawn (to avoid confusion), "
10098"backward arm added."
10099msgstr ""
10100
10101#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10102#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455
10103msgid "Beast"
10104msgstr ""
10105
10106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10107#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458
10108msgid ""
10109"&beta; described as &lsquo;End of hind leg&lsquo; -> taken as star in the "
10110"belly; &tau;<sub>1</sub> as hindleg &Chi; removed from head, because "
10111"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg"
10112msgstr ""
10113
10114#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10115#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463
10116#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277
10117#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258
10118msgid "Altar"
10119msgstr ""
10120
10121#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10122#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471
10123msgid "Southern Crown"
10124msgstr ""
10125
10126#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10127#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473
10128msgid ""
10129"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC "
10130"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in "
10131"Stellarium"
10132msgstr ""
10133
10134#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10135#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479
10136#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289
10137#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10138msgid "Southern Fish"
10139msgstr ""
10140
10141#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10142#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481
10143msgid "the fish is laying on his back"
10144msgstr ""
10145
10146#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10147#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482
10148msgid ""
10149"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (&beta; should be the tip of "
10150"the tail but we used it as its root)"
10151msgstr ""
10152
10153#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10154#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488
10155msgid ""
10156"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, "
10157"1990"
10158msgstr ""
10159
10160#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10161#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489
10162#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295
10163#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284
10164msgid ""
10165"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, "
10166"Leipzig, 1898"
10167msgstr ""
10168
10169#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10170#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490
10171msgid ""
10172"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, "
10173"2017"
10174msgstr ""
10175
10176#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10177#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491
10178#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297
10179#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286
10180msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984"
10181msgstr ""
10182
10183#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10184#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492
10185msgid ""
10186"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
10187"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
10188"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006"
10189msgstr ""
10190
10191#. type: Content of: <p>
10192#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497
10193msgid ""
10194"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide "
10195"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited "
10196"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND "
10197"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without "
10198"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
10199msgstr ""
10200
10201#. type: Content of: <h2>
10202#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502
10203msgid "Thanks"
10204msgstr ""
10205
10206#. type: Content of: <p>
10207#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503
10208msgid ""
10209"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading "
10210"and interesting discussions."
10211msgstr ""
10212
10213#. type: Content of: <p>
10214#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506
10215msgid ""
10216"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea "
10217"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-"
10218"uraniae.com"
10219msgstr ""
10220
10221#. type: Content of: <p>
10222#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507
10223msgid "Written in English: the authors"
10224msgstr ""
10225
10226#. type: Content of: <h1>
10227#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1
10228msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue"
10229msgstr ""
10230
10231#. type: Content of: <p>
10232#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2
10233msgid ""
10234"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the "
10235"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd "
10236"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model,"
10237" which itself has not survived."
10238msgstr ""
10239
10240#. type: Content of: <p>
10241#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3
10242msgid ""
10243"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter"
10244" of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point "
10245"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics"
10246" and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in "
10247"\"latitude circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles "
10248"provide a four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers "
10249"used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings."
10250msgstr ""
10251
10252#. type: Content of: <p>
10253#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4
10254msgid ""
10255"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who "
10256"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 "
10257"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular "
10258"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star "
10259"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, "
10260"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic "
10261"representations speak against it."
10262msgstr ""
10263
10264#. type: Content of: <p>
10265#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6
10266msgid ""
10267"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel "
10268"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>"
10269msgstr ""
10270
10271#. type: Content of: <p>
10272#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7
10273msgid ""
10274"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything "
10275"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the "
10276"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, "
10277"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north "
10278"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. "
10279"Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of "
10280"the dragon are missing."
10281msgstr ""
10282
10283#. type: Content of: <h2>
10284#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9
10285msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?"
10286msgstr ""
10287
10288#. type: Content of: <p>
10289#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10
10290msgid ""
10291"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble "
10292"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the "
10293"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that "
10294"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. "
10295"Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble "
10296"globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to "
10297"point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the "
10298"historical stonemason."
10299msgstr ""
10300
10301#. type: Content of: <p>
10302#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11
10303msgid ""
10304"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the "
10305"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the "
10306"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was"
10307" written in Greek as scientific literature."
10308msgstr ""
10309
10310#. type: Content of: <p>
10311#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12
10312msgid ""
10313"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a "
10314"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, "
10315"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star "
10316"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show "
10317"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region "
10318"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar "
10319"distortions in the Scorpion."
10320msgstr ""
10321
10322#. type: Content of: <p>
10323#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13
10324msgid ""
10325"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in "
10326"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe."
10327msgstr ""
10328
10329#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10330#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18
10331msgid "<b>Original Name</b>"
10332msgstr ""
10333
10334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10335#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19
10336#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23
10337msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)"
10338msgstr ""
10339
10340#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10341#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20
10342#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24
10343msgid "<b>Picture</b>"
10344msgstr ""
10345
10346#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10347#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25
10348msgid "Little She-Bear"
10349msgstr ""
10350
10351#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10352#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26
10353#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32
10354#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104
10355#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140
10356#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156
10357#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163
10358#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247
10359#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253
10360#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265
10361msgid "missing"
10362msgstr ""
10363
10364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10365#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38
10366msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted"
10367msgstr ""
10368
10369#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10370#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43
10371msgid "King Kepheus"
10372msgstr ""
10373
10374#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10375#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49
10376msgid "Ploughing Man"
10377msgstr ""
10378
10379#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10380#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55
10381msgid "Wreath"
10382msgstr ""
10383
10384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10385#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67
10386msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)"
10387msgstr ""
10388
10389#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10390#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73
10391#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65
10392msgid "Bird [not specified]"
10393msgstr ""
10394
10395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10396#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79
10397#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71
10398msgid "Queen Kassiepeia"
10399msgstr ""
10400
10401#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10402#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97
10403msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake"
10404msgstr ""
10405
10406#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10407#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122
10408msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)"
10409msgstr ""
10410
10411#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10412#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127
10413msgid "Horse [unnamed]"
10414msgstr ""
10415
10416#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10417#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133
10418#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107
10419msgid "Princess Andromeda"
10420msgstr ""
10421
10422#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10423#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163
10424#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
10425msgid "Cancer"
10426msgstr ""
10427
10428#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10429#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175
10430#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
10431msgid "Young Lady"
10432msgstr ""
10433
10434#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10435#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181
10436msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]"
10437msgstr ""
10438
10439#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10440#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193
10441msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)"
10442msgstr ""
10443
10444#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10445#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199
10446msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat"
10447msgstr ""
10448
10449#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10450#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205
10451msgid "Water-Pourer"
10452msgstr ""
10453
10454#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10455#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211
10456msgid "Two Fishes"
10457msgstr ""
10458
10459#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10460#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229
10461msgid "River [unnamed]"
10462msgstr ""
10463
10464#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10465#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247
10466msgid "The asterism before the Dog"
10467msgstr ""
10468
10469#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10470#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248
10471msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]"
10472msgstr ""
10473
10474#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10475#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259
10476msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven"
10477msgstr ""
10478
10479#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10480#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271
10481msgid "Monster"
10482msgstr ""
10483
10484#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10485#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283
10486msgid "Southern Wreath"
10487msgstr ""
10488
10489#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10490#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290
10491msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]"
10492msgstr ""
10493
10494#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10495#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296
10496#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285
10497msgid ""
10498"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, "
10499"2017"
10500msgstr ""
10501
10502#. type: Content of: <p>
10503#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300
10504#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289
10505msgid ""
10506"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be "
10507"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC "
10508"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do "
10509"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!"
10510msgstr ""
10511
10512#. type: Content of: <p>
10513#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303
10514msgid ""
10515"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
10516"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)."
10517msgstr ""
10518
10519#. type: Content of: <h5>
10520#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
10521msgid "the author"
10522msgstr ""
10523
10524#. type: Content of: <h1>
10525#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1
10526msgid "Leiden Aratea"
10527msgstr ""
10528
10529#. type: Content of: <p>
10530#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2
10531msgid ""
10532"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are "
10533"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden "
10534"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious"
10535" (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)."
10536msgstr ""
10537
10538#. type: Content of: <p>
10539#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3
10540msgid ""
10541"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz "
10542"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is "
10543"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by "
10544"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to"
10545" graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic "
10546"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures "
10547"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations."
10548msgstr ""
10549
10550#. type: Content of: <p>
10551#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4
10552msgid ""
10553"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a "
10554"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only "
10555"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure"
10556" is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold "
10557"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of "
10558"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay"
10559" discusses her proposed identifications in detail."
10560msgstr ""
10561
10562#. type: Content of: <p>
10563#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6
10564msgid ""
10565"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images"
10566" Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>"
10567msgstr ""
10568
10569#. type: Content of: <h2>
10570#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8
10571msgid "How this Sky Culture was made"
10572msgstr ""
10573
10574#. type: Content of: <p>
10575#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9
10576msgid ""
10577"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the "
10578"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications)."
10579" Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the "
10580"astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be "
10581"locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be "
10582"distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the "
10583"illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was "
10584"possible."
10585msgstr ""
10586
10587#. type: Content of: <p>
10588#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10
10589msgid ""
10590"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and "
10591"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts "
10592"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the "
10593"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be "
10594"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in "
10595"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark "
10596"colours) is shown in the table below."
10597msgstr ""
10598
10599#. type: Content of: <p>
10600#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11
10601msgid ""
10602"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup,"
10603" Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.  Both, Virgo and Centaur are "
10604"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the "
10605"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).  The artist of the Leiden Aratea never "
10606"mapped the images onto the stars.  In order to make these depictions "
10607"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and "
10608"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from "
10609"the Almagest.  The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd "
10610"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem "
10611"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.  Both, the Almagest "
10612"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea "
10613"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork."
10614msgstr ""
10615
10616#. type: Content of: <p>
10617#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17
10618msgid ""
10619"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in "
10620"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the "
10621"manuscript."
10622msgstr ""
10623
10624#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10625#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21
10626msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>"
10627msgstr ""
10628
10629#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10630#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22
10631msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>"
10632msgstr ""
10633
10634#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10635#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29
10636msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)"
10637msgstr ""
10638
10639#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10640#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41
10641msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)"
10642msgstr ""
10643
10644#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10645#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47
10646msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)"
10647msgstr ""
10648
10649#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10650#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
10651msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)"
10652msgstr ""
10653
10654#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10655#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
10656msgid ""
10657"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this "
10658"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, "
10659"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees "
10660"are the same."
10661msgstr ""
10662
10663#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10664#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
10665#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
10666#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
10667#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10668#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
10669msgid "mirrored depiction"
10670msgstr ""
10671
10672#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10673#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87
10674#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88
10675#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166
10676#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167
10677msgid "and"
10678msgstr ""
10679
10680#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10681#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89
10682msgid "Eagle with Arrow"
10683msgstr ""
10684
10685#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10686#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
10687msgid ""
10688"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation "
10689"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe)"
10690" depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why "
10691"I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea."
10692msgstr ""
10693
10694#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10695#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101
10696msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)"
10697msgstr ""
10698
10699#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10700#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
10701msgid ""
10702"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was "
10703"in spring)."
10704msgstr ""
10705
10706#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10707#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
10708msgid "The Pleiades"
10709msgstr ""
10710
10711#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10712#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
10713msgid "or Seven Sisters"
10714msgstr ""
10715
10716#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10717#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
10718msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>"
10719msgstr ""
10720
10721#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10722#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
10723msgid ""
10724"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are "
10725"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the "
10726"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the"
10727" second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing."
10728msgstr ""
10729
10730#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10731#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161
10732msgid ""
10733"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in"
10734" a style epoch of Babylonian revival),"
10735msgstr ""
10736
10737#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10738#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
10739msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)"
10740msgstr ""
10741
10742#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10743#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
10744msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area."
10745msgstr ""
10746
10747#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10748#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
10749msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)"
10750msgstr ""
10751
10752#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10753#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180
10754msgid "The Goat-Horned One"
10755msgstr ""
10756
10757#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10758#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
10759msgid "Water Pourer"
10760msgstr ""
10761
10762#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10763#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
10764msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)"
10765msgstr ""
10766
10767#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10768#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192
10769msgid "Fishes"
10770msgstr ""
10771
10772#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10773#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198
10774msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus"
10775msgstr ""
10776
10777#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10778#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
10779msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>"
10780msgstr ""
10781
10782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10783#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
10784msgid ""
10785"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from "
10786"his own single-page painting."
10787msgstr ""
10788
10789#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10790#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
10791msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);"
10792msgstr ""
10793
10794#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10795#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
10796msgid "here a river god is depicted"
10797msgstr ""
10798
10799#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10800#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
10801msgid ""
10802"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the "
10803"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately "
10804"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between "
10805"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The "
10806"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation "
10807"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare "
10808"between Orion's legs.</i>"
10809msgstr ""
10810
10811#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10812#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
10813msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog"
10814msgstr ""
10815
10816#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10817#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10818msgid "The star in front of the dog"
10819msgstr ""
10820
10821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10822#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10823msgid ""
10824"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by "
10825"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is"
10826" a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized."
10827msgstr ""
10828
10829#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10830#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240
10831msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven"
10832msgstr ""
10833
10834#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10835#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10836msgid ""
10837"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: "
10838"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation "
10839"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted"
10840msgstr ""
10841
10842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10843#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10844msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)"
10845msgstr ""
10846
10847#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10848#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
10849msgid "monster"
10850msgstr ""
10851
10852#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10853#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
10854msgid ""
10855"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone "
10856"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is "
10857"missing here)."
10858msgstr ""
10859
10860#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10861#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264
10862msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)"
10863msgstr ""
10864
10865#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10866#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10867msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)"
10868msgstr ""
10869
10870#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10871#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10872msgid ""
10873"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. "
10874"That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of"
10875" the original red-purple one."
10876msgstr ""
10877
10878#. type: Content of: <h3>
10879#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276
10880msgid "For the Aratea itself:"
10881msgstr ""
10882
10883#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10884#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278
10885msgid ""
10886"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des "
10887"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der "
10888"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016"
10889msgstr ""
10890
10891#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10892#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279
10893msgid ""
10894"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book,"
10895" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37"
10896msgstr ""
10897
10898#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10899#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280
10900msgid ""
10901"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea &mdash; "
10902"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, "
10903"Malibu California, 1988"
10904msgstr ""
10905
10906#. type: Content of: <h3>
10907#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282
10908msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue"
10909msgstr ""
10910
10911#. type: Content of: <p>
10912#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292
10913msgid ""
10914"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
10915"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with "
10916"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium "
10917"Jena."
10918msgstr ""
10919
10920#. type: Content of: <h5>
10921#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
10922msgid "the authors"
10923msgstr ""
10924
10925#. type: Content of: <h2>
10926#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1
10927msgid "Hawaiian Starlines"
10928msgstr ""
10929
10930#. type: Content of: <p>
10931#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2
10932msgid ""
10933"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the "
10934"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using "
10935"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of "
10936"miles of open ocean.  For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the "
10937"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   "
10938"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help "
10939"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing "
10940"the sky into four evenly sized star lines."
10941msgstr ""
10942
10943#. type: Content of: <h2>
10944#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8
10945msgid "History"
10946msgstr ""
10947
10948#. type: Content of: <p>
10949#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9
10950msgid ""
10951"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for "
10952"many generations.   Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation "
10953"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s.  Polynesian "
10954"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975.  Hokule’a "
10955"is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art "
10956"of way finding.  A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a "
10957"master navigator/wayfinder.  The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky "
10958"to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors.  Nainoa Thompson, "
10959"current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to "
10960"him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the "
10961"Hawaiians.  With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass "
10962"and star lines were created."
10963msgstr ""
10964
10965#. type: Content of: <h2>
10966#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19
10967msgid "Star Lines"
10968msgstr ""
10969
10970#. type: Content of: <p>
10971#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20
10972msgid ""
10973"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the "
10974"navigators.  The stars connect making constellations.  Navigators remember "
10975"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each "
10976"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South.  The star lines’"
10977" position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more"
10978" prevalent at night according to the season.  The star lines with their "
10979"according season are as follows:"
10980msgstr ""
10981
10982#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10983#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27
10984msgid "November to April"
10985msgstr ""
10986
10987#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10988#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28
10989msgid "April to July"
10990msgstr ""
10991
10992#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10993#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29
10994msgid "May to October"
10995msgstr ""
10996
10997#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10998#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30
10999msgid "September to February"
11000msgstr ""
11001
11002#. type: Content of: <p>
11003#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35
11004msgid ""
11005"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines "
11006"are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> "
11007"(Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky.  In voyaging"
11008" a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls."
11009msgstr ""
11010
11011#. type: Content of: <p>
11012#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38
11013msgid ""
11014"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are "
11015"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> "
11016"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius).  These stars"
11017" connect together to create the bailer in the sky.  Mintaka in Orion is an "
11018"important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west "
11019"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction.  Mirzim (next to "
11020"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) "
11021"connect together to create a southern pointer.  <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> "
11022"(&theta; Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan)"
11023" connect to create a northern pointer.  Different north/south pointers are "
11024"found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators."
11025msgstr ""
11026
11027#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11028#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46
11029msgid ""
11030"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-"
11031"lizard).  This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or "
11032"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture.  It can also be representing a "
11033"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation."
11034msgstr ""
11035
11036#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11037#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50
11038msgid ""
11039"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the "
11040"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always "
11041"above north.  <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big "
11042"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars "
11043"in the Big Dipper.  <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> "
11044"(Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line.  The two PVS "
11045"canoes are named after these two stars.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” "
11046"star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the "
11047"latitude of the Hawaiian Islands.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to "
11048"navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i.  The meaning of "
11049"<em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to "
11050"find home bringing joy.  Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a "
11051"combination of four stars that create a box.  <em>Me’e</em> connects down to"
11052" <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for "
11053"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>."
11054msgstr ""
11055
11056#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11057#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61
11058msgid ""
11059"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to "
11060"the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook.  Maui is credited for "
11061"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook."
11062msgstr ""
11063
11064#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11065#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64
11066msgid ""
11067"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on "
11068"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south.  The Navigator’s Triangle is "
11069"made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and "
11070"<em>Humu</em> (Altair).  (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for "
11071"modern amateur astronomers.)  These stars also represent the Polynesian "
11072"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa "
11073"(<em>Humu</em>).  These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui "
11074"(Scorpius)."
11075msgstr ""
11076
11077#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11078#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70
11079msgid ""
11080"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect "
11081"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (&gamma; Cyg, Sadr).  "
11082"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> "
11083"(&delta; Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (&pi; Sco, Nur), the stars on the "
11084"top of the hook."
11085msgstr ""
11086
11087#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11088#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74
11089msgid ""
11090"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a "
11091"great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which"
11092" was lost as a child."
11093msgstr ""
11094
11095#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11096#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76
11097msgid ""
11098"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird "
11099"(<em>Fregata Minor</em>).  The shape of this constellation (which is "
11100"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known "
11101"for leading voyagers to land.  The center of the star line is the Kite of "
11102"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus).  The four stars that make the"
11103" kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> "
11104"(&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (&beta; Peg, Scheat), "
11105"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, "
11106"Markab).  All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then "
11107"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and "
11108"<em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
11109msgstr ""
11110
11111#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11112#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83
11113msgid ""
11114"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, "
11115"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (&beta; Cas, Caph) of "
11116"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>.  The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> "
11117"(&alpha; Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
11118msgstr ""
11119
11120#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11121#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88
11122msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>"
11123msgstr ""
11124
11125#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11126#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89
11127msgid ""
11128"<a "
11129"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian"
11130" Voyaging Society</a>"
11131msgstr ""
11132
11133#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11134#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90
11135msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>"
11136msgstr ""
11137
11138#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11139#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91
11140msgid ""
11141"<a "
11142"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian"
11143" Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>"
11144msgstr ""
11145
11146#. type: Content of: <p><p>
11147#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94
11148msgid ""
11149"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this "
11150"skyculture is available at the <a "
11151"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> "
11152"collection."
11153msgstr ""
11154
11155#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2>
11156#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96
11157msgid "Background and Acknowledgements"
11158msgstr ""
11159
11160#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11161#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98
11162msgid ""
11163"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of "
11164"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa "
11165"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from "
11166"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage"
11167" of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe.  Stellarium has been used as a "
11168"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for"
11169" practicing Polynesian navigation."
11170msgstr ""
11171
11172#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11173#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102
11174msgid ""
11175"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was "
11176"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, "
11177"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial "
11178"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i.  Artwork"
11179" by Kealoha Kaneakua."
11180msgstr ""
11181
11182#. type: Content of: <h2>
11183#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1
11184msgid "Indian Vedic"
11185msgstr ""
11186
11187#. type: Content of: <p>
11188#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2
11189msgid ""
11190"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to "
11191"Nakṣatra-s."
11192msgstr ""
11193
11194#. type: Content of: <p>
11195#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6
11196msgid ""
11197"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical "
11198"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is "
11199"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)."
11200msgstr ""
11201
11202#. type: Content of: <p>
11203#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7
11204msgid ""
11205"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding "
11206"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their "
11207"original locations to account for precession."
11208msgstr ""
11209
11210#. type: Content of: <p>
11211#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8
11212msgid ""
11213"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar "
11214"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months "
11215"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' "
11216"names."
11217msgstr ""
11218
11219#. type: Content of: <p>
11220#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11
11221msgid ""
11222"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately "
11223"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full "
11224"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the "
11225"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is "
11226"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the "
11227"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they "
11228"are also technically constellations."
11229msgstr ""
11230
11231#. type: Content of: <p>
11232#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12
11233msgid ""
11234"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the "
11235"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a "
11236"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11237"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this page</a>)"
11238msgstr ""
11239
11240#. type: Content of: <p>
11241#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13
11242msgid ""
11243"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and "
11244"the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual "
11245"which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some "
11246"scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, "
11247"the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic "
11248"period."
11249msgstr ""
11250
11251#. type: Content of: <p>
11252#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14
11253msgid ""
11254"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same "
11255"constellations and stars (Example: <a "
11256"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on "
11257"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others "
11258"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological "
11259"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, "
11260"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See "
11261"references below.)"
11262msgstr ""
11263
11264#. type: Content of: <p>
11265#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15
11266msgid ""
11267"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which "
11268"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a "
11269"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra "
11270"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in "
11271"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people "
11272"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most "
11273"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months "
11274"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year."
11275msgstr ""
11276
11277#. type: Content of: <p>
11278#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16
11279msgid ""
11280"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by "
11281"their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation "
11282"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual "
11283"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose "
11284"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)."
11285msgstr ""
11286
11287#. type: Content of: <h3>
11288#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18
11289msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\""
11290msgstr ""
11291
11292#. type: Content of: <p>
11293#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19
11294msgid ""
11295"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to "
11296"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun "
11297"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as "
11298"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name "
11299"of vedic days originated from these planet's names."
11300msgstr ""
11301
11302#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11303#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11304msgid "Graha"
11305msgstr ""
11306
11307#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11308#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11309#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
11310msgid "Designation"
11311msgstr ""
11312
11313#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11314#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11315msgid "Name of Solar days"
11316msgstr ""
11317
11318#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11319#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11320msgid "(Sun)"
11321msgstr ""
11322
11323#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11324#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11325msgid "Sun God"
11326msgstr ""
11327
11328#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11329#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11330msgid "(Sunday)"
11331msgstr ""
11332
11333#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11334#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11335msgid "(Moon)"
11336msgstr ""
11337
11338#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11339#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11340msgid "Moon god"
11341msgstr ""
11342
11343#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11344#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11345msgid "(Monday)"
11346msgstr ""
11347
11348#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11349#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11350msgid "(Mars)"
11351msgstr ""
11352
11353#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11354#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11355msgid "God of war"
11356msgstr ""
11357
11358#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11359#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11360msgid "(Tuesday)"
11361msgstr ""
11362
11363#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11364#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11365msgid "(Mercury)"
11366msgstr ""
11367
11368#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11369#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11370msgid "Son of Moon"
11371msgstr ""
11372
11373#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11374#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11375msgid "(Wednesday)"
11376msgstr ""
11377
11378#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11379#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11380msgid "(Jupiter)"
11381msgstr ""
11382
11383#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11384#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11385msgid "Teacher of Gods"
11386msgstr ""
11387
11388#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11389#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11390msgid "(Thursday)"
11391msgstr ""
11392
11393#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11394#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11395msgid "(Venus)"
11396msgstr ""
11397
11398#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11399#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11400msgid "Mentor of Demons"
11401msgstr ""
11402
11403#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11404#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11405msgid "(Friday)"
11406msgstr ""
11407
11408#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11409#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11410msgid "(Saturn)"
11411msgstr ""
11412
11413#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11414#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11415msgid "God of Misfortune"
11416msgstr ""
11417
11418#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11419#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11420msgid "(Saturday)"
11421msgstr ""
11422
11423#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11424#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30
11425#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
11426msgid "lunar node"
11427msgstr ""
11428
11429#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11430#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30
11431#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
11432msgid "-"
11433msgstr ""
11434
11435#. type: Content of: <h4>
11436#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36
11437msgid "General"
11438msgstr ""
11439
11440#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11441#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38
11442msgid ""
11443"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" class='external text' "
11444"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia"
11445msgstr ""
11446
11447#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11448#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39
11449msgid ""
11450"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' "
11451"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia"
11452msgstr ""
11453
11454#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11455#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40
11456msgid ""
11457"<a "
11458"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11459"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' "
11460"rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>"
11461msgstr ""
11462
11463#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11464#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41
11465msgid ""
11466"<a "
11467"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\""
11468" class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and "
11469"Abhijit\"</a>"
11470msgstr ""
11471
11472#. type: Content of: <h4>
11473#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44
11474msgid "Mythology"
11475msgstr ""
11476
11477#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
11478#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45
11479msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org."
11480msgstr ""
11481
11482#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11483#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48
11484msgid ""
11485"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata"
11486" Index, Vedic Indix"
11487msgstr ""
11488
11489#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11490#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49
11491#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54
11492msgid "Vedas, Agamas"
11493msgstr ""
11494
11495#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11496#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50
11497msgid ""
11498"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" "
11499"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala "
11500"Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
11501msgstr ""
11502
11503#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11504#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51
11505msgid ""
11506"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external "
11507"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
11508msgstr ""
11509
11510#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11511#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52
11512msgid ""
11513"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" "
11514"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar "
11515"Tilak</a>"
11516msgstr ""
11517
11518#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11519#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53
11520msgid ""
11521"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external "
11522"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de "
11523"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>"
11524msgstr ""
11525
11526#. type: Content of: <h3>
11527#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58
11528msgid "Contributors"
11529msgstr ""
11530
11531#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11532#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60
11533msgid "Tanmoy Saha"
11534msgstr ""
11535
11536#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11537#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61
11538msgid ""
11539"Contributors from the <a href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-"
11540"coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a "
11541"href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>."
11542msgstr ""
11543
11544#. type: Content of: <h2>
11545#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1
11546msgid "Inuit"
11547msgstr ""
11548
11549#. type: Content of: <p>
11550#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2
11551msgid ""
11552"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
11553"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, "
11554"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit "
11555"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in "
11556"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic "
11557"universe."
11558msgstr ""
11559
11560#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11561#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27
11562msgid ""
11563"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-"
11564"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and "
11565"Legend</a> book at amazon.com"
11566msgstr ""
11567
11568#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11569#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28
11570msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>"
11571msgstr ""
11572
11573#. type: Content of: <p>
11574#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32
11575msgid ""
11576"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
11577"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: "
11578"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald."
11579msgstr ""
11580
11581#. type: Content of: <p>
11582#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34
11583msgid ""
11584"Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License."
11585msgstr ""
11586
11587#. type: Content of: <h2>
11588#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1
11589msgid "Japanese Moon Stations"
11590msgstr ""
11591
11592#. type: Content of: <p>
11593#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2
11594msgid ""
11595"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was "
11596"closely tied to astrological purposes.  For ancient Chinese and later Korean"
11597" and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is "
11598"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), "
11599"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and "
11600"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each "
11601"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei "
11602"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\".  The moon "
11603"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun"
11604" and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been "
11605"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are"
11606" obscure and even controversial."
11607msgstr ""
11608
11609#. type: Content of: <p>
11610#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10
11611msgid ""
11612"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" "
11613"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent"
11614" some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent "
11615"anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move"
11616" in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall.  Some"
11617" scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being "
11618"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but "
11619"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun "
11620"through seasons."
11621msgstr ""
11622
11623#. type: Content of: <p>
11624#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15
11625msgid ""
11626"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated "
11627"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the "
11628"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, "
11629"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the "
11630"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not "
11631"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now."
11632msgstr ""
11633
11634#. type: Content of: <p>
11635#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19
11636msgid ""
11637"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield "
11638"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this "
11639"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed "
11640"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather"
11641" complex."
11642msgstr ""
11643
11644#. type: Content of: <p>
11645#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22
11646msgid ""
11647"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of "
11648"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended "
11649"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike "
11650"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the "
11651"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature."
11652msgstr ""
11653
11654#. type: Content of: <p>
11655#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25
11656msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan."
11657msgstr ""
11658
11659#. type: Content of: <p>
11660#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26
11661msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>"
11662msgstr ""
11663
11664#. type: Content of: <h3>
11665#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28
11666msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)"
11667msgstr ""
11668
11669#. type: Content of: <p>
11670#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29
11671msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"."
11672msgstr ""
11673
11674#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11675#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33
11676#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95
11677#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156
11678#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217
11679msgid "Chinese Character"
11680msgstr ""
11681
11682#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11683#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34
11684#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96
11685#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157
11686#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218
11687msgid "Meaning"
11688msgstr ""
11689
11690#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11691#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35
11692#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97
11693#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158
11694#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219
11695msgid "Key Star"
11696msgstr ""
11697
11698#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11699#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36
11700#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98
11701#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159
11702#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220
11703msgid "Japanese Name"
11704msgstr ""
11705
11706#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11707#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41
11708msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner"
11709msgstr ""
11710
11711#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11712#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48
11713msgid "Neck, Throat"
11714msgstr ""
11715
11716#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11717#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55
11718msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base"
11719msgstr ""
11720
11721#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11722#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56
11723#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63
11724#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84
11725#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186
11726#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207
11727#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233
11728msgid "sometimes"
11729msgstr ""
11730
11731#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11732#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62
11733msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts"
11734msgstr ""
11735
11736#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11737#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83
11738msgid "Basket"
11739msgstr ""
11740
11741#. type: Content of: <h3>
11742#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90
11743msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)"
11744msgstr ""
11745
11746#. type: Content of: <p>
11747#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91
11748msgid ""
11749"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\""
11750" (also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)."
11751msgstr ""
11752
11753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11754#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103
11755msgid "Dipper; Measure"
11756msgstr ""
11757
11758#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11759#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110
11760msgid "Cow"
11761msgstr ""
11762
11763#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11764#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117
11765msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid"
11766msgstr ""
11767
11768#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11769#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131
11770msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep"
11771msgstr ""
11772
11773#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11774#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138
11775msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment"
11776msgstr ""
11777
11778#. type: Content of: <h3>
11779#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151
11780msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)"
11781msgstr ""
11782
11783#. type: Content of: <p>
11784#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152
11785msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"."
11786msgstr ""
11787
11788#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11789#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164
11790msgid "Stride, Foot"
11791msgstr ""
11792
11793#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11794#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171
11795msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows"
11796msgstr ""
11797
11798#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11799#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185
11800msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\""
11801msgstr ""
11802
11803#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11804#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192
11805msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain"
11806msgstr ""
11807
11808#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11809#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199
11810msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head"
11811msgstr ""
11812
11813#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11814#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206
11815msgid "Investigator, Three"
11816msgstr ""
11817
11818#. type: Content of: <h3>
11819#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212
11820msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)"
11821msgstr ""
11822
11823#. type: Content of: <p>
11824#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213
11825msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"."
11826msgstr ""
11827
11828#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11829#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232
11830msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost"
11831msgstr ""
11832
11833#. type: Content of: <h3>
11834#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246
11835#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25
11836msgid "Stars"
11837msgstr ""
11838
11839#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11840#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253
11841msgid "Stretched Net"
11842msgstr ""
11843
11844#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11845#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267
11846msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto"
11847msgstr ""
11848
11849#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a>
11850#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275
11851msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan"
11852msgstr ""
11853
11854#. type: Content of: <h2>
11855#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1
11856msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi"
11857msgstr ""
11858
11859#. type: Content of: <p>
11860#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2
11861msgid ""
11862"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian "
11863"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. "
11864"They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country.  "
11865"Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an "
11866"extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s."
11867msgstr ""
11868
11869#. type: Content of: <h3>
11870#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4
11871msgid "Background"
11872msgstr ""
11873
11874#. type: Content of: <p>
11875#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5
11876msgid ""
11877"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project"
11878" by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. "
11879"Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the "
11880"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of"
11881" a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study "
11882"Guide.  Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate"
11883" certain sky objects."
11884msgstr ""
11885
11886#. type: Content of: <h2>
11887#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7
11888msgid "Cultural objects"
11889msgstr ""
11890
11891#. type: Content of: <h3>
11892#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9
11893msgid "Gawaargay"
11894msgstr ""
11895
11896#. type: Content of: <p>
11897#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10
11898msgid ""
11899"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal "
11900"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the "
11901"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius.  The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it "
11902"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males.  From "
11903"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males "
11904"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs.  In the evening"
11905" in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two "
11906"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected.  Later in the year, it "
11907"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, "
11908"meaning the waterholes are full.  When it is below the horizon, then it is "
11909"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen."
11910msgstr ""
11911
11912#. type: Content of: <h3>
11913#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12
11914msgid "Birringoloo"
11915msgstr ""
11916
11917#. type: Content of: <p>
11918#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13
11919msgid ""
11920"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits"
11921" by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women "
11922"with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah "
11923"(Heaven behind Warrambul).  They wait at this camp until all their girl "
11924"children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to "
11925"Bulimah."
11926msgstr ""
11927
11928#. type: Content of: <h3>
11929#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15
11930msgid "Yarran"
11931msgstr ""
11932
11933#. type: Content of: <p>
11934#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16
11935msgid ""
11936"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, "
11937"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to"
11938" die (and the Cockatoos).  It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the "
11939"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots "
11940"spreading around.  When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through "
11941"the hollow of the Yarran."
11942msgstr ""
11943
11944#. type: Content of: <h3>
11945#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18
11946msgid "Old Wiringin"
11947msgstr ""
11948
11949#. type: Content of: <p>
11950#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19
11951msgid ""
11952"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor.  This Wiringin located "
11953"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to "
11954"Bulimah.  If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, "
11955"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in "
11956"the Large Magellanic Cloud.  This birth spirit will send the unitiated back "
11957"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated.  This Wiringin is "
11958"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)."
11959msgstr ""
11960
11961#. type: Content of: <h3>
11962#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21
11963msgid "Birray Birray"
11964msgstr ""
11965
11966#. type: Content of: <p>
11967#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22
11968msgid ""
11969"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the "
11970"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star "
11971"cluster.  They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this"
11972" they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of "
11973"Orion.  Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker.  "
11974"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is "
11975"Aldebaran."
11976msgstr ""
11977
11978#. type: Content of: <h3>
11979#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24
11980msgid "Miyay Miyay"
11981msgstr ""
11982
11983#. type: Content of: <p>
11984#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25
11985msgid ""
11986"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the"
11987" sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins "
11988"or other bad persons.  They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one "
11989"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars.  They are protected from the "
11990"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran."
11991msgstr ""
11992
11993#. type: Content of: <h3>
11994#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27
11995msgid "Old Dthillar"
11996msgstr ""
11997
11998#. type: Content of: <p>
11999#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28
12000msgid ""
12001"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, "
12002"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) "
12003"in the Pleiades.  Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha "
12004"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray "
12005"Birray.  The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri"
12006" is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)."
12007msgstr ""
12008
12009#. type: Content of: <h3>
12010#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30
12011msgid "Wamba Wamba"
12012msgstr ""
12013
12014#. type: Content of: <p>
12015#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31
12016msgid ""
12017"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\".  In this case, the star Canopus is "
12018"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is "
12019"told.  The planet Venus is also called Wamba.  One speculation is that both "
12020"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to "
12021"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results"
12022" in rapid changes in colour.  This might be interpreted as madness."
12023msgstr ""
12024
12025#. type: Content of: <h3>
12026#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33
12027msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan"
12028msgstr ""
12029
12030#. type: Content of: <p>
12031#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34
12032msgid ""
12033"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic "
12034"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies.  She \"sings\" the "
12035"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old "
12036"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to "
12037"Earth as babies."
12038msgstr ""
12039
12040#. type: Content of: <h3>
12041#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36
12042msgid "Bandaarr"
12043msgstr ""
12044
12045#. type: Content of: <p>
12046#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37
12047msgid ""
12048"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located "
12049"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu.  "
12050"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has"
12051" significance in ceremony."
12052msgstr ""
12053
12054#. type: Content of: <h3>
12055#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39
12056msgid "Muraay Muyaay"
12057msgstr ""
12058
12059#. type: Content of: <p>
12060#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40
12061msgid ""
12062"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo,"
12063" who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri).  They "
12064"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged "
12065"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran."
12066msgstr ""
12067
12068#. type: Content of: <h3>
12069#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42
12070msgid "Warrawilbaarru"
12071msgstr ""
12072
12073#. type: Content of: <p>
12074#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43
12075msgid ""
12076"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation "
12077"Scorpius.  Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September "
12078"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during "
12079"September, and doesn't go back until around March.  During this time he is "
12080"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to "
12081"children and uninitiated men."
12082msgstr ""
12083
12084#. type: Content of: <p>
12085#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46
12086msgid ""
12087"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi "
12088"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" "
12089"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>."
12090msgstr ""
12091
12092#. type: Content of: <h2>
12093#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1
12094msgid "Korean"
12095msgstr ""
12096
12097#. type: Content of: <h3>
12098#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2
12099msgid "Origin"
12100msgstr ""
12101
12102#. type: Content of: <p>
12103#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3
12104msgid ""
12105"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and "
12106"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun "
12107"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map"
12108" and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their "
12109"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations "
12110"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty "
12111"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C."
12112msgstr ""
12113
12114#. type: Content of: <p>
12115#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5
12116msgid ""
12117"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on"
12118" the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which "
12119"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map "
12120"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about"
12121" 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese "
12122"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only"
12123" about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of "
12124"the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the "
12125"southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with "
12126"respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations "
12127"were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that "
12128"there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. "
12129"The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at"
12130" a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation "
12131"are like."
12132msgstr ""
12133
12134#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
12135#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9
12136msgid ""
12137"<a "
12138"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang "
12139"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>"
12140msgstr ""
12141
12142#. type: Content of: <p><p>
12143#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13
12144msgid ""
12145"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a "
12146"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>"
12147msgstr ""
12148
12149#. type: Content of: <h2>
12150#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1
12151msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)"
12152msgstr ""
12153
12154#. type: Content of: <p>
12155#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3
12156msgid ""
12157"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people"
12158" of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic "
12159"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French "
12160"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak"
12161" a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the "
12162"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic"
12163" relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of "
12164"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and"
12165" gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups "
12166"that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono "
12167"have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 "
12168"years.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has "
12169"intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono"
12170" language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in "
12171"subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of "
12172"<em>medicine-men</em>&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge,"
12173" most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the "
12174"modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what"
12175" the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned "
12176"in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the"
12177" combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining "
12178"their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented "
12179"here includes only identified constellations but the following description "
12180"provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge "
12181"including information extracted from historical sources about all the "
12182"celestial objects named in the table below."
12183msgstr ""
12184
12185#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption>
12186#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7
12187msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects"
12188msgstr ""
12189
12190#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12191#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9
12192msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>"
12193msgstr ""
12194
12195#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12196#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10
12197msgid "Literal translation in English"
12198msgstr ""
12199
12200#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12201#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11
12202msgid "Approximate location"
12203msgstr ""
12204
12205#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12206#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30
12207msgid "Path of the carriers of clay"
12208msgstr ""
12209
12210#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12211#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40
12212msgid "Scores of stars"
12213msgstr ""
12214
12215#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12216#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45
12217msgid "Shining star"
12218msgstr ""
12219
12220#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12221#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50
12222msgid "Grill"
12223msgstr ""
12224
12225#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12226#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51
12227msgid "Pegasus"
12228msgstr ""
12229
12230#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12231#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55
12232msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda"
12233msgstr ""
12234
12235#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12236#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56
12237msgid "unclear"
12238msgstr ""
12239
12240#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12241#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60
12242msgid "Spirit of the capibara"
12243msgstr ""
12244
12245#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12246#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61
12247#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96
12248#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111
12249#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131
12250#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136
12251#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141
12252#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146
12253#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151
12254#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156
12255#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161
12256#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166
12257#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171
12258#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176
12259#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181
12260#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186
12261#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191
12262#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196
12263#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201
12264#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206
12265#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211
12266#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216
12267msgid "unknown"
12268msgstr ""
12269
12270#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12271#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65
12272msgid "Man without a thigh"
12273msgstr ""
12274
12275#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12276#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70
12277msgid "Jaw of the tapir"
12278msgstr ""
12279
12280#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12281#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71
12282#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
12283msgid "Hyades"
12284msgstr ""
12285
12286#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12287#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75
12288msgid "Spirit of the black curassow"
12289msgstr ""
12290
12291#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12292#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76
12293msgid "Crux"
12294msgstr ""
12295
12296#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12297#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80
12298msgid "Hunter"
12299msgstr ""
12300
12301#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12302#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81
12303msgid "α Centauri"
12304msgstr ""
12305
12306#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12307#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85
12308msgid "Torch"
12309msgstr ""
12310
12311#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12312#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86
12313msgid "β Centauri"
12314msgstr ""
12315
12316#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12317#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90
12318msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron"
12319msgstr ""
12320
12321#. type: Content of: <h3>
12322#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91
12323#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18
12324msgid "Ursa Major"
12325msgstr ""
12326
12327#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12328#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95
12329msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron"
12330msgstr ""
12331
12332#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12333#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100
12334msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish"
12335msgstr ""
12336
12337#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12338#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101
12339msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco"
12340msgstr ""
12341
12342#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12343#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105
12344msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle"
12345msgstr ""
12346
12347#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12348#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106
12349msgid "Hercules"
12350msgstr ""
12351
12352#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12353#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110
12354msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise"
12355msgstr ""
12356
12357#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12358#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115
12359msgid "Spirit of the blue crab"
12360msgstr ""
12361
12362#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12363#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120
12364msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck"
12365msgstr ""
12366
12367#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12368#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125
12369msgid "Spirit of the awara palm"
12370msgstr ""
12371
12372#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12373#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130
12374msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi"
12375msgstr ""
12376
12377#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12378#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135
12379msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti"
12380msgstr ""
12381
12382#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12383#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140
12384msgid "Spirit of the jaguar"
12385msgstr ""
12386
12387#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12388#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145
12389msgid "Spirit of the ocelot"
12390msgstr ""
12391
12392#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12393#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150
12394msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth"
12395msgstr ""
12396
12397#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12398#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155
12399msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth"
12400msgstr ""
12401
12402#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12403#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160
12404msgid "Spirit of the green iguana"
12405msgstr ""
12406
12407#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12408#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165
12409msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot"
12410msgstr ""
12411
12412#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12413#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170
12414msgid "Spirit of the marail guan"
12415msgstr ""
12416
12417#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12418#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175
12419msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo"
12420msgstr ""
12421
12422#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12423#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180
12424msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin"
12425msgstr ""
12426
12427#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12428#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185
12429msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki"
12430msgstr ""
12431
12432#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12433#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190
12434msgid "Spirit of the scorpion"
12435msgstr ""
12436
12437#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12438#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195
12439msgid "Spirit of the parrot"
12440msgstr ""
12441
12442#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12443#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200
12444msgid "Spirit of a tortoise"
12445msgstr ""
12446
12447#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12448#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205
12449msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow"
12450msgstr ""
12451
12452#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12453#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210
12454msgid "Spirit of the gun"
12455msgstr ""
12456
12457#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12458#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215
12459msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle"
12460msgstr ""
12461
12462#. type: Content of: <h3>
12463#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221
12464msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction"
12465msgstr ""
12466
12467#. type: Content of: <p>
12468#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222
12469msgid ""
12470"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical "
12471"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. "
12472"However, it was the medicine-men in particular&mdash;the spiritual leaders "
12473"of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>&mdash;who were required to master the "
12474"various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for "
12475"passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to "
12476"another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first "
12477"accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:"
12478msgstr ""
12479
12480#. type: Content of: <p>
12481#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223
12482msgid ""
12483"<em>&ldquo;old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses "
12484"designed for their meetings and [&hellip;] recount the traditions and "
12485"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those "
12486"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember"
12487" the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner "
12488"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, "
12489"and stars.&rdquo;</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>"
12490msgstr ""
12491
12492#. type: Content of: <p>
12493#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224
12494msgid ""
12495"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as "
12496"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be "
12497"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been "
12498"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today."
12499" Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by "
12500"early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples"
12501" of which is illustrated below."
12502msgstr ""
12503
12504#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption>
12505#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229
12506msgid ""
12507"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a "
12508"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>"
12509msgstr ""
12510
12511#. type: Content of: <p>
12512#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233
12513msgid ""
12514"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar"
12515" knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial "
12516"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a "
12517"mention, namely:"
12518msgstr ""
12519
12520#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12521#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235
12522msgid ""
12523"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous "
12524"groups."
12525msgstr ""
12526
12527#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12528#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236
12529msgid ""
12530"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial "
12531"bodies."
12532msgstr ""
12533
12534#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12535#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237
12536msgid ""
12537"the use of the term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo; in the names of "
12538"numerous constellations."
12539msgstr ""
12540
12541#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12542#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238
12543msgid ""
12544"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star, year&rsquo; and the "
12545"lack of other astronomical terms."
12546msgstr ""
12547
12548#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12549#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239
12550msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono."
12551msgstr ""
12552
12553#. type: Content of: <h3>
12554#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243
12555msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge"
12556msgstr ""
12557
12558#. type: Content of: <p>
12559#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244
12560msgid ""
12561"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous"
12562" peoples, the Kari&rsquo;na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, "
12563"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not "
12564"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and "
12565"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also "
12566"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, "
12567"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This"
12568" speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of "
12569"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual "
12570"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these "
12571"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further "
12572"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these "
12573"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono "
12574"ethnoastronomy."
12575msgstr ""
12576
12577#. type: Content of: <h3>
12578#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246
12579msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions"
12580msgstr ""
12581
12582#. type: Content of: <p>
12583#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247
12584msgid ""
12585"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell"
12586" of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, "
12587"and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation "
12588"<em>Hithikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo;, for instance,"
12589" is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> "
12590"&lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; and <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo;, all three"
12591" of which have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral "
12592"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main "
12593"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation "
12594"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in "
12595"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the "
12596"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are "
12597"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial "
12598"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and"
12599" the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono "
12600"astronomical knowledge is justified."
12601msgstr ""
12602
12603#. type: Content of: <h3>
12604#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249
12605msgid "3. Calendar of spirits"
12606msgstr ""
12607
12608#. type: Content of: <p>
12609#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250
12610msgid ""
12611"The term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo;, found in numerous constellation"
12612" names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key"
12613" feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, "
12614"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding "
12615"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when"
12616" the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to "
12617"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the "
12618"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best "
12619"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and "
12620"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where "
12621"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called "
12622"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of "
12623"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red "
12624"acouchi&rsquo; would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place "
12625"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation "
12626"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the "
12627"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the "
12628"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed."
12629msgstr ""
12630
12631#. type: Content of: <h3>
12632#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252
12633msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year"
12634msgstr ""
12635
12636#. type: Content of: <p>
12637#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253
12638msgid ""
12639"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, "
12640"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. "
12641"</em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as "
12642"something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it "
12643"is used, for instance, when talking about one&rsquo;s age. While it can "
12644"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of "
12645"celestial bodies. <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, literally &lsquo;Scores of "
12646"stars&rsquo; (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations,"
12647" whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. "
12648"Following <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> are the numerous "
12649"<em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the "
12650"Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally "
12651"&lsquo;Shining star&rsquo; (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely"
12652" due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there "
12653"are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies "
12654"and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of "
12655"the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations."
12656msgstr ""
12657
12658#. type: Content of: <h3>
12659#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255
12660msgid "5. Sky watching practices"
12661msgstr ""
12662
12663#. type: Content of: <p>
12664#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256
12665msgid ""
12666"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono "
12667"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the "
12668"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe "
12669"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of "
12670"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location"
12671" to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location "
12672"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, "
12673"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was "
12674"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation "
12675"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In "
12676"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in"
12677" mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows "
12678"for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there "
12679"are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed "
12680"that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a "
12681"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers "
12682"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become "
12683"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told "
12684"not to look at <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not"
12685" grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also"
12686" to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other "
12687"ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or "
12688"salt into one&rsquo;s eyes."
12689msgstr ""
12690
12691#. type: Content of: <h3>
12692#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258
12693msgid "Lokono celestial bodies"
12694msgstr ""
12695
12696#. type: Content of: <p>
12697#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259
12698msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'"
12699msgstr ""
12700
12701#. type: Content of: <p>
12702#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260
12703msgid ""
12704"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as "
12705"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names"
12706" of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as "
12707"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, "
12708"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> "
12709"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a "
12710"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, "
12711"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, "
12712"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the "
12713"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; "
12714"(Orion&rsquo;s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a "
12715"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
12716"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to"
12717" come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his "
12718"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the "
12719"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try"
12720" to escape, the wife&rsquo;s sister chases them and manages to cut off his "
12721"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the "
12722"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending"
12723" the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, "
12724"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which"
12725" does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun "
12726"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as "
12727"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the "
12728"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and "
12729"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds"
12730" of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a "
12731"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>"
12732msgstr ""
12733
12734#. type: Content of: <p>
12735#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262
12736msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'"
12737msgstr ""
12738
12739#. type: Content of: <p>
12740#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263
12741msgid ""
12742"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de "
12743"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar "
12744"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, "
12745"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, "
12746"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after "
12747"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover"
12748" was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. "
12749"Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother&rsquo;s face was "
12750"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody "
12751"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so "
12752"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the "
12753"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of "
12754"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the "
12755"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, "
12756"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides"
12757" to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at "
12758"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also"
12759" depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the "
12760"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi &ocirc;don</em> &lsquo;moon "
12761"dying&rsquo;) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a "
12762"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the "
12763"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun&rsquo;s path.<sup><a "
12764"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, "
12765"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers "
12766"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick."
12767msgstr ""
12768
12769#. type: Content of: <p>
12770#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265
12771msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'"
12772msgstr ""
12773
12774#. type: Content of: <p>
12775#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266
12776msgid ""
12777"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star "
12778"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called "
12779"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], "
12780"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a "
12781"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, "
12782"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the "
12783"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star&rsquo; which can "
12784"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a "
12785"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as "
12786"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> &lsquo;women&rsquo;s star&rsquo;. In relation to this, "
12787"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro "
12788"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first "
12789"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the "
12790"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about "
12791"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is "
12792"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was "
12793"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth "
12794"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a "
12795"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name "
12796"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in "
12797"Kari&rsquo;na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a "
12798"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a "
12799"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>"
12800msgstr ""
12801
12802#. type: Content of: <p>
12803#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268
12804msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'"
12805msgstr ""
12806
12807#. type: Content of: <p>
12808#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269
12809msgid ""
12810"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, "
12811"</em>literally &lsquo;Path of the carriers of clay&rsquo;. The Milky Way "
12812"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making "
12813"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The "
12814"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a "
12815"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky "
12816"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific "
12817"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles "
12818"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints "
12819"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different "
12820"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir "
12821"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
12822"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two "
12823"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it "
12824"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari&rsquo;na influence, who "
12825"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir "
12826"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
12827msgstr ""
12828
12829#. type: Content of: <p>
12830#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271
12831msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'"
12832msgstr ""
12833
12834#. type: Content of: <p>
12835#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272
12836msgid ""
12837"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is"
12838" unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> "
12839"and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a "
12840"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
12841"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in "
12842"August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or "
12843"one&rsquo;s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll&rsquo;s "
12844"<em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to "
12845"December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from "
12846"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, "
12847"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and "
12848"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must"
12849" be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the "
12850"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
12851"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about "
12852"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the "
12853"Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> &lsquo;Previous face&rsquo;. "
12854"The Kari&rsquo;na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its "
12855"name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in "
12856"the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the "
12857"Kari&rsquo;na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis "
12858"Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a "
12859"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a "
12860"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
12861msgstr ""
12862
12863#. type: Content of: <p>
12864#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274
12865msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'"
12866msgstr ""
12867
12868#. type: Content of: <p>
12869#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275
12870msgid ""
12871"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa y&ocirc;koro</em>, "
12872"literally &lsquo;Score of stars&rsquo;, refers to the Pleiades and is easily"
12873" recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because "
12874"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono "
12875"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a "
12876"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the"
12877" east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring"
12878" to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. "
12879"At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran</em> "
12880"&lsquo;the birth of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>&rsquo;. It is said that if "
12881"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time,"
12882" many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a "
12883"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young "
12884"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a "
12885"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a"
12886" Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of "
12887"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, "
12888"<em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>"
12889" Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the"
12890" Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the "
12891"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am "
12892"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is "
12893"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>&lsquo;Spirit of the green "
12894"anaconda&rsquo;, in the belly of which <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em> is said to"
12895" be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the "
12896"Lokono explain that the <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers"
12897" lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a "
12898"Kari'na story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
12899msgstr ""
12900
12901#. type: Content of: <p>
12902#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277
12903msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'"
12904msgstr ""
12905
12906#. type: Content of: <p>
12907#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278
12908msgid ""
12909"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, or <em>Wiwa "
12910"yorhadale</em> &lsquo;Star&rsquo;s grill&rsquo;, represents a wooden grill, "
12911"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a"
12912" href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
12913"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth "
12914"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed"
12915" her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless "
12916"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother "
12917"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The"
12918" man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother"
12919" instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western "
12920"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the "
12921"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a "
12922"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> and "
12923"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife "
12924"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> "
12925"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes "
12926"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. "
12927"Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western "
12928"constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small "
12929"dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring "
12930"Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a"
12931" href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>"
12932msgstr ""
12933
12934#. type: Content of: <p>
12935#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280
12936msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'"
12937msgstr ""
12938
12939#. type: Content of: <p>
12940#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281
12941msgid ""
12942"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda "
12943"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly "
12944"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest "
12945"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain "
12946"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
12947"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
12948"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. "
12949"According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her "
12950"liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a "
12951"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> "
12952"to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother "
12953"instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Y&ocirc;koro "
12954"wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> "
12955"&lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz"
12956" list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green"
12957" anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation "
12958"<em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van "
12959"Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star "
12960"brings death.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his "
12961"wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and "
12962"ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates"
12963" a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> "
12964"flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and"
12965" people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky."
12966msgstr ""
12967
12968#. type: Content of: <p>
12969#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283
12970msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'"
12971msgstr ""
12972
12973#. type: Content of: <p>
12974#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284
12975msgid ""
12976"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
12977"capybara&rsquo; (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the "
12978"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source"
12979" also informs us that it is followed by the constellation "
12980"<em>Kamodokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;. The "
12981"constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No "
12982"related myths have been documented."
12983msgstr ""
12984
12985#. type: Content of: <p>
12986#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286
12987msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'"
12988msgstr ""
12989
12990#. type: Content of: <p>
12991#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287
12992msgid ""
12993"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; is "
12994"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles"
12995" Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a "
12996"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and "
12997"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the "
12998"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave"
12999" it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a "
13000"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow "
13001"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at"
13002" the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated "
13003"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> constellation "
13004"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a "
13005"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The "
13006"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> "
13007"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside "
13008"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, "
13009"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and "
13010"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a "
13011"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at "
13012"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent "
13013"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one"
13014" of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the"
13015" man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day "
13016"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he "
13017"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of "
13018"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the "
13019"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the "
13020"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of"
13021" cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is "
13022"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's "
13023"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself."
13024msgstr ""
13025
13026#. type: Content of: <p>
13027#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289
13028msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'"
13029msgstr ""
13030
13031#. type: Content of: <p>
13032#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290
13033msgid ""
13034"The constellation <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> &lsquo;Jaw of the tapir&rsquo; is"
13035" one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono,"
13036" just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a "
13037"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
13038"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story "
13039"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his "
13040"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus "
13041"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks "
13042"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but "
13043"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with"
13044" which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> "
13045"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari&rsquo;na story, on the "
13046"other hand, <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> was the remains of a tapir that the "
13047"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed "
13048"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh."
13049msgstr ""
13050
13051#. type: Content of: <p>
13052#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292
13053msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'"
13054msgstr ""
13055
13056#. type: Content of: <p>
13057#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293
13058msgid ""
13059"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the &lsquo;Spirit of the black "
13060"curassow&rsquo; (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept "
13061"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, "
13062"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a "
13063"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to "
13064"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see "
13065"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see "
13066"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western"
13067" constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the "
13068"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following "
13069"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the "
13070"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds"
13071" are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the "
13072"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono"
13073" even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves "
13074"resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate"
13075" the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a "
13076"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
13077"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13078msgstr ""
13079
13080#. type: Content of: <p>
13081#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295
13082msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'"
13083msgstr ""
13084
13085#. type: Content of: <p>
13086#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296
13087msgid ""
13088"The constellation <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; corresponds "
13089"to &alpha; Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the "
13090"&lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a "
13091"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13092"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding"
13093" a torch known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> is represented by &beta; Centauri. "
13094"The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of "
13095"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a "
13096"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13097"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him "
13098"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as"
13099" a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter "
13100"(<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch "
13101"(<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
13102"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
13103"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
13104"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the"
13105" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
13106msgstr ""
13107
13108#. type: Content of: <p>
13109#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298
13110msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'"
13111msgstr ""
13112
13113#. type: Content of: <p>
13114#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299
13115msgid ""
13116"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo; corresponds "
13117"to&nbsp;&beta; Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter "
13118"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth "
13119"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>.<sup><a "
13120"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13121"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp; "
13122"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> follows <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> so as not to scare the"
13123" black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the "
13124"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of "
13125"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see "
13126"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According "
13127"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept "
13128"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the "
13129"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the "
13130"approaching hunter (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch"
13131" (<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
13132"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
13133"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
13134"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the"
13135" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
13136msgstr ""
13137
13138#. type: Content of: <p>
13139#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301
13140msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'"
13141msgstr ""
13142
13143#. type: Content of: <p>
13144#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302
13145msgid ""
13146"The constellation <em>Anorh&acirc;koya </em>represents the spirit of the "
13147"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono "
13148"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a "
13149"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13150"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it "
13151"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust"
13152" into peoples&rsquo; eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their "
13153"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> "
13154"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> is a "
13155"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people"
13156" would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a "
13157"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds "
13158"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples&rsquo; eyes, since the "
13159"light of <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind "
13160"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry "
13161"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of "
13162"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with "
13163"its beak down."
13164msgstr ""
13165
13166#. type: Content of: <p>
13167#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304
13168msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'"
13169msgstr ""
13170
13171#. type: Content of: <p>
13172#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305
13173msgid ""
13174"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is "
13175"<em>Honolikoya</em> &lsquo;<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger "
13176"heron</em>&rsquo; (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in "
13177"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation "
13178"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (&lsquo;Father of the cocoi heron&rsquo;). This is "
13179"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of"
13180" a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same "
13181"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different "
13182"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation."
13183" In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a "
13184"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em>, "
13185"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in "
13186"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that "
13187"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which"
13188" lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to "
13189"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a "
13190"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13191msgstr ""
13192
13193#. type: Content of: <p>
13194#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307
13195msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'"
13196msgstr ""
13197
13198#. type: Content of: <p>
13199#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308
13200msgid ""
13201"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the four-eyed "
13202"fish&rsquo; (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary "
13203"Lokono as &lambda; Scorpii and &upsilon; Scorpii. In earlier sources it is "
13204"identified as the upper part of Scorpio&rsquo;s tail, which is in keeping "
13205"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The "
13206"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known "
13207"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is "
13208"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is "
13209"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what "
13210"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention"
13211" that the Kari&rsquo;na have a constellation representing the same fish, "
13212"which corresponds to the same two stars. Maga&ntilde;a and Jara explain that"
13213" the appearance of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation announces the fishing "
13214"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is "
13215"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function."
13216msgstr ""
13217
13218#. type: Content of: <p>
13219#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310
13220msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'"
13221msgstr ""
13222
13223#. type: Content of: <p>
13224#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311
13225msgid ""
13226"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green sea "
13227"turtle&rsquo; is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents "
13228"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the "
13229"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears "
13230"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on "
13231"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources"
13232" as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a "
13233"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
13234"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the "
13235"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a "
13236"mistake as <em>Orion&rsquo;s belt</em> is consistently recognized as "
13237"<em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo;. The constellation "
13238"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down "
13239"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-"
13240"March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the "
13241"Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the "
13242"shore (Milky Way)."
13243msgstr ""
13244
13245#. type: Content of: <p>
13246#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313
13247msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'"
13248msgstr ""
13249
13250#. type: Content of: <p>
13251#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314
13252msgid ""
13253"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the yellow-footed "
13254"tortoise&rsquo; was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in "
13255"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. "
13256"around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a "
13257"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13258"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when "
13259"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono "
13260"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher "
13261"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths "
13262"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out"
13263" that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, "
13264"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of "
13265"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are "
13266"&lsquo;fridges&rsquo; since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long "
13267"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten"
13268" immediately."
13269msgstr ""
13270
13271#. type: Content of: <p>
13272#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316
13273msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'"
13274msgstr ""
13275
13276#. type: Content of: <p>
13277#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317
13278msgid ""
13279"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the blue crab&rsquo; is "
13280"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice "
13281"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that "
13282"represented by the Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> "
13283"&lsquo;Father of the blue crab&rsquo; (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The "
13284"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of"
13285" August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the "
13286"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous "
13287"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the "
13288"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers "
13289"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during "
13290"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> "
13291"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this "
13292"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the "
13293"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June"
13294" from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13295msgstr ""
13296
13297#. type: Content of: <p>
13298#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319
13299msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'"
13300msgstr ""
13301
13302#. type: Content of: <p>
13303#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321
13304msgid ""
13305"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the Muscovy duck&rsquo; "
13306"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and "
13307"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a "
13308"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13309"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon"
13310" River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona "
13311"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono "
13312"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if "
13313"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants."
13314" The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is "
13315"said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a "
13316"delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na "
13317"and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at "
13318"least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a "
13319"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13320msgstr ""
13321
13322#. type: Content of: <p>
13323#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322
13324msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'"
13325msgstr ""
13326
13327#. type: Content of: <p>
13328#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324
13329msgid ""
13330"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the awara palm&rsquo;"
13331" has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its "
13332"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. "
13333"In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, "
13334"meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This "
13335"occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as "
13336"<em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a "
13337"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13338"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya"
13339" </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the "
13340"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; and "
13341"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo;. Their "
13342"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the "
13343"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the "
13344"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near "
13345"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only "
13346"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the "
13347"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the "
13348"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a "
13349"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
13350"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13351msgstr ""
13352
13353#. type: Content of: <p>
13354#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325
13355msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'"
13356msgstr ""
13357
13358#. type: Content of: <p>
13359#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327
13360msgid ""
13361"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red"
13362" acouchi&rsquo; (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard "
13363"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the "
13364"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February."
13365" Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red "
13366"acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono "
13367"myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the "
13368"unidentified Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to "
13369"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two "
13370"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother,"
13371" fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. "
13372"The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, "
13373"so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the "
13374"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to"
13375" cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, "
13376"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a "
13377"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
13378msgstr ""
13379
13380#. type: Content of: <p>
13381#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328
13382msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'"
13383msgstr ""
13384
13385#. type: Content of: <p>
13386#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330
13387msgid ""
13388"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13389"red-rumped agouti&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain "
13390"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a "
13391"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts"
13392" the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they "
13393"can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by "
13394"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the tiger&rsquo;, which, like humans,"
13395" knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is"
13396" no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about"
13397" the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According"
13398" to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The "
13399"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his "
13400"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his "
13401"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and "
13402"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse "
13403"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became "
13404"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
13405msgstr ""
13406
13407#. type: Content of: <p>
13408#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332
13409msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'"
13410msgstr ""
13411
13412#. type: Content of: <p>
13413#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333
13414msgid ""
13415"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13416"jaguar&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono "
13417"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13418"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13419"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
13420"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
13421"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a "
13422"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw "
13423"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his "
13424"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the "
13425"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the "
13426"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man "
13427"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the "
13428"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According "
13429"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the "
13430"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is "
13431"unidentified. The Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the jaguar is said to "
13432"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they "
13433"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
13434"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13435msgstr ""
13436
13437#. type: Content of: <p>
13438#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335
13439msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'"
13440msgstr ""
13441
13442#. type: Content of: <p>
13443#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336
13444msgid ""
13445"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the ocelot&rsquo; "
13446"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth "
13447"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a "
13448"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13449"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
13450"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
13451"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his "
13452"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his"
13453" wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous "
13454"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started "
13455"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he "
13456"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man "
13457"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming "
13458"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to "
13459"earth to kill people."
13460msgstr ""
13461
13462#. type: Content of: <p>
13463#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338
13464msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'"
13465msgstr ""
13466
13467#. type: Content of: <p>
13468#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339
13469msgid ""
13470"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the pale-throated "
13471"sloth&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13472"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth "
13473"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather "
13474"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and "
13475"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the "
13476"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a "
13477"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified."
13478msgstr ""
13479
13480#. type: Content of: <p>
13481#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341
13482msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'"
13483msgstr ""
13484
13485#. type: Content of: <p>
13486#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342
13487msgid ""
13488"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the two-toed "
13489"sloth&rsquo;, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the "
13490"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the "
13491"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It "
13492"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The "
13493"constellation remains unidentified."
13494msgstr ""
13495
13496#. type: Content of: <p>
13497#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344
13498msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'"
13499msgstr ""
13500
13501#. type: Content of: <p>
13502#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345
13503msgid ""
13504"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;wanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green "
13505"iguana&rsquo; is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a "
13506"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana "
13507"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the "
13508"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation "
13509"remains unidentified."
13510msgstr ""
13511
13512#. type: Content of: <p>
13513#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347
13514msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'"
13515msgstr ""
13516
13517#. type: Content of: <p>
13518#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348
13519msgid ""
13520"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the lilac-"
13521"tailed parrot&rsquo; (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de"
13522" Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not"
13523" known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used "
13524"to signify."
13525msgstr ""
13526
13527#. type: Content of: <p>
13528#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350
13529msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'"
13530msgstr ""
13531
13532#. type: Content of: <p>
13533#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351
13534msgid ""
13535"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the marail "
13536"guan&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the"
13537" shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a "
13538"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to "
13539"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify."
13540msgstr ""
13541
13542#. type: Content of: <p>
13543#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353
13544msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'"
13545msgstr ""
13546
13547#. type: Content of: <p>
13548#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354
13549msgid ""
13550"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the little "
13551"cuckoo&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13552"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo "
13553"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither "
13554"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers"
13555" mention the Kari&rsquo;na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as "
13556"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], "
13557"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na "
13558"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono "
13559"link hunter&rsquo;s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the "
13560"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch "
13561"out, as something bad might happen to you."
13562msgstr ""
13563
13564#. type: Content of: <p>
13565#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356
13566msgid "<em> S&ucirc;tukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'"
13567msgstr ""
13568
13569#. type: Content of: <p>
13570#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357
13571msgid ""
13572"The constellation <em>S&ucirc;tukoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-handed "
13573"tamarin&rsquo; (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll"
13574" and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a "
13575"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], "
13576"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius"
13577" de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma "
13578"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear "
13579"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation"
13580" <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by "
13581"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation."
13582msgstr ""
13583
13584#. type: Content of: <p>
13585#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359
13586msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'"
13587msgstr ""
13588
13589#. type: Content of: <p>
13590#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360
13591msgid ""
13592"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki&rsquo; "
13593"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13594"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced"
13595" saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its "
13596"significance remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>"
13597msgstr ""
13598
13599#. type: Content of: <p>
13600#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362
13601msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'"
13602msgstr ""
13603
13604#. type: Content of: <p>
13605#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363
13606msgid ""
13607"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the scorpion&rsquo; "
13608"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13609"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of"
13610" an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known "
13611"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of "
13612"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested "
13613"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion."
13614msgstr ""
13615
13616#. type: Content of: <p>
13617#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365
13618msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'"
13619msgstr ""
13620
13621#. type: Content of: <p>
13622#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366
13623msgid ""
13624"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was "
13625"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono "
13626"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with"
13627" feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each"
13628" of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of "
13629"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation"
13630" remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are"
13631" no myths related to it."
13632msgstr ""
13633
13634#. type: Content of: <p>
13635#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368
13636msgid ""
13637"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> "
13638"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'"
13639msgstr ""
13640
13641#. type: Content of: <p>
13642#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369
13643msgid ""
13644"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and "
13645"<em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de "
13646"Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations "
13647"remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and "
13648"there are no myths related to them."
13649msgstr ""
13650
13651#. type: Content of: <p>
13652#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371
13653msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'"
13654msgstr ""
13655
13656#. type: Content of: <p>
13657#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372
13658msgid ""
13659"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Korherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13660"parrot&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13661"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of"
13662" an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent"
13663" of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-"
13664"winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona "
13665"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It "
13666"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of"
13667" their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified."
13668msgstr ""
13669
13670#. type: Content of: <p>
13671#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374
13672msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'"
13673msgstr ""
13674
13675#. type: Content of: <p>
13676#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375
13677msgid ""
13678"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the sea "
13679"turtle&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13680"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an "
13681"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as "
13682"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) "
13683"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari&rsquo;na, it is thus possible that "
13684"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, "
13685"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> "
13686"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits"
13687" be identified with different constellations."
13688msgstr ""
13689
13690#. type: Content of: <p>
13691#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378
13692msgid ""
13693"This sky culture was contributed by <a "
13694"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' "
13695"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad "
13696"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname "
13697"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of "
13698"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands "
13699"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: "
13700"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono "
13701"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0"
13702msgstr ""
13703
13704#. type: Content of: <p>
13705#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383
13706msgid ""
13707"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a "
13708"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-"
13709"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language "
13710"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13."
13711msgstr ""
13712
13713#. type: Content of: <p>
13714#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385
13715msgid ""
13716"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a "
13717"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml"
13718" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and "
13719"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De "
13720"Gruyter, pp 257-281."
13721msgstr ""
13722
13723#. type: Content of: <p>
13724#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388
13725msgid ""
13726"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones"
13727" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas "
13728"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia "
13729"Nacional de la Historia."
13730msgstr ""
13731
13732#. type: Content of: <p>
13733#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390
13734msgid ""
13735"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, "
13736"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing "
13737"Office."
13738msgstr ""
13739
13740#. type: Content of: <p>
13741#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392
13742msgid ""
13743"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of "
13744"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales "
13745"d’ethnographie. 44."
13746msgstr ""
13747
13748#. type: Content of: <p>
13749#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394
13750msgid ""
13751"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een "
13752"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor."
13753msgstr ""
13754
13755#. type: Content of: <p>
13756#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396
13757msgid ""
13758"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - "
13759"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
13760"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast "
13761"Asia 55 (1): 453–529."
13762msgstr ""
13763
13764#. type: Content of: <p>
13765#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398
13766msgid ""
13767"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. "
13768"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te "
13769"Amsterdam."
13770msgstr ""
13771
13772#. type: Content of: <p>
13773#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400
13774msgid ""
13775"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians "
13776"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner."
13777msgstr ""
13778
13779#. type: Content of: <p>
13780#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402
13781msgid ""
13782"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of"
13783" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of "
13784"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office."
13785msgstr ""
13786
13787#. type: Content of: <p>
13788#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404
13789msgid ""
13790"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de"
13791" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
13792"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76."
13793msgstr ""
13794
13795#. type: Content of: <p>
13796#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406
13797msgid ""
13798"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being "
13799"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: "
13800"K. Paul, Trench & Company."
13801msgstr ""
13802
13803#. type: Content of: <p>
13804#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408
13805msgid ""
13806"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae "
13807"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios."
13808msgstr ""
13809
13810#. type: Content of: <p>
13811#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410
13812msgid ""
13813"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their "
13814"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy."
13815msgstr ""
13816
13817#. type: Content of: <p>
13818#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412
13819msgid ""
13820"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo"
13821" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse "
13822"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging "
13823"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van "
13824"Amsterdam."
13825msgstr ""
13826
13827#. type: Content of: <p>
13828#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414
13829msgid ""
13830"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, "
13831"Guyana."
13832msgstr ""
13833
13834#. type: Content of: <p>
13835#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416
13836msgid ""
13837"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende "
13838"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde."
13839msgstr ""
13840
13841#. type: Content of: <p>
13842#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418
13843msgid ""
13844"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la"
13845" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32."
13846msgstr ""
13847
13848#. type: Content of: <p>
13849#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420
13850msgid ""
13851"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A "
13852"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology."
13853msgstr ""
13854
13855#. type: Content of: <p>
13856#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422
13857msgid ""
13858"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: "
13859"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen."
13860msgstr ""
13861
13862#. type: Content of: <p>
13863#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424
13864msgid ""
13865"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In "
13866"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres "
13867"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., "
13868"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165."
13869" Paris: Maisonneuve."
13870msgstr ""
13871
13872#. type: Content of: <p>
13873#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426
13874msgid ""
13875"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: "
13876"Magoria Books."
13877msgstr ""
13878
13879#. type: Content of: <p>
13880#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428
13881msgid ""
13882"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript "
13883"number:<a "
13884"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">"
13885" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds "
13886"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, "
13887"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American "
13888"Philosophical Society."
13889msgstr ""
13890
13891#. type: Content of: <h2>
13892#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1
13893msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People"
13894msgstr ""
13895
13896#. type: Content of: <p>
13897#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2
13898msgid ""
13899"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized "
13900"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 "
13901"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 "
13902"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed.  All collected information "
13903"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” "
13904"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian "
13905"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of "
13906"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev "
13907"G., 2000)."
13908msgstr ""
13909
13910#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13911#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8
13912msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>"
13913msgstr ""
13914
13915#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13916#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9
13917msgid ""
13918"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people "
13919"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the "
13920"star cluster Pleiades"
13921msgstr ""
13922
13923#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13924#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11
13925msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>"
13926msgstr ""
13927
13928#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13929#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12
13930msgid ""
13931"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation "
13932"Taurus."
13933msgstr ""
13934
13935#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13936#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
13937msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>"
13938msgstr ""
13939
13940#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13941#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
13942msgid ""
13943"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, "
13944"is right above them in an attacking position.  Bright star Capella (Kapela) "
13945"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk."
13946msgstr ""
13947
13948#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13949#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16
13950msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>"
13951msgstr ""
13952
13953#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13954#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17
13955msgid ""
13956"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the "
13957"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky.  The red color"
13958" of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the "
13959"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and "
13960"the Rooster."
13961msgstr ""
13962
13963#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13964#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19
13965msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>"
13966msgstr ""
13967
13968#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13969#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20
13970msgid ""
13971"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. "
13972"Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the "
13973"image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs."
13974msgstr ""
13975
13976#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13977#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22
13978msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>"
13979msgstr ""
13980
13981#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13982#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23
13983msgid ""
13984"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation "
13985"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is "
13986"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of "
13987"people and purpose given to this part of the sky."
13988msgstr ""
13989
13990#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13991#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25
13992msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>"
13993msgstr ""
13994
13995#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13996#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26
13997msgid ""
13998"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name"
13999" people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. "
14000"Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some "
14001"weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into "
14002"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with "
14003"a goad as he returns home."
14004msgstr ""
14005
14006#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14007#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28
14008msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>"
14009msgstr ""
14010
14011#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14012#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29
14013msgid ""
14014"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive "
14015"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from "
14016"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying "
14017"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of"
14018" a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen."
14019msgstr ""
14020
14021#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14022#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31
14023msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>"
14024msgstr ""
14025
14026#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14027#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32
14028msgid ""
14029"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two "
14030"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis "
14031"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor."
14032msgstr ""
14033
14034#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14035#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34
14036msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>"
14037msgstr ""
14038
14039#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14040#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35
14041msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky"
14042msgstr ""
14043
14044#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14045#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37
14046msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>"
14047msgstr ""
14048
14049#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14050#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38
14051msgid ""
14052"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to"
14053" see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from "
14054"his Godson."
14055msgstr ""
14056
14057#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14058#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40
14059msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>"
14060msgstr ""
14061
14062#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14063#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41
14064msgid ""
14065"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might "
14066"he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the "
14067"Priest’s Straw there is the Cross."
14068msgstr ""
14069
14070#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14071#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43
14072msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>"
14073msgstr ""
14074
14075#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14076#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44
14077msgid ""
14078"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of "
14079"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing."
14080msgstr ""
14081
14082#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14083#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46
14084msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>"
14085msgstr ""
14086
14087#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14088#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47
14089msgid ""
14090"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the "
14091"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food."
14092msgstr ""
14093
14094#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14095#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49
14096msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>"
14097msgstr ""
14098
14099#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14100#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50
14101msgid ""
14102"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s "
14103"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet."
14104msgstr ""
14105
14106#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14107#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52
14108msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>"
14109msgstr ""
14110
14111#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14112#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53
14113msgid ""
14114"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked "
14115"the image of a wooden round table called sofra."
14116msgstr ""
14117
14118#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14119#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55
14120msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>"
14121msgstr ""
14122
14123#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14124#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56
14125msgid ""
14126"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and"
14127" is found inside the Priest’s Straw"
14128msgstr ""
14129
14130#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14131#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58
14132msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>"
14133msgstr ""
14134
14135#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14136#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59
14137msgid ""
14138"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group"
14139" of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves "
14140"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that"
14141" circle around houses“"
14142msgstr ""
14143
14144#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14145#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64
14146msgid ""
14147"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research "
14148"Society</a>"
14149msgstr ""
14150
14151#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14152#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65
14153msgid ""
14154"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14155"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's "
14156"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer "
14157"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>"
14158msgstr ""
14159
14160#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14161#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66
14162msgid ""
14163"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, "
14164"Mladinski kulturen centar."
14165msgstr ""
14166
14167#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14168#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67
14169msgid ""
14170"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> "
14171"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar."
14172msgstr ""
14173
14174#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14175#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68
14176msgid ""
14177"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14178"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the "
14179"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, "
14180"Serbia.</a>"
14181msgstr ""
14182
14183#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14184#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69
14185msgid ""
14186"<a "
14187"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev,"
14188" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos"
14189" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, "
14190"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>"
14191msgstr ""
14192
14193#. type: Content of: <p>
14194#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74
14195msgid ""
14196"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore "
14197"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book "
14198"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004."
14199msgstr ""
14200
14201#. type: Content of: <h2>
14202#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1
14203msgid "Maori (New Zealand)"
14204msgstr ""
14205
14206#. type: Content of: <p>
14207#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2
14208msgid ""
14209"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. "
14210"But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are "
14211"central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical "
14212"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of "
14213"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons."
14214msgstr ""
14215
14216#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14217#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6
14218msgid ""
14219"<a "
14220"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori"
14221" sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text."
14222msgstr ""
14223
14224#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14225#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7
14226msgid ""
14227"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical "
14228"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New "
14229"Zealand)."
14230msgstr ""
14231
14232#. type: Content of: <p>
14233#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11
14234#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86
14235msgid ""
14236"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
14237"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
14238msgstr ""
14239
14240#. type: Content of: <h2>
14241#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1
14242msgid "Maya"
14243msgstr ""
14244
14245#. type: Content of: <p>
14246#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2
14247msgid ""
14248"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-"
14249"columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them"
14250" store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform"
14251" rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and "
14252"sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). "
14253"These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many "
14254"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. "
14255"Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like "
14256"the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through "
14257"each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses),"
14258" the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their "
14259"constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture "
14260"data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an "
14261"abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as "
14262"original by some scholars)."
14263msgstr ""
14264
14265#. type: Content of: <p><h5>
14266#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3
14267msgid ""
14268"<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>"
14269msgstr ""
14270
14271#. type: Content of: <p><p>
14272#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5
14273msgid ""
14274"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first "
14275"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris "
14276"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found "
14277"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has "
14278"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite"
14279" of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the"
14280" mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations "
14281"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not "
14282"(Špoták, 2015)."
14283msgstr ""
14284
14285#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5>
14286#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7
14287msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>"
14288msgstr ""
14289
14290#. type: Content of: <p><p>
14291#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8
14292msgid ""
14293"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume"
14294" that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "
14295"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line "
14296"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different "
14297"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations "
14298"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most "
14299"probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the "
14300"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to "
14301"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture."
14302msgstr ""
14303
14304#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14305#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10
14306msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:"
14307msgstr ""
14308
14309#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14310#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11
14311msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>"
14312msgstr ""
14313
14314#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14315#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12
14316msgid ""
14317"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since"
14318" it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions "
14319"(Špoták, 2015)."
14320msgstr ""
14321
14322#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14323#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13
14324#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16
14325#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19
14326#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20
14327#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23
14328#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24
14329#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27
14330#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28
14331#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31
14332#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34
14333#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37
14334#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40
14335#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43
14336#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56
14337#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61
14338msgid "&nbsp;"
14339msgstr ""
14340
14341#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14342#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14
14343msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>"
14344msgstr ""
14345
14346#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14347#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15
14348msgid ""
14349"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the "
14350"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some "
14351"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark."
14352msgstr ""
14353
14354#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14355#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17
14356msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>"
14357msgstr ""
14358
14359#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14360#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18
14361msgid ""
14362"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and"
14363" feathers on the head that it exhibits."
14364msgstr ""
14365
14366#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14367#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21
14368msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>"
14369msgstr ""
14370
14371#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14372#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22
14373msgid ""
14374"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related "
14375"to the skin of this animal."
14376msgstr ""
14377
14378#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14379#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25
14380msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>"
14381msgstr ""
14382
14383#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14384#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26
14385msgid ""
14386"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear "
14387"whether it's an animal or not."
14388msgstr ""
14389
14390#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14391#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29
14392msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>"
14393msgstr ""
14394
14395#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14396#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30
14397msgid ""
14398"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western "
14399"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is "
14400"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is "
14401"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the "
14402"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex."
14403msgstr ""
14404
14405#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14406#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32
14407msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>"
14408msgstr ""
14409
14410#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14411#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33
14412msgid ""
14413"This animal is present through many species in the central america "
14414"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the"
14415" Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical "
14416"rattling ending of this reptile."
14417msgstr ""
14418
14419#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14420#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35
14421msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>"
14422msgstr ""
14423
14424#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14425#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36
14426msgid ""
14427"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that "
14428"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography."
14429msgstr ""
14430
14431#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14432#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38
14433msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>"
14434msgstr ""
14435
14436#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14437#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39
14438msgid ""
14439"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of "
14440"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal "
14441"in the Western culture constellation of Virgo."
14442msgstr ""
14443
14444#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14445#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41
14446msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>"
14447msgstr ""
14448
14449#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14450#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42
14451msgid ""
14452"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the "
14453"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not "
14454"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the "
14455"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three "
14456"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this "
14457"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, "
14458"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex."
14459msgstr ""
14460
14461#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14462#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45
14463msgid ""
14464"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and "
14465"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol "
14466"Vuh</i>) are described below:"
14467msgstr ""
14468
14469#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4>
14470#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46
14471msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>"
14472msgstr ""
14473
14474#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
14475#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47
14476msgid ""
14477"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-"
14478"crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the "
14479"present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the "
14480"primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky "
14481"were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the "
14482"decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current "
14483"order of things."
14484msgstr ""
14485
14486#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14487#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50
14488msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>"
14489msgstr ""
14490
14491#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
14492#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51
14493msgid ""
14494"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods "
14495"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the "
14496"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, "
14497"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire "
14498"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos "
14499"to take place."
14500msgstr ""
14501
14502#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14503#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54
14504msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>"
14505msgstr ""
14506
14507#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14508#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55
14509msgid ""
14510"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke "
14511"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars "
14512"representing the three hearthstones."
14513msgstr ""
14514
14515#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14516#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58
14517msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>"
14518msgstr ""
14519
14520#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14521#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59
14522msgid ""
14523"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor "
14524"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak "
14525"mural."
14526msgstr ""
14527
14528#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14529#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62
14530msgid "Stars and Planets Names"
14531msgstr ""
14532
14533#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14534#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63
14535msgid ""
14536"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of "
14537"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:"
14538msgstr ""
14539
14540#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14541#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65
14542msgid ""
14543"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and "
14544"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at "
14545"night."
14546msgstr ""
14547
14548#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14549#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66
14550msgid ""
14551"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February "
14552"to track the time at night."
14553msgstr ""
14554
14555#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14556#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67
14557msgid ""
14558"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called "
14559"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end "
14560"of the dry season, in April."
14561msgstr ""
14562
14563#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14564#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68
14565msgid ""
14566"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God"
14567" of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used"
14568" to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic "
14569"period."
14570msgstr ""
14571
14572#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14573#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71
14574msgid "Authors and References"
14575msgstr ""
14576
14577#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14578#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72
14579msgid ""
14580"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier"
14581" Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at "
14582"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based "
14583"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:"
14584msgstr ""
14585
14586#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14587#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74
14588msgid ""
14589"<a "
14590"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The"
14591" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript "
14592"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták"
14593msgstr ""
14594
14595#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14596#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75
14597msgid ""
14598"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand "
14599"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc."
14600msgstr ""
14601
14602#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14603#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76
14604msgid ""
14605"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico "
14606"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica."
14607msgstr ""
14608
14609#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14610#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77
14611msgid ""
14612"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> "
14613"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: "
14614"39-58."
14615msgstr ""
14616
14617#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14618#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78
14619msgid ""
14620"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a "
14621"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El"
14622" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes "
14623"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas "
14624"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48."
14625msgstr ""
14626
14627#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14628#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82
14629msgid "Links of Interest"
14630msgstr ""
14631
14632#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14633#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84
14634msgid ""
14635"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris "
14636"Codex</a>"
14637msgstr ""
14638
14639#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14640#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85
14641msgid ""
14642"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo "
14643"el tiempo maya</a>"
14644msgstr ""
14645
14646#. type: Content of: <h2>
14647#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1
14648msgid "Mongolian"
14649msgstr ""
14650
14651#. type: Content of: <p>
14652#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3
14653msgid ""
14654"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental "
14655"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely"
14656" influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in "
14657"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild "
14658"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their "
14659"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they "
14660"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get "
14661"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching "
14662"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their"
14663" imaginary facing the sky."
14664msgstr ""
14665
14666#. type: Content of: <p>
14667#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17
14668msgid ""
14669"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is "
14670"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian"
14671" asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names "
14672"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow)  for the constellation Swan, "
14673"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer"
14674" triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags "
14675"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the "
14676"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)."
14677msgstr ""
14678
14679#. type: Content of: <h3>
14680#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27
14681msgid "Planets and Stars"
14682msgstr ""
14683
14684#. type: Content of: <p>
14685#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29
14686msgid ""
14687"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of "
14688"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are "
14689"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after"
14690" the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the"
14691" five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun "
14692"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names "
14693"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in "
14694"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus,"
14695" <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars,"
14696" <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> "
14697"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with "
14698"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and "
14699"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, "
14700"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have "
14701"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the "
14702"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian.  Earth and Pluto are "
14703"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible"
14704" to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and "
14705"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth."
14706" Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely sky\", "
14707"and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely ocean\". Nevertheless, "
14708"this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are "
14709"presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names "
14710"of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken "
14711"in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an"
14712" unofficial way."
14713msgstr ""
14714
14715#. type: Content of: <p>
14716#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59
14717msgid ""
14718"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating "
14719"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> "
14720"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky "
14721"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky,"
14722" and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore "
14723"concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises "
14724"the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> "
14725"(god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th"
14726" century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with"
14727" the naked eye."
14728msgstr ""
14729
14730#. type: Content of: <p>
14731#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71
14732msgid ""
14733"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back"
14734" to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), "
14735"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as "
14736"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined "
14737"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to "
14738"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) "
14739"with a sextant of 40 meters radius."
14740msgstr ""
14741
14742#. type: Content of: <h3>
14743#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80
14744msgid "Myths and Legends"
14745msgstr ""
14746
14747#. type: Content of: <h4>
14748#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82
14749msgid "The Great Bear"
14750msgstr ""
14751
14752#. type: Content of: <p>
14753#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83
14754msgid ""
14755"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation "
14756"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and "
14757"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia."
14758msgstr ""
14759
14760#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
14761#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88
14762msgid ""
14763"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding "
14764"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it"
14765" peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked"
14766" the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to "
14767"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went "
14768"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days "
14769"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and "
14770"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle."
14771msgstr ""
14772
14773#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
14774#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96
14775msgid ""
14776"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in"
14777" the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded"
14778" the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The "
14779"seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their "
14780"younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven "
14781"Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden "
14782"Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star."
14783msgstr ""
14784
14785#. type: Content of: <p>
14786#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106
14787msgid ""
14788"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian "
14789"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to"
14790" each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. "
14791"Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian "
14792"calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself "
14793"associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, "
14794"corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and "
14795"so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the "
14796"year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we "
14797"repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese "
14798"calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the "
14799"tail are assigned one time only."
14800msgstr ""
14801
14802#. type: Content of: <p>
14803#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120
14804msgid ""
14805"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described"
14806" by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in "
14807"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, "
14808"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]"
14809msgstr ""
14810
14811#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
14812#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127
14813msgid "Shooting stars"
14814msgstr ""
14815
14816#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14817#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129
14818msgid ""
14819"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through "
14820"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a "
14821"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. "
14822"Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is not "
14823"me!\""
14824msgstr ""
14825
14826#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
14827#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135
14828msgid "Neglected Legends"
14829msgstr ""
14830
14831#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14832#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137
14833msgid ""
14834"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun "
14835"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost "
14836"forgotten by most Mongolians:"
14837msgstr ""
14838
14839#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14840#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143
14841msgid ""
14842"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry"
14843" meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very "
14844"good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns "
14845"without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself "
14846"all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot "
14847"(groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, "
14848"pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth "
14849"which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards "
14850"the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The "
14851"bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a "
14852"hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved "
14853"our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface."
14854msgstr ""
14855
14856#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14857#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158
14858msgid ""
14859"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the "
14860"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist "
14861"religion."
14862msgstr ""
14863
14864#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
14865#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162
14866msgid "Eclipses"
14867msgstr ""
14868
14869#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14870#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165
14871msgid ""
14872"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the "
14873"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god "
14874"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became "
14875"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and "
14876"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. "
14877"Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the "
14878"monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because "
14879"<em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order "
14880"to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as "
14881"<em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and"
14882" disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked "
14883"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In "
14884"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which "
14885"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses."
14886msgstr ""
14887
14888#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14889#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182
14890msgid ""
14891"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> "
14892"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster"
14893" liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck "
14894"wrote:"
14895msgstr ""
14896
14897#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14898#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187
14899msgid ""
14900"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to "
14901"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about "
14902"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the "
14903"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum"
14904" and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished,"
14905" they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\""
14906msgstr ""
14907
14908#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14909#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196
14910msgid ""
14911"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux"
14912" (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. "
14913"pp; 153-192.)"
14914msgstr ""
14915
14916#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14917#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200
14918msgid ""
14919"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their "
14920"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for "
14921"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian "
14922"<em>Rahu</em>."
14923msgstr ""
14924
14925#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
14926#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205
14927msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)"
14928msgstr ""
14929
14930#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14931#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207
14932msgid ""
14933"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity"
14934" for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the "
14935"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin."
14936msgstr ""
14937
14938#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p>
14939#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212
14940msgid ""
14941"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. "
14942"Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to "
14943"untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united "
14944"with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. "
14945"Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain "
14946"united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the "
14947"time of wars."
14948msgstr ""
14949
14950#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4>
14951#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222
14952msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky"
14953msgstr ""
14954
14955#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p>
14956#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224
14957msgid ""
14958"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one "
14959"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband."
14960msgstr ""
14961
14962#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
14963#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227
14964msgid ""
14965"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>)  by "
14966"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in "
14967"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several "
14968"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk "
14969"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark"
14970" color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, "
14971"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits."
14972msgstr ""
14973
14974#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
14975#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239
14976msgid ""
14977"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian "
14978"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs "
14979"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission "
14980"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects."
14981" It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high "
14982"fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony,"
14983" every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!"
14984msgstr ""
14985
14986#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
14987#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248
14988msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading"
14989msgstr ""
14990
14991#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14992#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251
14993msgid ""
14994"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in "
14995"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony"
14996msgstr ""
14997
14998#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14999#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252
15000msgid ""
15001"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' "
15002"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de "
15003"France</a>"
15004msgstr ""
15005
15006#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15007#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253
15008msgid ""
15009"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' "
15010"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française "
15011"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>"
15012msgstr ""
15013
15014#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15015#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255
15016msgid ""
15017"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' "
15018"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>"
15019msgstr ""
15020
15021#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15022#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256
15023msgid ""
15024"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-"
15025"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: "
15026"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International "
15027"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123."
15028msgstr ""
15029
15030#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
15031#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261
15032msgid ""
15033"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, "
15034"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and "
15035"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com)  mainly "
15036"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in "
15037"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a "
15038"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' "
15039"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" "
15040"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)."
15041msgstr ""
15042
15043#. type: Content of: <h2>
15044#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1
15045msgid "Navajo"
15046msgstr ""
15047
15048#. type: Content of: <p>
15049#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3
15050msgid ""
15051"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the "
15052"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and "
15053"northwestern New Mexico."
15054msgstr ""
15055
15056#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15057#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9
15058msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website"
15059msgstr ""
15060
15061#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15062#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10
15063msgid ""
15064"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15065"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15066"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>"
15067msgstr ""
15068
15069#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15070#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11
15071msgid ""
15072"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15073"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15074"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>"
15075msgstr ""
15076
15077#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15078#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12
15079msgid ""
15080"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15081"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15082"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>"
15083msgstr ""
15084
15085#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15086#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13
15087msgid ""
15088"<a "
15089"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>"
15090msgstr ""
15091
15092#. type: Content of: <p>
15093#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18
15094msgid ""
15095"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
15096"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-"
15097"Navajo</b> by Don Childrey."
15098msgstr ""
15099
15100#. type: Content of: <h2>
15101#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1
15102msgid "Norse"
15103msgstr ""
15104
15105#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15106#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5
15107msgid ""
15108"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse "
15109"Constellations</a>"
15110msgstr ""
15111
15112#. type: Content of: <p>
15113#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10
15114msgid ""
15115"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, "
15116"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se"
15117msgstr ""
15118
15119#. type: Content of: <h2>
15120#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1
15121msgid "Northern Andes"
15122msgstr ""
15123
15124#. type: Content of: <p>
15125#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2
15126msgid ""
15127"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the "
15128"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting "
15129"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to "
15130"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to "
15131"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and "
15132"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the "
15133"changes that affect living beings."
15134msgstr ""
15135
15136#. type: Content of: <p>
15137#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4
15138msgid ""
15139"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean "
15140"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we "
15141"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will "
15142"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can "
15143"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars."
15144msgstr ""
15145
15146#. type: Content of: <p>
15147#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6
15148msgid ""
15149"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and "
15150"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as"
15151" well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the "
15152"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current "
15153"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic "
15154"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in "
15155"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially"
15156" decoded."
15157msgstr ""
15158
15159#. type: Content of: <p>
15160#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8
15161msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:"
15162msgstr ""
15163
15164#. type: Content of: <h3>
15165#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11
15166msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)"
15167msgstr ""
15168
15169#. type: Content of: <p>
15170#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12
15171msgid ""
15172"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement "
15173"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and "
15174"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on "
15175"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north)"
15176" and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled "
15177"(more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main "
15178"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar "
15179"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons."
15180msgstr ""
15181
15182#. type: Content of: <p>
15183#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14
15184msgid ""
15185"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the"
15186" leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic "
15187"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we"
15188" suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March "
15189"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime "
15190"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in "
15191"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will "
15192"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation "
15193"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to "
15194"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, "
15195"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start "
15196"the cycle again."
15197msgstr ""
15198
15199#. type: Content of: <h2>
15200#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19
15201msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes."
15202msgstr ""
15203
15204#. type: Content of: <p>
15205#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21
15206msgid ""
15207"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register "
15208"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the "
15209"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, "
15210"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so "
15211"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony "
15212"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms."
15213msgstr ""
15214
15215#. type: Content of: <p>
15216#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23
15217msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>"
15218msgstr ""
15219
15220#. type: Content of: <li>
15221#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24
15222msgid ""
15223"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: "
15224"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio "
15225"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle."
15226msgstr ""
15227
15228#. type: Content of: <p>
15229#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26
15230msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>"
15231msgstr ""
15232
15233#. type: Content of: <li>
15234#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27
15235msgid ""
15236"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - "
15237"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\""
15238msgstr ""
15239
15240#. type: Content of: <p>
15241#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29
15242msgid ""
15243"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the"
15244" registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation "
15245"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of "
15246"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of "
15247"the female equinox."
15248msgstr ""
15249
15250#. type: Content of: <p>
15251#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31
15252msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>"
15253msgstr ""
15254
15255#. type: Content of: <p>
15256#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32
15257msgid ""
15258"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer "
15259"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis,"
15260" λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"."
15261msgstr ""
15262
15263#. type: Content of: <p>
15264#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34
15265msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>"
15266msgstr ""
15267
15268#. type: Content of: <p>
15269#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35
15270msgid ""
15271"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening"
15272" of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi"
15273" - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the "
15274"resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December "
15275"solstice It is in an East - West direction."
15276msgstr ""
15277
15278#. type: Content of: <p>
15279#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37
15280msgid ""
15281"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of "
15282"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms "
15283"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle,"
15284" apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in "
15285"the dark constellations."
15286msgstr ""
15287
15288#. type: Content of: <h2>
15289#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41
15290msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations."
15291msgstr ""
15292
15293#. type: Content of: <h3>
15294#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42
15295msgid "The Milky Way"
15296msgstr ""
15297
15298#. type: Content of: <li>
15299#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43
15300msgid ""
15301"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a "
15302"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth "
15303"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate "
15304"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated"
15305" to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many "
15306"peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent."
15307msgstr ""
15308
15309#. type: Content of: <p>
15310#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45
15311msgid ""
15312"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or"
15313" stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the "
15314"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual "
15315"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding "
15316"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar "
15317"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked "
15318"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or "
15319"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and "
15320"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious "
15321"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent."
15322msgstr ""
15323
15324#. type: Content of: <p>
15325#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47
15326msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:"
15327msgstr ""
15328
15329#. type: Content of: <h3>
15330#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49
15331msgid "Dark Constellations"
15332msgstr ""
15333
15334#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15335#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51
15336msgid ""
15337"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, "
15338"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of"
15339" tender grains."
15340msgstr ""
15341
15342#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15343#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52
15344msgid ""
15345"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female "
15346"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural "
15347"processes."
15348msgstr ""
15349
15350#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15351#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53
15352msgid ""
15353"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has "
15354"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June"
15355" solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead."
15356msgstr ""
15357
15358#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15359#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54
15360msgid ""
15361"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the "
15362"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice."
15363msgstr ""
15364
15365#. type: Content of: <p>
15366#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
15367msgid ""
15368"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy "
15369"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, "
15370"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - "
15371"Ecuador</b>"
15372msgstr ""
15373
15374#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
15375#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
15376msgid "."
15377msgstr ""
15378
15379#. type: Content of: <p>
15380#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60
15381msgid ""
15382"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala "
15383"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught "
15384"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration."
15385msgstr ""
15386
15387#. type: Content of: <p>
15388#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62
15389msgid ""
15390"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the "
15391"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral "
15392"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage"
15393" of Ecuador)."
15394msgstr ""
15395
15396#. type: Content of: <h2>
15397#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1
15398msgid "Ojibwe"
15399msgstr ""
15400
15401#. type: Content of: <p>
15402#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2
15403msgid ""
15404"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America "
15405"(United States and Canada).  Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for "
15406"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup.  Also known as"
15407" Anishinaabe and Chippewa.  The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’.  The"
15408" Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
15409"the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, "
15410"created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012.  More details can be found in"
15411" the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: "
15412"An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe "
15413"star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
15414msgstr ""
15415
15416#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15417#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7
15418msgid ""
15419"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of "
15420"Hydra"
15421msgstr ""
15422
15423#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15424#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8
15425msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona"
15426msgstr ""
15427
15428#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15429#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9
15430msgid ""
15431"<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran"
15432msgstr ""
15433
15434#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15435#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10
15436msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)"
15437msgstr ""
15438
15439#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15440#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11
15441msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)"
15442msgstr ""
15443
15444#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15445#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12
15446msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris"
15447msgstr ""
15448
15449#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15450#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13
15451msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta"
15452msgstr ""
15453
15454#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15455#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14
15456msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades"
15457msgstr ""
15458
15459#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15460#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15
15461msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
15462msgstr ""
15463
15464#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15465#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16
15466msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus"
15467msgstr ""
15468
15469#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15470#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17
15471msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules"
15472msgstr ""
15473
15474#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15475#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18
15476msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio"
15477msgstr ""
15478
15479#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15480#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19
15481msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star,"
15482msgstr ""
15483
15484#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15485#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20
15486msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World"
15487msgstr ""
15488
15489#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15490#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21
15491msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon"
15492msgstr ""
15493
15494#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15495#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22
15496msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun"
15497msgstr ""
15498
15499#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15500#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23
15501msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky"
15502msgstr ""
15503
15504#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15505#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24
15506msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus"
15507msgstr ""
15508
15509#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15510#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25
15511msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star"
15512msgstr ""
15513
15514#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15515#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26
15516msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star"
15517msgstr ""
15518
15519#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15520#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27
15521msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic"
15522msgstr ""
15523
15524#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15525#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28
15526msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way"
15527msgstr ""
15528
15529#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15530#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29
15531msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way"
15532msgstr ""
15533
15534#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15535#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30
15536msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star"
15537msgstr ""
15538
15539#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15540#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31
15541msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe"
15542msgstr ""
15543
15544#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15545#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32
15546msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)"
15547msgstr ""
15548
15549#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15550#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33
15551msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map"
15552msgstr ""
15553
15554#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15555#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34
15556msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East"
15557msgstr ""
15558
15559#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15560#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35
15561msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West"
15562msgstr ""
15563
15564#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15565#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36
15566msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North"
15567msgstr ""
15568
15569#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15570#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37
15571msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South"
15572msgstr ""
15573
15574#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15575#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43
15576msgid ""
15577"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map"
15578" webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other "
15579"resources.</a>"
15580msgstr ""
15581
15582#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15583#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44
15584msgid ""
15585"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-"
15586"Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe"
15587" Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
15588msgstr ""
15589
15590#. type: Content of: <p>
15591#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49
15592msgid ""
15593"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of "
15594"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
15595"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based "
15596"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star "
15597"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book "
15598"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe "
15599"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts."
15600msgstr ""
15601
15602#. type: Content of: <p>
15603#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50
15604msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson."
15605msgstr ""
15606
15607#. type: Content of: <h2>
15608#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1
15609msgid "Romanian"
15610msgstr ""
15611
15612#. type: Content of: <p>
15613#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2
15614msgid ""
15615"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three "
15616"essential components."
15617msgstr ""
15618
15619#. type: Content of: <p><p>
15620#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3
15621msgid ""
15622"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in "
15623"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as "
15624"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants."
15625msgstr ""
15626
15627#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15628#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5
15629msgid ""
15630"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization "
15631"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian "
15632"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with "
15633"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a "
15634"church."
15635msgstr ""
15636
15637#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15638#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8
15639msgid ""
15640"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on "
15641"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by "
15642"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of "
15643"Dacians mixing with the Romans."
15644msgstr ""
15645
15646#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15647#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11
15648msgid ""
15649"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four "
15650"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping."
15651msgstr ""
15652
15653#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
15654#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12
15655msgid "External links:"
15656msgstr ""
15657
15658#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15659#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14
15660msgid ""
15661"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian "
15662"Constellation</a>"
15663msgstr ""
15664
15665#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15666#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15
15667msgid ""
15668"<a href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-"
15669"romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional "
15670"Romanian Constellations</a>"
15671msgstr ""
15672
15673#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15674#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16
15675msgid ""
15676"<a "
15677"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30"
15678" seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>"
15679msgstr ""
15680
15681#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15682#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17
15683msgid ""
15684"<a h "
15685"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian"
15686" peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion "
15687"Ottescu</a>"
15688msgstr ""
15689
15690#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15691#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18
15692msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>"
15693msgstr ""
15694
15695#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15696#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20
15697msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members"
15698msgstr ""
15699
15700#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
15701#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22
15702msgid "Authors:"
15703msgstr ""
15704
15705#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15706#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23
15707msgid ""
15708"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a "
15709"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare "
15710"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian "
15711"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants "
15712"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu."
15713msgstr ""
15714
15715#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p>
15716#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26
15717msgid ""
15718"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies "
15719"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a "
15720"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation "
15721"art done by Zamfir Somcutean."
15722msgstr ""
15723
15724#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
15725#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28
15726msgid ""
15727"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released "
15728"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported."
15729msgstr ""
15730
15731#. type: Content of: <h2>
15732#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1
15733msgid "Sami"
15734msgstr ""
15735
15736#. type: Content of: <p>
15737#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3
15738msgid ""
15739"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern "
15740"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula).  More "
15741"information can be found at <a "
15742"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a "
15743"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in "
15744"Wikipedia</a>."
15745msgstr ""
15746
15747#. type: Content of: <h3>
15748#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8
15749#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28
15750#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43
15751msgid "Sources"
15752msgstr ""
15753
15754#. type: Content of: <p>
15755#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10
15756msgid ""
15757"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi "
15758"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och "
15759"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral "
15760"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his "
15761"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi."
15762msgstr ""
15763
15764#. type: Content of: <p>
15765#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15
15766msgid ""
15767"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different "
15768"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami.  "
15769"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may"
15770" be small differences with some references."
15771msgstr ""
15772
15773#. type: Content of: <p>
15774#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19
15775msgid ""
15776"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old "
15777"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role "
15778"for Sami peoples in years gone by."
15779msgstr ""
15780
15781#. type: Content of: <p>
15782#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22
15783msgid ""
15784"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic "
15785"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture "
15786"was lost before it was recorded properly."
15787msgstr ""
15788
15789#. type: Content of: <h3>
15790#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26
15791msgid "Constellations and Stars"
15792msgstr ""
15793
15794#. type: Content of: <p>
15795#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28
15796msgid ""
15797"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing "
15798"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. "
15799"The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant"
15800" constellation, <i>Sarva</i> &mdash; the elk.  Sarva is the Sami name for "
15801"elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> &mdash; Bull elk.  The origin of "
15802"this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before "
15803"reindeer were domesticated."
15804msgstr ""
15805
15806#. type: Content of: <p>
15807#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34
15808msgid ""
15809"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and "
15810"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent "
15811"hunters of the elk.  <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is "
15812"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his "
15813"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> &mdash; the Big Dipper).  Favdna must aim"
15814" well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris),"
15815" legend has it that the world will come to an end."
15816msgstr ""
15817
15818#. type: Content of: <p>
15819#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41
15820msgid ""
15821"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a "
15822"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>)  and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's "
15823"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and "
15824"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack)  or "
15825"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)."
15826msgstr ""
15827
15828#. type: Content of: <p>
15829#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46
15830msgid ""
15831"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-"
15832"mærka</i> (lit. year mark).  The name used depends on the season. In the sky"
15833" chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning "
15834"star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can "
15835"also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching "
15836"(similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)."
15837msgstr ""
15838
15839#. type: Content of: <p>
15840#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52
15841msgid ""
15842"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is"
15843" thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami "
15844"people's range.  Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays"
15845" below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is "
15846"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars."
15847msgstr ""
15848
15849#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
15850#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59
15851msgid ""
15852"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is "
15853"uncertain.  it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as "
15854"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the "
15855"latitude where the Sami live."
15856msgstr ""
15857
15858#. type: Content of: <p>
15859#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65
15860msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)"
15861msgstr ""
15862
15863#. type: Content of: <h2>
15864#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1
15865msgid "Sardinian"
15866msgstr ""
15867
15868#. type: Content of: <p>
15869#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2
15870msgid ""
15871"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their "
15872"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world "
15873"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian "
15874"culture."
15875msgstr ""
15876
15877#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15878#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6
15879msgid ""
15880"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and "
15881"constellations in sardinian language</a>"
15882msgstr ""
15883
15884#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15885#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7
15886msgid ""
15887"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium "
15888"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>"
15889msgstr ""
15890
15891#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15892#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8
15893msgid ""
15894"<a "
15895"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium"
15896" Wiki</a>"
15897msgstr ""
15898
15899#. type: Content of: <p>
15900#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12
15901msgid ""
15902"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe "
15903"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com"
15904msgstr ""
15905
15906#. type: Content of: <h3>
15907#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13
15908msgid "Credits"
15909msgstr ""
15910
15911#. type: Content of: <p>
15912#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14
15913msgid ""
15914"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done "
15915"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu"
15916msgstr ""
15917
15918#. type: Content of: <h2>
15919#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1
15920msgid "Russian (Siberian)"
15921msgstr ""
15922
15923#. type: Content of: <p>
15924#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2
15925msgid ""
15926"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly "
15927"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about "
15928"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In"
15929" this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which "
15930"typical for the whole of Siberia."
15931msgstr ""
15932
15933#. type: Content of: <p>
15934#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8
15935msgid ""
15936"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished"
15937" into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose "
15938"Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names "
15939"of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the "
15940"Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia."
15941msgstr ""
15942
15943#. type: Content of: <p>
15944#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14
15945msgid ""
15946"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but "
15947"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a "
15948"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common."
15949msgstr ""
15950
15951#. type: Content of: <p>
15952#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19
15953msgid ""
15954"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although "
15955"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)."
15956msgstr ""
15957
15958#. type: Content of: <p>
15959#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23
15960msgid ""
15961"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of"
15962" his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for "
15963"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In "
15964"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major "
15965"constellation."
15966msgstr ""
15967
15968#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15969#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30
15970msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s."
15971msgstr ""
15972
15973#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15974#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31
15975msgid ""
15976"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj "
15977"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: "
15978"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s."
15979msgstr ""
15980
15981#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15982#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32
15983msgid ""
15984"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS "
15985"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s."
15986msgstr ""
15987
15988#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15989#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33
15990msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s."
15991msgstr ""
15992
15993#. type: Content of: <h2>
15994#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1
15995msgid "Tongan (Tonga)"
15996msgstr ""
15997
15998#. type: Content of: <p>
15999#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2
16000msgid ""
16001"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the "
16002"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances "
16003"separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot "
16004"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of "
16005"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on"
16006" which Tongan island group it originates from.  The nomenclature of stars is"
16007" approximated based on the limited resources available."
16008msgstr ""
16009
16010#. type: Content of: <p>
16011#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11
16012msgid ""
16013"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, "
16014"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable "
16015"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: "
16016"&alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan "
16017"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the"
16018" event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational "
16019"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of "
16020"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This "
16021"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and "
16022"Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being "
16023"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night"
16024" sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two "
16025"anomalies.]"
16026msgstr ""
16027
16028#. type: Content of: <p>
16029#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25
16030msgid ""
16031"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in "
16032"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in "
16033"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian."
16034msgstr ""
16035
16036#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16037#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32
16038msgid ""
16039"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi "
16040"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department."
16041msgstr ""
16042
16043#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16044#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34
16045msgid ""
16046"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, "
16047"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing."
16048msgstr ""
16049
16050#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16051#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37
16052msgid ""
16053"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional "
16054"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and "
16055"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p."
16056" 157-173."
16057msgstr ""
16058
16059#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16060#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
16061msgid "Tongan term"
16062msgstr ""
16063
16064#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16065#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
16066msgid "Humu"
16067msgstr ""
16068
16069#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16070#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
16071msgid "Coal sack"
16072msgstr ""
16073
16074#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16075#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
16076msgid "Kaniva"
16077msgstr ""
16078
16079#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16080#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
16081msgid "Ma'afulele"
16082msgstr ""
16083
16084#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16085#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
16086msgid "Large Magellan cloud"
16087msgstr ""
16088
16089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16090#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
16091msgid "Ma'afutoka"
16092msgstr ""
16093
16094#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16095#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
16096msgid "Small Magellan cloud"
16097msgstr ""
16098
16099#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16100#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
16101msgid "'otu Ma'afu"
16102msgstr ""
16103
16104#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16105#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
16106msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)"
16107msgstr ""
16108
16109#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16110#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
16111msgid "Ha'amonga"
16112msgstr ""
16113
16114#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16115#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
16116msgid "Ecliptic"
16117msgstr ""
16118
16119#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16120#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
16121msgid "Mahina"
16122msgstr ""
16123
16124#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16125#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
16126msgid "La'a"
16127msgstr ""
16128
16129#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16130#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
16131msgid "Fetu'u"
16132msgstr ""
16133
16134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16135#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
16136msgid "Star (in general)"
16137msgstr ""
16138
16139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16140#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
16141msgid "Fetu'ufuka"
16142msgstr ""
16143
16144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16145#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
16146msgid "Comet"
16147msgstr ""
16148
16149#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16150#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
16151msgid "'Umata"
16152msgstr ""
16153
16154#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16155#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
16156msgid "Rainbow"
16157msgstr ""
16158
16159#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16160#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
16161msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi"
16162msgstr ""
16163
16164#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16165#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
16166msgid "Falling star"
16167msgstr ""
16168
16169#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16170#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
16171msgid "tapukitea"
16172msgstr ""
16173
16174#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16175#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
16176msgid "Matamemea"
16177msgstr ""
16178
16179#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16180#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
16181msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)"
16182msgstr ""
16183
16184#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16185#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
16186msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)"
16187msgstr ""
16188
16189#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16190#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
16191msgid "Velitoa hififo"
16192msgstr ""
16193
16194#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16195#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
16196msgid "Rigel"
16197msgstr ""
16198
16199#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16200#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
16201msgid "Velitoa hahake"
16202msgstr ""
16203
16204#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16205#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
16206msgid "Betelguese"
16207msgstr ""
16208
16209#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16210#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
16211msgid "Hikule'o"
16212msgstr ""
16213
16214#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16215#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
16216msgid "Monuafe"
16217msgstr ""
16218
16219#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16220#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
16221msgid "Meissa"
16222msgstr ""
16223
16224#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16225#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
16226msgid "Motuliki"
16227msgstr ""
16228
16229#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16230#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
16231msgid "Tu'ulalupe"
16232msgstr ""
16233
16234#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16235#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
16236msgid "Toloatonga"
16237msgstr ""
16238
16239#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16240#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
16241msgid "Toloalahi"
16242msgstr ""
16243
16244#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16245#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
16246msgid "False Cross"
16247msgstr ""
16248
16249#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
16250#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72
16251msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>"
16252msgstr ""
16253
16254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16255#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
16256msgid "Tongan name"
16257msgstr ""
16258
16259#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16260#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
16261msgid "Designation or notes"
16262msgstr ""
16263
16264#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16265#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
16266msgid "Tuinga ika"
16267msgstr ""
16268
16269#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16270#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
16271msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword"
16272msgstr ""
16273
16274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16275#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
16276msgid "Ae e'Uvea"
16277msgstr ""
16278
16279#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16280#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
16281msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16282msgstr ""
16283
16284#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16285#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
16286msgid "Fatanalua"
16287msgstr ""
16288
16289#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16290#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
16291msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16292msgstr ""
16293
16294#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16295#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
16296msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi"
16297msgstr ""
16298
16299#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16300#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
16301msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16302msgstr ""
16303
16304#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16305#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
16306msgid "Toloa"
16307msgstr ""
16308
16309#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16310#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
16311msgid "Belt of Orion"
16312msgstr ""
16313
16314#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16315#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
16316msgid "Lua tangata"
16317msgstr ""
16318
16319#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16320#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
16321msgid "Castor and/or Pollux"
16322msgstr ""
16323
16324#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16325#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
16326msgid "Fungasia"
16327msgstr ""
16328
16329#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16330#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
16331msgid "Toliman and/or Agena"
16332msgstr ""
16333
16334#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16335#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
16336msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)"
16337msgstr ""
16338
16339#. type: Content of: <h1>
16340#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1
16341msgid "Tukano Constellations"
16342msgstr ""
16343
16344#. type: Content of: <p>
16345#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2
16346msgid ""
16347"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around "
16348"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group "
16349"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro "
16350"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil."
16351msgstr ""
16352
16353#. type: Content of: <h5>
16354#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5
16355msgid ""
16356"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer "
16357"to:</em>"
16358msgstr ""
16359
16360#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16361#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7
16362msgid ""
16363"<a "
16364"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\""
16365" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>."
16366msgstr ""
16367
16368#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16369#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8
16370msgid ""
16371"<a "
16372"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\""
16373" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>"
16374msgstr ""
16375
16376#. type: Content of: <h3>
16377#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11
16378msgid "CONSTELLATIONS"
16379msgstr ""
16380
16381#. type: Content of: <p>
16382#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12
16383msgid ""
16384"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural "
16385"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who "
16386"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations."
16387" There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here "
16388"essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations.  "
16389"Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions"
16390" or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing "
16391"limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- "
16392"Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way.  Their"
16393" conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. "
16394"They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like "
16395"us."
16396msgstr ""
16397
16398#. type: Content of: <p>
16399#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13
16400msgid ""
16401"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people "
16402"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school "
16403"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as"
16404" you’ll see below."
16405msgstr ""
16406
16407#. type: Content of: <p>
16408#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14
16409msgid ""
16410"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are "
16411"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during "
16412"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena "
16413"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head"
16414" setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of "
16415"the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with"
16416" an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these "
16417"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group "
16418"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat "
16419"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and"
16420" microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either.  So, a "
16421"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside "
16422"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. "
16423"Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex "
16424"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore."
16425msgstr ""
16426
16427#. type: Content of: <p>
16428#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15
16429msgid ""
16430"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, "
16431"Portuguese and English.  Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo."
16432msgstr ""
16433
16434#. type: Content of: <h3>
16435#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
16436msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance"
16437msgstr ""
16438
16439#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16440#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
16441msgid ""
16442"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external "
16443"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>"
16444msgstr ""
16445
16446#. type: Content of: <p>
16447#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19
16448msgid ""
16449"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona "
16450"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the "
16451"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos."
16452msgstr ""
16453
16454#. type: Content of: <h3>
16455#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
16456msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo"
16457msgstr ""
16458
16459#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16460#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
16461msgid ""
16462"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' "
16463"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>"
16464msgstr ""
16465
16466#. type: Content of: <p>
16467#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21
16468msgid ""
16469"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila "
16470"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar "
16471"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)."
16472msgstr ""
16473
16474#. type: Content of: <h3>
16475#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
16476msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp"
16477msgstr ""
16478
16479#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16480#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
16481msgid ""
16482"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' "
16483"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>"
16484msgstr ""
16485
16486#. type: Content of: <h3>
16487#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
16488msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish"
16489msgstr ""
16490
16491#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16492#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
16493msgid ""
16494"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' "
16495"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>"
16496msgstr ""
16497
16498#. type: Content of: <p>
16499#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24
16500msgid ""
16501"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius "
16502"and Pisces area.  But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during "
16503"the night."
16504msgstr ""
16505
16506#. type: Content of: <h3>
16507#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
16508msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar"
16509msgstr ""
16510
16511#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16512#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
16513msgid ""
16514"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' "
16515"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>"
16516msgstr ""
16517
16518#. type: Content of: <p>
16519#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26
16520msgid ""
16521"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions "
16522"of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described "
16523"inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations."
16524msgstr ""
16525
16526#. type: Content of: <h3>
16527#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
16528msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret"
16529msgstr ""
16530
16531#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16532#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
16533msgid ""
16534"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' "
16535"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>"
16536msgstr ""
16537
16538#. type: Content of: <p>
16539#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28
16540msgid ""
16541"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those "
16542"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the "
16543"first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São "
16544"José II tribe."
16545msgstr ""
16546
16547#. type: Content of: <h3>
16548#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
16549msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle"
16550msgstr ""
16551
16552#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16553#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
16554msgid ""
16555"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' "
16556"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>"
16557msgstr ""
16558
16559#. type: Content of: <p>
16560#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30
16561msgid ""
16562"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross "
16563"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also "
16564"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people."
16565msgstr ""
16566
16567#. type: Content of: <h3>
16568#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
16569msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades"
16570msgstr ""
16571
16572#. type: Content of: <h3>
16573#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
16574msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars"
16575msgstr ""
16576
16577#. type: Content of: <p>
16578#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32
16579msgid ""
16580"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. "
16581"Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within "
16582"a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period "
16583"pointer."
16584msgstr ""
16585
16586#. type: Content of: <h3>
16587#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
16588msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish"
16589msgstr ""
16590
16591#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16592#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
16593msgid ""
16594"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" "
16595"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of "
16596"grill to cook fish)</a>"
16597msgstr ""
16598
16599#. type: Content of: <p>
16600#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34
16601msgid ""
16602"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the "
16603"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades.  This is an easy asterism to be "
16604"seen all over the sky."
16605msgstr ""
16606
16607#. type: Content of: <h3>
16608#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
16609msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood"
16610msgstr ""
16611
16612#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16613#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
16614msgid ""
16615"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' "
16616"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>"
16617msgstr ""
16618
16619#. type: Content of: <p>
16620#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36
16621msgid ""
16622"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this "
16623"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents"
16624" to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood."
16625msgstr ""
16626
16627#. type: Content of: <h3>
16628#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
16629msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake"
16630msgstr ""
16631
16632#. type: Content of: <h3><br>
16633#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
16634msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus"
16635msgstr ""
16636
16637#. type: Content of: <p>
16638#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38
16639msgid ""
16640"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when "
16641"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in"
16642" the main river are swallowed by it."
16643msgstr ""
16644
16645#. type: Content of: <h3>
16646#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39
16647msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter"
16648msgstr ""
16649
16650#. type: Content of: <p>
16651#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40
16652msgid ""
16653"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river,"
16654" this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major "
16655"in that region."
16656msgstr ""
16657
16658#. type: Content of: <h3>
16659#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41
16660msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances"
16661msgstr ""
16662
16663#. type: Content of: <p>
16664#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42
16665msgid ""
16666"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in"
16667" some special Tukano ceremonies."
16668msgstr ""
16669
16670#. type: Content of: <h4>
16671#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44
16672msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:"
16673msgstr ""
16674
16675#. type: Content of: <p>
16676#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45
16677msgid ""
16678"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, "
16679"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis "
16680"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in "
16681"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about "
16682"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky "
16683"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in "
16684"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we "
16685"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from"
16686" differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting "
16687"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major "
16688"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians"
16689msgstr ""
16690
16691#. type: Content of: <h4>
16692#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
16693msgid ""
16694"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of"
16695" his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)"
16696msgstr ""
16697
16698#. type: Content of: <h4><br>
16699#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
16700msgid ""
16701"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and "
16702"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)."
16703msgstr ""
16704
16705#. type: Content of: <h2>
16706#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1
16707msgid "Tupi-Guarani"
16708msgstr ""
16709
16710#. type: Content of: <p>
16711#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2
16712msgid ""
16713"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the "
16714"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries."
16715msgstr ""
16716
16717#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16718#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5
16719msgid ""
16720"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep "
16721"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily "
16722"life.  In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de "
16723"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated"
16724" that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book "
16725"only details seven."
16726msgstr ""
16727
16728#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
16729#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8
16730msgid "Ema"
16731msgstr ""
16732
16733#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16734#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9
16735msgid ""
16736"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i>"
16737" in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The "
16738"constellation depicts a large bird."
16739msgstr ""
16740
16741#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16742#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11
16743msgid ""
16744"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the "
16745"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South "
16746"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North."
16747msgstr ""
16748
16749#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
16750#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13
16751msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)"
16752msgstr ""
16753
16754#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16755#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14
16756msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick."
16757msgstr ""
16758
16759#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16760#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15
16761msgid ""
16762"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the "
16763"evening Eastern sky.  This marks the beginning of summer in the southern "
16764"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North."
16765msgstr ""
16766
16767#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
16768#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19
16769msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>"
16770msgstr ""
16771
16772#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
16773#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20
16774msgid ""
16775"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The "
16776"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)"
16777msgstr ""
16778
16779#. type: Content of: <p>
16780#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24
16781msgid ""
16782"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo "
16783"Pontes</i>."
16784msgstr ""
16785
16786#. type: Content of: <h2>
16787#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1
16788msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)"
16789msgstr ""
16790
16791#. type: Content of: <p>
16792#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2
16793msgid ""
16794"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran "
16795"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a "
16796"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar "
16797"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" "
16798"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in "
16799"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of "
16800"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent."
16801msgstr ""
16802
16803#. type: Content of: <h3>
16804#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4
16805msgid "Solar system"
16806msgstr ""
16807
16808#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16809#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6
16810msgid "Sun: Met"
16811msgstr ""
16812
16813#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16814#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7
16815msgid "Moon: Mawuk"
16816msgstr ""
16817
16818#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16819#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9
16820msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'"
16821msgstr ""
16822
16823#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16824#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10
16825msgid ""
16826"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky "
16827"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening"
16828msgstr ""
16829
16830#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16831#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11
16832msgid ""
16833"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' "
16834"(Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, "
16835"the Moon just appears above the mountains"
16836msgstr ""
16837
16838#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16839#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12
16840msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel"
16841msgstr ""
16842
16843#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16844#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13
16845msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel"
16846msgstr ""
16847
16848#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16849#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14
16850msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'"
16851msgstr ""
16852
16853#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16854#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16
16855msgid "Venus:"
16856msgstr ""
16857
16858#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16859#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18
16860msgid "Morning star: Fétukai"
16861msgstr ""
16862
16863#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16864#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19
16865msgid "Evening star: Kéwita"
16866msgstr ""
16867
16868#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16869#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21
16870msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi"
16871msgstr ""
16872
16873#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16874#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22
16875msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death"
16876msgstr ""
16877
16878#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16879#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27
16880msgid "In general: Mahau"
16881msgstr ""
16882
16883#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16884#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28
16885msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta"
16886msgstr ""
16887
16888#. type: Content of: <h3>
16889#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31
16890msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects"
16891msgstr ""
16892
16893#. type: Content of: <p>
16894#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32
16895msgid ""
16896"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the "
16897"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. "
16898"The actual translations of the local names follow them."
16899msgstr ""
16900
16901#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16902#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34
16903msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'"
16904msgstr ""
16905
16906#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16907#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35
16908msgid ""
16909"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown "
16910"meaning"
16911msgstr ""
16912
16913#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16914#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36
16915msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'"
16916msgstr ""
16917
16918#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16919#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37
16920msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'"
16921msgstr ""
16922
16923#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16924#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38
16925msgid ""
16926"Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'"
16927msgstr ""
16928
16929#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16930#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39
16931msgid ""
16932"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it "
16933"is time to prepare gardens"
16934msgstr ""
16935
16936#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16937#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40
16938msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves"
16939msgstr ""
16940
16941#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16942#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41
16943msgid ""
16944"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages"
16945" with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time "
16946"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest"
16947msgstr ""
16948
16949#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16950#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42
16951msgid ""
16952"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen "
16953"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'"
16954msgstr ""
16955
16956#. type: Content of: <h3>
16957#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45
16958msgid "Names of objects with unknown position"
16959msgstr ""
16960
16961#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16962#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47
16963msgid ""
16964"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or "
16965"to rise close to it"
16966msgstr ""
16967
16968#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16969#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48
16970msgid ""
16971"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the "
16972"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)"
16973msgstr ""
16974
16975#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16976#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49
16977msgid ""
16978"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in "
16979"September in the morning near zenith"
16980msgstr ""
16981
16982#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16983#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50
16984msgid ""
16985"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in "
16986"February in the morning"
16987msgstr ""
16988
16989#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16990#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55
16991msgid ""
16992"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> "
16993"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu"
16994msgstr ""
16995
16996#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16997#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56
16998msgid ""
16999"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language "
17000"on Wikipedia</a>"
17001msgstr ""
17002
17003#. type: Content of: <p>
17004#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60
17005msgid ""
17006"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a "
17007"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a "
17008"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>."
17009msgstr ""
17010
17011#. type: Content of: <p>
17012#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61
17013msgid ""
17014"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral"
17015" knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from "
17016"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé"
17017" from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe "
17018"Natuman from Lowkweria."
17019msgstr ""
17020
17021#. type: Content of: <h2>
17022#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1
17023msgid "Western"
17024msgstr ""
17025
17026#. type: Content of: <p>
17027#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2
17028msgid ""
17029"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
17030"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
17031"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
17032"astronomy."
17033msgstr ""
17034
17035#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17036#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5
17037#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5
17038msgid ""
17039"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various "
17040"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by "
17041"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the "
17042"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky "
17043"cultures exhaustively in daily usage."
17044msgstr ""
17045
17046#. type: Content of: <p>
17047#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8
17048msgid ""
17049"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, "
17050"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used "
17051"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names "
17052"are more famous than the designations."
17053msgstr ""
17054
17055#. type: Content of: <h3>
17056#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10
17057msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium"
17058msgstr ""
17059
17060#. type: Content of: <p>
17061#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11
17062msgid ""
17063"<a "
17064"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" "
17065"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his "
17066"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' "
17067"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike "
17068"Richards</a>."
17069msgstr ""
17070
17071#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17072#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15
17073#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14
17074msgid ""
17075"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'"
17076" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" "
17077"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia"
17078msgstr ""
17079
17080#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17081#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16
17082#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15
17083msgid ""
17084"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external "
17085"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" "
17086"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia"
17087msgstr ""
17088
17089#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17090#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17
17091msgid ""
17092"<a "
17093"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\""
17094" class='external text' "
17095"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\""
17096" rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval "
17097"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius "
17098"Engravings."
17099msgstr ""
17100
17101#. type: Content of: <h2>
17102#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1
17103msgid "Sky & Telescope"
17104msgstr ""
17105
17106#. type: Content of: <p>
17107#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2
17108msgid ""
17109"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
17110"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
17111"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
17112"astronomy.  The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & "
17113"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & "
17114"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & "
17115"Telescope magazine."
17116msgstr ""
17117
17118#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17119#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7
17120msgid ""
17121"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines "
17122"for Microscopium or Mensa."
17123msgstr ""
17124
17125#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17126#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10
17127msgid ""
17128"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in "
17129"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file."
17130msgstr ""
17131
17132#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17133#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13
17134msgid ""
17135"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' "
17136"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage"
17137msgstr ""
17138
17139#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17140#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16
17141msgid ""
17142"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' "
17143"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official"
17144" IAU constellation information</a>"
17145msgstr ""
17146
17147#. type: Content of: <h2>
17148#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1
17149msgid "Western (O.Hlad)"
17150msgstr ""
17151
17152#. type: Content of: <p>
17153#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3
17154msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:"
17155msgstr ""
17156
17157#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17158#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6
17159msgid ""
17160"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. "
17161"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik."
17162msgstr ""
17163
17164#. type: Content of: <p>
17165#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9
17166msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:"
17167msgstr ""
17168
17169#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17170#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12
17171msgid ""
17172"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. "
17173"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing."
17174msgstr ""
17175
17176#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17177#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13
17178msgid ""
17179"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor."
17180msgstr ""
17181
17182#. type: Content of: <p>
17183#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19
17184msgid ""
17185"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-"
17186"letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright "
17187"stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case "
17188"of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir).  We usually do <em>not</em> use"
17189" 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected "
17190"by light pollution.  The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and "
17191"easier-to-remember for children.  We use these constellations at the "
17192"Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a "
17193"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)."
17194msgstr ""
17195
17196#. type: Content of: <p>
17197#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28
17198msgid ""
17199"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies "
17200"are just behind Bear's head.  Gem is a similar case.  Cam seems upside-down "
17201"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed"
17202" brighter."
17203msgstr ""
17204
17205#. type: Content of: <h3>
17206#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33
17207msgid "Updates"
17208msgstr ""
17209
17210#. type: Content of: <p>
17211#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35
17212msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1"
17213msgstr ""
17214
17215#. type: Content of: <p>
17216#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37
17217msgid ""
17218"Future updates should be available at <a "
17219"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>"
17220msgstr ""
17221
17222#. type: Content of: <h2>
17223#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1
17224msgid "Western: H.A. Rey"
17225msgstr ""
17226
17227#. type: Content of: <p>
17228#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5
17229msgid ""
17230"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated "
17231"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. "
17232"The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown "
17233"connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however appear "
17234"sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which "
17235"constellation.  Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the "
17236"figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning "
17237"stargazers in the middle of the 20th century."
17238msgstr ""
17239
17240#. type: Content of: <p>
17241#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16
17242msgid ""
17243"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of "
17244"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his "
17245"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To "
17246"See Them</em>."
17247msgstr ""
17248
17249#. type: Content of: <h4>
17250#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22
17251msgid "The Constellations"
17252msgstr ""
17253
17254#. type: Content of: <p>
17255#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24
17256msgid ""
17257"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey "
17258"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the "
17259"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done"
17260" it before. The basic idea is so simple.\""
17261msgstr ""
17262
17263#. type: Content of: <p>
17264#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29
17265msgid ""
17266"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted"
17267" constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, "
17268"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick"
17269" figures.  The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey."
17270" If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the "
17271"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those "
17272"included in the book."
17273msgstr ""
17274
17275#. type: Content of: <h4>
17276#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37
17277msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations"
17278msgstr ""
17279
17280#. type: Content of: <p>
17281#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39
17282msgid ""
17283"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and "
17284"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of "
17285"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus).  "
17286"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures "
17287"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of"
17288" the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For "
17289"example,"
17290msgstr ""
17291
17292#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17293#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47
17294msgid ""
17295"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>)  to look "
17296"like a polar bear scenting prey.  This on one hand does not have the usual "
17297"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown "
17298"to walk around the pole in this orientation."
17299msgstr ""
17300
17301#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17302#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53
17303msgid ""
17304"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long "
17305"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including "
17306"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye "
17307"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck."
17308msgstr ""
17309
17310#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17311#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58
17312msgid ""
17313"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of "
17314"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "
17315"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the "
17316"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet."
17317msgstr ""
17318
17319#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17320#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63
17321msgid ""
17322"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now "
17323"forming a tail fin."
17324msgstr ""
17325
17326#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17327#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66
17328msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head."
17329msgstr ""
17330
17331#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17332#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68
17333msgid ""
17334"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace"
17335" of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)"
17336msgstr ""
17337
17338#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17339#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75
17340msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>"
17341msgstr ""
17342
17343#. type: Content of: <p>
17344#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80
17345msgid ""
17346"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon "
17347"example contributed by Mike Richards.  It has been reworked following the "
17348"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti."
17349msgstr ""
17350