1# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team
3# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
5#
6# Translators:
7# Alexander Stohr <alexander.stohr@gmx.de>, 2020
8# Frank Tönies <fraies@web.de>, 2020
9# Susanne Hoffmann <service@urania-uhura.de>, 2021
10# Georg Zotti <Georg.Zotti@univie.ac.at>, 2021
11# Latein Lebt, 2021
12#
13#, fuzzy
14msgid ""
15msgstr ""
16"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
17"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n"
18"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n"
19"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-01-06 16:35+0000\n"
20"Last-Translator: Latein Lebt, 2021\n"
21"Language-Team: German (https://www.transifex.com/stellarium/teams/80998/de/)\n"
22"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
23"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
24"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
25"Language: de\n"
26"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
27
28#. type: Content of: <h1>
29#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1
30msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")"
31msgstr "Al-Sufi (»Buch der Fixsterne«)"
32
33#. type: Content of: <p>
34#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2
35msgid ""
36"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul "
37"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the "
38"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in"
39" Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 "
40"classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in "
41"Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the "
42"following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation "
43"and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of "
44"the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a "
45"record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation,"
46" and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding"
47" Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is "
48"seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. "
49"Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal "
50"description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and "
51"magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star "
52"catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In "
53"addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. "
54"Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were "
55"neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to "
56"Ptolemy star catalog."
57msgstr ""
58"Das Buch der Fixsterne wurde kurz vor 964 v. Chr. verfasst. Dr. Paul Kunitzsch beschrieb es als »die hervorragendste unter allen Arbeiten des prominenten Astronomen Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (geboren in Rayy, 903; gestorben 986), normalerweise al-Sufi genannt. In diesem Buch behandelt al-Şūfī die 48 klassischen Sternbilder, die im Almagest des Ptolemäus etabliert und seither weitergegeben worden waren. Die Beschreibung jedes Sternbilds umfasst die folgenden vier Sektionen: Erstens eine allgemeine Diskussion des Sternbilds und seiner Einzelsterne; diese Sektion beinhaltet auch al-Şūfīs Kritk an der Ptolemäischen Tradition und es finden sich eigene Beobachtungen. Zweitens eine Liste von ursprünglich arabischen Sternnamen in diesem Sternbild nebst ihrer exakten Identifizierung mit ptolemäischen Sternen. Drittens, zwei Zeichnungen des Sternbilds: eine dargestellt wie auf einem Himmelsglobus und die andere dargestellt wie am Himmel. Viertens eine Tabelle mit allen Sternen, die das Sternbild ausmachen. Diese Tabelle gibt eine verbale Beschreibung der Position des Sterns in der Figur und seine (ekliptikale) Länge, Breite und seine Helligkeit (Magnitude) an. Die Tabelle folgt sehr genau der Anordnung in Ptolemäus' Sternkatalog im Almagest.« <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> \n"
59"Zusätzlich zu diesen vier Sektionen jedes Sternbilds erwähnt Dr. Kunitzsch, dass Al-Sufi wohl Sterne der sechsten Größenklasse (6 mag) identifiziert hätte, die Ptolemäus nicht aufgelistet hatte, aber er hat sie nicht katalogisiert, sondern blieb dem Sternkatalog von Ptolemäus treu. "
60
61#. type: Content of: <p>
62#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3
63msgid ""
64"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of "
65"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in "
66"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by "
67"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or "
68"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by "
69"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 "
70"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for "
71"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. "
72"Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and"
73" 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units,"
74" Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I "
75"came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and "
76"relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a "
77"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research."
78msgstr ""
79"Ein wichtiger Punkt im allgemeinen Diskussionsabschnitt ist Al-Sufis Methode"
80" zur Vereinfachung der Sternbestimmung. Er beschreibt jeden Einzelstern "
81"eines Sternbildes auf mehrere Weisen: Über die Position in der "
82"Sternbildfigur, über seine Größenklasse, über den Asterismus, den er mit "
83"anderen Sternen formt, z.B. dreieckige oder bogenförmige Formen, manchmal "
84"auch über der Position bezogen auf die Milchstraße und über den "
85"Winkelabstand zu einem Stern in der Nähe. Ich habe mehr als 700 von Al-Sufi "
86"gemessene Winkelabstände in seinem Buch gezählt. Für die Winkelabstände "
87"nutzt er die Einheiten Elle, Speerlänge, Manneshöhe, Handspanne und Finger. "
88"Al-Sufi gibt den Wert einer Elle explizit als 2 Grad und 20 Minuten an "
89"<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. Für die übrigen Einheiten hat "
90"Schjellerup einige Werte gefolgert. Jedoch komme ich durch Nachvollziehen "
91"der 700 Messungen auf andere Werte. Die folgende Tabelle fasst die Einheiten"
92" und deren Beziehung zu dem Ellenwert von Schjellerup <sup><a "
93"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> und dem aus meiner Forschung zusammen."
94
95#. type: Content of: <h2>
96#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5
97msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi"
98msgstr "Von Al-Sufi benutzte Winkelabstandseinheiten"
99
100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
101#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10
102msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>"
103msgstr "<b>Schjellerup</b>"
104
105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
106#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11
107msgid "<b>Khalid</b>"
108msgstr "<b>Khalid</b>"
109
110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
111#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14
112msgid "<b>unit</b>"
113msgstr "<b>Einheit</b>"
114
115#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
116#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15
117#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17
118msgid "<b>cubits</b>"
119msgstr "<b>Ellen</b>"
120
121#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
122#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16
123#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18
124msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>"
125msgstr "<b>Winkelwert</b>"
126
127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
128#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21
129msgid "spear"
130msgstr "Speer"
131
132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
133#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22
134#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24
135msgid "6 cubits"
136msgstr "6 Ellen"
137
138#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
139#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28
140msgid "Man-Height"
141msgstr "Manneshöhe"
142
143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
144#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31
145msgid "3 cubits"
146msgstr "3 Ellen"
147
148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
149#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35
150msgid "cubit"
151msgstr "Elle"
152
153#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
154#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36
155#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38
156msgid "1 cubit"
157msgstr "1 Elle"
158
159#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
160#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42
161msgid "span"
162msgstr "Spanne"
163
164#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
165#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43
166msgid "1/3 of a cubit"
167msgstr "1/3 Ellen"
168
169#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
170#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45
171msgid "1/2 of a cubit"
172msgstr "1/2 Ellen"
173
174#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
175#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49
176msgid "finger"
177msgstr "Finger"
178
179#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
180#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50
181msgid "1/32 of a cubit"
182msgstr "1/32 Ellen"
183
184#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
185#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52
186msgid "1/16 of a cubit"
187msgstr "1/16 Ellen"
188
189#. type: Content of: <p>
190#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57
191msgid ""
192"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous "
193"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact "
194"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic "
195"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at "
196"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one."
197msgstr ""
198"Ein anderer wichtiger Aspekt des Buchs von Al-Sufi ist, dass es indigen "
199"arabische Sternnamen für jedes Sternbild enthält und ihre exakten "
200"Identifikationen mit den zugehörigen Sternen in Ptolemäus' Katalog. Das "
201"bedeutet, dass wir auf zwei Schichten von Stern-Wissen gleichzeitig schauen:"
202" auf die ptolemäischen und die indigen arabischen. "
203
204#. type: Content of: <h2>
205#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59
206msgid "The Sky Culture"
207msgstr "Die Sky Culture"
208
209#. type: Content of: <p>
210#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60
211msgid ""
212"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of "
213"the book, oldest of which is the <a "
214"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\""
215" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh "
216"144 dated 1009 AD</a>."
217msgstr ""
218"Diese Sky Culture ist Ergebnis einer Studie mehrerer Handschriften des "
219"Buches, von denen das älteste (Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms Marsh 144) ins "
220"Jahr 1009 CE datiert. "
221
222#. type: Content of: <p>
223#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61
224msgid ""
225"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, "
226"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations"
227" was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built "
228"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and "
229"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and "
230"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous "
231"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars"
232" plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a "
233"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
234msgstr ""
235"Zuerst wurden die Manuskripte vom Buch der Fixsterne nach einer kritischen "
236"Aufbereitung zu einem Text zusammengefügt. Danach wurde jeder Stern der 48 "
237"antiken Sternbilder nach Al-Sufis Beschreibung bestimmt und neue Tabellen, "
238"die moderne Sternbezeichnungen aus dem Hipparcos-, Bright-Star- und "
239"Bayerkatalog enthalten, erstellt. Schließlich wurden die ursprünglich "
240"arabischen Sternnamen gesammelt und gemäß Al-Sufis Zuordnung zu den "
241"ptolemäischen Sternnamen bestimmt. Alle oben genannten Schritte sind Teil "
242"eines digital veröffentlichten Buchs über das Buch der Fixsterne mit "
243"Erklärungen und Kommentaren von Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a "
244"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
245
246#. type: Content of: <p>
247#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62
248msgid ""
249"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the "
250"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for "
251"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>."
252" The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the "
253"primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a "
254"secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the"
255" star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this "
256"constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, "
257"which will display \"The star on the end of the tail\" on the top of the "
258"screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the "
259"constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. "
260"For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the "
261"star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined "
262"through asterism names and asterism lines files."
263msgstr ""
264
265#. type: Content of: <p>
266#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63
267msgid ""
268"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted "
269"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which "
270"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a "
271"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few "
272"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording."
273msgstr ""
274"Die Übersetzung der Sternnamen vom Arabischen ins Englische stammt von Ernie"
275" Wrights Internetseite <sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>, die eine "
276"Tran"
277
278#. type: Content of: <p>
279#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64
280msgid ""
281"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the "
282"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content."
283msgstr ""
284"Die einzige Quelle dieser Himmelskultur ist das Buch der Fixsterne und das "
285"Ziel ist eine gewissenhafte Darstellung des Buchinhaltes zu geben."
286
287#. type: Content of: <h2>
288#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66
289#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522
290#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464
291#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496
292#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299
293#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288
294msgid "Fair Use"
295msgstr "Faire Nutzung"
296
297#. type: Content of: <p>
298#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67
299msgid ""
300"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International "
301"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the "
302"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work "
303"be cited according to the common rules."
304msgstr ""
305"Diese Himmelskultur wird frei unter der CC-BY-ND 4.0 International Public "
306"License (auf gleiche Weise teilen, nicht ohne Genehmigung der Mitwirkenden "
307"ändern und die Mitwirkenden zitieren). Der Autor wünscht, dass diese Arbeit "
308"nach den üblichen Regeln zitiert wird."
309
310#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
311#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69
312#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45
313#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32
314#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61
315#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475
316#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23
317#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48
318#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17
319#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302
320#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291
321#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12
322#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10
323#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17
324#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9
325#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63
326#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11
327#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85
328#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23
329msgid "Author"
330msgstr "Autor"
331
332#. type: Content of: <p>
333#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70
334msgid ""
335"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: "
336"turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
337msgstr ""
338"Diese Himmelskultur wurde zusammengetragen und Stellarium hinzugefügt von "
339"Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
340
341#. type: Content of: <h3>
342#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72
343#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151
344#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77
345#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960
346#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57
347msgid "Notes"
348msgstr "Anmerkungen"
349
350#. type: Content of: <p>
351#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73
352msgid ""
353"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-"
354"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: "
355"Variorum Reprints, 1989."
356msgstr ""
357"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-"
358"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: "
359"Variorum Reprints, 1989."
360
361#. type: Content of: <p>
362#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74
363msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga."
364msgstr ""
365"[2] siehe as-Sufi, Beschreibung 14ten Sterns in Auriga in seinem Buch."
366
367#. type: Content of: <p>
368#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75
369msgid ""
370"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par "
371"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27."
372msgstr ""
373"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par "
374"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27."
375
376#. type: Content of: <p>
377#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76
378msgid ""
379"[4] <a "
380"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\""
381" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical "
382"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>."
383msgstr ""
384"[4] Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji"
385
386#. type: Content of: <p>
387#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77
388msgid ""
389"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" "
390"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān "
391"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque "
392"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>."
393msgstr ""
394"[5] Oulough Beg, Kopie von ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-"
395"kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036"
396
397#. type: Content of: <p>
398#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78
399msgid ""
400"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
401"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
402"of the Almagest Catalog</a>."
403msgstr "[6] Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog"
404
405#. type: Content of: <p>
406#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79
407msgid ""
408"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., "
409"1998."
410msgstr ""
411"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., "
412"1998."
413
414#. type: Content of: <h2>
415#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1
416msgid "Anutan"
417msgstr "Anutan"
418
419#. type: Content of: <p>
420#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2
421msgid ""
422"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon "
423"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the "
424"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars "
425"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed "
426"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) "
427"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major "
428"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or "
429"undistinguished)."
430msgstr ""
431
432#. type: Content of: <h3>
433#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9
434#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43
435msgid "Nomenclature"
436msgstr "Beschriftungen"
437
438#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
439#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
440msgid "Anutan name"
441msgstr "Anutanischer Name"
442
443#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
444#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
445msgid "English translation"
446msgstr "Englische Übersetzung"
447
448#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
449#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
450msgid "Western skylore"
451msgstr "Westliche Himmelskunde"
452
453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
454#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
455msgid "Te Tino A Manu"
456msgstr "Te Tino A Manu"
457
458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
459#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
460msgid "The Bird's Body"
461msgstr "Der Vogelkörper"
462
463#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
464#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
465#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191
466#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36
467#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
468msgid "Sirius"
469msgstr "Sirius"
470
471#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
472#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
473msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga"
474msgstr "Te Kapakau Tonga"
475
476#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
477#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
478msgid "The East Wing"
479msgstr "Der Östliche Flügel"
480
481#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
482#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
483#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428
484#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372
485#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186
486#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
487msgid "Canopus"
488msgstr "Canopus"
489
490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
491#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
492msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau"
493msgstr "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau"
494
495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
496#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
497msgid "The North Wing"
498msgstr "Der Nördliche Flügel"
499
500#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
501#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
502msgid "Procyon"
503msgstr "Prokyon"
504
505#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
506#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
507msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu"
508msgstr "Te Kaokao O Manu"
509
510#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
511#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
512msgid "The Bird's Armpit"
513msgstr "Die Vogelachsel"
514
515#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
516#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
517msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body"
518msgstr "Gruppe von vier kleinen Sternen, gerade östlich des Körpers von Manu"
519
520#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
521#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
522msgid "Te Kope"
523msgstr "Te Kope"
524
525#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
526#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
527msgid "The Bamboo"
528msgstr "Der Bambus"
529
530#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
531#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
532msgid "Grus"
533msgstr "Grus"
534
535#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
536#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
537msgid "Ara Toru"
538msgstr "Ara Toru"
539
540#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
541#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
542msgid "Path of Three"
543msgstr "Weg der Drei"
544
545#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
546#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
547#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66
548msgid "Orion's belt"
549msgstr "Orions Gürtel"
550
551#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
552#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
553msgid "Te Angaanga"
554msgstr "Te Angaanga"
555
556#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
557#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
558msgid "The Tongs"
559msgstr "Die Zangen"
560
561#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
562#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
563msgid "Taurus's forehead"
564msgstr "Stirn des Stiers"
565
566#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
567#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
568msgid "Matariki"
569msgstr "Matariki"
570
571#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
572#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
573msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes"
574msgstr "Kleines Gesicht, oder Kleine Augen"
575
576#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
577#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
578#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306
579#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251
580#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96
581#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129
582#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41
583#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13
584#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
585msgid "Pleiades"
586msgstr "Plejaden"
587
588#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
589#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
590msgid "Kaavei"
591msgstr "Kaavei"
592
593#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
594#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
595msgid "Octopus Tentacle"
596msgstr "Oktopustentakel"
597
598#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
599#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
600msgid "Aries"
601msgstr "Aries"
602
603#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
604#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
605msgid "Taki Roto"
606msgstr "Taki Roto"
607
608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
609#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
610msgid "Middle Precursor"
611msgstr "Mittlerer Vorläufer"
612
613#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
614#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
615msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)"
616msgstr "Ecke des Großen Quadrates (ein großer Stern)"
617
618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
619#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
620msgid "Taki Mua"
621msgstr "Taki Mua"
622
623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
624#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
625msgid "Forward Precursor"
626msgstr "Vorderer Vorläufer"
627
628#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
629#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
630msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder"
631msgstr "Pegasus' Vorderbeine und Schulter"
632
633#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
634#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
635msgid "Toki"
636msgstr "Toki"
637
638#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
639#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
640msgid "Adze"
641msgstr "Adze"
642
643#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
644#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
645#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131
646msgid "Delphinus"
647msgstr "Delphinus"
648
649#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
650#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
651msgid "Te Aamonga"
652msgstr "Te Aamonga"
653
654#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
655#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
656msgid "The Carrying Stick"
657msgstr "Der Tragestock"
658
659#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
660#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
661msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line"
662msgstr "Drei Sterne im Adler auf einer Linie"
663
664#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
665#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
666msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu"
667msgstr "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu"
668
669#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
670#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
671msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish"
672msgstr "Blutfleck-Husarenfisch"
673
674#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
675#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
676msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius"
677msgstr "Vier große Sterne im Sternbild Schütze"
678
679#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
680#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
681msgid "Te Rua Tangata"
682msgstr "Te Rua Tangata"
683
684#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
685#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
686msgid "Double Man"
687msgstr "Doppelter Mann"
688
689#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
690#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
691#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21
692msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri"
693msgstr "Alpha and Beta Centauri"
694
695#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
696#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
697#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
698msgid "Te Rakau Tapu"
699msgstr "Te Rakau Tapu"
700
701#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
702#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
703#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
704msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber"
705msgstr "Das Netz oder der Heilige Balken"
706
707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
708#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
709#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
710#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
711msgid "Southern Cross"
712msgstr "Südliches Kreuz"
713
714#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
715#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
716msgid "Taro"
717msgstr "Taro"
718
719#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
720#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
721msgid "Taro plant"
722msgstr "Taro-Pflanze"
723
724#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
725#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
726msgid ""
727"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau "
728"(its leaves)"
729msgstr ""
730"Scorpius, Antares ist Te Kau (der Stamm). Fünf Sterne um Antares herum sind "
731"Ona Rau (die Blätter)."
732
733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
734#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
735msgid "Te Tukaniva"
736msgstr "Te Tukaniva"
737
738#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
739#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
740#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41
741#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
742msgid "&mdash;"
743msgstr "&mdash;"
744
745#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
746#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
747msgid "Milky way"
748msgstr "Milchstraße"
749
750#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
751#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
752msgid "Te Aro Rere"
753msgstr "Te Aro Rere"
754
755#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
756#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
757msgid "The Running Cloud"
758msgstr "Die Laufende Wolke"
759
760#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
761#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
762msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud"
763msgstr "Große Magellan'sche Wolke"
764
765#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
766#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
767msgid "Te Ao Toka"
768msgstr "Te Ao Toka"
769
770#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
771#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
772msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)"
773msgstr "Die gebändigte Wolke (?)"
774
775#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
776#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
777msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud"
778msgstr "Kleine Magellan'sche Wolke"
779
780#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
781#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
782msgid "Te Petuu Ao"
783msgstr "Te Petuu Ao"
784
785#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
786#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
787msgid "The Morning Star"
788msgstr "Der Morgenstern"
789
790#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
791#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
792#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
793#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
794#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
795#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
796#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377
797#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36
798#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26
799#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
800msgid "Venus"
801msgstr "Venus"
802
803#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
804#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
805msgid "Tiuriuri"
806msgstr "Tiuriuri"
807
808#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
809#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
810msgid "The Morning Star(?)"
811msgstr "Der Morgenstern(?)"
812
813#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
814#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
815msgid "Venus(?)"
816msgstr "Venus(?)"
817
818#. type: Content of: <h3>
819#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37
820#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486
821#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293
822#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275
823#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35
824#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381
825#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30
826msgid "References"
827msgstr "Quellenangaben"
828
829#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
830#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39
831msgid ""
832"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean "
833"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, "
834"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4."
835msgstr ""
836"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean "
837"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, "
838"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4."
839
840#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
841#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41
842msgid ""
843"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa,"
844" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University "
845"of California : ISBN 9780959378771."
846msgstr ""
847"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa,"
848" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University "
849"of California : ISBN 9780959378771."
850
851#. type: Content of: <p>
852#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46
853msgid ""
854"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
855"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
856msgstr ""
857"Diese Himmelskultur wurde Stellarium von <i>Dan Smale</i> "
858"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz beigesteuert."
859
860#. type: Content of: <h1>
861#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1
862msgid "Arabian Peninsula"
863msgstr "Arabische Halbinsel"
864
865#. type: Content of: <h4>
866#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2
867#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2
868#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2
869#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3
870msgid "Introduction"
871msgstr "Einführung"
872
873#. type: Content of: <p>
874#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3
875msgid ""
876"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian "
877"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs."
878msgstr ""
879
880#. type: Content of: <h2>
881#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4
882#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4
883#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4
884msgid "Description"
885msgstr "Beschreibung"
886
887#. type: Content of: <p>
888#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6
889msgid ""
890"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia,"
891" bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and "
892"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is "
893"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by "
894"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a "
895"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a "
896"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and "
897"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, "
898"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq."
899msgstr ""
900
901#. type: Content of: <p>
902#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9
903msgid ""
904"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars "
905"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and "
906"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs"
907" and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented "
908"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these "
909"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the "
910"people of this region."
911msgstr ""
912"Die Beduinen und Bauern auf der Arabischen Halbinsel waren stark auf die "
913"Sterne für die Zeitwahl der nomadischen Reisen, der Tierpflege, für die "
914"Wettervorhersage und landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten, angewiesen. Wir finden"
915" häufig Erwähnungen von Sternen in ihren Sprichwörtern und Gedichten. "
916"Glücklicherweise wurden die mündlichen Gedichte und Sprichwörter "
917"dokumentiert und in Sammlungen verschiedener Gelehrter festgehalten. Eine "
918"Untersuchung dieser Sammlungen nebst der mündlichen Überlieferungen "
919"offenbart das Wissen um die Sterne der Menschen in dieser Region."
920
921#. type: Content of: <p>
922#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10
923msgid ""
924"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the "
925"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of"
926" al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13"
927" days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This "
928"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle."
929" Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon "
930"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper."
931msgstr ""
932
933#. type: Content of: <p>
934#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11
935msgid ""
936"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of "
937"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and "
938"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up "
939"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain "
940"but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a "
941"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by "
942"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar "
943"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a "
944"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
945msgstr ""
946
947#. type: Content of: <h4>
948#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13
949msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms"
950msgstr "Quellen für die Sternnamen und Asterismen"
951
952#. type: Content of: <p>
953#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14
954msgid ""
955"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral "
956"traditions and the following books:"
957msgstr ""
958"Die Quelle dieser Himmelskultur ist eine Zusammenstellung von Sternnamen aus"
959" mündlichen Überlieferungen und den folgenden Büchern:"
960
961#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
962#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16
963msgid ""
964"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The folk "
965"proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010."
966msgstr ""
967"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, Die "
968"Volkssprichwörter im Nadschd, 4 Bände, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riad, Saudi-"
969"Arabien, 2010."
970
971#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
972#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18
973msgid ""
974"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-"
975"dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 "
976"volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009."
977msgstr ""
978"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-"
979"dariǧah, Lexikon der klassischen Wurzeln von häufigen Dialektwörtern, 13 "
980"Bände, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riad, Saudi-Arabien, 2009."
981
982#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
983#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20
984msgid ""
985"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins poetry "
986"by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif "
987"library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia."
988msgstr ""
989"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, Eine Sammlung von "
990"Beduinengedichten mit dem Namen: Die saftigen Blumen der Beduinengedichte, "
991"18 Bände, Al Ma'arif library, Taif, Saudi-Arabien."
992
993#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
994#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22
995msgid ""
996"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of poetry "
997"by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 "
998"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."
999msgstr ""
1000"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, Eine Gedichtssammlung "
1001"von Mandeel Al-Fuhaid, Unsere Volksliteratur auf der Arabischen Halbinsel, "
1002"10 Bände, Riad, Saudi-Arabien."
1003
1004#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
1005#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24
1006msgid ""
1007"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat "
1008"Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
1009"2007."
1010msgstr ""
1011"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat "
1012"Ḥāʾil, Die bekannten Volkssprichwörter in der Region Ḥayel, Riad, Saudi-"
1013"Arabien, 2007."
1014
1015#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
1016#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26
1017msgid ""
1018"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of folk "
1019"poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999."
1020msgstr ""
1021"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, Die besten "
1022"Volksgedichte, dreibändige Gedichtesammlung, Riad, Saudi-Arabien, 1999."
1023
1024#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
1025#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28
1026msgid ""
1027"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The Poets of the"
1028" mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
1029msgstr ""
1030"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, Die Volksdichter"
1031" des Bergs, fünfbändige Gedichtesammlung, Riad, Saudi-Arabien, 2013."
1032
1033#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
1034#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30
1035msgid ""
1036"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation "
1037"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
1038msgstr ""
1039"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation "
1040"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
1041
1042#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
1043#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32
1044msgid ""
1045"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation of al-"
1046"Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
1047msgstr ""
1048"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Erklärung der "
1049"astronomischen al-Ḫalāwī-Gedichte, Riad, Saudi-Arabien, 2018."
1050
1051#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
1052#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35
1053#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24
1054#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69
1055#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8
1056#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5
1057#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4
1058#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15
1059#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4
1060#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4
1061#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4
1062msgid "Constellations"
1063msgstr "Sternbilder"
1064
1065#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1066#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1067msgid "ID"
1068msgstr "ID"
1069
1070#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1071#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1072msgid "<b>Arabic</b>"
1073msgstr "<b>Arabisch</b>"
1074
1075#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1076#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1077msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>"
1078msgstr "<b>Transkription</b>"
1079
1080#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1081#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1082msgid "<b>Translation</b>"
1083msgstr "<b>Übersetzung</b>"
1084
1085#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1086#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1087msgid "<b>Comment</b>"
1088msgstr "<b>Kommentar</b>"
1089
1090#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1091#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1092msgid "<b>References</b>"
1093msgstr ""
1094
1095#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1096#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39
1097msgid "<b>Constellations</b>"
1098msgstr "<b>Sternbilder</b>"
1099
1100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1101#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1102msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain"
1103msgstr "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain"
1104
1105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1106#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1107msgid "The Two Guards"
1108msgstr "Die zwei Wachen"
1109
1110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1111#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1112msgid ""
1113"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards"
1114" comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven"
1115" sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big "
1116"Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father "
1117"until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name"
1118" is The Two Guards."
1119msgstr ""
1120
1121#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1122#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1123msgid "al-Diḫīlain"
1124msgstr "al-Diḫīlain"
1125
1126#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1127#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1128msgid "The Two Refugees"
1129msgstr "Die zwei Flüchtlinge"
1130
1131#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1132#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1133msgid ""
1134"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes "
1135"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the "
1136"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection."
1137msgstr ""
1138
1139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1140#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1141msgid "Āl Aba Bzay"
1142msgstr "Āl Aba Bzay"
1143
1144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1145#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1146msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay"
1147msgstr "Die Familie des Aba Bzay"
1148
1149#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1150#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1151msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi"
1152msgstr "Die beiden Sterne β UMi und γ UMi"
1153
1154#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1155#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1156#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1157msgid "al-Naʿāyem"
1158msgstr "al-Naʿāyem"
1159
1160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1161#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1162msgid "Al-Nayem"
1163msgstr "Al-Nayem"
1164
1165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1166#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1167msgid ""
1168"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the "
1169"seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1170msgstr ""
1171"Die Bedeutung ist nicht eindeutig geklärt. Es könnte die Kamele bedeuten. Es"
1172" besteht aus den sieben Sternen des Großen Löffels."
1173
1174#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1175#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1176msgid "al-Sibbaʿ"
1177msgstr "al-Sibbaʿ"
1178
1179#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1180#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1181msgid "The Seven"
1182msgstr "Die Sieben"
1183
1184#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1185#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1186msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1187msgstr "Die sieben Sterne des Großen Wagens"
1188
1189#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1190#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1191msgid "Banāt Naʿš"
1192msgstr "Banāt Naʿš"
1193
1194#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1195#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1196msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh"
1197msgstr ""
1198
1199#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1200#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1201msgid ""
1202"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their "
1203"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)."
1204msgstr ""
1205
1206#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1207#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1208msgid "al-Šdād"
1209msgstr "al-Šdād"
1210
1211#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1212#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1213msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel"
1214msgstr "Der Kamelsattel"
1215
1216#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1217#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1218msgid ""
1219"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas "
1220"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia."
1221msgstr ""
1222"Die fünf hellen Sterne der Kassiopeia. Dieser Name wird in den westlichen "
1223"Gebieten Saudi-Arabiens am Roten Meer verwendet."
1224
1225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1226#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1227msgid "al-Miġzal"
1228msgstr "al-Miġzal"
1229
1230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1231#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1232msgid "The Wool Spindle"
1233msgstr "Die Wollspindel"
1234
1235#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1236#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1237msgid ""
1238"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ "
1239"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of "
1240"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia."
1241msgstr ""
1242
1243#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1244#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1245msgid "al-Muqaddam"
1246msgstr "al-Muqaddam"
1247
1248#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1249#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1250msgid "The Front"
1251msgstr "Die Vorderseite"
1252
1253#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1254#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1255msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)"
1256msgstr ""
1257
1258#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1259#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1260msgid "al-Muḫḫar"
1261msgstr "al-Muḫḫar"
1262
1263#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1264#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1265msgid "The Rear"
1266msgstr "Die Rückseite"
1267
1268#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1269#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1270msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)"
1271msgstr ""
1272
1273#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1274#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1275msgid "al-Rša"
1276msgstr "al-Rša"
1277
1278#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1279#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1280msgid "The Bucket Rope"
1281msgstr "Die Eimerschnur"
1282
1283#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1284#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1285msgid ""
1286"The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)"
1287msgstr ""
1288
1289#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1290#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1291msgid "al-Šarṭain"
1292msgstr "al-Šarṭain"
1293
1294#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1295#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1296msgid "The Two Signs"
1297msgstr "Die beiden Zeichen"
1298
1299#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1300#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1301msgid ""
1302"The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)"
1303msgstr ""
1304"Die beiden Zeichen, die Sterne Mesarthim und Sheratan (27. Mondstation)"
1305
1306#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1307#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1308msgid "al-Bṭain"
1309msgstr "al-Bṭain"
1310
1311#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1312#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1313msgid "The Little Abdomen"
1314msgstr "Das Bäuchlei"
1315
1316#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1317#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1318msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)."
1319msgstr "Das Bäuchlein von al-Ḥamal (28. Mondstation)"
1320
1321#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1322#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1323msgid "al-Thrayyā"
1324msgstr "al-Thrayyā"
1325
1326#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1327#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1328msgid "Al-Thurayya"
1329msgstr "Al-Thurayya"
1330
1331#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1332#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1333msgid ""
1334"al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)."
1335msgstr "Al-Thurayyā ist der Name der Plejaden (erste Mondstation)"
1336
1337#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1338#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1339msgid "al-Dhraʿ"
1340msgstr "al-Dhraʿ"
1341
1342#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1343#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1344msgid "The Arm"
1345msgstr "Der Arm"
1346
1347#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1348#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1349msgid ""
1350"The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)."
1351msgstr ""
1352"Die beiden Sterne des Kleinen Hundes, der Arm des Löwen (fünfte Mondstation)"
1353
1354#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1355#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1356msgid "al-Klaibain"
1357msgstr "al-Klaibain"
1358
1359#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1360#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1361msgid "The Two Little Dogs"
1362msgstr "Die Zwei Hündchen"
1363
1364#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1365#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1366msgid ""
1367"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used"
1368" for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common "
1369"in central Arabia."
1370msgstr ""
1371
1372#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1373#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1374msgid "al-Nathrah"
1375msgstr "al-Nathrah"
1376
1377#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1378#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1379msgid "The Nostrils"
1380msgstr "Die Nüstern"
1381
1382#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1383#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1384msgid ""
1385"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th "
1386"mansion of the Moon)."
1387msgstr ""
1388"M 44 und die zwei benachbarten Sterne bilden die Nasenspitze des arabischen "
1389"Löwen (sechste Mondstation)"
1390
1391#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1392#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1393msgid "al-Ṭarf"
1394msgstr "al-Ṭarf"
1395
1396#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1397#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1398msgid "The Eyes"
1399msgstr "Die Augen"
1400
1401#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1402#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1403msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)."
1404msgstr "Augen des Löwen (siebte Mondstation)"
1405
1406#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1407#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1408msgid "al-Ǧabhah"
1409msgstr "al-Ǧabhah"
1410
1411#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1412#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1413msgid "The Forehead"
1414msgstr "Die Stirn"
1415
1416#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1417#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1418msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)."
1419msgstr "Stirn des Löwen (achte Mondstation)"
1420
1421#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1422#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1423msgid "al-Zubrah"
1424msgstr "al-Zubrah"
1425
1426#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1427#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1428msgid "The Mane"
1429msgstr "Die Mähne"
1430
1431#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1432#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1433msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)."
1434msgstr "Löwenmähne (neunte Mondstation)."
1435
1436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1437#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1438msgid "al-ʿAwwā"
1439msgstr "al-ʿAwwā"
1440
1441#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1442#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1443msgid "The Bend"
1444msgstr ""
1445
1446#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1447#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1448msgid ""
1449"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs "
1450"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)."
1451msgstr ""
1452
1453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1454#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1455msgid "al-Ġafr"
1456msgstr "al-Ġafr"
1457
1458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1459#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1460msgid "The Cover"
1461msgstr ""
1462
1463#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1464#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1465msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)"
1466msgstr "Sternbild aus drei Sternen (13. Mondstation)"
1467
1468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1469#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1470msgid "al-Zubānā"
1471msgstr "al-Zubānā"
1472
1473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1474#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1475msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion"
1476msgstr "Klauen des Skorpions"
1477
1478#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1479#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1480msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)."
1481msgstr "Die zwei hellen Sterne der Waage (14. Mondstation)"
1482
1483#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1484#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1485msgid "al-Iklīl"
1486msgstr "al-Iklīl"
1487
1488#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1489#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1490msgid "The Diadem"
1491msgstr "Das Diadem"
1492
1493#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1494#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1495msgid ""
1496"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the "
1497"Moon)."
1498msgstr ""
1499
1500#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1501#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1502#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
1503msgid "al-Šawlah"
1504msgstr "al-Šawlah"
1505
1506#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1507#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1508#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
1509msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion"
1510msgstr ""
1511
1512#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1513#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1514msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)."
1515msgstr ""
1516
1517#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1518#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1519msgid "aal-ʿAqrab"
1520msgstr "al-ʿAqrab"
1521
1522#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1523#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1524msgid "The Scorpion"
1525msgstr "Der Skorpion"
1526
1527#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1528#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1529msgid "The scorpion image"
1530msgstr ""
1531
1532#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1533#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1534msgid "al-Baldah"
1535msgstr "al-Baldah"
1536
1537#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1538#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1539msgid "The Empty Place"
1540msgstr "Der Leere Platz"
1541
1542#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1543#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1544msgid ""
1545"An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)."
1546msgstr "Ein Bereich mit keinen hellen Sternen im Schützen (19. Mondstation)"
1547
1548#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1549#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1550msgid "The Ostriches"
1551msgstr ""
1552
1553#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1554#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1555msgid ""
1556"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the "
1557"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches "
1558"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is "
1559"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion "
1560"of the Moon)."
1561msgstr ""
1562
1563#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1564#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1565msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ"
1566msgstr "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ"
1567
1568#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1569#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1570msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer"
1571msgstr "Der Glücksstern des Schlächters"
1572
1573#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1574#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1575msgid ""
1576"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion "
1577"of the Moon)."
1578msgstr ""
1579"Altes arabisches Sternbild, das einen Mann, der ein Schaf schlachtet, "
1580"darstellt (20. Mondstation)."
1581
1582#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1583#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1584msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ"
1585msgstr "Saʿd bulaʿ"
1586
1587#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1588#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1589msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower"
1590msgstr ""
1591
1592#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1593#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1594msgid ""
1595"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of "
1596"the Moon)."
1597msgstr ""
1598
1599#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1600#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1601msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd"
1602msgstr "Saʿd al-suʿūd"
1603
1604#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1605#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1606msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars"
1607msgstr "Der glücklichste unter den Glückssternen"
1608
1609#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1610#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1611msgid ""
1612"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring "
1613"(22nd mansion of the Moon)."
1614msgstr ""
1615"Altes arabisches Sternbild bestehend aus drei Sternen, das morgens im "
1616"Frühling aufgeht (22. Mondstation)."
1617
1618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1619#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1620msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah"
1621msgstr "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah"
1622
1623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1624#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1625msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents"
1626msgstr "Der Glücksstern der Zelte"
1627
1628#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1629#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1630msgid ""
1631"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is "
1632"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)."
1633msgstr ""
1634
1635#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1636#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1637#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
1638msgid "al-Haqʿah"
1639msgstr "al-Haqʿah"
1640
1641#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1642#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1643#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
1644msgid "The Circular Mark"
1645msgstr ""
1646
1647#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1648#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1649msgid ""
1650"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) "
1651"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)."
1652msgstr ""
1653
1654#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1655#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1656msgid "al-Hanʿah"
1657msgstr "al-Hanʿah"
1658
1659#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1660#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1661msgid "Stoopness"
1662msgstr ""
1663
1664#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1665#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1666msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)"
1667msgstr "Altes arabisches Sternbild (vierte Mondstation)"
1668
1669#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1670#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1671msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā"
1672msgstr "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā"
1673
1674#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1675#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1676msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza"
1677msgstr "Rücken der Al-Jawza"
1678
1679#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1680#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1681msgid ""
1682"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of"
1683" Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the "
1684"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The "
1685"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
1686msgstr ""
1687"Die drei Gürtelsterne des Orion. Dieser Name stammt neben den Sternnamen "
1688"»Nördliches Horn der al-Jawza« und »Südliches Horn der al-Jawza« aus dem "
1689"Westen Saudi-Arabiens und wird von den Fischern am Roten Meer benutzt. Die "
1690"Namensquelle sind mündliche Überlieferungen von der saudi-arabischen "
1691"Hafenstadt Ulumj."
1692
1693#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1694#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1695msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā"
1696msgstr "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā"
1697
1698#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1699#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1700#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1701msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza"
1702msgstr "Klauen der Al-Jawza"
1703
1704#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1705#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1706#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1707msgid ""
1708"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem"
1709" region of Saudi Arabia."
1710msgstr ""
1711"Name der Sterne α, γ, β und κ Ori, mündlich aus der saudi-arabischen Provinz"
1712" al-Qasim überliefert."
1713
1714#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1715#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1716msgid "al-Zibban"
1717msgstr "al-Zibban"
1718
1719#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1720#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1721msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā"
1722msgstr "Masǧid al-Thrayyā"
1723
1724#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1725#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1726msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya"
1727msgstr "Moschee des Al-Thurayya"
1728
1729#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1730#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1731msgid ""
1732"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is "
1733"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this "
1734"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern "
1735"Saudi Arabia."
1736msgstr ""
1737
1738#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1739#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1740msgid "al-Ǧawā"
1741msgstr "al-Ǧawā"
1742
1743#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1744#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1745msgid "Al-Jawza"
1746msgstr "Al-Jawza"
1747
1748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1749#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1750msgid ""
1751"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape "
1752"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral "
1753"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt."
1754msgstr ""
1755
1756#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1757#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79
1758msgid "<b>Planets</b>"
1759msgstr "<b>Planeten</b>"
1760
1761#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1762#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1763msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ"
1764msgstr "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ"
1765
1766#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1767#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1768msgid "Morning Star"
1769msgstr "Morgenstern"
1770
1771#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1772#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1773msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun."
1774msgstr "Ein Name für die Venus, wenn sie nach der Sonne untergeht."
1775
1776#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1777#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1778msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā"
1779msgstr "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā"
1780
1781#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1782#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1783msgid "Evening Star"
1784msgstr "Abendstern"
1785
1786#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1787#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1788msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun."
1789msgstr "Ein Name für die Venus, wenn sie vor der Sonne aufgeht."
1790
1791#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1792#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1793msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah"
1794msgstr "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah"
1795
1796#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1797#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1798msgid "The Sip, The Sipper"
1799msgstr ""
1800
1801#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1802#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1803msgid ""
1804"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The "
1805"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children "
1806"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it."
1807msgstr ""
1808
1809#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1810#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1811msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān"
1812msgstr "Naǧmat al-Hawdān"
1813
1814#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1815#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1816msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan"
1817msgstr "Der Stern der Al-Hawdan"
1818
1819#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1820#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1821msgid ""
1822"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in "
1823"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for "
1824"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is "
1825"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises "
1826"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening "
1827"when Venus sets."
1828msgstr ""
1829
1830#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1831#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84
1832msgid "<b>Stars</b>"
1833msgstr "<b>Sterne</b>"
1834
1835#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1836#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1837msgid "al-Ǧady"
1838msgstr "al-Ǧady"
1839
1840#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1841#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1842msgid "The Kid"
1843msgstr "Das Zicklei"
1844
1845#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1846#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1847msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name."
1848msgstr "Entspricht dem alten arabischen Namen."
1849
1850#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1851#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1852msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1"
1853msgstr "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1"
1854
1855#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1856#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1857msgid "The Two Guards 1"
1858msgstr "Die zwei Wachen 1"
1859
1860#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1861#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1862#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1863#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1864#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1865#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1866#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1867msgid "See CON100"
1868msgstr "Siehe CON100"
1869
1870#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1871#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1872msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2"
1873msgstr "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2"
1874
1875#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1876#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1877msgid "The Two Guards 2"
1878msgstr "Die zwei Wachen 2"
1879
1880#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1881#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1882msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1"
1883msgstr "al-Diḫīlain 1"
1884
1885#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1886#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1887msgid "The Two Refugees 1"
1888msgstr "Die zwei Flüchtlinge 1"
1889
1890#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1891#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1892msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2"
1893msgstr "al-Diḫīlain 2"
1894
1895#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1896#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1897msgid "The Two Refugees 2"
1898msgstr "Die zwei Flüchtlinge 2"
1899
1900#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1901#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1902msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1"
1903msgstr "Āl Aba Bzay 1"
1904
1905#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1906#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1907msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1"
1908msgstr "Die Familie des Aba Bzay 1"
1909
1910#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1911#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1912msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2"
1913msgstr "Āl Aba Bzay 2"
1914
1915#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1916#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1917msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2"
1918msgstr "Die Familie des Aba Bzay 2"
1919
1920#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1921#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1922msgid "al-Ḫilj 1"
1923msgstr "al-Ḫilj 1"
1924
1925#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1926#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1927msgid "Al-Khilj 1"
1928msgstr "Al-Khilj 1"
1929
1930#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1931#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1932#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1933#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1934#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1935msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
1936msgstr "Die ersten beiden aufgehenden Sterne des Großen Wagens"
1937
1938#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1939#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1940msgid "al-Ḫilj 2"
1941msgstr "al-Ḫilj 2"
1942
1943#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1944#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1945msgid "Al-Khilj 2"
1946msgstr "Al-Khilj 2"
1947
1948#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1949#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1950msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1"
1951msgstr "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1"
1952
1953#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1954#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1955msgid "The first Khilj 1"
1956msgstr "The first Khilj 1"
1957
1958#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1959#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1960msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2"
1961msgstr "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2"
1962
1963#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1964#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1965msgid "The first Khilj 2"
1966msgstr "The first Khilj 2"
1967
1968#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1969#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1970msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1"
1971msgstr "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1"
1972
1973#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1974#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1975msgid "The Latter Khilj 1"
1976msgstr "Der letzte Khilj 1"
1977
1978#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1979#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1980#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1981#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1982#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1983msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
1984msgstr "Die zwei Sterne des Großen Wagens, die als Zweites aufgehen"
1985
1986#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1987#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1988msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2"
1989msgstr "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2"
1990
1991#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1992#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1993msgid "The Latter Khilj 2"
1994msgstr "Der letzte Khilj 2"
1995
1996#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1997#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1998msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1"
1999msgstr "al-Rubbaʿ 1"
2000
2001#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2002#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
2003msgid "The fourth ones 1"
2004msgstr "Die Vier 1"
2005
2006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2007#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
2008msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2"
2009msgstr "al-Rubbaʿ 2"
2010
2011#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2012#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
2013msgid "The fourth ones 2"
2014msgstr "Die Vier 2"
2015
2016#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2017#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
2018msgid "al-Ḫamis"
2019msgstr "al-Ḫamis"
2020
2021#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2022#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
2023msgid "The Fifth"
2024msgstr "Der Fünfte"
2025
2026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2027#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
2028msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
2029msgstr ""
2030"Der Stern ε UMa, geht als fünfter Stern der sieben Sterne des Großen Wagens."
2031
2032#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2033#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
2034msgid "al-Satt"
2035msgstr "al-Satt"
2036
2037#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2038#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
2039msgid "The Sixth"
2040msgstr "Der Sechste"
2041
2042#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2043#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
2044msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
2045msgstr ""
2046"Der Stern ζ UMa, geht als sechster Stern der sieben Sterne des Großen Wagens"
2047" auf."
2048
2049#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2050#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
2051msgid "al-Swaibiʿ"
2052msgstr "al-Swaibiʿ"
2053
2054#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2055#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
2056msgid "The Seventh"
2057msgstr "Der Siebte"
2058
2059#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2060#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
2061msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
2062msgstr ""
2063"Der Stern η UMa, geht als siebter Stern der sieben Sterne des Großen Wagens "
2064"auf."
2065
2066#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2067#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
2068msgid "al-Reqīb"
2069msgstr "al-Reqīb"
2070
2071#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2072#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
2073msgid "The Watcher"
2074msgstr "Der Beobachter"
2075
2076#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2077#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
2078msgid ""
2079"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region."
2080msgstr ""
2081"Der Stern α Boo. Die Name stammt aus der Tradition in der Ḥayel-Region."
2082
2083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2084#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
2085msgid "al-Iḥaimir"
2086msgstr "al-Iḥaimir"
2087
2088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2089#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
2090msgid "The Reddish One"
2091msgstr "Der Rötliche"
2092
2093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2094#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
2095msgid ""
2096"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers "
2097"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula."
2098msgstr ""
2099"Der Stern α Boo. Der Name entstammt der Seefahrer- und Físchertradition an "
2100"der West- und Ostküste der Arabischen Halbinsel."
2101
2102#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2103#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
2104msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf"
2105msgstr "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf"
2106
2107#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2108#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
2109msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle"
2110msgstr "Der Adler mit den geschlossenen Flügeln"
2111
2112#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2113#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
2114msgid ""
2115"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms "
2116"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
2117msgstr ""
2118"Der Stern α Lyr (Vega), so beanannt, weil die beiden Sterne ζ Lyr und ε Lyr "
2119"die geschlossenen Flügel formen. Ursprung ist die Region Ḥayel."
2120
2121#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2122#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
2123msgid "al-Mbarī"
2124msgstr "al-Mbarī"
2125
2126#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2127#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
2128msgid "The Parallel One"
2129msgstr "Der Parallele"
2130
2131#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2132#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
2133msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
2134msgstr "Der Stern Capella, liegt parallel zu al-Thurayya (die Plejaden)"
2135
2136#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2137#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2138msgid "al-Ǧinīb"
2139msgstr "al-Ǧinīb"
2140
2141#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2142#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2143msgid "The Sided One"
2144msgstr ""
2145
2146#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2147#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2148msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
2149msgstr ""
2150
2151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2152#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2153msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ"
2154msgstr "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ"
2155
2156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2157#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2158msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle"
2159msgstr "Der Adler mit den ausgebreiteten Flügel"
2160
2161#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2162#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2163msgid ""
2164"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms "
2165"the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
2166msgstr ""
2167"Der Stern α Aql (Altair), so benannt wegen der beiden Sterne γ Aql und β "
2168"Aql, die die ausgebreiteten Flügel formen. Ursprung ist die Region Ḥayel."
2169
2170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2171#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2172msgid "aal-Kanūn"
2173msgstr "aal-Kanūn"
2174
2175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2176#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2177msgid "Al-Kanoon"
2178msgstr "Al-Kanoon"
2179
2180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2181#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2182msgid ""
2183"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī."
2184msgstr ""
2185
2186#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2187#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2188msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2"
2189msgstr "al-Mwaḫḫar 2"
2190
2191#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2192#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2193msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2"
2194msgstr ""
2195
2196#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2197#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2198#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2199msgid "See CON2504"
2200msgstr "Sieh CON2504"
2201
2202#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2203#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2204msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1"
2205msgstr "al-Mwaḫḫar 1"
2206
2207#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2208#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2209msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1"
2210msgstr ""
2211
2212#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2213#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2214msgid "al-Mqaddam 2"
2215msgstr "al-Mqaddam 2"
2216
2217#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2218#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2219msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2"
2220msgstr ""
2221
2222#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2223#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2224#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2225msgid "See CON2502"
2226msgstr "Siehe CON2502"
2227
2228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2229#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2230msgid "al-Mqaddam 1"
2231msgstr "al-Mqaddam 1"
2232
2233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2234#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2235msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1"
2236msgstr "Der vordere Ausguß des Eimers 1"
2237
2238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2239#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2240msgid "al-Twaibiʿ"
2241msgstr "al-Twaibiʿ"
2242
2243#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2244#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2245msgid "The Follower"
2246msgstr "Der Folgende"
2247
2248#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2249#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2250#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2251msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)"
2252msgstr "Der Stern Aldebaran (zweite Mondsation)"
2253
2254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2255#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2256msgid "al-Twailī"
2257msgstr "al-Twailī"
2258
2259#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2260#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2261msgid "The Latter"
2262msgstr ""
2263
2264#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2265#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2266msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ"
2267msgstr "al-Mǧaidiḥ"
2268
2269#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2270#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2271msgid "Al-Mjaidih"
2272msgstr "Al-Mjaidih"
2273
2274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2275#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2276msgid ""
2277"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef "
2278"region, western Saudi Arabia."
2279msgstr ""
2280"Der Stern Aldebaran (zweite Mondstation). Dieser Name wird in der Region Al-"
2281"Ṭayef im westlichen Saudi-Arabien benutzt."
2282
2283#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2284#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2285msgid "al-Aẓfār 1"
2286msgstr "al-Aẓfār 1"
2287
2288#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2289#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2290msgid "The Claws 1"
2291msgstr "Die Klauen 1"
2292
2293#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2294#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2295#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2296#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2297#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2298#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2299#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2300msgid ""
2301"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of "
2302"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia."
2303msgstr ""
2304"Stern zwischen α CMi (Prokyon) und α Gem. Der Name stammt aus mündlichen "
2305"Überlieferungen aus Najran im Südwesten Saudi-Arabiens."
2306
2307#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2308#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2309msgid "al-Aẓfār 2"
2310msgstr "al-Aẓfār 2"
2311
2312#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2313#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2314msgid "The Claws 2"
2315msgstr "Die Klauen 2"
2316
2317#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2318#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2319msgid "al-Aẓfār 3"
2320msgstr "al-Aẓfār 3"
2321
2322#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2323#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2324msgid "The Claws 3"
2325msgstr "Die Klauen 3"
2326
2327#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2328#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2329msgid "al-Aẓfār 4"
2330msgstr "al-Aẓfār 4"
2331
2332#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2333#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2334msgid "The Claws 4"
2335msgstr "Die Klauen 4"
2336
2337#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2338#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2339msgid "al-Aẓfār 5"
2340msgstr "al-Aẓfār 5"
2341
2342#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2343#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2344msgid "The Claws 5"
2345msgstr "Die Klauen 5"
2346
2347#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2348#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2349msgid "al-Aẓfār 6"
2350msgstr "al-Aẓfār 6"
2351
2352#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2353#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2354msgid "The Claws 6"
2355msgstr "Die Klauen 6"
2356
2357#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2358#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2359msgid "al-Ṣarfah"
2360msgstr "al-Ṣarfah"
2361
2362#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2363#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2364msgid "Star Of Weather Change"
2365msgstr "Gestirn der Wetteränderung"
2366
2367#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2368#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2369msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)"
2370msgstr "(zehnte Mondstation)"
2371
2372#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2373#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2374msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal"
2375msgstr "al-Smak al-ʿazal"
2376
2377#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2378#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2379msgid "The High Unarmed One"
2380msgstr ""
2381
2382#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2383#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2384msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)"
2385msgstr "(zwölfte Mondstation)"
2386
2387#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2388#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2389msgid "al-Qalb"
2390msgstr "al-Qalb"
2391
2392#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2393#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2394msgid "The Heart"
2395msgstr "Das Herz"
2396
2397#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2398#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2399msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)"
2400msgstr "(16. Mondstation)"
2401
2402#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2403#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
2404msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)"
2405msgstr "(17. Mondstation)"
2406
2407#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2408#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
2409msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)"
2410msgstr "(dritte Mondstation)"
2411
2412#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2413#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2414msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2415msgstr "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2416
2417#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2418#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2419msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
2420msgstr "Nördliches Horn der Al-Jawza"
2421
2422#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2423#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2424msgid ""
2425"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2426" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2427"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2428msgstr ""
2429"Sternname: α Ori, aus der westlichen Region Saudi-Arabiens und wird von "
2430"Fischern des Roten Meers benutzt. Der Name entstammt mündlichen "
2431"Überlieferungen aus der Hafenstadt Umluj in Saudi-Arabien."
2432
2433#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2434#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2435msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2436msgstr "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2437
2438#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2439#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2440msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
2441msgstr "Nördliche Klaue der Al-Jawza"
2442
2443#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2444#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2445msgid ""
2446"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" "
2447"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd "
2448"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical "
2449"edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
2450"2012, pg. 292.\"."
2451msgstr ""
2452
2453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2454#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2455msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza"
2456msgstr "Riǧl al-Ǧawza"
2457
2458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2459#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2460msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza"
2461msgstr "Bein der Al-Jawza"
2462
2463#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2464#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2465msgid ""
2466"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2467" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2468"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2469msgstr ""
2470"Sternname: κ Ori, aus der westlichen Region Saudi-Arabiens und wird von "
2471"Fischern des Roten Meers benutzt. Der Name entstammt mündlichen "
2472"Überlieferungen aus der Hafenstadt Umluj in Saudi-Arabien."
2473
2474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2475#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2476msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2477msgstr "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2478
2479#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2480#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2481msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
2482msgstr "Südliches Horn der Al-Jawza"
2483
2484#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2485#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2486msgid ""
2487"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2488" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2489"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2490msgstr ""
2491"Sternname: β Ori, aus der westlichen Region Saudi-Arabiens und wird von "
2492"Fischern des Roten Meers benutzt. Der Name entstammt mündlichen "
2493"Überlieferungen aus der Hafenstadt Umluj in Saudi-Arabien."
2494
2495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2496#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2497msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2498msgstr "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2499
2500#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2501#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2502msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
2503msgstr "Südliche Klaue der Al-Jawza"
2504
2505#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2506#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2507msgid ""
2508"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern "
2509"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1"
2510msgstr ""
2511"Stenname: β Ori, dieser Name ist vom Namen »Nördliche Klaue der al-Jawza« "
2512"für α Ori abgeleitet. 1"
2513
2514#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2515#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2516msgid "al-Mirzam"
2517msgstr "al-Mirzam"
2518
2519#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2520#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2521msgid "Al-Mirzam"
2522msgstr "Al-Mirzam"
2523
2524#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2525#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2526msgid ""
2527"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar "
2528"mansion."
2529msgstr ""
2530
2531#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2532#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2533msgid "al-Šiʿla"
2534msgstr "al-Šiʿla"
2535
2536#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2537#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2538msgid "Al-Shi'la"
2539msgstr "Al-Shi'la"
2540
2541#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2542#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2543msgid ""
2544"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian "
2545"Peninsula."
2546msgstr ""
2547"Ein anderer Name für α CMa (Sirius), der im Norden der Arabischen Halbinsel "
2548"benutzt wird."
2549
2550#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2551#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2552msgid "Shail"
2553msgstr "Shail"
2554
2555#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2556#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2557msgid "Suhayl"
2558msgstr "Suhayl"
2559
2560#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2561#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2562msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin."
2563msgstr "Der Stern  α Car (Canopus). Der Name ist antiken Ursprungs."
2564
2565#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2566#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2567msgid "Miḥlif"
2568msgstr "Miḥlif"
2569
2570#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2571#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2572msgid "The Oath Star"
2573msgstr "Der Schwurstern"
2574
2575#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2576#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2577msgid ""
2578"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with "
2579"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that"
2580" it is or is not Suhayl."
2581msgstr ""
2582"Ein Name für α Eri. Er ist so benannt, da die Menschen ihn ansonsten mit "
2583"Suhayl (Canopus) verwechseln würden. Dies würde in einem Streit enden, in "
2584"dem einer schwört es handele sich um Suhayl oder nicht."
2585
2586#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2587#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2588msgid "Aba al-sihil"
2589msgstr "Aba al-sihil"
2590
2591#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2592#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2593msgid "Aba Alsihil"
2594msgstr "Aba Alsihil"
2595
2596#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2597#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2598#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2599#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2600msgid "Another name of α Eri."
2601msgstr "Ein anderer Name für α Eri."
2602
2603#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2604#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2605msgid "al-Mishil"
2606msgstr "al-Mishil"
2607
2608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2609#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2610msgid "Al-Miss.hil"
2611msgstr "Al-Miss.hil"
2612
2613#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2614#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2615msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)"
2616msgstr ""
2617"al-Shali (das »S« wird hier wie in »Zunder« und nicht wie »Scherz« "
2618"ausgesprochen)"
2619
2620#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2621#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2622msgid "As-S.hali"
2623msgstr "As-S.hali"
2624
2625#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2626#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2627msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1"
2628msgstr "al-Naʿāyem 1"
2629
2630#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2631#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2632msgid "al-Naayem 1"
2633msgstr "al-Naayem 1"
2634
2635#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2636#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2637#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2638msgid ""
2639"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the "
2640"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and "
2641"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper "
2642"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the "
2643"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion."
2644msgstr ""
2645
2646#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2647#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2648msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2"
2649msgstr "al-Naʿāyem 2"
2650
2651#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2652#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2653msgid "al-Naayem 2"
2654msgstr "al-Naayem 2"
2655
2656#. type: Content of: <h3>
2657#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145
2658#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71
2659#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539
2660#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42
2661#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220
2662#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980
2663#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57
2664#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505
2665#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31
2666#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377
2667#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73
2668#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259
2669#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57
2670#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48
2671#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59
2672#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78
2673msgid "Authors"
2674msgstr "Autoren"
2675
2676#. type: Content of: <p>
2677#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147
2678msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com."
2679msgstr "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com."
2680
2681#. type: Content of: <h2>
2682#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149
2683#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34
2684#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74
2685msgid "License"
2686msgstr "Lizenz"
2687
2688#. type: Content of: <p>
2689#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150
2690#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75
2691msgid ""
2692"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2693msgstr ""
2694"Namensnennung-Nicht kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International (CC "
2695"BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2696
2697#. type: Content of: <p>
2698#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152
2699msgid ""
2700"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich "
2701"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47."
2702msgstr ""
2703"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich "
2704"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47."
2705
2706#. type: Content of: <p><p>
2707#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153
2708msgid ""
2709"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de "
2710"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1."
2711msgstr ""
2712"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de "
2713"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1."
2714
2715#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
2716#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154
2717msgid ""
2718"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation "
2719"of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
2720msgstr ""
2721"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Erklärung der"
2722" astronomischen al-Ḫalāwī-Gedichte, Riad, Saudi-Arabien, 2018."
2723
2724#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
2725#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155
2726msgid ""
2727"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, "
2728"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
2729msgstr ""
2730"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, "
2731"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
2732
2733#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
2734#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156
2735msgid ""
2736"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ "
2737"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition "
2738"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. "
2739"292."
2740msgstr ""
2741"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ "
2742"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition "
2743"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. "
2744"292."
2745
2746#. type: Content of: <h1>
2747#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1
2748msgid "Arabic"
2749msgstr "Arabisch"
2750
2751#. type: Content of: <p>
2752#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3
2753msgid ""
2754"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient"
2755" Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy "
2756"influence in the ninth century."
2757msgstr ""
2758"Die arabische Himmelskultur zeigt das heimische Sternenwissen der alten "
2759"Araber auf der Arabischen Halbinsel vor dem Einfluss der griechischen "
2760"Astronomie im neunten Jahrhundert."
2761
2762#. type: Content of: <p>
2763#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5
2764msgid ""
2765"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in "
2766"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of "
2767"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star "
2768"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. "
2769"The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th century) listed "
2770"twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and "
2771"tenth century<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely"
2772" preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many "
2773"of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the "
2774"indigenous Arab star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ "
2775"964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the "
2776"indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek "
2777"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>."
2778msgstr ""
2779
2780#. type: Content of: <h4>
2781#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6
2782msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture"
2783msgstr "Quellen der arabischen Himmelskultur"
2784
2785#. type: Content of: <p>
2786#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7
2787msgid ""
2788"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge "
2789"of ancient Arabs from the following books:"
2790msgstr ""
2791"Die Quelle dieser Himmelskultur ist eine Untersuchung und Zusammenstellung "
2792"des Sternenwissens der alten Araber von den folgenden Büchern:"
2793
2794#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2795#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9
2796msgid ""
2797"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), "
2798"Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, "
2799"Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)"
2800msgstr ""
2801"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (gestorben ~ "
2802"889), Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Buch der Meteorologie), (arabischer Druck des "
2803"Originalbuchs, Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)"
2804
2805#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2806#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11
2807msgid ""
2808"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah "
2809"wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in "
2810"2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2811msgstr ""
2812"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (gestorben 1030), Al-"
2813"Azminah wa al-amkinah (Zeiten und Orte), (arabischer Druck des Originalbuchs"
2814" in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Libanon)."
2815
2816#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2817#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13
2818msgid ""
2819"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-"
2820"azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996,"
2821" Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2822msgstr ""
2823"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-"
2824"azminah (Meteorologie und Zeiten), (arabischer Druck des Originalbuchs in "
2825"1996, Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2826
2827#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2828#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15
2829msgid ""
2830"<a "
2831"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2832" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by "
2833"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>"
2834msgstr ""
2835"<a "
2836"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2837" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary von "
2838"Khalid al-Ajaji, digitale Ausgabe, 2021 n.Chr.</a>"
2839
2840#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2841#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17
2842msgid ""
2843"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-"
2844"ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic "
2845"print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)."
2846msgstr ""
2847"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (gestorben ~ 786 AD), "
2848"Kitab al-ʿayn, ein Lexikon mit dem Titel: Das Buch des ʿayn (Arabic letter "
2849"العين), (arabischer Druck des Originalbuchs, 1980 – 1985)."
2850
2851#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2852#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19
2853msgid ""
2854"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, "
2855"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923."
2856msgstr ""
2857"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, "
2858"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921–1923."
2859
2860#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2861#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21
2862msgid ""
2863"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-"
2864"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925."
2865msgstr ""
2866"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais, II, Sulayman al-"
2867"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925."
2868
2869#. type: Content of: <p>
2870#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25
2871msgid ""
2872"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the "
2873"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars.  Single stars were named "
2874"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, "
2875"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a "
2876"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat).  If"
2877" two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given "
2878"a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves.  "
2879"Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are "
2880"adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and"
2881" their youngsters, The horses and the foals.  Particular shapes of stars "
2882"were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper "
2883"name of a woman for Orion stars.  Other asterisms are given names according "
2884"to legends and stories."
2885msgstr ""
2886
2887#. type: Content of: <p>
2888#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33
2889msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
2890msgstr "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
2891
2892#. type: Content of: <p>
2893#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35
2894msgid ""
2895"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2896" The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules."
2897msgstr ""
2898"Namensnennung–Nicht kommerziell–Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International (CC "
2899"BY-NC-ND 4.0). Der Autor wünscht, dass seine Arbeit nach den üblichen Regeln"
2900" zitiert wird."
2901
2902#. type: Content of: <p>
2903#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36
2904msgid ""
2905"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’a"
2906" (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic print of the original book in 1956"
2907" in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد."
2908msgstr ""
2909"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (geb. 828 gest. 884 oder 889), Kitab "
2910"al-Anwā’a (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (arabischer Druck des "
2911"Originalbuchs 1956 in Indien, Hydarabad/al-Dakan), Seite: يد."
2912
2913#. type: Content of: <p>
2914#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37
2915msgid ""
2916"[2]: <a "
2917"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2918" of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital "
2919"edition</a>"
2920msgstr ""
2921
2922#. type: Content of: <h1>
2923#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1
2924msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations"
2925msgstr "Arabische Mondstationen"
2926
2927#. type: Content of: <p>
2928#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3
2929msgid ""
2930"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient "
2931"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip "
2932"around the sky."
2933msgstr ""
2934"Die arabischen Mondstationen beschreiben 28 Himmelsareale, die im alten "
2935"Arabien festgelegt wurden, um die tägliche Mondposition während seiner "
2936"monatlichen Reise am Himmel zu bestimmen."
2937
2938#. type: Content of: <h4>
2939#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5
2940msgid "Historical Overview"
2941msgstr "Historischer Überblick"
2942
2943#. type: Content of: <p>
2944#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6
2945msgid ""
2946"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or"
2947" stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots "
2948"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its "
2949"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar "
2950"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority "
2951"of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. "
2952"However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, "
2953"prior to the 7th century of the common era."
2954msgstr ""
2955
2956#. type: Content of: <p>
2957#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9
2958msgid ""
2959"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to "
2960"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days "
2961"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are "
2962"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is "
2963"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning "
2964"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning"
2965" of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, "
2966"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting"
2967" and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a "
2968"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict "
2969"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The "
2970"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a "
2971"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a "
2972"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>."
2973msgstr ""
2974
2975#. type: Content of: <p>
2976#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11
2977msgid ""
2978"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of "
2979"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological "
2980"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of "
2981"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 "
2982"- d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was "
2983"printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
2984msgstr ""
2985
2986#. type: Content of: <p>
2987#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14
2988msgid ""
2989"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of "
2990"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of "
2991"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been "
2992"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 "
2993"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions"
2994" was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his "
2995"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to Muḥammad "
2996"al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a "
2997"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by "
2998"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for farmers</em>"
2999" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>."
3000msgstr ""
3001
3002#. type: Content of: <h4>
3003#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16
3004msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations"
3005msgstr "Heutige Nutzung der Mondstationen"
3006
3007#. type: Content of: <p>
3008#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18
3009msgid ""
3010"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are "
3011"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes "
3012"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an "
3013"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days"
3014" period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em>"
3015" (Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:"
3016msgstr ""
3017
3018#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
3019#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20
3020msgid ""
3021"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells"
3022" gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to "
3023"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to "
3024"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when "
3025"grapes start to get its color."
3026msgstr ""
3027
3028#. type: Content of: <h4>
3029#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23
3030msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations"
3031msgstr "Identifizierung der Mondstationen"
3032
3033#. type: Content of: <p>
3034#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24
3035msgid ""
3036"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> "
3037"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an "
3038"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by "
3039"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs"
3040" to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations.  An example of al-Sufi "
3041"definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of "
3042"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a "
3043"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:"
3044msgstr ""
3045
3046#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
3047#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27
3048msgid ""
3049"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the "
3050"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] "
3051"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion."
3052msgstr ""
3053
3054#. type: Content of: <p>
3055#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29
3056msgid ""
3057"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it"
3058" is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names."
3059msgstr ""
3060"Da die Sternkoordinaten der ptolemäischen Sternbilder bekannt sind, ist es "
3061"relativ einfach die arabischen Sternnamen zuzuordnen."
3062
3063#. type: Content of: <h4>
3064#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31
3065msgid "The 28 lunar stations"
3066msgstr "Die 28 Mondstationen"
3067
3068#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3069#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33
3070msgid ""
3071"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) "
3072"<em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β"
3073" Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)"
3074msgstr ""
3075"(Arabisch: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (Die zwei Zeichen) oder (arabisch: "
3076"الأشراط) <em>»al-Ashrāṭ«</em> (Die Zeichen) bestehend aus den drei Sternen: "
3077"α Ari (Hamal), β Ari (Sheratan) und γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)"
3078
3079#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3080#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34
3081msgid ""
3082"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little ram]) "
3083"composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari"
3084msgstr ""
3085"(Arabisch: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (Das Bäuchlein [des kleinen Widders]) "
3086"bestehend aus den drei Sternen: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein) und ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari"
3087
3088#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3089#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35
3090msgid ""
3091"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star "
3092"cluster of the Pleiades"
3093msgstr ""
3094"(Arabisch: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Plejaden) bestehend aus dem "
3095"Sternhaufen der Plejaden"
3096
3097#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3098#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36
3099msgid ""
3100"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) "
3101"composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)"
3102msgstr ""
3103"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (Der Folgende [der Plejaden]) "
3104"bestehend aus dem einen Stern α Tau (Aldebaran)"
3105
3106#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3107#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37
3108msgid ""
3109"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) composed of"
3110" the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and"
3111" φ<sup>2</sup> Ori"
3112msgstr ""
3113
3114#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3115#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38
3116msgid ""
3117"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed"
3118" of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem"
3119msgstr ""
3120
3121#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3122#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39
3123msgid ""
3124"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed "
3125"of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)"
3126msgstr ""
3127
3128#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3129#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40
3130msgid ""
3131"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) "
3132"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) "
3133"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)"
3134msgstr ""
3135
3136#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3137#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41
3138msgid ""
3139"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 "
3140"stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)"
3141msgstr ""
3142
3143#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3144#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42
3145msgid ""
3146"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4"
3147" stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo "
3148"(Regulus)"
3149msgstr ""
3150
3151#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3152#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43
3153msgid ""
3154"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2"
3155" stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)"
3156msgstr ""
3157
3158#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3159#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44
3160msgid ""
3161"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) composed "
3162"of one star: β Leo (Denebola)"
3163msgstr ""
3164
3165#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3166#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45
3167msgid ""
3168"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir "
3169"(Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)"
3170msgstr ""
3171
3172#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3173#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46
3174msgid ""
3175"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of the "
3176"star α Vir (Spica)"
3177msgstr ""
3178
3179#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3180#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47
3181msgid ""
3182"(Arabic: الغفر)  <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir "
3183"(Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir"
3184msgstr ""
3185
3186#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3187#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48
3188msgid ""
3189"(Arabic: الزبانى)  <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) composed "
3190"of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)"
3191msgstr ""
3192
3193#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3194#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49
3195msgid ""
3196"(Arabic: الإكليل)  <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The diadem) "
3197"composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π "
3198"Sco."
3199msgstr ""
3200
3201#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3202#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50
3203msgid ""
3204"(Arabic: القلب)  <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed of "
3205"the star α Sco (Antares)"
3206msgstr ""
3207
3208#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3209#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51
3210msgid ""
3211"(Arabic: الشولة)  <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) composed "
3212"of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)"
3213msgstr ""
3214
3215#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3216#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52
3217msgid ""
3218"(Arabic: النعائم)  <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ "
3219"Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr"
3220msgstr ""
3221
3222#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3223#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53
3224msgid ""
3225"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where there "
3226"are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)"
3227msgstr ""
3228
3229#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3230#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54
3231msgid ""
3232"(Arabic: سعد الذابح)  <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star of the "
3233"Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap "
3234"(Dabih), and ν Cap"
3235msgstr ""
3236
3237#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3238#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55
3239msgid ""
3240"(Arabic: سعد بلع)  <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the swallower) "
3241"composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)"
3242msgstr ""
3243
3244#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3245#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56
3246msgid ""
3247"(Arabic: سعد السعود)  <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of the lucky "
3248"stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap"
3249msgstr ""
3250
3251#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3252#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57
3253msgid ""
3254"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية)  <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky stars of the tent"
3255" dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> "
3256"Aqr and η Aqr"
3257msgstr ""
3258
3259#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3260#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58
3261msgid ""
3262"(Arabic: المقدم)  <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) composed of "
3263"the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)"
3264msgstr ""
3265
3266#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3267#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59
3268msgid ""
3269"(Arabic: المؤخر)  <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) composed of "
3270"the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)"
3271msgstr ""
3272
3273#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3274#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60
3275msgid ""
3276"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت)  <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or <em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope "
3277"of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two "
3278"arcs of stars making a figure of a fish"
3279msgstr ""
3280
3281#. type: Content of: <h5>
3282#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62
3283msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore"
3284msgstr ""
3285
3286#. type: Content of: <p>
3287#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64
3288msgid ""
3289"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that "
3290"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 "
3291"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of "
3292"these stars a lion figure can be constructed."
3293msgstr ""
3294
3295#. type: Content of: <p>
3296#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67
3297msgid ""
3298"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are "
3299"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some "
3300"stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a "
3301"woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced "
3302"from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as"
3303" well as Greek traces of constellations).  Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed "
3304"these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: <a "
3305"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-"
3306"vault\">Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed "
3307"discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: &quot;Le Ciel des"
3308" Arabes&quot; <sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>."
3309msgstr ""
3310
3311#. type: Content of: <p>
3312#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70
3313msgid ""
3314"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms "
3315"have been added."
3316msgstr ""
3317
3318#. type: Content of: <p>
3319#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73
3320msgid ""
3321"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M "
3322"Hoffmann."
3323msgstr ""
3324
3325#. type: Content of: <p>
3326#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78
3327msgid ""
3328"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton "
3329"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7."
3330msgstr ""
3331"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton "
3332"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7."
3333
3334#. type: Content of: <p>
3335#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79
3336msgid ""
3337"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3338" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, "
3339"Kunitzsch P. p 520"
3340msgstr ""
3341"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3342" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, "
3343"Kunitzsch P. p 520"
3344
3345#. type: Content of: <p>
3346#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80
3347msgid ""
3348"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic "
3349"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)"
3350msgstr ""
3351"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (arabischer"
3352" Druck des Originalbuchs 1956 in Indien Hydarabad/Deccan)"
3353
3354#. type: Content of: <p>
3355#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81
3356msgid ""
3357"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3358" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429"
3359msgstr ""
3360
3361#. type: Content of: <p>
3362#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82
3363msgid ""
3364"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad "
3365"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie "
3366"orientale, 1899."
3367msgstr ""
3368
3369#. type: Content of: <p>
3370#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83
3371msgid ""
3372"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī "
3373"poem</a>"
3374msgstr ""
3375
3376#. type: Content of: <p>
3377#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84
3378msgid ""
3379"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala "
3380"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN "
3381"9960-49-971-5"
3382msgstr ""
3383
3384#. type: Content of: <p>
3385#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85
3386msgid ""
3387"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the "
3388"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"
3389msgstr ""
3390
3391#. type: Content of: <p>
3392#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86
3393msgid ""
3394"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture "
3395"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002"
3396msgstr ""
3397"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture "
3398"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002"
3399
3400#. type: Content of: <p>
3401#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87
3402msgid ""
3403"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with "
3404"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي "
3405"الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد"
3406" الله ."
3407msgstr ""
3408
3409#. type: Content of: <p>
3410#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88
3411msgid ""
3412"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation"
3413" into French)"
3414msgstr ""
3415"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, S. 163. (Übersetzung"
3416" ins Französische)"
3417
3418#. type: Content of: <p>
3419#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89
3420msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012"
3421msgstr "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012"
3422
3423#. type: Content of: <h3>
3424#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1
3425msgid "Aztec"
3426msgstr "Aztekisch"
3427
3428#. type: Content of: <p>
3429#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2
3430msgid ""
3431"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had "
3432"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both "
3433"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was "
3434"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental "
3435"America in the 16th century."
3436msgstr ""
3437"Für die alten Azteken hat das Wissen um den Nachthimmel und der "
3438"Sternenbewegungen große Bedeutung für ihre Kalender und die Bestimmung von "
3439"agrikulturellen und heiligen Zyklen gehabt. Jedoch ist ein Großteil dieses "
3440"Wissen in Folge der spanischen Eroberung, die im 16. Jahrhundert in "
3441"Kontinentalamerika stattfand, verloren gegangen."
3442
3443#. type: Content of: <p>
3444#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3
3445msgid ""
3446"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is "
3447"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient "
3448"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>."
3449" These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: "
3450"books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word"
3451" that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book."
3452msgstr ""
3453
3454#. type: Content of: <p>
3455#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4
3456msgid ""
3457"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed,"
3458" their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials "
3459"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no "
3460"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican "
3461"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some "
3462"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial "
3463"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new "
3464"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also "
3465"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and "
3466"Nahuatl."
3467msgstr ""
3468
3469#. type: Content of: <h5>
3470#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6
3471msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>"
3472msgstr "<em>Astronomisches Bauwerk</em>"
3473
3474#. type: Content of: <p>
3475#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7
3476msgid ""
3477"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really "
3478"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and "
3479"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the "
3480"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial "
3481"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun."
3482msgstr ""
3483
3484#. type: Content of: <p>
3485#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9
3486msgid ""
3487"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for "
3488"Stellarium."
3489msgstr ""
3490
3491#. type: Content of: <h4>
3492#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10
3493msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>"
3494msgstr "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>"
3495
3496#. type: Content of: <p>
3497#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11
3498msgid ""
3499"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it "
3500"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration "
3501"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named "
3502"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with"
3503" the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>."
3504msgstr ""
3505
3506#. type: Content of: <h4>
3507#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13
3508msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>"
3509msgstr "<em>Tianquiztli</em>"
3510
3511#. type: Content of: <p>
3512#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14
3513msgid ""
3514"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas "
3515"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that "
3516"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a"
3517" circle with goods."
3518msgstr ""
3519
3520#. type: Content of: <p>
3521#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16
3522msgid ""
3523"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called "
3524"<em>Tianguis</em>."
3525msgstr ""
3526
3527#. type: Content of: <h4>
3528#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17
3529msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>"
3530msgstr "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>"
3531
3532#. type: Content of: <p>
3533#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18
3534msgid ""
3535"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means "
3536"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance"
3537" and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball "
3538"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon."
3539msgstr ""
3540
3541#. type: Content of: <h4>
3542#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19
3543msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>"
3544msgstr "<em>Xonecuilli</em>"
3545
3546#. type: Content of: <p>
3547#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20
3548msgid ""
3549"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which "
3550"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is "
3551"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and "
3552"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god."
3553msgstr ""
3554
3555#. type: Content of: <p>
3556#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22
3557msgid ""
3558"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern "
3559"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For "
3560"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of "
3561"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>."
3562msgstr ""
3563
3564#. type: Content of: <p>
3565#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23
3566msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>"
3567msgstr "<em>xonecuilli</em>"
3568
3569#. type: Content of: <h4>
3570#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24
3571msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>"
3572msgstr "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>"
3573
3574#. type: Content of: <p>
3575#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25
3576msgid ""
3577"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of"
3578" stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc"
3579" also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, "
3580"which means face of a scorpion."
3581msgstr ""
3582
3583#. type: Content of: <h5>
3584#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27
3585msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>"
3586msgstr "<em>Paris Codex</em>"
3587
3588#. type: Content of: <p>
3589#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28
3590msgid ""
3591"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in"
3592" this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the "
3593"Celestial Dragon."
3594msgstr ""
3595
3596#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
3597#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29
3598#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237
3599msgid "Conclusion"
3600msgstr "Fazit"
3601
3602#. type: Content of: <p>
3603#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30
3604msgid ""
3605"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are"
3606" still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to "
3607"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to "
3608"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture."
3609msgstr ""
3610"Es ist bemerkenswert, dass die Deutung einiger dieser Sternbilder immer noch"
3611" umstritten ist und es selbstverständlich andere noch darzustellende "
3612"Sternbilder gibt. Jegliche Kommentare und/oder Mitarbeiten sind willkommen, "
3613"um das Sternenwissen und die Bedeutung der aztekischen Kultur zu bewahren"
3614
3615#. type: Content of: <h3>
3616#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31
3617#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31
3618#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969
3619#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14
3620#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29
3621#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50
3622#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7
3623#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86
3624#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25
3625#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273
3626#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7
3627#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62
3628#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4
3629#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6
3630#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3
3631#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41
3632#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4
3633#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17
3634#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53
3635#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14
3636#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12
3637#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73
3638msgid "External links"
3639msgstr "Externe Links"
3640
3641#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3642#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33
3643msgid ""
3644"<a "
3645"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego"
3646" Nuevo</a>"
3647msgstr ""
3648"<a "
3649"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego"
3650" Nuevo</a>"
3651
3652#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3653#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34
3654msgid ""
3655"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones "
3656"Prehisp&#225;nicas</a>"
3657msgstr ""
3658"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones "
3659"Prehisp&#225;nicas</a>"
3660
3661#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3662#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35
3663msgid ""
3664"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question"
3665" of the Zodiac in America</a>"
3666msgstr ""
3667"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question"
3668" of the Zodiac in America</a>"
3669
3670#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3671#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37
3672msgid ""
3673"<a "
3674"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec "
3675"Mythology</a>"
3676msgstr ""
3677"<a "
3678"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztekische"
3679" Mythologie</a>"
3680
3681#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3682#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38
3683msgid ""
3684"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los c&#243;dices de "
3685"M&#233;xico</a>"
3686msgstr ""
3687"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los c&#243;dices de "
3688"M&#233;xico</a>"
3689
3690#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3691#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39
3692msgid ""
3693"<a "
3694"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los"
3695" c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico</a>"
3696msgstr ""
3697"<a "
3698"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los"
3699" c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico</a>"
3700
3701#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3702#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41
3703msgid ""
3704"<a "
3705"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real"
3706" c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva "
3707"Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n</a>"
3708msgstr ""
3709"<a "
3710"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real"
3711" c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva "
3712"Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n</a>"
3713
3714#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3715#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44
3716msgid ""
3717"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>"
3718msgstr ""
3719"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>"
3720
3721#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3722#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45
3723msgid ""
3724"<a "
3725"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false\">Iconograf&#237;a"
3726" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>"
3727msgstr ""
3728"<a "
3729"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false\">Iconograf&#237;a"
3730" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>"
3731
3732#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3733#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46
3734msgid ""
3735"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El "
3736"C&#243;dice Par&#237;s</a>"
3737msgstr ""
3738"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El "
3739"C&#243;dice Par&#237;s</a>"
3740
3741#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3742#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47
3743msgid ""
3744"<a "
3745"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El"
3746" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>"
3747msgstr ""
3748"<a "
3749"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El"
3750" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>"
3751
3752#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3753#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48
3754msgid ""
3755"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - "
3756"espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX</a>"
3757msgstr ""
3758"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - "
3759"espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX</a>"
3760
3761#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3762#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49
3763msgid ""
3764"<a "
3765"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>"
3766msgstr ""
3767"<a "
3768"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>"
3769
3770#. type: Content of: <h3>
3771#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51
3772#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527
3773#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467
3774msgid "Thanks to"
3775msgstr "Danke an"
3776
3777#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3778#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53
3779msgid "Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval"
3780msgstr "Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval"
3781
3782#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3783#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54
3784msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera"
3785msgstr "Martha Patricia Rivera"
3786
3787#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3788#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55
3789msgid "Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra"
3790msgstr "Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra"
3791
3792#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3793#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56
3794msgid "Hector Vega"
3795msgstr "Hector Vega"
3796
3797#. type: Content of: <h5>
3798#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57
3799#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
3800msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano"
3801msgstr "Rafael Rojas Segoviano"
3802
3803#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3804#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58
3805msgid "Juan Caballero"
3806msgstr "Juan Caballero"
3807
3808#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3809#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59
3810msgid "SAAGS"
3811msgstr "SAAGS"
3812
3813#. type: Content of: <p>
3814#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
3815msgid "<strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong>"
3816msgstr "<strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong>"
3817
3818#. type: Content of: <p>
3819#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
3820msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>"
3821msgstr "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>"
3822
3823#. type: Content of: <h5>
3824#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
3825msgid "English translation by:"
3826msgstr "Englische Übersetzung von:"
3827
3828#. type: Content of: <h1>
3829#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1
3830msgid "Babylonian &mdash; MUL.APIN"
3831msgstr "Babylonisch &mdash; MUL.APIN"
3832
3833#. type: Content of: <p>
3834#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2
3835msgid ""
3836"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek"
3837" one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the"
3838" 12th century BCE.  The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE "
3839"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the "
3840"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150."
3841msgstr ""
3842
3843#. type: Content of: <p>
3844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7
3845msgid ""
3846"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper"
3847" (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>"
3848msgstr ""
3849
3850#. type: Content of: <p>
3851#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8
3852msgid ""
3853"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five"
3854" lists of different content.  On the first tablet, there is the so called "
3855"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed "
3856"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu "
3857"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path.  "
3858"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the"
3859" sundial and rules for omina."
3860msgstr ""
3861
3862#. type: Content of: <h2>
3863#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14
3864msgid "Zodiac"
3865msgstr "Tierkreis"
3866
3867#. type: Content of: <p>
3868#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15
3869msgid ""
3870"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source.  It is not "
3871"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to "
3872"Greek mathematical astronomy.  We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. "
3873"BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE)  with a zodiac "
3874"divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the"
3875" 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the"
3876" zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical "
3877"astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians.  Taking Eudoxus' "
3878"writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the "
3879"genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE.  In other fragments of "
3880"mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac "
3881"is not present.  Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of "
3882"invention - but to be honest, we don't know.  The common sense is that the "
3883"zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE."
3884msgstr ""
3885
3886#. type: Content of: <p>
3887#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25
3888msgid ""
3889"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of "
3890"the Moon.  There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path"
3891" of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes "
3892"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and"
3893" Steele, 2018, p. 143).  This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not "
3894"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are "
3895"not highlighted."
3896msgstr ""
3897
3898#. type: Content of: <h3>
3899#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31
3900#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20
3901msgid "Planets"
3902msgstr "Planeten"
3903
3904#. type: Content of: <p>
3905#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32
3906msgid ""
3907"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the "
3908"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'.  It is not a real star catalogue"
3909" because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given "
3910"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects "
3911"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we "
3912"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The "
3913"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have"
3914" a fixed position.  However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to "
3915"mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky.  They are usually "
3916"denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the "
3917"later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two "
3918"<em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one)."
3919msgstr ""
3920
3921#. type: Content of: <p>
3922#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38
3923msgid ""
3924"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in"
3925" the sky and not of the gods associated with them.  The list below shows "
3926"that almost every asterism was associated with a deity.  According to "
3927"Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one "
3928"on Earth as statue in the temple.  That means a celestial object `is' not "
3929"the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case "
3930"for the planets.  For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the "
3931"goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian "
3932"Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus.  This "
3933"goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and "
3934"even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros "
3935"(Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but "
3936"associated with the goddess.  Similar cases exist for most of the "
3937"constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN."
3938msgstr ""
3939
3940#. type: Content of: <p>
3941#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47
3942msgid ""
3943"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object "
3944"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated "
3945"deity."
3946msgstr ""
3947
3948#. type: Content of: <h2>
3949#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49
3950msgid "Star Catalogue"
3951msgstr "Sternkatalog"
3952
3953#. type: Content of: <p>
3954#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50
3955msgid ""
3956"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by "
3957"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik "
3958"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) "
3959"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations "
3960"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche "
3961"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)."
3962msgstr ""
3963
3964#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3965#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57
3966#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273
3967#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407
3968#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21
3969#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209
3970#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347
3971msgid "constellation number"
3972msgstr "Sternbildnummer"
3973
3974#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3975#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58
3976#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274
3977#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408
3978msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)"
3979msgstr ""
3980
3981#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3982#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59
3983#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275
3984#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409
3985msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)"
3986msgstr "„Erklärung“ (z.B. zugehörige Gottheit)"
3987
3988#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3989#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60
3990#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276
3991#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410
3992#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24
3993#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212
3994#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350
3995msgid "position in the sky"
3996msgstr "Position am Himmel"
3997
3998#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3999#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64
4000#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29
4001msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)"
4002msgstr "EPINNU-Gestirn (Pflug)"
4003
4004#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4005#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65
4006msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4007msgstr "Gott Enlil"
4008
4009#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4010#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70
4011msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)"
4012msgstr "Gestirn des Wolfs"
4013
4014#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4015#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71
4016msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
4017msgstr "Saattrichter des Pflugs"
4018
4019#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4020#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76
4021#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42
4022msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)"
4023msgstr "Gestirn des Alten Mannes"
4024
4025#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4026#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77
4027msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enme&scaron;arra"
4028msgstr "Gott Enme&scaron;arra"
4029
4030#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4031#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82
4032#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49
4033msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)"
4034msgstr "Gestirn des Wurfholzes"
4035
4036#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4037#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83
4038msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)"
4039msgstr "Wurfholz-Gottheit"
4040
4041#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4042#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84
4043#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196
4044#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342
4045#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446
4046#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51
4047#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155
4048#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293
4049#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393
4050msgid "in"
4051msgstr "in"
4052
4053#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4054#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88
4055#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55
4056msgid ""
4057"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)"
4058msgstr "Gestirn der Großen Zwillinge"
4059
4060#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4061#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89
4062msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea"
4063msgstr "Gott Lugalirra und Gott Meslamta&#702;ea"
4064
4065#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4066#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94
4067#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63
4068msgid ""
4069"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little"
4070" Twins)"
4071msgstr "Gestirn der Kleinen Zwillinge"
4072
4073#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4074#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95
4075msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammu&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga"
4076msgstr "Gott Alammu&scaron; und Gott Ningublaga"
4077
4078#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4079#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100
4080#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69
4081msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)"
4082msgstr "Gestirn des Krebes"
4083
4084#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4085#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101
4086msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4087msgstr "Sitz des Gottes Anu "
4088
4089#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4090#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106
4091#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75
4092msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)"
4093msgstr "Gestirn des URGUL&Ucirc; (ein löwenartiger Dämon)"
4094
4095#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4096#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107
4097msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
4098msgstr "Gott Latarak"
4099
4100#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4101#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112
4102msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
4103msgstr "Gestirn gegenüber des URGUL&Ucirc;-Gestirns"
4104
4105#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4106#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113
4107msgid "STAR (of the) King"
4108msgstr "Gestirn (des) Königs"
4109
4110#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4111#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114
4112#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83
4113msgid "Regulus"
4114msgstr "Regulus"
4115
4116#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4117#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118
4118msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
4119msgstr "die wimmelnden Sterne im Schwanz des URGUL&Ucirc;-Gestirns"
4120
4121#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4122#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119
4123msgid ""
4124"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, "
4125"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum"
4126msgstr "Dattelpalmenrispe, (Juwelen der) Göttin Erua, Göttin Zarpanitum"
4127
4128#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4129#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124
4130msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)"
4131msgstr "&Scaron;U.PA-Gestirn (der helle Stern?)"
4132
4133#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4134#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125
4135msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land"
4136msgstr "Gott Enlil, der die Schicksale des Landes bestimmt"
4137
4138#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4139#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130
4140msgid "STAR in front of it"
4141msgstr "Gestirn davor"
4142
4143#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4144#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131
4145msgid ""
4146"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundant), vizier of "
4147"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
4148msgstr ""
4149"Gestirn &#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU (des Überflusses), Visier der Göttin Ninlil"
4150
4151#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4152#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132
4153#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330
4154#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101
4155#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279
4156msgid "or"
4157msgstr "oder"
4158
4159#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4160#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136
4161#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230
4162#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298
4163#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328
4164msgid "STAR behind it"
4165msgstr "Gestirn dahinter"
4166
4167#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4168#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137
4169msgid ""
4170"<sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of "
4171"<sup>GOD</sup>Ti&scaron;pak"
4172msgstr "Gestirn B&#256;&Scaron;TUM (Würde), Visier des Gottes Ti&scaron;pak"
4173
4174#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4175#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142
4176msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)"
4177msgstr "EREQQU-Gestirn (Wagen)"
4178
4179#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4180#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143
4181msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
4182msgstr "Göttin Ninlil"
4183
4184#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4185#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147
4186msgid "15"
4187msgstr "15"
4188
4189#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4190#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148
4191msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
4192msgstr "Gestirn nahe dem Pol, EREQQU-Gestirn"
4193
4194#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4195#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149
4196msgid ""
4197"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the "
4198"strong of the gods"
4199msgstr "Fuchs-Gestirn, Gott Erra, der starke der Götter"
4200
4201#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4202#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150
4203msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)"
4204msgstr "Alcor (80 UMa)"
4205
4206#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4207#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154
4208msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
4209msgstr "Gestirn an der Stirn des EREQQU-Gestirns"
4210
4211#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4212#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155
4213msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya"
4214msgstr "Mutterschaf-Gestirn, Göttin Aya"
4215
4216#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4217#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160
4218msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA(Hitched yoke?)"
4219msgstr "Gestirn des Angebundenen Jochs"
4220
4221#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4222#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161
4223msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> of heaven"
4224msgstr "Gott Großer Anu des Himmels"
4225
4226#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4227#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166
4228msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)"
4229msgstr "Gestirn des Wagens des Himmels"
4230
4231#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4232#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167
4233msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna"
4234msgstr "Göttin Damkianna"
4235
4236#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4237#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168
4238#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137
4239msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?"
4240msgstr "irgendwo zwischen UMi und Vega?"
4241
4242#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4243#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172
4244msgid "STAR in its bond"
4245msgstr "Gestirn an seiner Verbindung"
4246
4247#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4248#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173
4249msgid ""
4250"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i>(Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple), "
4251"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4252msgstr ""
4253"Gestirn des Erben des Ema&#7723;-Tempels, der erste Sohn des Gottes Anu"
4254
4255#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4256#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179
4257msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple"
4258msgstr "Die Sterne (der) Stehenden Götter des Ekur-Tempels"
4259
4260#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4261#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183
4262msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple"
4263msgstr "Die Sterne (der) Sitzenden Götter des Ekur-Tempels"
4264
4265#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4266#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188
4267#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147
4268msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)"
4269msgstr "Gestirn der Ziege"
4270
4271#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4272#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189
4273msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula"
4274msgstr "Göttin Gula"
4275
4276#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4277#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194
4278msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
4279msgstr "Gestirn an der Vorderseite des Ziegengestirns"
4280
4281#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4282#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195
4283msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)"
4284msgstr "Gestirn des Hundes (der Göttin Gula)"
4285
4286#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4287#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200
4288#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159
4289msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
4290msgstr "heller Stern des Ziegengestirns"
4291
4292#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4293#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201
4294msgid ""
4295"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-"
4296"la)"
4297msgstr "Göttin Lamassatu, Visier der Göttin Baba (= Göttin Gula)"
4298
4299#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4300#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206
4301#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450
4302msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it"
4303msgstr "2 Sterne dahinter"
4304
4305#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4306#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207
4307msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
4308msgstr "Gott Nin-SAR und Gott Errakal"
4309
4310#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4311#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212
4312msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A"
4313msgstr "Gestirn des U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A"
4314
4315#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4316#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213
4317msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)"
4318msgstr "Gott U.GUR (Nergal)"
4319
4320#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4321#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218
4322msgid "STAR to the right of it"
4323msgstr "Gestirne rechts davon"
4324
4325#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4326#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219
4327msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu"
4328msgstr "Schwein-Gestirn, Gott Damu"
4329
4330#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4331#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224
4332msgid "STAR to the left of it"
4333msgstr "Gestirn links davon"
4334
4335#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4336#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225
4337msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)"
4338msgstr "Pferd-Gestirn"
4339
4340#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4341#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231
4342msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)"
4343msgstr "Hirsch-Gestirn, Visier des Sternhaufens (Plejaden)"
4344
4345#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4346#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236
4347msgid ""
4348"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)"
4349msgstr "wimmelnde Sterne gegenüber des Hirsch-Gestirns"
4350
4351#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4352#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237
4353msgid ""
4354"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse), "
4355"<sup>GOD</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Rainbow)"
4356msgstr "Feldmaus-Gestirn, Regenbogen-Gottheit"
4357
4358#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4359#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242
4360msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>"
4361msgstr "roter heller Stern in der Niere des Hirsch-Gestirns"
4362
4363#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4364#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243
4365msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Deleter)"
4366msgstr "Löscher-Gestirn"
4367
4368#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4369#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248
4370msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:"
4371msgstr "Wenn die Gestirne des Gottes Enlil komplett sind: "
4372
4373#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4374#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252
4375msgid "big STAR, its &quot;light&quot; is dim, it divides the sky and stands"
4376msgstr ""
4377"das große Gestirn, sein Lichts ist schwach, es teilt den Himmel und steht"
4378
4379#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4380#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253
4381msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>N&#275;beru(Ford)"
4382msgstr "Gestirn des Gottes Marduk, Gott Neberu (Überquerung)"
4383
4384#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4385#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254
4386msgid "Milky Way???"
4387msgstr "Milchstraße???"
4388
4389#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4390#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258
4391msgid ""
4392"<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
4393msgstr ""
4394"SAG.ME.GAR-Gestirn (Jupiter), es ändert seinen Ort und überquert den Himmel"
4395
4396#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4397#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259
4398msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]"
4399msgstr "Jupiter [hypsoma]"
4400
4401#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4402#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263
4403msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4404msgstr "33 Gestirne des Gottes Enlil"
4405
4406#. type: Content of: <p>
4407#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267
4408msgid ""
4409"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of "
4410"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer"
4411" which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The "
4412"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>"
4413msgstr ""
4414
4415#. type: Content of: <p>
4416#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268
4417msgid ""
4418"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 "
4419"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) "
4420"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the "
4421"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are "
4422"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all"
4423" versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them "
4424"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the "
4425"scientific community.</i>"
4426msgstr ""
4427
4428#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4429#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280
4430#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217
4431msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)"
4432msgstr "Gestirn des Flächenmaßes \"Ein Feld\""
4433
4434#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4435#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281
4436msgid ""
4437"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
4438"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4439msgstr "Sitz des Gottes Ea, der den Sternen von Anu vorangeht"
4440
4441#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4442#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286
4443msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
4444msgstr "Gestirne gegenüber des Flächenmaß-Gestirns"
4445
4446#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4447#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287
4448msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
4449msgstr "Gestirn der Schwalbe"
4450
4451#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4452#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292
4453msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
4454msgstr "Gestirn hinter dem Flächenmaß-Gestirn"
4455
4456#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4457#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293
4458msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
4459msgstr "Gestirn der Anunnitu"
4460
4461#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4462#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299
4463msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz"
4464msgstr "Gestirn des Lohnarbeiters, Gott Tammuz"
4465
4466#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4467#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304
4468msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)"
4469msgstr "Sternhaufen (Borstenhaare)"
4470
4471#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4472#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305
4473msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods"
4474msgstr "Siebenheit-Gottheit, die großen Götter"
4475
4476#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4477#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310
4478msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)"
4479msgstr "Gestirn des Himmelsstiers"
4480
4481#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4482#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311
4483msgid ""
4484"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of "
4485"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4486msgstr "Gottheit \"Kiefer des Wildstiers\", Krone des Gottes Anu"
4487
4488#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4489#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316
4490#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263
4491msgid ""
4492"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN "
4493"(<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)"
4494msgstr "Gestirn des Treuen Himmelshirten"
4495
4496#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4497#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317
4498msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4499msgstr "Gott Papsukkal, Visier des Gottes Anu"
4500
4501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4502#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322
4503#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270
4504msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>"
4505msgstr "Zwillingssterne gegenüber dem Gestirn des Himmelshirten"
4506
4507#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4508#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323
4509msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
4510msgstr "Gott Lulal und Gott Latarak"
4511
4512#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
4513#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324
4514#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
4515msgid "3"
4516msgstr "3"
4517
4518#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
4519#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324
4520#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
4521msgid "4"
4522msgstr "4"
4523
4524#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4525#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329
4526msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
4527msgstr "Gestirn des Hahns"
4528
4529#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4530#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334
4531msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Arrow)"
4532msgstr "Gestirn des Pfeils"
4533
4534#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4535#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335
4536msgid ""
4537"<i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) "
4538"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta"
4539msgstr "Pfeil, Held des Gottes Ninurta"
4540
4541#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4542#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336
4543#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286
4544msgid "Sirius +"
4545msgstr "Sirius +"
4546
4547#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4548#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340
4549msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Bow)"
4550msgstr "Gestirn des Bogens"
4551
4552#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4553#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341
4554msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;tar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4555msgstr "Göttin I&scaron;tar von Elam, Tochter des Gottes Enlil"
4556
4557#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4558#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346
4559msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Snake-god)"
4560msgstr "Gestirn des Gottes NIRA&#7722; (Schlangengott)"
4561
4562#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4563#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347
4564msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)"
4565msgstr "Gott Ningi&scaron;zida, Herr der Erde (= Unterwelt)"
4566
4567#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4568#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352
4569msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Raven)"
4570msgstr "Gestirn des Raben"
4571
4572#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4573#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353
4574msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4575msgstr "Rabe, Gestirn des Gottes Adad"
4576
4577#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4578#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358
4579msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Furrow)"
4580msgstr "Gestirn der Ackerfurche"
4581
4582#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4583#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359
4584msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain"
4585msgstr "Göttin &Scaron;ala, Kornähre "
4586
4587#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4588#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364
4589#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319
4590msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)"
4591msgstr "Gestirn der Waage"
4592
4593#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4594#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365
4595msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
4596msgstr "Hörner des Skorpion-Gestirns"
4597
4598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4599#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366
4600#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321
4601msgid "circa Lib"
4602msgstr "circa Lib"
4603
4604#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4605#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370
4606#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326
4607msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa"
4608msgstr "Gestirn des Gottes Zababa"
4609
4610#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4611#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371
4612msgid ""
4613"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Eagle) and "
4614"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)"
4615msgstr "Gestirn des Adlers und Gestirn des Leichnams"
4616
4617#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4618#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376
4619msgid ""
4620"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the "
4621"sky"
4622msgstr "DILPAT-Gestirn (Venus), verändert seinen Ort und überquert den Himmel"
4623
4624#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4625#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381
4626msgid ""
4627"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and "
4628"crosses the sky"
4629msgstr ""
4630"<i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>-Gestirn (Mars), verändert seinen Ort und "
4631"überquert den Himmel"
4632
4633#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
4634#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382
4635#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
4636msgid "Mars"
4637msgstr "Mars"
4638
4639#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4640#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386
4641msgid ""
4642"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>,"
4643" Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
4644msgstr ""
4645"Gestirn des Stetigen Wildschafs (Saturn), verändert seinen Ort und überquert"
4646" den Himmel"
4647
4648#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4649#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387
4650msgid "Saturn"
4651msgstr "Saturn"
4652
4653#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4654#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391
4655msgid ""
4656"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>,"
4657" Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the"
4658" West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it "
4659"disappears"
4660msgstr ""
4661"Gestirn des Tanzenden Wildschafs (Merkur), dessen Name Gott Ninurta ist, "
4662"entweder im Osten oder im Westen, wannimmer im Monat es erscheint, wannimmer"
4663" im Monat es verschwindet"
4664
4665#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4666#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393
4667msgid "Mercury"
4668msgstr "Merkur"
4669
4670#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4671#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397
4672msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum"
4673msgstr "23 Gestirne von Anum"
4674
4675#. type: Content of: <p>
4676#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402
4677msgid ""
4678"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern "
4679"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to"
4680" this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure "
4681"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at "
4682"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is "
4683"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could "
4684"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation "
4685"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we "
4686"give \"Aql+\".</i>"
4687msgstr ""
4688
4689#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4690#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414
4691#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355
4692msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)"
4693msgstr "Gestirn des Fisches"
4694
4695#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4696#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415
4697msgid ""
4698"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
4699"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4700msgstr "Gott Ea, der den Sternen von Gott Ea vorangeht"
4701
4702#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4703#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420
4704msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR"
4705msgstr "Großartiges Gestirn"
4706
4707#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4708#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421
4709#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427
4710msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4711msgstr "Gott Ea"
4712
4713#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4714#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426
4715#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370
4716msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu"
4717msgstr "Gestirn von (der Stadt) Eridu"
4718
4719#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4720#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432
4721#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444
4722msgid "STAR to its right"
4723msgstr "Gestirn zu seiner Rechten"
4724
4725#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4726#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433
4727msgid "STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
4728msgstr "Gestirn der Göttin Ninma&#7723;"
4729
4730#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4731#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438
4732#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384
4733msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i>"
4734msgstr "&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU-Gestirn"
4735
4736#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4737#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439
4738msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu"
4739msgstr "Gott Ningirsu"
4740
4741#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4742#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445
4743msgid ""
4744"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), weapon of "
4745"<sup>GOD</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is "
4746"visible"
4747msgstr ""
4748"Gestirn der Egge, Waffe des Gottes M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in dessen Zentrum das"
4749" Aps&ucirc; (Grundwasser) sichtbar ist"
4750
4751#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4752#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451
4753msgid ""
4754"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, "
4755"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4756msgstr ""
4757"Gott &Scaron;ullat und Gott &#7722;ani&scaron;, Gott &Scaron;ama&scaron; und"
4758" Gott Adad"
4759
4760#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4761#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456
4762msgid ""
4763"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea"
4764msgstr ""
4765"Gestirn hinter ihm, das aufleuchtet wie Gott Ea (und) verblasst wie Ea"
4766
4767#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4768#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457
4769msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4770msgstr "Gestin des Gottes Numu&scaron;da, Gott Adad"
4771
4772#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4773#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462
4774msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
4775msgstr "Gestirn zu Linken des Skorpion-Gestirns"
4776
4777#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4778#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463
4779msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu"
4780msgstr "URIDIMMU-Gestirn = Gott von Kusu"
4781
4782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4783#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468
4784#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416
4785msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
4786msgstr "Skorpion-Gestirn"
4787
4788#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4789#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469
4790msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, lady of the inhabited world"
4791msgstr "Göttin I&scaron;&#7723;ara, Herrin der bewohnten Welt"
4792
4793#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>
4794#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
4795#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
4796msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI"
4797msgstr "Stern im Herzen des Skorpions"
4798
4799#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4800#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
4801msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)"
4802msgstr "</i> (Brust des Skorpions) "
4803
4804#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4805#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475
4806msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nab&ucirc;"
4807msgstr "Göttin Lisin, Gott Nab&ucirc;"
4808
4809#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
4810#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476
4811#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424
4812#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61
4813msgid "Antares"
4814msgstr "Antares"
4815
4816#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4817#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480
4818msgid ""
4819"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
4820"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
4821msgstr "2 Sterne am Stachel des Skorpion-Gestirns"
4822
4823#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4824#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481
4825msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
4826msgstr "Gott &Scaron;aru und Gott &Scaron;argaz"
4827
4828#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4829#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486
4830msgid "STAR behind them"
4831msgstr "STERN hinter ihnen"
4832
4833#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4834#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487
4835msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
4836msgstr "Gott Pabilsa&#285;"
4837
4838#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4839#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492
4840msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt;"
4841msgstr "Gestirn der Barke und "
4842
4843#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493
4845msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Goat-fish)"
4846msgstr "Gestirn des Ziegenfisches"
4847
4848#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4849#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498
4850msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4851msgstr "15 Gestirne von Gott Ea"
4852
4853#. type: Content of: <h3>
4854#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503
4855#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12
4856msgid "Source(s)"
4857msgstr "Quelle(n)"
4858
4859#. type: Content of: <p>
4860#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504
4861msgid ""
4862"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some "
4863"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research.  In some cases they "
4864"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other "
4865"scholars since 1950 or earlier.  Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) "
4866"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's "
4867"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek "
4868"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were "
4869"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten "
4870"together with other, mainly German, planetariums.  A first scientific "
4871"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared "
4872"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius "
4873"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017.  Further publications are in preparation (e.g. "
4874"together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre "
4875"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below."
4876msgstr ""
4877
4878#. type: Content of: <h2>
4879#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513
4880msgid "Sources / Further Reading"
4881msgstr "Quellen/weiterführende Literatur"
4882
4883#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4884#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515
4885msgid ""
4886"British Museum <a "
4887"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image "
4888"Tablet No 152339001</a>"
4889msgstr ""
4890"British Museum <a "
4891"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image "
4892"Tablet No 152339001</a>"
4893
4894#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li>
4895#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
4896#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
4897#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
4898#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
4899#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
4900#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
4901msgid "fr"
4902msgstr "fr"
4903
4904#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4905#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
4906msgid ""
4907"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium "
4908"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018."
4909msgstr ""
4910"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium "
4911"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018."
4912
4913#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4914#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517
4915msgid ""
4916"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a "
4917"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
4918"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017."
4919msgstr ""
4920"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a "
4921"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
4922"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017."
4923
4924#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4925#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518
4926msgid ""
4927"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of "
4928"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
4929"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
4930"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
4931"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
4932"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
4933"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017."
4934msgstr ""
4935"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of "
4936"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
4937"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
4938"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
4939"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
4940"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
4941"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017."
4942
4943#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4944#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519
4945msgid ""
4946"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the "
4947"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre "
4948"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)."
4949msgstr ""
4950"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the "
4951"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre "
4952"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)."
4953
4954#. type: Content of: <p>
4955#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523
4956msgid ""
4957"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars."
4958"  We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to"
4959" be cited according to the common rules.  This sky culture is provided under"
4960" CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it "
4961"without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
4962msgstr ""
4963
4964#. type: Content of: <p>
4965#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528
4966msgid ""
4967"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the "
4968"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.  As an "
4969"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very"
4970" enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes."
4971msgstr ""
4972
4973#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4974#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531
4975msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)"
4976msgstr "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyrologie, Vienna)"
4977
4978#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4979#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532
4980msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)"
4981msgstr "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyrologie, Jena)"
4982
4983#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4984#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533
4985#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470
4986msgid ""
4987"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of "
4988"German-speaking Planetariums)"
4989msgstr ""
4990
4991#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4992#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534
4993msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)"
4994msgstr "Dr. Monika Staesche (Leiterin des Planetariums am Insulaner, Berlin)"
4995
4996#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4997#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535
4998#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471
4999msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)"
5000msgstr "Stefan Harnisch (Leiter des Planetariums Jena)"
5001
5002#. type: Content of: <p>
5003#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540
5004msgid ""
5005"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to"
5006" Stellarium:"
5007msgstr ""
5008"Die babylonischen Sternenenamen und Sternbilderlinien wurden gesammelt und "
5009"Stellarium hinzugefügt:"
5010
5011#. type: Content of: <p>
5012#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541
5013msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
5014msgstr "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
5015
5016#. type: Content of: <p>
5017#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542
5018msgid ""
5019"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and "
5020"Susanne M Hoffmann)"
5021msgstr ""
5022
5023#. type: Content of: <h5>
5024#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
5025#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
5026#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
5027msgid "written in English:"
5028msgstr "geschrieben auf Englisch:"
5029
5030#. type: Content of: <h5>
5031#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
5032msgid "SMH"
5033msgstr "SMH"
5034
5035#. type: Content of: <h1>
5036#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1
5037msgid "Babylonian &mdash; Seleucid"
5038msgstr "Babylonisch &mdash; Seleukidisch"
5039
5040#. type: Content of: <p>
5041#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2
5042msgid ""
5043"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of "
5044"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN"
5045" (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have "
5046"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there "
5047"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch."
5048msgstr ""
5049
5050#. type: Content of: <p>
5051#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3
5052msgid ""
5053"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed "
5054"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to "
5055"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with "
5056"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since "
5057"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there "
5058"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in "
5059"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, "
5060"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions"
5061" of the constellations around the ecliptic."
5062msgstr ""
5063
5064#. type: Content of: <p>
5065#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6
5066msgid ""
5067"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the "
5068"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of "
5069"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture "
5070"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression "
5071"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture."
5072msgstr ""
5073
5074#. type: Content of: <h3>
5075#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8
5076msgid "Single Stars"
5077msgstr "Einzelne Sterne"
5078
5079#. type: Content of: <p>
5080#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10
5081msgid ""
5082"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars "
5083"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky"
5084" culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i>"
5085" lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "
5086"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = "
5087"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the "
5088"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error"
5089" concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes "
5090"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can"
5091" be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)."
5092msgstr ""
5093
5094#. type: Content of: <p>
5095#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13
5096msgid ""
5097"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the "
5098"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 "
5099"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by "
5100"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and "
5101"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for "
5102"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his "
5103"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late"
5104" Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium."
5105msgstr ""
5106
5107#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
5108#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16
5109msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked"
5110msgstr "MUL.APIN Sternbilder teilweise überarbeitet"
5111
5112#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5113#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22
5114#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210
5115#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348
5116msgid "asterism"
5117msgstr "Asterismus"
5118
5119#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5120#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23
5121#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211
5122#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349
5123msgid "our commentary"
5124msgstr "unser Kommentar"
5125
5126#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5127#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35
5128msgid ""
5129"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
5130msgstr "Wolf-Gestirn: Saattrichter des Pflug-Gestirns"
5131
5132#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5133#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36
5134msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough."
5135msgstr "\"Wolf\" bezeichnet hier nicht das Tier, sondern ein Bauteil des Pflugs"
5136
5137#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5138#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64
5139msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)"
5140msgstr "existiert nicht mehr (verschmolz mit den Großen Zwillingen)"
5141
5142#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5143#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81
5144msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King"
5145msgstr "Gestirn gegenüber dem URGUL&Ucirc;-Gestirn: Gestirn des Königs"
5146
5147#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5148#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87
5149msgid ""
5150"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: "
5151"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua"
5152msgstr ""
5153"wimmelnde Sterne im Schwanz des URGUL&Ucirc;-Gestirns: Dattelpalmenrispe, "
5154"(Juwelen der) Göttin Erua"
5155
5156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5157#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93
5158msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
5159msgstr "&Scaron;U.PA-Gestirn (der helle?) = Gott Enlil"
5160
5161#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5162#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99
5163msgid ""
5164"STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)"
5165msgstr "Gestirn davor: Gestirn der Fülle/ des Überflusses "
5166
5167#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5168#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105
5169msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)"
5170msgstr "Gestirn dahinter: Gestirn der Würde"
5171
5172#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5173#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111
5174msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)"
5175msgstr "Gestirn des Wagens"
5176
5177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5178#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117
5179msgid ""
5180"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
5181"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)"
5182msgstr "Gestirn an der Stange des Wagengestirns: Fuchs-Gestirn"
5183
5184#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5185#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119
5186msgid "Alcor"
5187msgstr "Alcor"
5188
5189#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5190#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123
5191msgid ""
5192"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
5193"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)"
5194msgstr "Gestirn an der Stirn des Wagen-Gestirns: Mutterschaf-Gestirn"
5195
5196#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5197#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129
5198msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)"
5199msgstr "Gestirn des angebundenen Jochs"
5200
5201#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5202#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135
5203msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)"
5204msgstr "Gestirn des Himmelswagens"
5205
5206#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5207#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141
5208msgid ""
5209"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the "
5210"Ema&#7723;-temple)"
5211msgstr ""
5212"Gestirn an seiner Verbindung: Gestirn des Erben des Ema&#7723;-Tempels"
5213
5214#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5215#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153
5216msgid ""
5217"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: "
5218"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]"
5219msgstr "Gestirn vor dem Ziegengestirn: Gestirn des Hundes [der Göttin Gula]"
5220
5221#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5222#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165
5223msgid ""
5224"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and "
5225"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
5226msgstr "2 Sterne dahinter: Gott Nin-SAR und Gott Errakal"
5227
5228#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5229#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171
5230msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)"
5231msgstr "Gestirn des Panthers"
5232
5233#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5234#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172
5235msgid ""
5236"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this "
5237"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "
5238"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems "
5239"to have been replaced."
5240msgstr ""
5241"In spätbabylonischen Wörterbüchern erscheint eine neue Lesung dieses "
5242"Sternbildnamens: Es wird als das akkadische Wort \"nimru\" für \"Panther\" "
5243"interpretiert; der alte Dämon an dieser Stelle scheint dadurch ersetzt "
5244"worden zu sein. "
5245
5246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5247#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177
5248msgid ""
5249"STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)"
5250msgstr "Gestirn rechts davon: Schwein-Gestirn"
5251
5252#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5253#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183
5254msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)"
5255msgstr "Gestirn links davon: Pferd-Gestirn"
5256
5257#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5258#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189
5259msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)"
5260msgstr "Gestirn dahinter: Hirsch-Gestirn "
5261
5262#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5263#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190
5264msgid ""
5265"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther "
5266"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in"
5267" this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field"
5268" Mouse\"."
5269msgstr ""
5270
5271#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5272#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195
5273msgid ""
5274"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): "
5275"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)"
5276msgstr "wimmelnde Sterne gegenüber dem Hirsch-Gestirn: Feldmaus-Gottheit"
5277
5278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5279#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201
5280msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished."
5281msgstr "Pfad des Gottes Enlil vollständig"
5282
5283#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5284#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223
5285msgid ""
5286"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
5287"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
5288msgstr "Gestirn gegenüber des Flächenmaß-Gestirns: Gestirn der Schwalbe. "
5289
5290#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5291#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224
5292msgid ""
5293"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier "
5294"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards"
5295msgstr ""
5296"die südliche der zwei Fischellipsen; im Vergleich zu den früheren Versionen "
5297"ein kleines Sternbild, das nach Nordwest verschoben war"
5298
5299#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5300#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229
5301msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)"
5302msgstr "Gestirn der Schwänze"
5303
5304#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5305#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230
5306msgid ""
5307"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was"
5308" shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained "
5309"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but "
5310"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band "
5311"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of "
5312"Anunitu."
5313msgstr ""
5314"Seitdem die altbabylonische Riesenschwalbe in eine kleine Schwalbe "
5315"umgewandelt und an andere Stelle versetzt wurde, blieb der ursprüngliche "
5316"V-förmige Schwalbenschwanz alleine übrig und wurde bedeutungslos. Trotzdem "
5317"wurde er als Sternbild weiter genutzt (\"Schwänze\" - man weiß nicht, "
5318"wovon). Später wurde die V-Form als Band interpretiert, das die kleine "
5319"Schwalbe mit einem kleinen Fisch verbindet, der sich unter dem Sternbild der"
5320" Göttin Anunitu befindet. "
5321
5322#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5323#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236
5324msgid ""
5325"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
5326"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
5327msgstr "Gestirn hinter dem Flächenmaß-Gestirn: ANUNN&#298;TU-Gestirn"
5328
5329#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5330#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237
5331msgid ""
5332"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is"
5333" another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was "
5334"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish."
5335msgstr ""
5336"Unsere Strichfigur ist eine Vorbereitung zur Transformation in die "
5337"griechische Andromeda: Anunitu ist ein anderer Name für die babylonische "
5338"Gottheit der sexuellen Liebe, Ischtar, die mit der griechischen Aphrodite "
5339"gleichgesetzt wurde, die wiederum in der syrischen Mythologie mit einem "
5340"Fisch verbunden war. "
5341
5342#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5343#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242
5344msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)"
5345msgstr "Gestirn dahinter: Gestirn des Lohnarbeiters"
5346
5347#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5348#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243
5349msgid ""
5350"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the "
5351"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU "
5352"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely "
5353"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not "
5354"supposed to really look like a sheep."
5355msgstr ""
5356"Über die Jahrhunderte wurden die Namen der Sternbilder abgekürzt, das "
5357"babylonische Wort LU.HUN.GA wurde zu HUN, dessen Schriftzeichen ähnlich wie "
5358"das für UDU (Schaf) aussieht. So wurde aus dem Arbeiter ein Schaf. "
5359"Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um ein babylonisches Wortspiel, so dass das "
5360"Sternbild niemals die Anforderung hatte, wie ein Schaf auszusehen. "
5361
5362#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5363#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249
5364msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu"
5365msgstr "der Sternhaufen (die Borstenhaare): die Siebenheit-Gottheit"
5366
5367#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5368#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250
5369msgid ""
5370"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists "
5371"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. "
5372"Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the neck of the "
5373"Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one."
5374msgstr ""
5375"Altbabylonisch nur \"Sternhaufen\" genannt, mittelbabylonisch mit der "
5376"Siebenheit identifiziert (das sind sieben Götter, sprechende Waffen) - aus "
5377"unbekanntem Grund. Spätbabylonisch häufiger \"die Borstenhaare\" am Nacken "
5378"des Stiers genannt. Diese Interpretation entspricht der griechischen."
5379
5380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5381#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256
5382msgid ""
5383"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and "
5384"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)"
5385msgstr "Gestirn des Himmelsstiers und Gottheit \"Kiefer des Wildstiers\""
5386
5387#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5388#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257
5389msgid ""
5390"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. "
5391"Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction"
5392" in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades."
5393msgstr ""
5394"Der Himmelsstier ist eine mythologische Figur aus dem Gilgamesch-Epos. "
5395"Gilgamesch kämpft mit ihm und halbiert ihn (was die Darstellung am Himmel "
5396"erklärt). Der \"Kiefer\" sind die Hyaden."
5397
5398#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5399#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258
5400msgid "and Hyades"
5401msgstr "und Hyaden"
5402
5403#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5404#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277
5405msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
5406msgstr "Gestirn dahinter: Hahn-Gestirn"
5407
5408#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5409#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278
5410msgid ""
5411"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make "
5412"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very "
5413"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro "
5414"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures "
5415"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for "
5416"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, "
5417"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a "
5418"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius."
5419msgstr ""
5420
5421#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5422#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284
5423msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)"
5424msgstr "Pfeil-Gestirn"
5425
5426#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5427#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285
5428msgid ""
5429"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, "
5430"there are multiple options."
5431msgstr ""
5432"Die abgebildete Version ist ein Vorschlag. Sicher ist nur Sirius - für den "
5433"Rest gibt es mehrere Optionen. "
5434
5435#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5436#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291
5437msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)"
5438msgstr "Bogen-Gestirn"
5439
5440#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5441#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292
5442msgid ""
5443"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing "
5444"options)."
5445msgstr ""
5446"Ich glaube, das ist die zumeist akzeptierte Fassung (von mehren vorhandenen "
5447"Optionen)."
5448
5449#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5450#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298
5451msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)"
5452msgstr "Gestirn des Schlangengottes NIRA&#7722; "
5453
5454#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5455#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305
5456msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)"
5457msgstr "Gestirn des Raben"
5458
5459#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5460#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312
5461msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain"
5462msgstr "Gestirn der Göttin &Scaron;ala, Kornähre"
5463
5464#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5465#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313
5466msgid ""
5467"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess "
5468"&Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for "
5469"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)."
5470msgstr ""
5471"Das alte Sternbild der Furche verschwand und übrig blieb stattdessen das "
5472"Mädchen (die Göttin &Scaron;ala). Das stabile Element ist hier die Kornähre "
5473"als Name für den hellsten Stern: auf Griechisch Stachys, Latein Spica. "
5474
5475#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5476#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320
5477msgid ""
5478"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion "
5479"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in"
5480" early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier "
5481"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not "
5482"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the "
5483"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) "
5484"does not need so much space."
5485msgstr ""
5486
5487#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5488#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327
5489msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus."
5490msgstr "Üblicherweise mit dem Bereich des Schlangenträgers gleichgesetzt."
5491
5492#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5493#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332
5494msgid ""
5495"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> "
5496"(Corpse)"
5497msgstr "Gestirn des Adlers und Gestirn des Leichnams"
5498
5499#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5500#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333
5501msgid ""
5502"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest "
5503"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the "
5504"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated "
5505"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries"
5506" preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do "
5507"not distinguish eagles and vultures."
5508msgstr ""
5509
5510#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5511#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339
5512msgid "Path of Anum completed."
5513msgstr "Pfad von Anu vollständig"
5514
5515#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5516#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356
5517msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\""
5518msgstr "Griechisch „der Große Fisch“"
5519
5520#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5521#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363
5522msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
5523msgstr "Großartiges Gestirn: Gott Ea"
5524
5525#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5526#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364
5527msgid ""
5528"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of "
5529"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image "
5530"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the "
5531"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or \"Water-"
5532"Carrier\"."
5533msgstr ""
5534"Der Gott für Weisheit und Zauberkraft, Ea, wird gewöhnlich mit zwei Strömen "
5535"von Wasser dargestellt, die aus seinen Schultern entspringen. Für die "
5536"Babylonier war das ein eindeutiges Bild, vielleicht von Euphrat und Tigris. "
5537"Weil die Griechen dies nicht verstehen konnten, haben sie es einfach \"der "
5538"Mann mit dem Wasser\" oder \"Wassermann\" genannt. "
5539
5540#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5541#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377
5542msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
5543msgstr "Gestirn zu seiner rechten: Gestirn der Göttin Ninma&#7723;"
5544
5545#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5546#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378
5547msgid ""
5548"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where "
5549"this asterism is to be located."
5550msgstr ""
5551"Da Canopus dem Wassermann (Aquarius) etwa gegenüber steht, ist es unklar, wo"
5552" sich dieses Gestirn befindet. "
5553
5554#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5555#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385
5556msgid "still unclear"
5557msgstr "immer noch unklar"
5558
5559#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5560#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391
5561msgid ""
5562"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in "
5563"the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible"
5564msgstr ""
5565"Gestirn zu seiner rechten: Gestirn MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU (Egge), im dessen "
5566"Zentrum Aps&ucirc; (das Grundwasser) sichtbar ist."
5567
5568#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5569#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392
5570msgid ""
5571"still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the "
5572"Milky Way."
5573msgstr ""
5574"immer noch unklar - vielleicht ist Aps&ucirc; der südlichste Teil der "
5575"Milchstraße"
5576
5577#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5578#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397
5579msgid ""
5580"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and "
5581"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;"
5582msgstr "2 Sterne dahinter: Gott &Scaron;ullat  und Gott &#7722;ani&scaron;"
5583
5584#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5585#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398
5586msgid "no hints, no clue"
5587msgstr "kein Hinweis, keine Idee"
5588
5589#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5590#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403
5591msgid ""
5592"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: "
5593"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da"
5594msgstr ""
5595"Gestirn hinter diesem, das aufleuchtet wie Gott Ea (und) verblasst wie Ea: "
5596"Gestirn (des) Gottes Numu&scaron;da"
5597
5598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5599#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404
5600msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)"
5601msgstr "vermutlich eine männliche, anthropomorphe Gestalt (ein Gott)"
5602
5603#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5604#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410
5605msgid ""
5606"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): "
5607"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>"
5608msgstr ""
5609"Gestirn zur Linken von Gestirn ZUQAQ&#298;PU (Skorpion): Gestirn Uridimmu"
5610
5611#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5612#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
5613msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin"
5614msgstr "(Brust des Skorpions): Göttin Lisin"
5615
5616#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5617#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423
5618msgid "single star name"
5619msgstr "einzelner Sternname"
5620
5621#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5622#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428
5623msgid ""
5624"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
5625"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and "
5626"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
5627msgstr ""
5628"2 Sterne auf dem Stachel (ZIQTU) des Sternbilds ZUQAQ&#298;PU: Gott "
5629"&Scaron;arur und  Gott &Scaron;argaz"
5630
5631#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5632#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429
5633msgid ""
5634"Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and "
5635"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016."
5636msgstr ""
5637"Nachdem &Scaron;argaz ein altes Wort für \"Stachel\" ist, ist diese "
5638"Identifizierung nahezu klar und wurde durch die IAU 2016 als offizieller "
5639"Sternname vergeben."
5640
5641#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5642#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434
5643msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
5644msgstr "Gestirn hinter ihnen: der Gott Pabilsa&#285;"
5645
5646#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5647#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435
5648msgid ""
5649"The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily "
5650"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)."
5651msgstr ""
5652"Die bildliche Darstellung von Gott Pabilsa&#285; ist ikonographisch klar. "
5653"Dieses Bild kann leicht in einen griechischen \"Zentrauren\" transformiert "
5654"werden (vgl. Boll  1903)."
5655
5656#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5657#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440
5658msgid ""
5659"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) "
5660"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish)"
5661msgstr ""
5662"MAKURRU Gestirn (Barke) (und?) SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U-Gestirn "
5663"(Ziegenfisch)"
5664
5665#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5666#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441
5667msgid ""
5668"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms "
5669"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs "
5670"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). "
5671"Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the"
5672" west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains "
5673"Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a "
5674"ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be "
5675"identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)."
5676msgstr ""
5677
5678#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5679#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447
5680msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed."
5681msgstr "Pfad von Gott Ea vollständig."
5682
5683#. type: Content of: <h2>
5684#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452
5685#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45
5686msgid "Further Reading"
5687msgstr "weiterführende Literatur"
5688
5689#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5690#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
5691msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig."
5692msgstr "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig."
5693
5694#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5695#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
5696msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40."
5697msgstr "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, S. 36-40."
5698
5699#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5700#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
5701msgid ""
5702"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, "
5703"Brill, Leiden."
5704msgstr ""
5705"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, "
5706"Brill, Leiden."
5707
5708#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5709#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
5710msgid ""
5711"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical "
5712"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York."
5713msgstr ""
5714"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical "
5715"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York."
5716
5717#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5718#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458
5719msgid ""
5720"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a "
5721"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
5722"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York."
5723msgstr ""
5724"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a "
5725"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
5726"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York."
5727
5728#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5729#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459
5730msgid ""
5731"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization "
5732"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
5733"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
5734"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
5735"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
5736"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
5737"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg."
5738msgstr ""
5739"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization "
5740"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
5741"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
5742"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
5743"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
5744"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
5745"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg."
5746
5747#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5748#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460
5749msgid ""
5750"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near "
5751"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences."
5752msgstr ""
5753"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near "
5754"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences."
5755
5756#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5757#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
5758msgid ""
5759"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi),"
5760" Utopica, Oberhaid."
5761msgstr ""
5762"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi),"
5763" Utopica, Oberhaid."
5764
5765#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5766#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462
5767msgid ""
5768"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. "
5769"Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the"
5770" above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why "
5771"we do not list them in detail here."
5772msgstr ""
5773"Zahlreiche Publikationen über  <i>ziqpu</i> Sternlisten wurden von Wayne "
5774"Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch und anderen zusammengestellt "
5775"und/oder in den oben genannten Büchern diskutiert, besonders in Hunger und "
5776"Pingree (1999). Darum listen wir sie hier nicht detailliert auf. "
5777
5778#. type: Content of: <p>
5779#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465
5780msgid ""
5781"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence "
5782"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting "
5783"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!"
5784msgstr ""
5785"Diese Sky Culture wird unter CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) Lizenz zur "
5786"Verfügung gestellt (d.h. nur nichtkommerzielle Nutzung, unter gleichen "
5787"Bedingungen zu teilen: bitte nichts daran ändern ohne Rücksprache mit den "
5788"Beitragenden und bitte zitieren Sie die Beitragenden). Danke!"
5789
5790#. type: Content of: <p>
5791#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468
5792msgid ""
5793"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and "
5794"development time in their domes."
5795msgstr ""
5796"Danke an einige sehr enthusiastische Planetariumsleitungen für ihre Anfragen"
5797" und für die Entwicklungszeit in ihren Kuppeln. "
5798
5799#. type: Content of: <p>
5800#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476
5801msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and"
5802msgstr ""
5803"Die babylonischen Sternennamen wurden zusammengetragen und Stellarium "
5804"hinzugefügt und"
5805
5806#. type: Content of: <p>
5807#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477
5808msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:"
5809msgstr ""
5810"die babylonischen Sternbilddlinien und -darstellungen wurden erstellt von:"
5811
5812#. type: Content of: <p>
5813#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478
5814msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
5815msgstr "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
5816
5817#. type: Content of: <h2>
5818#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1
5819msgid "Belarusian"
5820msgstr "Weißrussisch"
5821
5822#. type: Content of: <p>
5823#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2
5824msgid ""
5825"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in "
5826"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, "
5827"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the "
5828"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land "
5829"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is "
5830"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional "
5831"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present "
5832"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms "
5833"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized."
5834msgstr ""
5835
5836#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5837#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10
5838msgid ""
5839"Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the "
5840"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> "
5841"a large cart."
5842msgstr ""
5843
5844#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5845#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11
5846msgid "The Bride"
5847msgstr "Die Braut"
5848
5849#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5850#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12
5851msgid "The Chicks"
5852msgstr "Die Küken"
5853
5854#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5855#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13
5856msgid "The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross"
5857msgstr "Das Kreuz &mdash; ein Peterskreuz"
5858
5859#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5860#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14
5861msgid "The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head."
5862msgstr ""
5863
5864#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5865#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15
5866msgid "The Goat"
5867msgstr "Die Ziege"
5868
5869#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5870#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16
5871msgid "The Grass Snakes"
5872msgstr "Ringelnattern"
5873
5874#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5875#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17
5876msgid ""
5877"The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the "
5878"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom."
5879msgstr ""
5880
5881#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5882#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18
5883msgid ""
5884"The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner "
5885"of people mowing the fields."
5886msgstr ""
5887
5888#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5889#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19
5890msgid ""
5891"The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies "
5892"revolve."
5893msgstr ""
5894
5895#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5896#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20
5897msgid "The Ploughman"
5898msgstr "Der Pflüger"
5899
5900#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5901#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21
5902msgid "The Rake"
5903msgstr ""
5904
5905#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5906#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22
5907msgid "The Ram"
5908msgstr "Der Widder"
5909
5910#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5911#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23
5912msgid ""
5913"The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star "
5914"that always stands in the same place"
5915msgstr ""
5916
5917#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5918#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24
5919msgid ""
5920"The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> "
5921"through it."
5922msgstr ""
5923
5924#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5925#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25
5926msgid ""
5927"The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major."
5928msgstr ""
5929
5930#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5931#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26
5932msgid "The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair."
5933msgstr ""
5934
5935#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5936#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27
5937msgid "The Twins"
5938msgstr "DIe Zwillinge"
5939
5940#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5941#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28
5942msgid "The Goose's Way"
5943msgstr ""
5944
5945#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5946#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33
5947msgid ""
5948"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The "
5949"author's website, in Belarusian."
5950msgstr ""
5951
5952#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5953#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34
5954msgid ""
5955"<a "
5956"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian"
5957" Ethnoastronomy.</a>"
5958msgstr ""
5959
5960#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5961#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35
5962msgid ""
5963"<a "
5964"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical"
5965" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>"
5966msgstr ""
5967
5968#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5969#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36
5970msgid ""
5971"<a "
5972"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-"
5973"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
5974msgstr ""
5975
5976#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5977#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37
5978msgid ""
5979"<a "
5980"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-"
5981"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
5982msgstr ""
5983
5984#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5985#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38
5986msgid ""
5987"<a "
5988"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms"
5989" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>"
5990msgstr ""
5991
5992#. type: Content of: <p>
5993#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43
5994msgid ""
5995"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander "
5996"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk "
5997"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal "
5998"Archaeologia Baltica."
5999msgstr ""
6000
6001#. type: Content of: <p>
6002#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45
6003msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris."
6004msgstr "Illustrationen von Johan Meuris."
6005
6006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6007#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1
6008#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24
6009msgid "Boorong"
6010msgstr "Boorong"
6011
6012#. type: Content of: <p>
6013#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2
6014msgid ""
6015"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-"
6016"Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their "
6017"stories relating to the night sky.  Some forty stars, constellations and "
6018"other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and "
6019"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in "
6020"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European "
6021"equivalent.  What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial "
6022"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way "
6023"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to "
6024"create the constellation figures in Stellarium."
6025msgstr ""
6026
6027#. type: Content of: <p>
6028#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8
6029msgid ""
6030"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William "
6031"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more "
6032"of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;."
6033msgstr ""
6034
6035#. type: Content of: <h3>
6036#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11
6037msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects"
6038msgstr "Sternbilder und andere Himmelsobjekte"
6039
6040#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6041#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14
6042msgid "<b>Name</b>"
6043msgstr "<b>Name</b>"
6044
6045#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6046#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15
6047msgid "<b>Explanation</b>"
6048msgstr "<b>Erklärung</b>"
6049
6050#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6051#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16
6052msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>"
6053msgstr ""
6054
6055#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6056#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19
6057msgid "Berm-berm-gle"
6058msgstr "Berm-berm-gle"
6059
6060#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6061#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20
6062msgid "Red-kneed dotterel"
6063msgstr ""
6064
6065#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6066#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25
6067msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament"
6068msgstr ""
6069
6070#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6071#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26
6072msgid "Starry firmament at night"
6073msgstr ""
6074
6075#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6076#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29
6077msgid "Bunya"
6078msgstr "Bunya"
6079
6080#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6081#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30
6082msgid "Ring-tail possum"
6083msgstr ""
6084
6085#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6086#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31
6087msgid "Top star in Southern Cross"
6088msgstr ""
6089
6090#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6091#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34
6092msgid "Chargee Gnowee"
6093msgstr "Chargee Gnowee"
6094
6095#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6096#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35
6097msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun"
6098msgstr "Ältere Schwester, Schwester der Sonne"
6099
6100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6101#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39
6102msgid "Bittur"
6103msgstr "Bittur"
6104
6105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6106#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40
6107msgid "Larvae of the woodant"
6108msgstr ""
6109
6110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6111#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44
6112msgid "Collenbitchick"
6113msgstr "Collenbitchick"
6114
6115#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6116#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45
6117msgid "Species of ant"
6118msgstr "Ameisenart"
6119
6120#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6121#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46
6122msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus"
6123msgstr ""
6124
6125#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6126#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49
6127msgid "Collowgulloric War"
6128msgstr "Collowgulloric War"
6129
6130#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6131#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50
6132msgid "Female crow, wife of War"
6133msgstr "Krähenweibchen, Frau des War"
6134
6135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6136#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51
6137msgid "Eta Carinae"
6138msgstr "Eta Carinae"
6139
6140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6141#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54
6142msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil"
6143msgstr "Colowgulloric Warepil"
6144
6145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6146#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55
6147msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil"
6148msgstr "Adlerweibchen, Frau des Warepil"
6149
6150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6151#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56
6152msgid "Rigel In Orion"
6153msgstr "Rigel im Orion"
6154
6155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6156#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59
6157msgid "Djuit"
6158msgstr "Djuit"
6159
6160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6161#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60
6162msgid "Red-rumped parrot"
6163msgstr ""
6164
6165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6166#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64
6167msgid "Gellarlec"
6168msgstr "Gellarlec"
6169
6170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6171#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65
6172msgid "Pink cockatoo"
6173msgstr ""
6174
6175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6176#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66
6177msgid "Aldebaran"
6178msgstr "Aldebaran"
6179
6180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6181#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69
6182msgid "Ginabongbearp"
6183msgstr "Ginabongbearp"
6184
6185#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6186#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70
6187msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight"
6188msgstr ""
6189
6190#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6191#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71
6192#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46
6193msgid "Jupiter"
6194msgstr "Jupiter"
6195
6196#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6197#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74
6198msgid "Gnowee"
6199msgstr "Gnowee"
6200
6201#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6202#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75
6203msgid "Day; Sun"
6204msgstr "Tag; Sonne"
6205
6206#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6207#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76
6208#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66
6209#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16
6210#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141
6211#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
6212msgid "Sun"
6213msgstr "Sonne"
6214
6215#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6216#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79
6217msgid "Karik Karik"
6218msgstr "Karik Karik"
6219
6220#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6221#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80
6222msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel"
6223msgstr ""
6224
6225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6226#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81
6227msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius"
6228msgstr "Zwei Sterne am Ende des Skorpions"
6229
6230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6231#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84
6232msgid "Kourt-chin"
6233msgstr "Kourt-chin"
6234
6235#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6236#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85
6237msgid "Male and female brolga"
6238msgstr ""
6239
6240#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6241#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86
6242msgid "Clouds of Magellan"
6243msgstr "Wolken des Magellan"
6244
6245#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6246#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89
6247msgid "Kulkanbulla"
6248msgstr "Kulkanbulla"
6249
6250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6251#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90
6252msgid "Two teenage boys"
6253msgstr "Zwei jugendliche Jungen"
6254
6255#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6256#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91
6257msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion"
6258msgstr ""
6259
6260#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6261#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94
6262msgid "Lamankurrk"
6263msgstr "Lamankurrk"
6264
6265#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6266#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95
6267msgid "Girls, young women"
6268msgstr "Mädchen, junge Frauen"
6269
6270#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6271#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99
6272msgid "Marpeankurrk"
6273msgstr "Marpeankurrk"
6274
6275#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6276#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100
6277msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper"
6278msgstr ""
6279
6280#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6281#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101
6282#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
6283msgid "Arcturus"
6284msgstr "Arcturus"
6285
6286#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6287#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104
6288msgid "Millee"
6289msgstr "Millee"
6290
6291#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6292#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105
6293msgid "Murray River"
6294msgstr "Murray River"
6295
6296#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6297#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106
6298#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111
6299msgid "Part of the Milky Way"
6300msgstr "Teil der Milchstraße"
6301
6302#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6303#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109
6304msgid "Mindi"
6305msgstr "Mindi"
6306
6307#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6308#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110
6309msgid "The maned snake"
6310msgstr ""
6311
6312#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6313#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114
6314msgid "Mityan"
6315msgstr "Mityan"
6316
6317#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6318#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115
6319msgid "Quoll"
6320msgstr "Quoll"
6321
6322#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6323#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116
6324#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67
6325#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21
6326#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
6327msgid "Moon"
6328msgstr "Mond"
6329
6330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6331#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119
6332msgid "Neilloan"
6333msgstr "Neilloan"
6334
6335#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6336#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120
6337msgid "Mallee fowl"
6338msgstr ""
6339
6340#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6341#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121
6342msgid "Lyra"
6343msgstr "Lyra"
6344
6345#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6346#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124
6347msgid "Nurrumbunguttias"
6348msgstr "Nurrumbunguttias"
6349
6350#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6351#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125
6352msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo"
6353msgstr ""
6354
6355#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6356#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126
6357msgid "White aura of the Milky Way"
6358msgstr ""
6359
6360#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6361#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129
6362msgid "Otchocut"
6363msgstr "Otchocut"
6364
6365#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6366#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130
6367msgid "Great fish"
6368msgstr "Großer Fisch"
6369
6370#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6371#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134
6372msgid "Porkelong toute"
6373msgstr ""
6374
6375#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6376#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135
6377msgid "Loss of tooth"
6378msgstr "Zahnverlust"
6379
6380#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6381#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136
6382msgid "Shooting star"
6383msgstr "Sternschnuppe"
6384
6385#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6386#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139
6387msgid "Pupperimbul"
6388msgstr "Pupperimbul"
6389
6390#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6391#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140
6392msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola"
6393msgstr ""
6394
6395#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6396#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141
6397msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun"
6398msgstr ""
6399
6400#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6401#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144
6402msgid "Purra"
6403msgstr "Purra"
6404
6405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6406#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145
6407msgid "Red kangaroo"
6408msgstr "Rotes Känguru"
6409
6410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6411#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146
6412msgid "Capella"
6413msgstr "Capella"
6414
6415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6416#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149
6417msgid "Tchingal"
6418msgstr "Tchingal"
6419
6420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6421#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150
6422msgid "The tall one; emu"
6423msgstr ""
6424
6425#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6426#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151
6427msgid "Dark space near Cross"
6428msgstr ""
6429
6430#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6431#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154
6432msgid "Totyarguil"
6433msgstr "Totyarguil"
6434
6435#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6436#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155
6437msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet"
6438msgstr ""
6439
6440#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6441#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156
6442msgid "Altair"
6443msgstr "Altair"
6444
6445#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6446#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159
6447msgid "Tourchingboiongerra"
6448msgstr "Tourchingboiongerra"
6449
6450#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6451#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160
6452msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails"
6453msgstr ""
6454
6455#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6456#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161
6457#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126
6458msgid "Coma Berenices"
6459msgstr "Haar der Berenike"
6460
6461#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6462#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164
6463msgid "Tourte"
6464msgstr ""
6465
6466#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6467#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165
6468msgid "Star"
6469msgstr "Stern"
6470
6471#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6472#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166
6473msgid "Any star"
6474msgstr "Irgendein Stern"
6475
6476#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6477#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169
6478msgid "Tyrille"
6479msgstr ""
6480
6481#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6482#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170
6483#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171
6484msgid "Space; night sky"
6485msgstr "Weltraum; Nachthimmel"
6486
6487#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6488#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174
6489msgid "Unurgunite"
6490msgstr "Unurgunite"
6491
6492#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6493#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175
6494msgid "Jacky lizard"
6495msgstr ""
6496
6497#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6498#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176
6499msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris"
6500msgstr "Sigma Canis Majoris"
6501
6502#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6503#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179
6504msgid "Wanjel"
6505msgstr "Wanjel"
6506
6507#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6508#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180
6509msgid "Long-necked tortoise"
6510msgstr ""
6511
6512#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6513#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181
6514msgid "Pollux"
6515msgstr "Pollux"
6516
6517#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6518#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184
6519msgid "War"
6520msgstr "Krieg"
6521
6522#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6523#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185
6524msgid "Crow"
6525msgstr "Krähe"
6526
6527#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6528#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189
6529msgid "Warepil"
6530msgstr "Warepil"
6531
6532#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6533#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190
6534msgid "Wedge tailed eagle"
6535msgstr ""
6536
6537#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6538#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194
6539msgid "Warring"
6540msgstr "Warring"
6541
6542#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6543#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195
6544msgid "Galaxy"
6545msgstr "Galaxie"
6546
6547#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6548#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196
6549#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31
6550#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7
6551#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
6552msgid "Milky Way"
6553msgstr "Milchstraße"
6554
6555#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6556#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199
6557msgid "Weetkurrk"
6558msgstr "Weetkurrk"
6559
6560#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6561#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200
6562msgid "Singing bushlark"
6563msgstr ""
6564
6565#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6566#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201
6567msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus"
6568msgstr "Stern im Bärenhüter westlich von Arktur"
6569
6570#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6571#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204
6572msgid "Won"
6573msgstr "Won"
6574
6575#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6576#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205
6577msgid "Boomerang"
6578msgstr "Bumerang"
6579
6580#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6581#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206
6582#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121
6583msgid "Corona Australis"
6584msgstr "Corona Australis"
6585
6586#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6587#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209
6588msgid "Yerredetkurrk"
6589msgstr "Yerredetkurrk"
6590
6591#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6592#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210
6593msgid "Owlet nightjar"
6594msgstr ""
6595
6596#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6597#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211
6598msgid "Achernar"
6599msgstr "Achernar"
6600
6601#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6602#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214
6603msgid "Yurree"
6604msgstr "Yurree"
6605
6606#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6607#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215
6608msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo"
6609msgstr ""
6610
6611#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6612#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216
6613msgid "Castor"
6614msgstr "Castor"
6615
6616#. type: Content of: <p>
6617#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221
6618msgid ""
6619"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a "
6620"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' "
6621"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>"
6622" and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' "
6623"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>."
6624msgstr ""
6625"Diese Himmelskultur haben <i><a href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" "
6626"class='external text' title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" "
6627"rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i> und <i><a "
6628"href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' "
6629"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i> "
6630"beigetragen."
6631
6632#. type: Content of: <h2>
6633#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1
6634msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture"
6635msgstr "Chinesische traditionelle Himmelskultur"
6636
6637#. type: Content of: <p>
6638#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3
6639msgid ""
6640"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system"
6641" to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān,"
6642" meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching "
6643"implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were "
6644"associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the "
6645"current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th "
6646"centuries."
6647msgstr ""
6648
6649#. type: Content of: <p>
6650#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4
6651msgid ""
6652"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 "
6653"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
6654"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies "
6655"of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). "
6656"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy "
6657"finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a "
6658"revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of "
6659"Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese "
6660"Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual "
6661"research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western "
6662"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; "
6663"pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo)."
6664msgstr ""
6665
6666#. type: Content of: <p>
6667#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5
6668msgid ""
6669"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside "
6670"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and "
6671"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>."
6672msgstr ""
6673
6674#. type: Content of: <p>
6675#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6
6676msgid ""
6677"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of "
6678"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó "
6679"Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ)  by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> "
6680"Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star "
6681"Catalogue)</i>."
6682msgstr ""
6683
6684#. type: Content of: <p>
6685#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7
6686msgid ""
6687"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to "
6688"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>."
6689msgstr ""
6690
6691#. type: Content of: <p>
6692#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8
6693msgid ""
6694"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to "
6695"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully "
6696"certified."
6697msgstr ""
6698
6699#. type: Content of: <h3>
6700#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11
6701msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets"
6702msgstr "Sonne, Mond und Planeten"
6703
6704#. type: Content of: <p>
6705#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13
6706msgid ""
6707"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient "
6708"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. "
6709"Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is "
6710"named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star."
6711msgstr ""
6712
6713#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6714#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14
6715msgid ""
6716"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "
6717"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳;"
6718" pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other"
6719" name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue "
6720"(Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang"
6721" (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)."
6722msgstr ""
6723
6724#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6725#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15
6726msgid ""
6727"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; "
6728"pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang."
6729msgstr ""
6730
6731#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6732#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17
6733msgid "Xingguans"
6734msgstr "Xingguans"
6735
6736#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6737#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19
6738msgid ""
6739"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere "
6740"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern "
6741"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans "
6742"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries "
6743"between Xingguans."
6744msgstr ""
6745
6746#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6747#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20
6748msgid ""
6749"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the "
6750"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the "
6751"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world."
6752msgstr ""
6753
6754#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6755#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21
6756msgid ""
6757"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic "
6758"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only "
6759"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 "
6760"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are "
6761"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: "
6762"Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; "
6763"pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, "
6764"six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. "
6765"They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing "
6766"Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of "
6767"Astronomical</i>."
6768msgstr ""
6769
6770#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6771#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22
6772msgid ""
6773"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around "
6774"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: "
6775"JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based "
6776"on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern"
6777" Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system."
6778msgstr ""
6779
6780#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6781#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23
6782msgid ""
6783"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial "
6784"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but"
6785" changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to "
6786"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: "
6787"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: 正星; "
6788"pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number."
6789"  The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of "
6790"Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few "
6791"Xingguans, each star has a special name."
6792msgstr ""
6793
6794#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6795#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24
6796msgid ""
6797"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has"
6798" 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total."
6799msgstr ""
6800
6801#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6802#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25
6803msgid ""
6804"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the "
6805"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star "
6806"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than "
6807"Western names."
6808msgstr ""
6809
6810#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6811#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27
6812msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>"
6813msgstr ""
6814
6815#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6816#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30
6817msgid "Three Enclosures"
6818msgstr ""
6819
6820#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6821#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32
6822msgid ""
6823"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the "
6824"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; "
6825"pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: "
6826"Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)."
6827msgstr ""
6828
6829#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6830#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33
6831msgid ""
6832"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which "
6833"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There "
6834"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this "
6835"Enclosure."
6836msgstr ""
6837
6838#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6839#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34
6840msgid ""
6841"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the"
6842" northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient "
6843"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is"
6844" circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa "
6845"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts"
6846" of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden "
6847"enclosure has 37 Xingguans."
6848msgstr ""
6849
6850#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6851#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36
6852msgid ""
6853"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple "
6854"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6855msgstr ""
6856
6857#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6858#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38
6859msgid ""
6860"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers "
6861"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of "
6862"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations "
6863"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and "
6864"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans."
6865msgstr ""
6866
6867#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6868#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40
6869msgid ""
6870"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme "
6871"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6872msgstr ""
6873
6874#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6875#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42
6876msgid ""
6877"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary "
6878"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations "
6879"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. "
6880"Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the "
6881"participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar."
6882msgstr ""
6883
6884#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6885#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44
6886msgid ""
6887"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly"
6888" Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6889msgstr ""
6890
6891#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6892#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47
6893msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions"
6894msgstr "28 Stationen"
6895
6896#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6897#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49
6898msgid ""
6899"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as "
6900"28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the "
6901"sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according "
6902"to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; "
6903"pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest."
6904msgstr ""
6905
6906#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6907#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50
6908msgid ""
6909"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the"
6910" main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion."
6911msgstr ""
6912
6913#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6914#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51
6915msgid ""
6916"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; "
6917"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight "
6918"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial "
6919"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative "
6920"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: "
6921"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial "
6922"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the "
6923"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial "
6924"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion."
6925msgstr ""
6926
6927#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6928#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52
6929msgid ""
6930"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each "
6931"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also "
6932"changed in history."
6933msgstr ""
6934
6935#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6936#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53
6937msgid ""
6938"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the "
6939"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial "
6940"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies."
6941msgstr ""
6942
6943#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6944#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54
6945msgid ""
6946"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its "
6947"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, "
6948"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the "
6949"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; "
6950"pinyin: rùxiùdù)."
6951msgstr ""
6952
6953#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6954#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55
6955msgid ""
6956"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which"
6957" is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we "
6958"can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion "
6959"distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two "
6960"components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system."
6961msgstr ""
6962
6963#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6964#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56
6965msgid ""
6966"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; "
6967"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing "
6968"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between "
6969"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk "
6970"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, "
6971"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the "
6972"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west."
6973msgstr ""
6974
6975#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6976#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58
6977msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)"
6978msgstr ""
6979
6980#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6981#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61
6982msgid "Seven Luminaries"
6983msgstr ""
6984
6985#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6986#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63
6987msgid "Wood"
6988msgstr "Holz"
6989
6990#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6991#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64
6992msgid "Metal"
6993msgstr "Metall"
6994
6995#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6996#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65
6997msgid "Earth"
6998msgstr "Erde"
6999
7000#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7001#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68
7002msgid "Fire"
7003msgstr "Feuer"
7004
7005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7006#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69
7007msgid "Water"
7008msgstr "Wasser"
7009
7010#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7011#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72
7012#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160
7013#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248
7014#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336
7015#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440
7016#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910
7017msgid "Chinese Name"
7018msgstr "Chinesischer Name"
7019
7020#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7021#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83
7022#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171
7023#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259
7024#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347
7025#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441
7026#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911
7027msgid "Pinyin"
7028msgstr "Pinyin"
7029
7030#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7031#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94
7032#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182
7033#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270
7034#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358
7035#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442
7036#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912
7037msgid "Translation"
7038msgstr "Übersetzung"
7039
7040#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7041#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95
7042msgid "Azure Dragon of the East"
7043msgstr "Azurdrache des Ostens"
7044
7045#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7046#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96
7047#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016
7048msgid "Horn Mansion"
7049msgstr ""
7050
7051#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7052#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97
7053#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100
7054msgid "Neck Mansion"
7055msgstr ""
7056
7057#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7058#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98
7059#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156
7060msgid "Root Mansion"
7061msgstr ""
7062
7063#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7064#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99
7065#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240
7066msgid "Room Mansion"
7067msgstr ""
7068
7069#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7070#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100
7071#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303
7072msgid "Heart Mansion"
7073msgstr ""
7074
7075#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7076#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101
7077#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324
7078msgid "Tail Mansion"
7079msgstr ""
7080
7081#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7082#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102
7083#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373
7084msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion"
7085msgstr ""
7086
7087#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7088#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105
7089#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193
7090#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281
7091#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369
7092msgid "Number of xingguans"
7093msgstr ""
7094
7095#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7096#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116
7097#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204
7098#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292
7099#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380
7100msgid "Determinative Star"
7101msgstr ""
7102
7103#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7104#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127
7105#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215
7106#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303
7107#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391
7108msgid "RA of Determinative Star"
7109msgstr ""
7110
7111#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7112#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138
7113#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226
7114#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314
7115#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402
7116msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1"
7117msgstr ""
7118
7119#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7120#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149
7121#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237
7122#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325
7123#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413
7124msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2"
7125msgstr ""
7126
7127#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7128#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183
7129msgid "Black Tortoise of the North"
7130msgstr ""
7131
7132#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7133#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184
7134#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401
7135msgid "Dipper Mansion"
7136msgstr ""
7137
7138#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7139#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185
7140#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478
7141msgid "Ox Mansion"
7142msgstr ""
7143
7144#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7145#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186
7146#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562
7147msgid "Girl Mansion"
7148msgstr ""
7149
7150#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7151#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187
7152#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625
7153msgid "Emptiness Mansion"
7154msgstr ""
7155
7156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7157#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188
7158#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702
7159msgid "Rooftop Mansion"
7160msgstr ""
7161
7162#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7163#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189
7164#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786
7165msgid "Encampment Mansion"
7166msgstr ""
7167
7168#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7169#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190
7170#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870
7171msgid "Wall Mansion"
7172msgstr ""
7173
7174#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7175#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271
7176msgid "White Tiger of the West"
7177msgstr ""
7178
7179#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7180#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272
7181#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919
7182msgid "Legs Mansion"
7183msgstr ""
7184
7185#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7186#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273
7187#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989
7188msgid "Bond Mansion"
7189msgstr ""
7190
7191#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7192#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274
7193#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038
7194msgid "Stomach Mansion"
7195msgstr ""
7196
7197#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7198#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275
7199#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094
7200msgid "Hairy Head Mansion"
7201msgstr ""
7202
7203#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7204#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276
7205#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164
7206msgid "Net Mansion"
7207msgstr ""
7208
7209#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7210#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277
7211#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276
7212msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion"
7213msgstr ""
7214
7215#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7216#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278
7217#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304
7218msgid "Three Stars Mansion"
7219msgstr ""
7220
7221#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7222#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359
7223msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South"
7224msgstr ""
7225
7226#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7227#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360
7228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360
7229msgid "Well Mansion"
7230msgstr ""
7231
7232#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7233#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361
7234#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507
7235msgid "Ghosts Mansion"
7236msgstr ""
7237
7238#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7239#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362
7240#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563
7241msgid "Willow Mansion"
7242msgstr ""
7243
7244#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7245#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363
7246#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584
7247#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591
7248msgid "Star Mansion"
7249msgstr ""
7250
7251#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7252#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364
7253#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626
7254msgid "Extended Net Mansion"
7255msgstr ""
7256
7257#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7258#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365
7259#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647
7260msgid "Wings Mansion"
7261msgstr ""
7262
7263#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7264#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366
7265#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668
7266msgid "Chariot Mansion"
7267msgstr ""
7268
7269#. type: Content of: <p><p>
7270#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424
7271msgid ""
7272"note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system."
7273msgstr ""
7274
7275#. type: Content of: <p><p>
7276#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425
7277msgid ""
7278"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate "
7279"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees."
7280msgstr ""
7281
7282#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a>
7283#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428
7284msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)"
7285msgstr ""
7286
7287#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7288#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432
7289#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731
7290msgid "The Southern Sky"
7291msgstr "Der Südhimmel"
7292
7293#. type: Content of: <p><p>
7294#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434
7295msgid ""
7296"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. "
7297"Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight "
7298"Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: "
7299"徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the "
7300"European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the "
7301"traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of "
7302"Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals."
7303msgstr ""
7304
7305#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
7306#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436
7307msgid "The list of Xingguans"
7308msgstr "Die Xingguans-Liste"
7309
7310#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7311#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443
7312msgid "Number of Primary Stars"
7313msgstr ""
7314
7315#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7316#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444
7317msgid "Number of Added Stars"
7318msgstr "Anzahl der hinzugefügten Sterne"
7319
7320#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7321#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449
7322msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure"
7323msgstr ""
7324
7325#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7326#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456
7327msgid "Northern Pole"
7328msgstr "Nordpol"
7329
7330#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7331#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463
7332msgid "Four Advisors"
7333msgstr "Vier Berater"
7334
7335#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7336#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470
7337msgid "Celestial Great One"
7338msgstr "Himmlischer Großer"
7339
7340#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7341#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477
7342msgid "First Great One"
7343msgstr "Der Erste Große"
7344
7345#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7346#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484
7347msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall"
7348msgstr "Purpurne Verbotene Linke Mauer"
7349
7350#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7351#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491
7352msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall"
7353msgstr "Purpurne Verbotene Rechte Mauer"
7354
7355#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7356#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498
7357msgid "Hidden Virtue"
7358msgstr "Verborgene Tugend"
7359
7360#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7361#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505
7362msgid "Royal Secretary"
7363msgstr "Königlicher Sekretär"
7364
7365#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7366#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512
7367msgid "Female Protocol"
7368msgstr "Damenprotokoll"
7369
7370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7371#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519
7372msgid "Official of Royal Archives"
7373msgstr "Beamter der Königlichen Archive"
7374
7375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526
7377msgid "Maids-in-waiting"
7378msgstr ""
7379
7380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7381#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533
7382msgid "Celestial Pillar"
7383msgstr "Himmelssäule"
7384
7385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7386#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540
7387msgid "Chief Judge"
7388msgstr "Oberster Richter"
7389
7390#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7391#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547
7392msgid "Curved Array"
7393msgstr ""
7394
7395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7396#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554
7397msgid "Six Jia"
7398msgstr "Sechs Jia"
7399
7400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7401#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561
7402msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven"
7403msgstr "Großer Kaiser des Himmels"
7404
7405#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568
7407msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors"
7408msgstr "Innere Throne der Fünf Kaiser"
7409
7410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575
7412msgid "Canopy of the Emperor"
7413msgstr "Baldachin des Kaisers"
7414
7415#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7416#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582
7417msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )"
7418msgstr ""
7419
7420#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7421#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589
7422msgid "Guest House"
7423msgstr "Gästehaus"
7424
7425#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7426#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596
7427msgid "Inner Steps"
7428msgstr "Innere Stufen"
7429
7430#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7431#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603
7432msgid "Celestial Kitchen"
7433msgstr "Himmelsküche"
7434
7435#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7436#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610
7437msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops"
7438msgstr "Acht Getreidesorten"
7439
7440#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7441#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617
7442msgid "Celestial Flail"
7443msgstr ""
7444
7445#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7446#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624
7447msgid "Inner Kitchen"
7448msgstr "Innere Küche"
7449
7450#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7451#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631
7452msgid "Administrative Center"
7453msgstr "Verwaltungszentrum"
7454
7455#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7456#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638
7457msgid "Three Top Instructors"
7458msgstr "Drei Oberinstruktoren"
7459
7460#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7461#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645
7462#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757
7463msgid "Three Excellencies"
7464msgstr "Drei Exzellenzen"
7465
7466#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7467#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652
7468msgid "Celestial Bed"
7469msgstr "Himmelsbett"
7470
7471#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7472#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659
7473msgid "Royals"
7474msgstr "Königliche"
7475
7476#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7477#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666
7478msgid "Celestial Prison"
7479msgstr "Himmelsgefängnis"
7480
7481#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7482#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673
7483msgid "Guard of the Sun"
7484msgstr "Wächter der Sonne"
7485
7486#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7487#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680
7488msgid "Eunuch"
7489msgstr "Eunuch"
7490
7491#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7492#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687
7493msgid "Prime Minister"
7494msgstr "Premierminister"
7495
7496#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7497#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694
7498msgid "Sombre Lance"
7499msgstr ""
7500
7501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7502#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701
7503msgid "Judge for Nobility"
7504msgstr "Richter für den Adelsstand"
7505
7506#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7507#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708
7508msgid "Northern Dipper"
7509msgstr "Nördlicher Schöpfer"
7510
7511#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7512#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715
7513msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)"
7514msgstr "Gehilfe (Vasall des Nördlichen Schöpfers)"
7515
7516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7517#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722
7518msgid "Celestial Spear"
7519msgstr "Himmelsspeer"
7520
7521#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7522#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729
7523msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure"
7524msgstr ""
7525
7526#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7527#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736
7528msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall"
7529msgstr "Herrschaftspalast, Linke Mauer"
7530
7531#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743
7533msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall"
7534msgstr "Herrschaftspalast, Rechte Mauer"
7535
7536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750
7538msgid "Usher to the Court"
7539msgstr ""
7540
7541#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7542#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764
7543msgid "Nine Senior Officers"
7544msgstr "Neun Stabsoffiziere"
7545
7546#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771
7548msgid "Five Lords"
7549msgstr "Fünf Herren"
7550
7551#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7552#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778
7553msgid "Inner Screen"
7554msgstr "Innerer Schirm"
7555
7556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7557#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785
7558msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors"
7559msgstr "Throne der Fünf Kaiser"
7560
7561#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7562#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792
7563msgid "Officer of Honour"
7564msgstr "Ehrenoffizier"
7565
7566#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7567#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799
7568msgid "Crown Prince"
7569msgstr "Kronprinz"
7570
7571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7572#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806
7573#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296
7574msgid "Retinue"
7575msgstr ""
7576
7577#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7578#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813
7579msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards"
7580msgstr "Hauptmann der Leibwache"
7581
7582#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7583#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820
7584msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard"
7585msgstr "Leibwache des Kaisers"
7586
7587#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7588#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827
7589msgid "Royal Guards"
7590msgstr "Königliche Wachen"
7591
7592#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7593#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834
7594msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard"
7595msgstr "Offiziere der Kaiserlichen Wache"
7596
7597#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7598#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841
7599msgid "The Hall of Glory"
7600msgstr "Ruhmeshalle"
7601
7602#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7603#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848
7604msgid "Astronomical Observatory"
7605msgstr "Astronomisches Observatorium"
7606
7607#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7608#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855
7609msgid "Junior Officers"
7610msgstr ""
7611
7612#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7613#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862
7614msgid "Long Wall"
7615msgstr "Lange Mauer"
7616
7617#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7618#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869
7619msgid "Three Steps"
7620msgstr "Drei Stufen"
7621
7622#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7623#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876
7624msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure"
7625msgstr ""
7626
7627#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7628#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883
7629msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall"
7630msgstr ""
7631
7632#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7633#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890
7634msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall"
7635msgstr ""
7636
7637#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7638#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897
7639msgid "Municipal Office"
7640msgstr "Gemeindeamt"
7641
7642#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7643#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904
7644msgid "Commodity Market"
7645msgstr ""
7646
7647#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7648#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911
7649msgid "Official for the Royal Clan"
7650msgstr "Beamter für den Königlichen Clan"
7651
7652#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918
7654msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies"
7655msgstr "Beamter für religiöse Zeremonien"
7656
7657#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7658#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925
7659msgid "Patriarchal Clan"
7660msgstr "Patriarchaler Clan"
7661
7662#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7663#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932
7664msgid "Textile Ruler"
7665msgstr "Textilherrscher"
7666
7667#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939
7669msgid "Butcher's Shops"
7670msgstr "Fleischhauergeschäfte"
7671
7672#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7673#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946
7674msgid "Astrologer"
7675msgstr "Astrologe"
7676
7677#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953
7679msgid "Emperor's Seat"
7680msgstr "Kaisersitz"
7681
7682#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960
7684msgid "Eunuch Official"
7685msgstr ""
7686
7687#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7688#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967
7689msgid "Jewel Market"
7690msgstr "Juwelenmarkt"
7691
7692#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7693#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974
7694msgid "Dipper for Liquids"
7695msgstr "Schöpfer für Flüssigkeiten"
7696
7697#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981
7699msgid "Dipper for Solids"
7700msgstr "Schöpfer für Feststoffe"
7701
7702#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7703#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988
7704msgid "Coiled Thong"
7705msgstr ""
7706
7707#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7708#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995
7709msgid "Seven Excellencies"
7710msgstr "Sieben Exzellenzen"
7711
7712#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7713#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002
7714msgid "Celestial Discipline"
7715msgstr "Himmlische Disziplin"
7716
7717#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7718#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009
7719msgid "Woman's Bed"
7720msgstr "Bett der Frau"
7721
7722#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7723#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023
7724msgid "Horn"
7725msgstr "Horn"
7726
7727#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030
7729msgid "Flat Road"
7730msgstr "Flache Straße"
7731
7732#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7733#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037
7734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492
7735msgid "Celestial Farmland"
7736msgstr ""
7737
7738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7739#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044
7740msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men"
7741msgstr ""
7742
7743#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7744#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051
7745msgid "Tripod of the Zhou"
7746msgstr "Dreibein des Zhou"
7747
7748#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7749#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058
7750msgid "Celestial Gate"
7751msgstr "Himmelstor"
7752
7753#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7754#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065
7755msgid "Justice"
7756msgstr "Gerechtigkeit"
7757
7758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7759#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072
7760msgid "Arsenal"
7761msgstr "Arsenal"
7762
7763#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7764#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079
7765#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227
7766msgid "Pillars"
7767msgstr "Säulen"
7768
7769#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7770#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086
7771msgid "Railings"
7772msgstr ""
7773
7774#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7775#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093
7776msgid "Southern Gate"
7777msgstr "Südtor"
7778
7779#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7780#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107
7781msgid "Neck"
7782msgstr "Hals"
7783
7784#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7785#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114
7786msgid "Great Horn"
7787msgstr "Großes Horn"
7788
7789#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7790#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121
7791msgid "Left Conductor"
7792msgstr "Linker Führer"
7793
7794#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7795#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128
7796msgid "Right Conductor"
7797msgstr "Rechter Führer"
7798
7799#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7800#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135
7801msgid "Trials"
7802msgstr "Prozesse"
7803
7804#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7805#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142
7806msgid "Gate of Yang"
7807msgstr "Yangtor"
7808
7809#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7810#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149
7811msgid "Executions"
7812msgstr "Hinrichtungen"
7813
7814#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7815#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163
7816msgid "Root"
7817msgstr "Wurzel"
7818
7819#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7820#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170
7821msgid "Celestial Milk"
7822msgstr "Himmelsmilch"
7823
7824#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7825#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177
7826msgid "Twinkling Indicator"
7827msgstr ""
7828
7829#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7830#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184
7831msgid "Celestial Lance"
7832msgstr "Himmelslanze"
7833
7834#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7835#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191
7836msgid "Mattress of the Emperor"
7837msgstr "Matratze des Kaisers"
7838
7839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7840#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198
7841msgid "Boats and Lake"
7842msgstr "Boote und See"
7843
7844#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7845#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205
7846msgid "Battle Chariots"
7847msgstr "Streitwagen"
7848
7849#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7850#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212
7851msgid "Imperial Guards"
7852msgstr "Kaiserliche Wachen"
7853
7854#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7855#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219
7856msgid "Chariots and Cavalry"
7857msgstr "Wagen und Kavallerie"
7858
7859#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7860#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226
7861msgid "Celestial Spokes"
7862msgstr "Himmelsspeichen"
7863
7864#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7865#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233
7866msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General"
7867msgstr "General der Wagen und Kavallerie"
7868
7869#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7870#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247
7871msgid "Room"
7872msgstr "Raum"
7873
7874#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7875#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254
7876msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)"
7877msgstr "Schloss (Vassal des Raumes)"
7878
7879#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7880#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261
7881msgid "Door Bolt"
7882msgstr "Türriegel"
7883
7884#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7885#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268
7886msgid "Punishment"
7887msgstr "Bestrafung"
7888
7889#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7890#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275
7891msgid "Eastern Door"
7892msgstr "Östliche Tür"
7893
7894#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7895#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282
7896msgid "Western Door"
7897msgstr "Westliche Tür"
7898
7899#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7900#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289
7901msgid "Solar Star"
7902msgstr "Sonnenstern"
7903
7904#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7905#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310
7906#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69
7907msgid "Heart"
7908msgstr "Herz"
7909
7910#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7911#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317
7912msgid "Group of Soldiers"
7913msgstr "Soldatengruppe"
7914
7915#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7916#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331
7917#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76
7918msgid "Tail"
7919msgstr "Schwanz"
7920
7921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7922#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338
7923msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)"
7924msgstr "Umkleideraum (Vasall des Schwanzes)"
7925
7926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7927#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345
7928msgid "Tortoise"
7929msgstr "Landschildkröte"
7930
7931#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7932#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352
7933msgid "Celestial River"
7934msgstr "Himmelsfluss"
7935
7936#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7937#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359
7938msgid "Fu Yue"
7939msgstr "Fu Yue"
7940
7941#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7942#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366
7943#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926
7944msgid "Fish"
7945msgstr "Fisch"
7946
7947#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7948#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380
7949msgid "Winnowing Basket"
7950msgstr ""
7951
7952#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7953#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387
7954msgid "Chaff"
7955msgstr "Spreu"
7956
7957#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7958#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394
7959#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730
7960msgid "Pestle"
7961msgstr ""
7962
7963#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7964#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408
7965msgid "Dipper"
7966msgstr "Schöpflöffel"
7967
7968#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7969#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415
7970msgid "Establishment"
7971msgstr "Einrichtung"
7972
7973#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7974#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422
7975msgid "Celestial Keyhole"
7976msgstr "Himmlisches Schlüsselloch"
7977
7978#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7979#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429
7980msgid "Market Officer"
7981msgstr "Wirtschaftsoffizier"
7982
7983#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7984#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436
7985msgid "River Turtle"
7986msgstr "Flussschildkröte"
7987
7988#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7989#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443
7990msgid "Celestial Cock"
7991msgstr "Himmelshahn"
7992
7993#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7994#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450
7995msgid "Territory of Dog"
7996msgstr "Hunderevier"
7997
7998#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7999#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457
8000msgid "Celestial Spring"
8001msgstr "Himmelsbrunnen"
8002
8003#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8004#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464
8005#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399
8006#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241
8007#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
8008msgid "Dog"
8009msgstr "Hund"
8010
8011#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8012#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471
8013msgid "Peasant"
8014msgstr "Bauer"
8015
8016#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8017#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485
8018msgid "Ox"
8019msgstr "Ochse"
8020
8021#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8022#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499
8023msgid "Nine Water Wells"
8024msgstr "Neun Wasserbrunnen"
8025
8026#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8027#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506
8028msgid "Drum at the River"
8029msgstr "Trommel am Fluss"
8030
8031#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8032#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513
8033msgid "Weaving Girl"
8034msgstr "Webermädchen"
8035
8036#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8037#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520
8038msgid "Left Flag"
8039msgstr "Linke Flagge"
8040
8041#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8042#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527
8043msgid "Right Flag"
8044msgstr "Rechte Flagge"
8045
8046#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8047#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534
8048msgid "Celestial Drumstick"
8049msgstr "Himmlischer Trommelschläger"
8050
8051#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8052#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541
8053msgid "Network of Dykes"
8054msgstr ""
8055
8056#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8057#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548
8058msgid "Clepsydra Terrace"
8059msgstr ""
8060
8061#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8062#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555
8063msgid "Imperial Passageway"
8064msgstr ""
8065
8066#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8067#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569
8068msgid "Girl"
8069msgstr "Mädchen"
8070
8071#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8072#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576
8073msgid "Twelve States"
8074msgstr "Zwölf Staaten"
8075
8076#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8077#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583
8078msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear"
8079msgstr ""
8080
8081#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8082#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590
8083msgid "Rotten Gourd"
8084msgstr ""
8085
8086#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8087#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597
8088msgid "Good Gourd"
8089msgstr ""
8090
8091#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8092#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604
8093msgid "Celestial Ford"
8094msgstr "Himmelsfurt"
8095
8096#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8097#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611
8098msgid "Xi Zhong"
8099msgstr "Xi Zhong"
8100
8101#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8102#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618
8103msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves"
8104msgstr ""
8105
8106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8107#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632
8108#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124
8109msgid "Emptiness"
8110msgstr "Leere"
8111
8112#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8113#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639
8114msgid "Deified Judge of Life"
8115msgstr "Vergöttlichter Richter des Lebens"
8116
8117#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8118#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646
8119msgid "Deified Judge of Rank"
8120msgstr "Vergöttlichter Richter des Ranges"
8121
8122#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8123#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653
8124msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune"
8125msgstr "Vergöttlichter Richter über Unheil und Glück"
8126
8127#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8128#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660
8129msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong"
8130msgstr "Vergöttlichter Richter über Wahr und Falsch"
8131
8132#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8133#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667
8134msgid "Crying"
8135msgstr ""
8136
8137#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8138#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674
8139msgid "Weeping"
8140msgstr ""
8141
8142#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8143#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681
8144msgid "Celestial Ramparts"
8145msgstr ""
8146
8147#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8148#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688
8149msgid "Decayed Mortar"
8150msgstr ""
8151
8152#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8153#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695
8154msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear"
8155msgstr ""
8156
8157#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8158#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709
8159msgid "Rooftop"
8160msgstr "Hausdach"
8161
8162#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8163#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716
8164msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)"
8165msgstr ""
8166
8167#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8168#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723
8169msgid "Humans"
8170msgstr "Menschen"
8171
8172#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8173#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737
8174msgid "Mortar"
8175msgstr "Mörser"
8176
8177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8178#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744
8179msgid "Big Yard for Chariots"
8180msgstr "Großer Wagenhof"
8181
8182#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8183#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751
8184msgid "Celestial Hook"
8185msgstr "Himmelshaken"
8186
8187#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8188#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758
8189msgid "Zaofu"
8190msgstr "Zaofu"
8191
8192#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8193#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765
8194msgid "Roofing"
8195msgstr ""
8196
8197#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8198#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772
8199msgid "Temple"
8200msgstr "Tempel"
8201
8202#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8203#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779
8204msgid "Celestial Money"
8205msgstr "Himmelsgeld"
8206
8207#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8208#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793
8209msgid "Encampment"
8210msgstr ""
8211
8212#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8213#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800
8214msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)"
8215msgstr ""
8216
8217#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8218#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807
8219msgid "Thunder and Lightning"
8220msgstr "Donner und Blitz"
8221
8222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8223#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814
8224msgid "Line of Ramparts"
8225msgstr ""
8226
8227#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821
8229msgid "Palace Guard"
8230msgstr "Palastwache"
8231
8232#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8233#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828
8234msgid "Axe"
8235msgstr "Axt"
8236
8237#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8238#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835
8239msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp"
8240msgstr "Nordtor des Militärlagers"
8241
8242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8243#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842
8244msgid "Net for Catching Birds"
8245msgstr "Vogelfangnetz"
8246
8247#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8248#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849
8249msgid "Materials for Making Tents"
8250msgstr "Zeltbaumaterial"
8251
8252#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8253#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856
8254msgid "Official for Materials Supply"
8255msgstr "Nachschubbeauftragter"
8256
8257#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8258#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863
8259msgid "Flying Serpent"
8260msgstr "Fliegende Schlange"
8261
8262#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8263#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877
8264#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145
8265msgid "Wall"
8266msgstr "Mauer"
8267
8268#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8269#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884
8270msgid "Thunderbolt"
8271msgstr "Donnerkeil"
8272
8273#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8274#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891
8275msgid "Cloud and Rain"
8276msgstr "Wolke und Regen"
8277
8278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8279#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898
8280msgid "Celestial Stable"
8281msgstr "Himmlischer Stall"
8282
8283#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8284#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905
8285msgid "Sickle"
8286msgstr "Sichel"
8287
8288#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8289#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912
8290msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings"
8291msgstr "Beauftragter für Erdarbeiten und Bauten"
8292
8293#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8294#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926
8295msgid "Legs"
8296msgstr "Beine"
8297
8298#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8299#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933
8300msgid "Outer Fence"
8301msgstr "Äußerer Zaun"
8302
8303#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8304#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940
8305msgid "Celestial Pigsty"
8306msgstr "Himmlischer Schweinestall"
8307
8308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8309#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947
8310#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717
8311msgid "Master of Constructions"
8312msgstr "Meister der Konstruktionen"
8313
8314#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8315#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954
8316msgid "Southern Military Gate"
8317msgstr "Südliches Militärtor"
8318
8319#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8320#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961
8321msgid "Flying Corridor"
8322msgstr "Fliegender Korridor"
8323
8324#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8325#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968
8326msgid "Auxiliary Road"
8327msgstr "Behelfsstraße"
8328
8329#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8330#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975
8331msgid "Wang Liang"
8332msgstr "Wang Liang"
8333
8334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8335#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982
8336msgid "Whip"
8337msgstr "Peitsche"
8338
8339#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8340#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996
8341msgid "Bond"
8342msgstr "Fessel"
8343
8344#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8345#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003
8346msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest"
8347msgstr "Beamter für den Wald"
8348
8349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010
8351msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing"
8352msgstr "Beamter für die Beweidung"
8353
8354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017
8356msgid "Square Celestial Granary"
8357msgstr "Quadratischer himmlischer Getreidespeicher"
8358
8359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024
8361msgid "Ricks of Grain"
8362msgstr "Getreideschober"
8363
8364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031
8366msgid "Great General of Heaven"
8367msgstr "Großer General des Himmels"
8368
8369#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8370#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045
8371#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178
8372msgid "Stomach"
8373msgstr "Magen"
8374
8375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052
8377msgid "Celestial Foodstuff"
8378msgstr "Himmlische Lebensmittel"
8379
8380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8381#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059
8382msgid "Circular Celestial Granary"
8383msgstr "Runder himmlischer Getreidespeicher"
8384
8385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8386#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066
8387msgid "Mausoleum"
8388msgstr "Mausoleum"
8389
8390#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8391#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073
8392msgid "Celestial Boat"
8393msgstr "Himmelsboot"
8394
8395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8396#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080
8397msgid "Heap of Corpses"
8398msgstr "Leichenberg"
8399
8400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8401#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087
8402msgid "Stored Water"
8403msgstr "Wasservorrat"
8404
8405#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101
8407msgid "Hairy Head"
8408msgstr "Behaarter Kopf"
8409
8410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108
8412msgid "Celestial Concave"
8413msgstr "Himmelshöhlung"
8414
8415#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8416#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115
8417msgid "Lunar Star"
8418msgstr "Mondstern"
8419
8420#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8421#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122
8422msgid "Celestial Yin Force"
8423msgstr "Himmlische Yin-Kraft"
8424
8425#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8426#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129
8427msgid "Hay"
8428msgstr "Heu"
8429
8430#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8431#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136
8432msgid "Celestial Meadows"
8433msgstr "Himmelsweiden"
8434
8435#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8436#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143
8437msgid "Rolled Tongue"
8438msgstr "Gerollte Zunge"
8439
8440#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8441#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150
8442msgid "Celestial Slander"
8443msgstr "Himmlische Verleumdung"
8444
8445#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8446#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157
8447msgid "Whetstone"
8448msgstr "Wetzstein"
8449
8450#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8451#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171
8452msgid "Net"
8453msgstr "Netz"
8454
8455#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8456#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178
8457msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)"
8458msgstr "Flüstern (Vasall des Netzes)"
8459
8460#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8461#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185
8462msgid "Celestial Street"
8463msgstr "Himmelsstraße"
8464
8465#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8466#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192
8467msgid "Celestial Tally"
8468msgstr "Himmlisches Kerbholz"
8469
8470#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8471#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199
8472msgid "Feudal Kings"
8473msgstr "Feudalkönige"
8474
8475#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8476#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206
8477msgid "Celestial High Terrace"
8478msgstr "Himmlische Hohe Terrasse"
8479
8480#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8481#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213
8482msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects"
8483msgstr "Dolmetscher der neun Dialekte"
8484
8485#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8486#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220
8487msgid "Five Chariots"
8488msgstr "Fünf Wagen"
8489
8490#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8491#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234
8492msgid "Celestial Pier"
8493msgstr "Himmelsmole"
8494
8495#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8496#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241
8497msgid "Pool of Harmony"
8498msgstr "Becken der Harmonie"
8499
8500#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8501#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248
8502msgid "Celestial Pass"
8503msgstr "Himmelspass"
8504
8505#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8506#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255
8507msgid "Banner of Three Stars"
8508msgstr "Drei-Sterne Banner"
8509
8510#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8511#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262
8512msgid "Imperial Military Flag"
8513msgstr "Kaiserliche Militärflagge"
8514
8515#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8516#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269
8517msgid "Celestial Orchard"
8518msgstr "Himmlischer Obstgarten"
8519
8520#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8521#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283
8522msgid "Turtle Beak"
8523msgstr "Schildkrötenschnabel"
8524
8525#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8526#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290
8527msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters"
8528msgstr "Für Monster verantwortliche Gottheit"
8529
8530#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8531#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297
8532msgid "Seat Flags"
8533msgstr "Sitzflaggen"
8534
8535#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8536#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311
8537msgid "Three Stars"
8538msgstr "Drei Sterne"
8539
8540#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8541#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318
8542msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)"
8543msgstr "Sende Truppen zur Unterdrückung (Vasall der Drei Sterne)"
8544
8545#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8546#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325
8547msgid "Jade Well"
8548msgstr "Jadebrunnen"
8549
8550#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8551#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332
8552msgid "Screen"
8553msgstr "Wandschirm"
8554
8555#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8556#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339
8557msgid "Military well"
8558msgstr "Militärbrunnen"
8559
8560#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8561#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346
8562msgid "Toilet"
8563msgstr "Toilette"
8564
8565#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8566#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353
8567msgid "Excrement"
8568msgstr "Exkrement"
8569
8570#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8571#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367
8572#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225
8573msgid "Well"
8574msgstr "Brunnen"
8575
8576#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8577#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374
8578msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)"
8579msgstr "Streitaxt (Vasall des Brunnens)"
8580
8581#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8582#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381
8583msgid "South River"
8584msgstr "Südlicher Fluss"
8585
8586#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8587#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388
8588msgid "North River"
8589msgstr "Nördlicher Fluss"
8590
8591#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8592#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395
8593msgid "Celestial Wine Cup"
8594msgstr "Himmlischer Weinbecher"
8595
8596#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8597#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402
8598msgid "Five Feudal Kings"
8599msgstr "Fünf feudale Könige "
8600
8601#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8602#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409
8603msgid "Accumulated Water"
8604msgstr "Gesammeltes Wasser"
8605
8606#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8607#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416
8608msgid "Pile of Firewood"
8609msgstr "Haufen Brennholz"
8610
8611#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8612#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423
8613msgid "Official for Irrigation"
8614msgstr "Beauftragter für die Bewässerung"
8615
8616#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8617#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430
8618msgid "Water Level"
8619msgstr "Wasserspiegel"
8620
8621#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8622#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437
8623msgid "Four Channels"
8624msgstr "Vier Kanäle"
8625
8626#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8627#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444
8628msgid "Market for Soldiers"
8629msgstr "Soldatenmarkt"
8630
8631#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8632#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451
8633msgid "Wild Cockerel"
8634msgstr "Wildhähnchen"
8635
8636#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8637#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458
8638msgid "Grandfather"
8639msgstr "Großvater"
8640
8641#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8642#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465
8643msgid "Son"
8644msgstr "Sohn"
8645
8646#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8647#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472
8648msgid "Grandson"
8649msgstr "Enkel"
8650
8651#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8652#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479
8653msgid "Palace Gate"
8654msgstr "Palasttor"
8655
8656#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8657#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486
8658msgid "Celestial Wolf"
8659msgstr "Himmelswolf"
8660
8661#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8662#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493
8663msgid "Bow and Arrow"
8664msgstr "Bogen und Pfeil"
8665
8666#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8667#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500
8668msgid "Old Man"
8669msgstr "Alter Mann"
8670
8671#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8672#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514
8673msgid "Ghosts"
8674msgstr "Geister"
8675
8676#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8677#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521
8678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933
8679msgid "Cumulative Corpses"
8680msgstr "Leichenberg"
8681
8682#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528
8684msgid "Beacon Fire"
8685msgstr "Leuchtfeuer"
8686
8687#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8688#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535
8689msgid "Celestial Dog"
8690msgstr "Himmelshund"
8691
8692#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8693#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542
8694msgid "Outer Kitchen"
8695msgstr "Äußere Küche"
8696
8697#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549
8699msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple"
8700msgstr "Tempel des Himmlischen Erdgottes"
8701
8702#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8703#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556
8704msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals"
8705msgstr "Richter zum Schätzen des Alters von Tieren"
8706
8707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8708#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570
8709#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239
8710msgid "Willow"
8711msgstr "Weide"
8712
8713#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8714#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577
8715msgid "Banner of Wine Shop"
8716msgstr "Banner einer Weinhandlung"
8717
8718#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8719#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598
8720msgid "Celestial Premier"
8721msgstr "Himmlischer Premier"
8722
8723#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8724#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605
8725msgid "Celestial Cereals"
8726msgstr "Himmlisches Getreide"
8727
8728#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8729#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612
8730msgid "Xuanyuan"
8731msgstr "Xuanyuan"
8732
8733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619
8735msgid "High Judge"
8736msgstr "Hoher Richter"
8737
8738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8739#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633
8740msgid "Extended Net"
8741msgstr "Ausgeworfenes Netz"
8742
8743#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8744#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640
8745msgid "Celestial Temple"
8746msgstr "Himmlischer Tempel"
8747
8748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8749#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654
8750#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260
8751msgid "Wings"
8752msgstr "Flügel"
8753
8754#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8755#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661
8756msgid "Dongou"
8757msgstr "Dongou"
8758
8759#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8760#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675
8761msgid "Chariot"
8762msgstr "Wagen"
8763
8764#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8765#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682
8766msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)"
8767msgstr "Changsha (Vasall des Wagens)"
8768
8769#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8770#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689
8771msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
8772msgstr "Linker Achsnagel (Vasall des Wagens)"
8773
8774#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8775#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696
8776msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
8777msgstr "Rechter Achsnagel (Vasall des Wagens)"
8778
8779#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8780#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703
8781msgid "Green Hill"
8782msgstr "Grüner Hügel"
8783
8784#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8785#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710
8786msgid "Military Gate"
8787msgstr "Militärtor"
8788
8789#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8790#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724
8791msgid "House for Musical Instruments"
8792msgstr "Haus für Musikinstrumente"
8793
8794#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8795#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738
8796msgid "Sea and Mountain"
8797msgstr "Meer und Berg"
8798
8799#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8800#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745
8801msgid "Cross"
8802msgstr "Kreuz"
8803
8804#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8805#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752
8806msgid "Horse's Tail"
8807msgstr "Pferdeschwanz"
8808
8809#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8810#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759
8811msgid "Horse's Abdomen"
8812msgstr "Pferdebauch"
8813
8814#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8815#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766
8816msgid "Bee"
8817msgstr "Biene"
8818
8819#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8820#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773
8821#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263
8822#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139
8823#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113
8824msgid "Triangle"
8825msgstr "Dreieck"
8826
8827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8828#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780
8829msgid "Exotic Bird"
8830msgstr "Exotischer Vogel"
8831
8832#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8833#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787
8834msgid "Peafowl"
8835msgstr "Pfau"
8836
8837#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8838#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794
8839msgid "Persia"
8840msgstr "Persien"
8841
8842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8843#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801
8844msgid "Snake's Tail"
8845msgstr "Snake's Tail"
8846
8847#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8848#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808
8849msgid "Snake's Abdomen"
8850msgstr "Schlangenbauch"
8851
8852#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8853#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815
8854msgid "Snake's Head"
8855msgstr "Schlangenkopf"
8856
8857#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8858#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822
8859msgid "Bird's Beak"
8860msgstr "Vogelschnabel"
8861
8862#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8863#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829
8864msgid "Crane"
8865msgstr "Kranich"
8866
8867#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8868#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836
8869msgid "Firebird"
8870msgstr "Feuervogel"
8871
8872#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8873#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843
8874msgid "Crooked Running Water"
8875msgstr "Gekrümmter Wasserlauf"
8876
8877#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8878#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850
8879msgid "White Patched Nearby"
8880msgstr "Weiße Flecken in der Nähe"
8881
8882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8883#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857
8884msgid "White Patches Attached"
8885msgstr "Weiße Flecken anbei"
8886
8887#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8888#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864
8889msgid "Goldfish"
8890msgstr "Goldfisch"
8891
8892#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8893#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871
8894msgid "Sea Rock"
8895msgstr "Meeresfels"
8896
8897#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8898#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878
8899msgid "Flying Fish"
8900msgstr "Fliegender Fisch"
8901
8902#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8903#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885
8904msgid "Southern Boat"
8905msgstr "Südliches Boot"
8906
8907#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8908#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892
8909msgid "Little Dipper"
8910msgstr "Kleiner Schöpfer"
8911
8912#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8913#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897
8914msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752."
8915msgstr ""
8916
8917#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8918#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898
8919msgid ""
8920"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the "
8921"parent Xingguan."
8922msgstr ""
8923
8924#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
8925#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901
8926msgid "Deep Space Objects"
8927msgstr "Deep Sky-Objekte"
8928
8929#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8930#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904
8931msgid ""
8932"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were "
8933"also included in the Xingguans."
8934msgstr ""
8935
8936#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8937#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905
8938msgid "Include the following:"
8939msgstr "Beziehe folgendes ein:"
8940
8941#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8942#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909
8943msgid "General name"
8944msgstr "Allgemeiner Name"
8945
8946#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8947#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913
8948msgid "Nick name"
8949msgstr "Spitzname"
8950
8951#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8952#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919
8953msgid "God's Palace"
8954msgstr "Gottes Palast"
8955
8956#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8957#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920
8958msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster"
8959msgstr ""
8960
8961#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8962#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927
8963msgid "Ptolemy Cluster"
8964msgstr "Ptolemäus-Haufen"
8965
8966#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8967#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934
8968msgid "Beehive Cluster"
8969msgstr ""
8970
8971#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8972#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940
8973msgid "Arsenal Added I"
8974msgstr ""
8975
8976#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8977#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941
8978msgid "Omega Centauri"
8979msgstr "Omega Centauri"
8980
8981#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8982#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947
8983msgid "Legs Mansion XXI"
8984msgstr "Legs Mansion XXI"
8985
8986#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8987#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948
8988msgid "Andromeda Galaxy"
8989msgstr "Andromedagalaxie"
8990
8991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8992#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954
8993msgid "Sea and Mountain II"
8994msgstr "Meer und Berg II"
8995
8996#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8997#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955
8998msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae"
8999msgstr ""
9000
9001#. type: Content of: <p><p>
9002#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962
9003msgid ""
9004"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western "
9005"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: "
9006"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
9007"仪象考成)."
9008msgstr ""
9009
9010#. type: Content of: <p><p>
9011#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963
9012msgid ""
9013"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western "
9014"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced "
9015"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium "
9016"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference."
9017msgstr ""
9018
9019#. type: Content of: <p><p>
9020#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964
9021msgid ""
9022"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar "
9023"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)."
9024msgstr ""
9025
9026#. type: Content of: <p><p>
9027#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965
9028msgid ""
9029"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese "
9030"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: "
9031"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the "
9032"translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two "
9033"different Xingguans are the same."
9034msgstr ""
9035
9036#. type: Content of: <p><p>
9037#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966
9038msgid ""
9039"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP "
9040"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and "
9041"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending "
9042"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head "
9043"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)."
9044msgstr ""
9045
9046#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
9047#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967
9048msgid ""
9049"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because"
9050" thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are "
9051"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are "
9052"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names "
9053"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is "
9054"provided only to make star names readable."
9055msgstr ""
9056
9057#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
9058#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972
9059msgid ""
9060"<a "
9061"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-"
9062"Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>"
9063msgstr ""
9064
9065#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
9066#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973
9067msgid ""
9068"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA "
9069"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>"
9070msgstr ""
9071
9072#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
9073#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974
9074msgid ""
9075"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
9076"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>"
9077msgstr ""
9078
9079#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
9080#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975
9081msgid ""
9082"<a "
9083"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional"
9084" Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>"
9085msgstr ""
9086
9087#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
9088#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976
9089msgid ""
9090"<a "
9091"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>"
9092msgstr ""
9093
9094#.  a
9095#. href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive-
9096#. star-maps.html"
9097#. /a
9098#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
9099#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982
9100msgid ""
9101"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of "
9102"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star "
9103"maps (no longer available online)."
9104msgstr ""
9105
9106#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
9107#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983
9108msgid ""
9109"Sun Shuwei <a "
9110"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> "
9111"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based "
9112"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and "
9113"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description."
9114msgstr ""
9115
9116#. type: Content of: <h2>
9117#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1
9118msgid "Chinese Contemporary"
9119msgstr "Chinesisch Gegenwärtig"
9120
9121#. type: Content of: <p>
9122#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3
9123msgid ""
9124"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions "
9125"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western "
9126"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture "
9127"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value."
9128msgstr ""
9129
9130#. type: Content of: <p>
9131#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7
9132msgid ""
9133"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International "
9134"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific "
9135"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright"
9136" stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into "
9137"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy."
9138msgstr ""
9139
9140#. type: Content of: <h3>
9141#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9
9142msgid "star names"
9143msgstr "Sternnamen"
9144
9145#. type: Content of: <p>
9146#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11
9147msgid ""
9148"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. "
9149"More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names.  When a foreign "
9150"astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be "
9151"translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars"
9152" that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, "
9153"which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special "
9154"astronomical significance."
9155msgstr ""
9156
9157#. type: Content of: <p>
9158#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12
9159msgid ""
9160"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and "
9161"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for "
9162"Stellarium</i>."
9163msgstr ""
9164"Für eine ausführliche Einführung in die traditionellen chinesischen "
9165"Sternbilder und Namen wird auf die <i>Traditionelle chinesische "
9166"Himmelskultur für Stellarium</i> verwiesen."
9167
9168#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9169#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17
9170msgid ""
9171"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
9172"constellations </a> Wikipedia"
9173msgstr ""
9174
9175#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9176#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18
9177msgid ""
9178"<a "
9179"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional"
9180" Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia"
9181msgstr ""
9182
9183#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9184#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19
9185msgid ""
9186"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> "
9187"Wikipedia"
9188msgstr ""
9189
9190#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9191#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20
9192msgid ""
9193"<a "
9194"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation"
9195" image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope "
9196"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings."
9197msgstr ""
9198
9199#. type: Content of: <p>
9200#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25
9201msgid ""
9202"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a "
9203"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>."
9204msgstr ""
9205"Diese Himmelskultur steuerte der Stellariumnutzer <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a "
9206"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> bei."
9207
9208#. type: Content of: <p>
9209#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26
9210msgid ""
9211"Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for "
9212"Stellarium</i>."
9213msgstr ""
9214
9215#. type: Content of: <p>
9216#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27
9217msgid ""
9218"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese "
9219"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>."
9220msgstr ""
9221"Die Asterismenlinien und traditionellen chinesischen Sternnamen basieren auf"
9222" der <i>traditionellen chinesischen Himmelskultur in Stellarium</i>."
9223
9224#. type: Content of: <h2>
9225#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1
9226msgid "Chinese Medieval"
9227msgstr "Chinesisch-mittelalterlich"
9228
9229#. type: Content of: <p>
9230#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3
9231msgid ""
9232"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years "
9233"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as "
9234"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese "
9235"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the "
9236"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for "
9237"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of "
9238"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD."
9239msgstr ""
9240
9241#. type: Content of: <h3>
9242#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5
9243msgid "Medieval Xingguans"
9244msgstr "Mittelalterliche Xingguans"
9245
9246#. type: Content of: <p>
9247#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6
9248msgid ""
9249"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of "
9250"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar."
9251msgstr ""
9252
9253#. type: Content of: <p>
9254#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7
9255msgid ""
9256"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th"
9257" century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States "
9258"Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During "
9259"the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the "
9260"Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and"
9261" 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and "
9262"after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th "
9263"century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the "
9264"shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of"
9265" the constellations maintained the medieval style."
9266msgstr ""
9267
9268#. type: Content of: <p>
9269#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8
9270msgid ""
9271"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese "
9272"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major"
9273" star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements"
9274" measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were "
9275"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected "
9276"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used"
9277" mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance "
9278"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the "
9279"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for "
9280"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>."
9281msgstr ""
9282
9283#. type: Content of: <p>
9284#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9
9285msgid ""
9286"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue "
9287"in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars."
9288msgstr ""
9289
9290#. type: Content of: <p>
9291#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11
9292msgid ""
9293"Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)."
9294msgstr ""
9295
9296#. type: Content of: <p>
9297#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12
9298msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>"
9299msgstr "<em>Xinyixiangfayao-Sternenkarte (1088 n. Chr.)</em>"
9300
9301#. type: Content of: <h3>
9302#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14
9303msgid "Restore Sky Map"
9304msgstr "Stelle Himmelskarte wieder her"
9305
9306#. type: Content of: <p>
9307#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15
9308msgid ""
9309"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. "
9310"In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar "
9311"measurements, leaving a lot of data."
9312msgstr ""
9313
9314#. type: Content of: <p>
9315#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16
9316msgid ""
9317"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the "
9318"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's "
9319"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in "
9320"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan "
9321"Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book "
9322"<i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book."
9323msgstr ""
9324
9325#. type: Content of: <p>
9326#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17
9327msgid ""
9328"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined "
9329"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars "
9330"restored the sky map is somewhat different."
9331msgstr ""
9332
9333#. type: Content of: <p>
9334#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18
9335msgid ""
9336"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese "
9337"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)."
9338msgstr ""
9339
9340#. type: Content of: <p>
9341#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21
9342msgid ""
9343"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang,"
9344msgstr ""
9345"Taiyang (太阳), Sonne. Der Name kommt vom Yin und Yang. Er bedeutet sehr viel "
9346"Yang."
9347
9348#. type: Content of: <p><p>
9349#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22
9350msgid ""
9351"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin,"
9352msgstr ""
9353"Taiyin (太阴), Mond. Der Name kommt vom Yin und Yang. Er bedeutet sehr viel "
9354"Yang."
9355
9356#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9357#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23
9358msgid ""
9359"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 "
9360"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun."
9361msgstr ""
9362"Chen Stern (辰星), Merkur. Chen ist eine Winkeleinheit, die in etwa 30 Grad "
9363"entspricht. Merkur ist nie mehr als 30 Grad von der Sonne entfernt."
9364
9365#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9366#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24
9367msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white."
9368msgstr "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai bedeutet groß und weiß,"
9369
9370#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9371#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25
9372msgid ""
9373"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is "
9374"confusing."
9375msgstr ""
9376
9377#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9378#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26
9379msgid ""
9380"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the "
9381"celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's "
9382"position as the standard of the chronology."
9383msgstr ""
9384
9385#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9386#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27
9387msgid ""
9388"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels "
9389"around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a"
9390" Lunar Mansion every year."
9391msgstr ""
9392
9393#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9394#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31
9395msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>"
9396msgstr ""
9397
9398#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9399#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32
9400msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>"
9401msgstr ""
9402
9403#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9404#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33
9405msgid ""
9406"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand "
9407"Historian</a>"
9408msgstr ""
9409
9410#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9411#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34
9412msgid ""
9413"<a "
9414"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese)"
9415" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
9416msgstr ""
9417
9418#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9419#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35
9420msgid ""
9421"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia -"
9422" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
9423msgstr ""
9424
9425#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9426#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36
9427msgid ""
9428"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese "
9429"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>"
9430msgstr ""
9431
9432#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3>
9433#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38
9434msgid "Reference"
9435msgstr "Quellenangabe"
9436
9437#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9438#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40
9439msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China"
9440msgstr ""
9441
9442#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9443#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41
9444msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens"
9445msgstr ""
9446
9447#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9448#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42
9449msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>"
9450msgstr ""
9451
9452#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9453#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43
9454msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>"
9455msgstr ""
9456
9457#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9458#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44
9459msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>"
9460msgstr ""
9461
9462#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9463#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45
9464msgid "<i>History of Song</i>"
9465msgstr ""
9466
9467#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p>
9468#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49
9469msgid ""
9470"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) "
9471".  <a href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>"
9472msgstr ""
9473"Diese Himmelskultur wurde vom Stellariumnutzer <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮)  <a "
9474"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com2</a> "
9475"beigesteuert."
9476
9477#. type: Content of: <h2>
9478#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1
9479msgid "Dakota"
9480msgstr "Dakota"
9481
9482#. type: Content of: <p>
9483#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2
9484msgid ""
9485"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of "
9486"north-central United States and Canada.  Known as the Oceti Sakowin &ndash; "
9487"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands,"
9488" two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic "
9489"distinctions.  Well known for following the buffalo.  The word D(N/L)akota "
9490"means \"Alliance\".  Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation.  The D(L)akota"
9491" Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the "
9492"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. "
9493"Lee, J. Rock, 2012.  More details can be found in the constellation "
9494"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to "
9495"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map "
9496"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
9497msgstr ""
9498
9499#. type: Content of: <h3>
9500#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12
9501#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5
9502msgid "Celestial Objects"
9503msgstr "Himmelsobjekte"
9504
9505#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9506#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14
9507msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & &beta; Eridanus"
9508msgstr "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, unterer Orion & &beta; Eridanus"
9509
9510#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9511#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15
9512msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini"
9513msgstr ""
9514
9515#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9516#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16
9517msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9518msgstr ""
9519
9520#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9521#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17
9522msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9523msgstr ""
9524
9525#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9526#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18
9527msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9528msgstr ""
9529
9530#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9531#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19
9532msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades"
9533msgstr ""
9534
9535#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9536#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20
9537msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major"
9538msgstr ""
9539
9540#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9541#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21
9542msgid ""
9543"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper &ndash; inside "
9544"Bowl"
9545msgstr ""
9546
9547#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9548#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22
9549msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
9550msgstr ""
9551
9552#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9553#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23
9554msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper &ndash; Bowl stars"
9555msgstr ""
9556
9557#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9558#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24
9559msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper &ndash; Handle stars"
9560msgstr ""
9561
9562#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9563#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25
9564msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper"
9565msgstr ""
9566
9567#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9568#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26
9569msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper"
9570msgstr ""
9571
9572#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9573#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27
9574msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper"
9575msgstr ""
9576
9577#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9578#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28
9579msgid ""
9580"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>,"
9581" North star, Polaris"
9582msgstr ""
9583
9584#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9585#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29
9586msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor"
9587msgstr "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Donnervogel, Drache, Kleiner Bär  "
9588
9589#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9590#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30
9591msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus"
9592msgstr "<i>Keya</i>, Schildkröte, Pegasus"
9593
9594#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9595#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31
9596msgid ""
9597"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood &ndash; "
9598"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum"
9599msgstr ""
9600
9601#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9602#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32
9603msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces"
9604msgstr "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elch, Fische"
9605
9606#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9607#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33
9608msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades"
9609msgstr "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Sieben Mädchen, Plejaden"
9610
9611#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9612#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34
9613msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus"
9614msgstr "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Schwan"
9615
9616#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9617#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35
9618msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo"
9619msgstr "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Feuerstelle/Feuer, Löwe"
9620
9621#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9622#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36
9623msgid ""
9624"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi "
9625"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in "
9626"Bootes)"
9627msgstr ""
9628
9629#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9630#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37
9631msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star"
9632msgstr "<i>Wiçanhpi1</i>, Stern"
9633
9634#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9635#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38
9636msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon"
9637msgstr "<i>Hanhepi Wi/Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi/Hanwi (Nachtsonne)</i>, Mond"
9638
9639#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9640#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39
9641msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon"
9642msgstr ""
9643
9644#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9645#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40
9646msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun"
9647msgstr "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Tagessonne)</i>, Sonne"
9648
9649#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9650#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41
9651msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus"
9652msgstr "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi/Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus"
9653
9654#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9655#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42
9656msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way"
9657msgstr ""
9658
9659#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9660#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43
9661msgid ""
9662"<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star"
9663msgstr ""
9664
9665#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9666#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44
9667msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe"
9668msgstr "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universum"
9669
9670#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9671#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45
9672msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet"
9673msgstr "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Komet"
9674
9675#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9676#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52
9677msgid ""
9678"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota "
9679"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other "
9680"resources.</a>"
9681msgstr ""
9682"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota "
9683"Karte Web-Seite, enthält Audio-Aufnahmen der D(L)akota Aussprache und "
9684"weitere Resourcen.</a>"
9685
9686#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9687#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53
9688msgid ""
9689"<a "
9690"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-"
9691"top-"
9692"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12"
9693" "
9694"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota"
9695" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
9696msgstr ""
9697"<a "
9698"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-"
9699"top-"
9700"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12"
9701" "
9702"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota"
9703" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> Buck auf amazon.com"
9704
9705#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9706#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54
9707#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45
9708msgid ""
9709"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main"
9710" webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other "
9711"resources.</a>"
9712msgstr ""
9713"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> "
9714"Hauptseite, enthält Lehrmaterial, Kunst und Gruppenarbeiten sowie weitere "
9715"Resourcen.</a>"
9716
9717#. type: Content of: <p>
9718#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58
9719msgid ""
9720"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of"
9721" <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
9722"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. "
9723"Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star "
9724"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map"
9725" Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by"
9726" A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke."
9727msgstr ""
9728
9729#. type: Content of: <p>
9730#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59
9731msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee."
9732msgstr "Sternbilderillustrationen von A. Lee"
9733
9734#. type: Content of: <p>
9735#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60
9736#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51
9737msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information."
9738msgstr ""
9739"Kontaktiere A. Lee unter aslee@stcloudstate.edu für weitere Informationen."
9740
9741#. type: Content of: <h2>
9742#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1
9743msgid "Egyptian"
9744msgstr "Ägyptisch"
9745
9746#. type: Content of: <p>
9747#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2
9748msgid ""
9749"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The "
9750"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have "
9751"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah "
9752"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a "
9753"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point."
9754msgstr ""
9755"Spätägyptische Astronomie/Astrologie folgt der griechischen/römischen "
9756"Kultur. Der Glaube, dass die Sterne das menschliche Schicksal beeinflussen, "
9757"scheint Ägypten bis zur ptolemäischen Zeit nicht erreicht zu haben. Der "
9758"Hathortempel in Denderah stammt aus der ptolemäischen Zeit, vermutlich aus "
9759"dem ersten Jahrhundert v. Chr. Er besitzt eine wundervolle Dasrtellung des "
9760"Himmels, die diesen Punkt verdeutlicht."
9761
9762#. type: Content of: <p>
9763#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3
9764msgid ""
9765"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is "
9766"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales "
9767"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]."
9768msgstr ""
9769"Jedoch gab es Unterschiede in der Namensgebung. So entspricht zum Beispiel "
9770"Cancer, der Krebs, Scarab, dem Käfer. Die Löwenfigur nahe Scales (dies ist "
9771"nicht der zodiakalische Löwe) ist das Sternbild Centaurus [1]."
9772
9773#. type: Content of: <p>
9774#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4
9775msgid ""
9776"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that"
9777" some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the "
9778"constellations did change significantly over time [3]."
9779msgstr ""
9780
9781#. type: Content of: <p>
9782#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5
9783msgid ""
9784"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew "
9785"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the "
9786"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet "
9787"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was"
9788" \"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; "
9789"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the "
9790"Morning\" [7]."
9791msgstr ""
9792
9793#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9794#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9
9795msgid ""
9796"<a href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-"
9797"Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, <a "
9798"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-"
9799"Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform "
9800"Tablets, etc"
9801msgstr ""
9802
9803#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9804#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10
9805msgid ""
9806"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic "
9807"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?"
9808msgstr ""
9809
9810#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9811#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11
9812msgid ""
9813"<a "
9814"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>"
9815msgstr ""
9816"<a "
9817"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>"
9818
9819#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9820#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12
9821msgid ""
9822"<a "
9823"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>"
9824msgstr ""
9825"<a "
9826"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>"
9827
9828#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9829#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13
9830msgid ""
9831"<a "
9832"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>"
9833msgstr ""
9834"<a "
9835"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>"
9836
9837#. type: Content of: <p>
9838#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18
9839msgid ""
9840"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
9841"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian"
9842" Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte."
9843msgstr ""
9844
9845#. type: Content of: <p>
9846#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19
9847msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)"
9848msgstr "Diese Himmelskultur wurde von misibacsi aktualisiert (Planetennamen)."
9849
9850#. type: Content of: <h1>
9851#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1
9852msgid "Greek (Almagest)"
9853msgstr "Griechisch (Almagest)"
9854
9855#. type: Content of: <p>
9856#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3
9857msgid ""
9858"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of "
9859"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from "
9860"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius "
9861"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in "
9862"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical "
9863"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title "
9864"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.  The name <i>Almagest</i>, "
9865"meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was developed from Arabian "
9866"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by "
9867"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal "
9868"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we"
9869" made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright."
9870msgstr ""
9871
9872#. type: Content of: <p>
9873#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17
9874msgid ""
9875"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and "
9876"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations "
9877"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters).  It"
9878" is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position"
9879" in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, "
9880"latitude, magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic "
9881"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the "
9882"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from"
9883" Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus&rsquo; catalog is not "
9884"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of "
9885"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible."
9886msgstr ""
9887"Das Almagest besteht aus 13 Abschnitten, die Bücher genannt werden. Im "
9888"siebten und achten Buch listete Ptolemäus insgesamt 1022 Sterne in 48 "
9889"Konstellationen auf (darunter etwa 5 sternförmige Objekte wie "
9890"Kugelsternhaufen). Es ist eine Koordinatentabelle der Sterne mit einer "
9891"Beschreibung ihrer Position in der Konstellation (z. B. \"Stern am Ellbogen "
9892"von X, Länge, Breite, Größe\"). In Bezug auf die Präzession verwendete "
9893"Ptolemäus ekliptische Koordinaten. Als einer der ersten seiner Zeit umfasste"
9894" Ptolemäus die Magnitude, eine quantitative Skala der Sternhelligkeit, die "
9895"wahrscheinlich von Hipparchos übernommen wurde (was nicht sicher ist, da der"
9896" Katalog von Hipparchos nicht erhalten ist). Die Skala beginnt mit dem "
9897"hellsten Stern mit der Größe 1 und geht bis zur Größe 6 für die schwächsten "
9898"sichtbaren Sterne."
9899
9900#. type: Content of: <p>
9901#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30
9902msgid ""
9903"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model "
9904"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, "
9905"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by "
9906"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the "
9907"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always "
9908"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's "
9909"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial "
9910"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the "
9911"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession "
9912"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore "
9913"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a "
9914"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude."
9915msgstr ""
9916"Für die Berechnung der Planetenpositionen verwendete Ptolemäus ein "
9917"geozentrisches Modell (das zulässig ist, weil der Beobachter immer auf der "
9918"Erde steht) und trug somit zur wissenschaftlichen Überzeugung bei, dass das "
9919"heliozentrische Modell von Aristarchos von Samos nicht benötigt wurde. Für "
9920"den Sternenkatalog des Almagest spielt dies jedoch keine Rolle, da ein "
9921"Sternenkatalog immer eine Art Inventar der festen Punkte am Himmel darstellt"
9922" und Ptolemäus erklärtes Ziel des Katalogs darin bestand, eine Liste für die"
9923" Herstellung eines Himmelsglobus bereitzustellen ( siehe Alm., VIII, 3). Da "
9924"er sich der Präzession bewusst war, wollte er das Geschäft zukünftiger "
9925"Herstellung von Himmelsgloben durch die Verwendung von Ekliptikkoordinaten "
9926"vereinfachen: Die Ptolemäus bekannte Präzession verschiebt alle Sterne "
9927"parallel zur Ekliptik, daher konnten Aktualisierungen der Epoche durch den "
9928"jeweiligen Erstellers durch eine einfache Subtraktion des Wertes für die "
9929"ekliptische Länge vorgenommen werden ."
9930
9931#. type: Content of: <h2>
9932#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43
9933msgid "How this sky culture was made"
9934msgstr "Wie diese Himmelskultur enstand"
9935
9936#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
9937#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45
9938#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7
9939#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9
9940msgid "Star names"
9941msgstr "Sternnamen"
9942
9943#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
9944#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47
9945msgid ""
9946"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15.  "
9947"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on "
9948"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such "
9949"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for "
9950"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they "
9951"appear in the catalogue.  For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi "
9952"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi).  "
9953"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations "
9954"and IAU abbreviations.  In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying"
9955" outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label."
9956" To see the long description for a given star, users should enable \"Use "
9957"additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and click on "
9958"the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the "
9959"screen."
9960msgstr ""
9961
9962#. type: Content of: <h3>
9963#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61
9964msgid "Constellation lines"
9965msgstr "Sternbildlinien"
9966
9967#. type: Content of: <p>
9968#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63
9969msgid ""
9970"The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:"
9971msgstr ""
9972"Der Vorgang kann, wie hier beispielhaft am Sternbild Rabe gezeigt, "
9973"beschrieben werden:"
9974
9975#. type: Content of: <p>
9976#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66
9977msgid ""
9978"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), &alpha; Crv is the star in the "
9979"&quot;head of the raven&quot;. It is connected with the &quot;star in the "
9980"neck&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  This one is connected with &quot;the star in the"
9981" breast&quot; &zeta; Crv.  From there two lines go to the tips of the wings."
9982" &gamma; Crv is the star in the advanced wing and &delta; Crv the star in "
9983"the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the "
9984"&quot;foot of the raven&quot;, the star &beta; Crv."
9985msgstr ""
9986
9987#. type: Content of: <p>
9988#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77
9989msgid ""
9990"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we "
9991"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented "
9992"in the <i>Almagest</i>."
9993msgstr ""
9994
9995#. type: Content of: <p>
9996#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81
9997msgid ""
9998"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, "
9999"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name "
10000"&quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (The Torch-"
10001"like)&quot; for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but "
10002"this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in "
10003"the Almagest."
10004msgstr ""
10005
10006#. type: Content of: <p>
10007#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87
10008msgid ""
10009"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and "
10010"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in "
10011"the reconstruction (column 6)."
10012msgstr ""
10013
10014#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10015#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93
10016#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17
10017msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>"
10018msgstr "<b>Abkürzung</b>"
10019
10020#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10021#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94
10022msgid "<b>Original name</b>"
10023msgstr "<b>ursprünglicher Name</b>"
10024
10025#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10026#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95
10027msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)"
10028msgstr "<b>Übersetzung</b> (direkt)"
10029
10030#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10031#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96
10032msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>"
10033msgstr "<b>IAU (lateinischer) Name</b>"
10034
10035#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10036#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97
10037msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>"
10038msgstr "<b>Hinweise zum Sternbild</b>"
10039
10040#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10041#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98
10042msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>"
10043msgstr "Kunstfreiheit"
10044
10045#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10046#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103
10047msgid "Small She-Bear"
10048msgstr "Kleine Bärin"
10049
10050#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10051#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105
10052#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113
10053#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425
10054#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441
10055#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465
10056msgid "like IAU constellation"
10057msgstr "gleich dem IAU-Sternbild"
10058
10059#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10060#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111
10061#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31
10062msgid "Great She-Bear"
10063msgstr "Große Bärin"
10064
10065#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10066#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119
10067#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37
10068msgid "Dragon"
10069msgstr "Drache"
10070
10071#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10072#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121
10073msgid ""
10074"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head"
10075" is the tongue"
10076msgstr ""
10077
10078#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10079#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127
10080#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35
10081msgid "Kepheus"
10082msgstr "Kepheus"
10083
10084#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10085#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129
10086msgid "king, upside down"
10087msgstr "König, auf dem Kopf stehend"
10088
10089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10090#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130
10091msgid ""
10092"three head stars are tiara; &beta; seen as part of the belt, although "
10093"Almagest says beneath belt"
10094msgstr ""
10095
10096#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10097#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135
10098msgid "Ploughman"
10099msgstr "Pflüger"
10100
10101#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10102#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137
10103msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (&omega;)"
10104msgstr "hält einen Hirtenstock in seiner Hand (&omega;)"
10105
10106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10107#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138
10108msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star"
10109msgstr "Stern HIP 72582 als Nackenstern hinzugefügt"
10110
10111#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10112#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143
10113msgid "Crown"
10114msgstr "Krone"
10115
10116#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10117#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145
10118msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text"
10119msgstr ""
10120
10121#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10122#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151
10123#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61
10124msgid "Kneeler"
10125msgstr ""
10126
10127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10128#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153
10129msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes"
10130msgstr "einer der Fußsterne ist die Spitze des Stocks von Bootes."
10131
10132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10133#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154
10134msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star"
10135msgstr "Stern HIP 82764 als Nackenstern hinzugefügt"
10136
10137#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10138#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159
10139#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59
10140msgid "Lyre"
10141msgstr "Leier"
10142
10143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10144#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167
10145msgid "Bird"
10146msgstr "Vogel"
10147
10148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10149#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169
10150msgid "swan with legs"
10151msgstr "Schwan mit Beinen"
10152
10153#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10154#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170
10155msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail"
10156msgstr "Die Flügelspitzen sind mit dem Schwanz verbunden"
10157
10158#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10159#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175
10160msgid "Kassiepeia"
10161msgstr ""
10162
10163#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10164#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177
10165msgid "Queen sitting on a throne"
10166msgstr "Auf einem Thron sitzende Königin"
10167
10168#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10169#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178
10170msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne"
10171msgstr "um Verwirrung zu vermeiden, haben wir nicht den Thron gezeichnet"
10172
10173#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10174#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183
10175#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85
10176#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
10177msgid "Perseus"
10178msgstr "Perseus"
10179
10180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10181#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185
10182msgid ""
10183"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - &gt;one of the "
10184"stars in the cluster was used for drawing"
10185msgstr ""
10186
10187#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10188#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186
10189msgid ""
10190"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more "
10191"spherical"
10192msgstr ""
10193
10194#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10195#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191
10196#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91
10197#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83
10198msgid "Charioteer"
10199msgstr "Wagenlenker"
10200
10201#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10202#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193
10203msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem"
10204msgstr ""
10205
10206#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10207#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194
10208msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star"
10209msgstr ""
10210
10211#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10212#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199
10213msgid "Serpent Bearer"
10214msgstr "Schlangenträger"
10215
10216#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10217#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201
10218msgid "has serpent in his hand"
10219msgstr "hat Schlange in seiner Hand"
10220
10221#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10222#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202
10223msgid "a star added as neck star"
10224msgstr ""
10225
10226#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10227#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207
10228msgid "Snake"
10229msgstr "Schlange"
10230
10231#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10232#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209
10233msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head"
10234msgstr ""
10235
10236#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10237#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215
10238#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103
10239msgid "Arrow"
10240msgstr "Pfeil"
10241
10242#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10243#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217
10244msgid "Like IAU constellation, &eta; Sge is missing"
10245msgstr "Gleich dem IAU-Sternbild, &eta; Sge fehlt"
10246
10247#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10248#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223
10249#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109
10250msgid "Eagle"
10251msgstr "Adler"
10252
10253#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10254#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225
10255msgid ""
10256"&tau; Aql as head star, &beta; as neck, Altair is between shoulders, &gamma;"
10257" and &mu; are shoulders"
10258msgstr ""
10259
10260#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10261#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231
10262#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115
10263#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
10264msgid "Dolphin"
10265msgstr "Delphin"
10266
10267#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10268#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234
10269msgid "refined shape"
10270msgstr ""
10271
10272#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10273#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239
10274#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121
10275msgid "Bust [of a horse]"
10276msgstr "Büste [eines Pferdes]"
10277
10278#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10279#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247
10280msgid "Horse"
10281msgstr "Pferd"
10282
10283#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10284#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249
10285msgid "with mane and one wing"
10286msgstr "mit Mähne und einem Flügel"
10287
10288#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10289#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255
10290msgid "Andromeda"
10291msgstr "Andromeda"
10292
10293#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10294#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257
10295msgid "dress and belt"
10296msgstr "Kleid und Gürtel"
10297
10298#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10299#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265
10300msgid "four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side"
10301msgstr "four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side"
10302
10303#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10304#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271
10305#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145
10306#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
10307msgid "Ram"
10308msgstr "Widder"
10309
10310#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10311#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273
10312msgid "turned head; only one horn"
10313msgstr "Kopf gedreht; nur ein Horn"
10314
10315#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10316#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279
10317#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151
10318#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125
10319msgid "Bull"
10320msgstr "Stier"
10321
10322#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10323#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281
10324msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer"
10325msgstr "halber Körper, nur zwei Beine sichtbar; Blickrichtung zum Beobachter"
10326
10327#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10328#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287
10329#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157
10330#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137
10331msgid "Twins"
10332msgstr "Zwillinge"
10333
10334#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10335#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289
10336msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands"
10337msgstr "einen Stern gemeinsam; berühren einander mit den Händen"
10338
10339#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10340#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295
10341msgid "Crab"
10342msgstr "Krebs"
10343
10344#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10345#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297
10346msgid "square body"
10347msgstr "quadratischer Körper"
10348
10349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10350#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303
10351#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169
10352#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
10353msgid "Lion"
10354msgstr "Löwe"
10355
10356#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10357#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305
10358msgid "opens jaw"
10359msgstr "öffnet Maul"
10360
10361#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10362#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311
10363msgid "Maiden"
10364msgstr "Junge Frau"
10365
10366#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10367#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313
10368msgid "no separate head"
10369msgstr "kein abgetrennter Kopf"
10370
10371#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10372#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314
10373msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings"
10374msgstr "leuchtschwächere Sterne hinzugefügt, um die Flügel zu zeichnen"
10375
10376#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10377#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319
10378msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]"
10379msgstr "Scheren [des Skorpions]"
10380
10381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10382#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321
10383msgid ""
10384"Ptolemy always uses the term &quot;claws&quot;, never &quot;the "
10385"balance&quot;."
10386msgstr ""
10387
10388#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10389#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327
10390#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187
10391msgid "Scorpion"
10392msgstr "Skorpion"
10393
10394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10395#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330
10396msgid "arms added around the head: &nu; and &rho;"
10397msgstr ""
10398
10399#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10400#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335
10401#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174
10402msgid "Archer"
10403msgstr "Bogenschütze"
10404
10405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10406#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337
10407msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; &bdquo;cloak&ldquo; behind"
10408msgstr ""
10409
10410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10411#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338
10412msgid ""
10413"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the "
10414"picture clear."
10415msgstr ""
10416
10417#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10418#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343
10419msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn"
10420msgstr "Der Eine mit dem Ziegenhorn"
10421
10422#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10423#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345
10424msgid "fish tail; two legs visible"
10425msgstr "Fischschwanz; zwei Beine sichtbar"
10426
10427#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10428#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351
10429msgid "Water-Carrier"
10430msgstr "Wasserträger"
10431
10432#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10433#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353
10434msgid "water out of jug"
10435msgstr ""
10436
10437#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10438#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359
10439msgid "[2] Fish"
10440msgstr "Fische"
10441
10442#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10443#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362
10444msgid ""
10445"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we "
10446"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and &tau; Psc. Additional "
10447"change on tail fin: extended to &rho;"
10448msgstr ""
10449
10450#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10451#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367
10452#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217
10453msgid "Sea Monster"
10454msgstr "Meeresungeheuer"
10455
10456#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10457#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370
10458msgid "Body does not go through star &tau;, but through star &upsilon;"
10459msgstr ""
10460"Körper geht nicht durch den Stern &tau;, aber durch den Stern &upsilon;"
10461
10462#. type: Content of: <h3>
10463#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375
10464#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223
10465#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
10466#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116
10467#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22
10468msgid "Orion"
10469msgstr "Orion"
10470
10471#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10472#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378
10473msgid ""
10474"The &quot;head&quot; is labeled as &quot;nebulous&quot; which means Ptolemy "
10475"interpreted &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, and &lambda;, together "
10476"with fainter stars between them as a &quot;cluster&quot; (or association "
10477"which is more extended than the modern &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). "
10478"Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a "
10479"connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders."
10480msgstr ""
10481
10482#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10483#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383
10484msgid "River [nameless]"
10485msgstr "Fluß [unbenannt]"
10486
10487#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10488#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385
10489msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter"
10490msgstr "Wie das IAU-Sternbild, aber kürzer"
10491
10492#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10493#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391
10494#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235
10495#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
10496msgid "Hare"
10497msgstr "Hase"
10498
10499#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10500#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394
10501msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear"
10502msgstr "nahm die „4 Sterne über dem Ohr“ als Ohr an"
10503
10504#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10505#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407
10506msgid "The One before the Dog"
10507msgstr "Der Eine vor dem Hund"
10508
10509#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10510#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410
10511msgid ""
10512"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is &quot;The One before the "
10513"Dog&quot; or &quot;Harbinger of Sirius&quot; as Toomer puts it. However, "
10514"&beta; CMi is called &quot;the neck&quot; (of whom is unknown). We drew a "
10515"little dog with &gamma; and &epsilon; as head; &alpha;, &beta;, &eta; and "
10516"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with "
10517"&delta;<sub>2</sub> and &delta;<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634"
10518msgstr ""
10519
10520#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10521#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415
10522#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253
10523#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
10524msgid "Ship &quot;Argo&quot;"
10525msgstr "Schiff &quot;Argo&quot;"
10526
10527#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10528#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417
10529msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel"
10530msgstr ""
10531
10532#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10533#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418
10534msgid ""
10535"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape;"
10536" in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a "
10537"ship is painted."
10538msgstr ""
10539
10540#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10541#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423
10542msgid "Water Snake"
10543msgstr "Wasserschlange"
10544
10545#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10546#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431
10547msgid "Krater (vessel)"
10548msgstr ""
10549
10550#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10551#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434
10552msgid ""
10553"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or "
10554"vase: <a "
10555"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a>"
10556" Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (&alpha; Crt) and two handles "
10557"(&eta;, &theta; Crt)"
10558msgstr ""
10559
10560#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10561#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439
10562msgid "Raven"
10563msgstr "Rabe"
10564
10565#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10566#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447
10567#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265
10568#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10569msgid "Kentauros"
10570msgstr "Kentauros"
10571
10572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10573#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450
10574msgid ""
10575"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of &omega; Cen (cluster) taken"
10576" as star on the back. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; not drawn (to avoid confusion), "
10577"backward arm added."
10578msgstr ""
10579
10580#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10581#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455
10582msgid "Beast"
10583msgstr "Untier"
10584
10585#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10586#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458
10587msgid ""
10588"&beta; described as &lsquo;End of hind leg&lsquo; -> taken as star in the "
10589"belly; &tau;<sub>1</sub> as hindleg &Chi; removed from head, because "
10590"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg"
10591msgstr ""
10592
10593#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10594#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463
10595#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277
10596#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258
10597msgid "Altar"
10598msgstr "Altar"
10599
10600#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10601#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471
10602msgid "Southern Crown"
10603msgstr "Südliche Krone"
10604
10605#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10606#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473
10607msgid ""
10608"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC "
10609"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in "
10610"Stellarium"
10611msgstr ""
10612
10613#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10614#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479
10615#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289
10616#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10617msgid "Southern Fish"
10618msgstr "Südlicher Fisch"
10619
10620#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10621#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481
10622msgid "the fish is laying on his back"
10623msgstr "der Fisch liegt auf seinem Rücken"
10624
10625#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10626#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482
10627msgid ""
10628"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (&beta; should be the tip of "
10629"the tail but we used it as its root)"
10630msgstr ""
10631
10632#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10633#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488
10634msgid ""
10635"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, "
10636"1990"
10637msgstr ""
10638"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, "
10639"1990"
10640
10641#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10642#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489
10643#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295
10644#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284
10645msgid ""
10646"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, "
10647"Leipzig, 1898"
10648msgstr ""
10649"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, "
10650"Leipzig, 1898"
10651
10652#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10653#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490
10654msgid ""
10655"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, "
10656"2017"
10657msgstr ""
10658"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/New York, 2017"
10659
10660#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10661#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491
10662#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297
10663#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286
10664msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984"
10665msgstr "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984"
10666
10667#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10668#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492
10669msgid ""
10670"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
10671"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
10672"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006"
10673msgstr ""
10674"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
10675"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
10676"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006"
10677
10678#. type: Content of: <p>
10679#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497
10680msgid ""
10681"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide "
10682"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited "
10683"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND "
10684"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without "
10685"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
10686msgstr ""
10687"Diese Himmelskultur stammt aus dem Forschungsjahr eines Studenten. Wir "
10688"stellen sie kostenfrei zur Verfügung, jedoch verdienen es die Autoren von "
10689"Beiträgen gewiss, gemäß der allgemeinen Regeln zitiert zu werden. Diese "
10690"Himmelskultur wird unter der CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence "
10691"(share-alike, ändere sie nicht ohne Einwilligung der Mitwirkenden und "
10692"zitiere die Mitwirkenden). Danke!"
10693
10694#. type: Content of: <h2>
10695#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502
10696msgid "Thanks"
10697msgstr "Danke"
10698
10699#. type: Content of: <p>
10700#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503
10701msgid ""
10702"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading "
10703"and interesting discussions."
10704msgstr ""
10705"Die Autoren danken Patrick Gleason und Georg Zotti für englisches "
10706"Korrekturlesen und interessante Diskussionen."
10707
10708#. type: Content of: <p>
10709#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506
10710msgid ""
10711"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea "
10712"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-"
10713"uraniae.com"
10714msgstr ""
10715"Diese Himmelskultur wurde von Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von "
10716"Seggern und Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com zusammengestellt "
10717"und Stellarium hinzugefügt."
10718
10719#. type: Content of: <p>
10720#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507
10721msgid "Written in English: the authors"
10722msgstr "geschrieben auf Englisch: die Autoren"
10723
10724#. type: Content of: <h1>
10725#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1
10726msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue"
10727msgstr ""
10728
10729#. type: Content of: <p>
10730#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2
10731msgid ""
10732"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the "
10733"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd "
10734"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model,"
10735" which itself has not survived."
10736msgstr ""
10737
10738#. type: Content of: <p>
10739#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3
10740msgid ""
10741"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter"
10742" of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point "
10743"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics"
10744" and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in "
10745"\"latitude circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles "
10746"provide a four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers "
10747"used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings."
10748msgstr ""
10749
10750#. type: Content of: <p>
10751#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4
10752msgid ""
10753"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who "
10754"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 "
10755"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular "
10756"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star "
10757"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, "
10758"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic "
10759"representations speak against it."
10760msgstr ""
10761
10762#. type: Content of: <p>
10763#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6
10764msgid ""
10765"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel "
10766"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>"
10767msgstr ""
10768
10769#. type: Content of: <p>
10770#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7
10771msgid ""
10772"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything "
10773"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the "
10774"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, "
10775"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north "
10776"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. "
10777"Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of "
10778"the dragon are missing."
10779msgstr ""
10780
10781#. type: Content of: <h2>
10782#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9
10783msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?"
10784msgstr ""
10785
10786#. type: Content of: <p>
10787#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10
10788msgid ""
10789"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble "
10790"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the "
10791"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that "
10792"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. "
10793"Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble "
10794"globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to "
10795"point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the "
10796"historical stonemason."
10797msgstr ""
10798
10799#. type: Content of: <p>
10800#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11
10801msgid ""
10802"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the "
10803"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the "
10804"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was"
10805" written in Greek as scientific literature."
10806msgstr ""
10807
10808#. type: Content of: <p>
10809#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12
10810msgid ""
10811"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a "
10812"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, "
10813"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star "
10814"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show "
10815"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region "
10816"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar "
10817"distortions in the Scorpion."
10818msgstr ""
10819
10820#. type: Content of: <p>
10821#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13
10822msgid ""
10823"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in "
10824"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe."
10825msgstr ""
10826
10827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10828#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18
10829msgid "<b>Original Name</b>"
10830msgstr "<b>Ursprünglicher Name</b>"
10831
10832#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10833#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19
10834#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23
10835msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)"
10836msgstr "<b>Übersetzung</b> (wörtlich)"
10837
10838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10839#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20
10840#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24
10841msgid "<b>Picture</b>"
10842msgstr "<b>Bild</b>"
10843
10844#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10845#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25
10846msgid "Little She-Bear"
10847msgstr "Kleine Bärin"
10848
10849#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10850#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26
10851#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32
10852#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104
10853#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140
10854#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156
10855#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163
10856#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247
10857#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253
10858#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265
10859msgid "missing"
10860msgstr "fehlt"
10861
10862#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10863#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38
10864msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted"
10865msgstr ""
10866
10867#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10868#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43
10869msgid "King Kepheus"
10870msgstr "König Kepheus"
10871
10872#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10873#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49
10874msgid "Ploughing Man"
10875msgstr ""
10876
10877#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10878#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55
10879msgid "Wreath"
10880msgstr ""
10881
10882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10883#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67
10884msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)"
10885msgstr "Lyra (ein antikes griechisches Instrument, eine Art Leier)"
10886
10887#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10888#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73
10889#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65
10890msgid "Bird [not specified]"
10891msgstr "Vogel [nicht spezifiziert]"
10892
10893#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10894#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79
10895#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71
10896msgid "Queen Kassiepeia"
10897msgstr "Königin Kassiepeia"
10898
10899#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10900#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97
10901msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake"
10902msgstr "Schlangenträger, Schlange"
10903
10904#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10905#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122
10906msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)"
10907msgstr "fehlt (Sterne gehören zum Delfin)"
10908
10909#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10910#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127
10911msgid "Horse [unnamed]"
10912msgstr "Pferd [unbenannt]"
10913
10914#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10915#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133
10916#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107
10917msgid "Princess Andromeda"
10918msgstr "Prinzessin Andromeda"
10919
10920#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10921#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163
10922#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
10923msgid "Cancer"
10924msgstr "Cancer"
10925
10926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10927#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175
10928#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
10929msgid "Young Lady"
10930msgstr "Junge Dame"
10931
10932#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10933#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181
10934msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]"
10935msgstr "Scheren [des Skorpions, der eine Wage trägt]"
10936
10937#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10938#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193
10939msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)"
10940msgstr ""
10941"Bogenschütze (zwei Beine: Es handelt sich um den Satyr Krotos und nicht den "
10942"Kentauren Cheiron.)"
10943
10944#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10945#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199
10946msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat"
10947msgstr ""
10948
10949#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10950#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205
10951msgid "Water-Pourer"
10952msgstr ""
10953
10954#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10955#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211
10956msgid "Two Fishes"
10957msgstr "Zwei Fische"
10958
10959#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10960#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229
10961msgid "River [unnamed]"
10962msgstr "Fluss [unbenannt]"
10963
10964#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10965#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247
10966msgid "The asterism before the Dog"
10967msgstr "Das Sternbild vor dem Hund"
10968
10969#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10970#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248
10971msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]"
10972msgstr "fehlt [verdeckt von der Hand des Atlas]"
10973
10974#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10975#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259
10976msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven"
10977msgstr ""
10978
10979#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10980#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271
10981msgid "Monster"
10982msgstr "Ungeheuer"
10983
10984#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10985#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283
10986msgid "Southern Wreath"
10987msgstr ""
10988
10989#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10990#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290
10991msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]"
10992msgstr "fehlt {verdeckt von der Schulter des Atlas]"
10993
10994#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10995#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296
10996#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285
10997msgid ""
10998"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, "
10999"2017"
11000msgstr ""
11001"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, "
11002"2017"
11003
11004#. type: Content of: <p>
11005#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300
11006#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289
11007msgid ""
11008"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be "
11009"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC "
11010"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do "
11011"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!"
11012msgstr ""
11013
11014#. type: Content of: <p>
11015#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303
11016msgid ""
11017"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
11018"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)."
11019msgstr ""
11020"Diese Himmelskultur hat Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) "
11021"Stellarium beigesteuert."
11022
11023#. type: Content of: <h5>
11024#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
11025msgid "the author"
11026msgstr "der Autor"
11027
11028#. type: Content of: <h1>
11029#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1
11030msgid "Leiden Aratea"
11031msgstr ""
11032
11033#. type: Content of: <p>
11034#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2
11035msgid ""
11036"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are "
11037"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden "
11038"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious"
11039" (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)."
11040msgstr ""
11041
11042#. type: Content of: <p>
11043#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3
11044msgid ""
11045"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz "
11046"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is "
11047"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by "
11048"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to"
11049" graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic "
11050"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures "
11051"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations."
11052msgstr ""
11053
11054#. type: Content of: <p>
11055#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4
11056msgid ""
11057"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a "
11058"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only "
11059"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure"
11060" is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold "
11061"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of "
11062"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay"
11063" discusses her proposed identifications in detail."
11064msgstr ""
11065
11066#. type: Content of: <p>
11067#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6
11068msgid ""
11069"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images"
11070" Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>"
11071msgstr ""
11072
11073#. type: Content of: <h2>
11074#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8
11075msgid "How this Sky Culture was made"
11076msgstr "Wie diese Himmelskultur enstand"
11077
11078#. type: Content of: <p>
11079#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9
11080msgid ""
11081"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the "
11082"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications)."
11083" Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the "
11084"astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be "
11085"locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be "
11086"distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the "
11087"illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was "
11088"possible."
11089msgstr ""
11090
11091#. type: Content of: <p>
11092#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10
11093msgid ""
11094"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and "
11095"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts "
11096"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the "
11097"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be "
11098"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in "
11099"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark "
11100"colours) is shown in the table below."
11101msgstr ""
11102
11103#. type: Content of: <p>
11104#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11
11105msgid ""
11106"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup,"
11107" Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.  Both, Virgo and Centaur are "
11108"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the "
11109"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).  The artist of the Leiden Aratea never "
11110"mapped the images onto the stars.  In order to make these depictions "
11111"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and "
11112"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from "
11113"the Almagest.  The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd "
11114"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem "
11115"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.  Both, the Almagest "
11116"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea "
11117"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork."
11118msgstr ""
11119
11120#. type: Content of: <p>
11121#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17
11122msgid ""
11123"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in "
11124"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the "
11125"manuscript."
11126msgstr ""
11127
11128#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11129#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21
11130msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>"
11131msgstr "<b>Lateinischer Name, Abkürzung</b>"
11132
11133#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11134#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22
11135msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>"
11136msgstr "<b>Ursprünglicher griechischer Name</b>"
11137
11138#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11139#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29
11140msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)"
11141msgstr "Kleine Bärin, Große Bärin, Drache (lateinisch)/Schlange (griechisch)"
11142
11143#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11144#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41
11145msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)"
11146msgstr ""
11147
11148#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11149#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47
11150msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)"
11151msgstr ""
11152
11153#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11154#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
11155msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)"
11156msgstr ""
11157
11158#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11159#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
11160msgid ""
11161"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this "
11162"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, "
11163"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees "
11164"are the same."
11165msgstr ""
11166
11167#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11168#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
11169#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
11170#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
11171#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
11172#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
11173msgid "mirrored depiction"
11174msgstr "gespiegelte Darstellung"
11175
11176#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11177#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87
11178#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88
11179#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166
11180#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167
11181msgid "and"
11182msgstr "und"
11183
11184#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11185#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89
11186msgid "Eagle with Arrow"
11187msgstr "Adler mit Pfeil"
11188
11189#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11190#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
11191msgid ""
11192"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation "
11193"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe)"
11194" depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why "
11195"I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea."
11196msgstr ""
11197
11198#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11199#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101
11200msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)"
11201msgstr ""
11202"Pegasus (Name eine geflügelten Pferds; Lateinisch), ein Pferd (Griechisch)"
11203
11204#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11205#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
11206msgid ""
11207"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was "
11208"in spring)."
11209msgstr ""
11210
11211#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11212#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
11213msgid "The Pleiades"
11214msgstr "Die Plejaden"
11215
11216#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11217#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
11218msgid "or Seven Sisters"
11219msgstr "oder die Sieben Schwestern"
11220
11221#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11222#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
11223msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>"
11224msgstr ""
11225
11226#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11227#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
11228msgid ""
11229"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are "
11230"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the "
11231"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the"
11232" second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing."
11233msgstr ""
11234
11235#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11236#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161
11237msgid ""
11238"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in"
11239" a style epoch of Babylonian revival),"
11240msgstr ""
11241
11242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11243#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
11244msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)"
11245msgstr "Scheren [des Skorpions] (griechisch)"
11246
11247#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11248#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
11249msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area."
11250msgstr ""
11251
11252#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11253#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
11254msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)"
11255msgstr "Schlangenträger und Skorpion (beide seitdem Teil des Tierkreises)"
11256
11257#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11258#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180
11259msgid "The Goat-Horned One"
11260msgstr ""
11261
11262#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11263#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
11264msgid "Water Pourer"
11265msgstr ""
11266
11267#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11268#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
11269msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)"
11270msgstr "gespiegelte Darstellung (jedoch von vorne)"
11271
11272#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11273#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192
11274msgid "Fishes"
11275msgstr "Fische"
11276
11277#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11278#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198
11279msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus"
11280msgstr "ein Seeungeheuer namens Ketos"
11281
11282#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11283#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
11284msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>"
11285msgstr "<i>gespiegelte Darstellung</i>"
11286
11287#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11288#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
11289msgid ""
11290"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from "
11291"his own single-page painting."
11292msgstr ""
11293
11294#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11295#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
11296msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);"
11297msgstr "der Fluss Eridanus (lateinische), ein unbenannter Fluss (griechisch);"
11298
11299#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11300#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
11301msgid "here a river god is depicted"
11302msgstr "hier ist ein Flussgott dargestellt"
11303
11304#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11305#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
11306msgid ""
11307"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the "
11308"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately "
11309"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between "
11310"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The "
11311"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation "
11312"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare "
11313"between Orion's legs.</i>"
11314msgstr ""
11315
11316#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11317#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
11318msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog"
11319msgstr ""
11320
11321#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11322#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
11323msgid "The star in front of the dog"
11324msgstr "Der Stern vor dem kleinen Hund"
11325
11326#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11327#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
11328msgid ""
11329"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by "
11330"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is"
11331" a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized."
11332msgstr ""
11333
11334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11335#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240
11336msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven"
11337msgstr ""
11338
11339#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11340#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
11341msgid ""
11342"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: "
11343"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation "
11344"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted"
11345msgstr ""
11346
11347#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11348#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
11349msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)"
11350msgstr "(ebenso ist Andromeda dargestellt, jedoch nicht Virgo)"
11351
11352#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11353#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
11354msgid "monster"
11355msgstr "Ungeheuer"
11356
11357#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11358#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
11359msgid ""
11360"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone "
11361"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is "
11362"missing here)."
11363msgstr ""
11364
11365#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11366#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264
11367msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)"
11368msgstr ""
11369
11370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11371#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
11372msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)"
11373msgstr ""
11374
11375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11376#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
11377msgid ""
11378"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. "
11379"That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of"
11380" the original red-purple one."
11381msgstr ""
11382
11383#. type: Content of: <h3>
11384#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276
11385msgid "For the Aratea itself:"
11386msgstr ""
11387
11388#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11389#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278
11390msgid ""
11391"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des "
11392"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der "
11393"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016"
11394msgstr ""
11395
11396#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11397#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279
11398msgid ""
11399"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book,"
11400" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37"
11401msgstr ""
11402
11403#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11404#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280
11405msgid ""
11406"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea &mdash; "
11407"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, "
11408"Malibu California, 1988"
11409msgstr ""
11410
11411#. type: Content of: <h3>
11412#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282
11413msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue"
11414msgstr ""
11415
11416#. type: Content of: <p>
11417#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292
11418msgid ""
11419"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
11420"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with "
11421"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium "
11422"Jena."
11423msgstr ""
11424
11425#. type: Content of: <h5>
11426#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
11427msgid "the authors"
11428msgstr "die Autoren"
11429
11430#. type: Content of: <h2>
11431#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1
11432msgid "Hawaiian Starlines"
11433msgstr "Hawaiianische Sternzüge"
11434
11435#. type: Content of: <p>
11436#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2
11437msgid ""
11438"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the "
11439"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using "
11440"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of "
11441"miles of open ocean.  For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the "
11442"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   "
11443"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help "
11444"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing "
11445"the sky into four evenly sized star lines."
11446msgstr ""
11447
11448#. type: Content of: <h2>
11449#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8
11450msgid "History"
11451msgstr "Geschichte"
11452
11453#. type: Content of: <p>
11454#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9
11455msgid ""
11456"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for "
11457"many generations.   Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation "
11458"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s.  Polynesian "
11459"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975.  Hokule’a "
11460"is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art "
11461"of way finding.  A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a "
11462"master navigator/wayfinder.  The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky "
11463"to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors.  Nainoa Thompson, "
11464"current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to "
11465"him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the "
11466"Hawaiians.  With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass "
11467"and star lines were created."
11468msgstr ""
11469
11470#. type: Content of: <h2>
11471#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19
11472msgid "Star Lines"
11473msgstr "Sternzüge"
11474
11475#. type: Content of: <p>
11476#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20
11477msgid ""
11478"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the "
11479"navigators.  The stars connect making constellations.  Navigators remember "
11480"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each "
11481"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South.  The star lines’"
11482" position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more"
11483" prevalent at night according to the season.  The star lines with their "
11484"according season are as follows:"
11485msgstr ""
11486
11487#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11488#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27
11489msgid "November to April"
11490msgstr "November bis April"
11491
11492#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11493#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28
11494msgid "April to July"
11495msgstr "April bis Jul"
11496
11497#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11498#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29
11499msgid "May to October"
11500msgstr "Mai bis Oktober"
11501
11502#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11503#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30
11504msgid "September to February"
11505msgstr "September bis Februar"
11506
11507#. type: Content of: <p>
11508#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35
11509msgid ""
11510"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines "
11511"are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> "
11512"(Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky.  In voyaging"
11513" a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls."
11514msgstr ""
11515
11516#. type: Content of: <p>
11517#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38
11518msgid ""
11519"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are "
11520"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> "
11521"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius).  These stars"
11522" connect together to create the bailer in the sky.  Mintaka in Orion is an "
11523"important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west "
11524"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction.  Mirzim (next to "
11525"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) "
11526"connect together to create a southern pointer.  <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> "
11527"(&theta; Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan)"
11528" connect to create a northern pointer.  Different north/south pointers are "
11529"found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators."
11530msgstr ""
11531
11532#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11533#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46
11534msgid ""
11535"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-"
11536"lizard).  This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or "
11537"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture.  It can also be representing a "
11538"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation."
11539msgstr ""
11540
11541#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11542#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50
11543msgid ""
11544"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the "
11545"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always "
11546"above north.  <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big "
11547"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars "
11548"in the Big Dipper.  <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> "
11549"(Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line.  The two PVS "
11550"canoes are named after these two stars.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” "
11551"star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the "
11552"latitude of the Hawaiian Islands.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to "
11553"navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i.  The meaning of "
11554"<em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to "
11555"find home bringing joy.  Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a "
11556"combination of four stars that create a box.  <em>Me’e</em> connects down to"
11557" <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for "
11558"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>."
11559msgstr ""
11560
11561#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11562#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61
11563msgid ""
11564"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to "
11565"the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook.  Maui is credited for "
11566"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook."
11567msgstr ""
11568
11569#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11570#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64
11571msgid ""
11572"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on "
11573"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south.  The Navigator’s Triangle is "
11574"made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and "
11575"<em>Humu</em> (Altair).  (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for "
11576"modern amateur astronomers.)  These stars also represent the Polynesian "
11577"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa "
11578"(<em>Humu</em>).  These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui "
11579"(Scorpius)."
11580msgstr ""
11581
11582#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11583#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70
11584msgid ""
11585"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect "
11586"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (&gamma; Cyg, Sadr).  "
11587"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> "
11588"(&delta; Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (&pi; Sco, Nur), the stars on the "
11589"top of the hook."
11590msgstr ""
11591
11592#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11593#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74
11594msgid ""
11595"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a "
11596"great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which"
11597" was lost as a child."
11598msgstr ""
11599
11600#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11601#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76
11602msgid ""
11603"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird "
11604"(<em>Fregata Minor</em>).  The shape of this constellation (which is "
11605"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known "
11606"for leading voyagers to land.  The center of the star line is the Kite of "
11607"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus).  The four stars that make the"
11608" kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> "
11609"(&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (&beta; Peg, Scheat), "
11610"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, "
11611"Markab).  All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then "
11612"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and "
11613"<em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
11614msgstr ""
11615
11616#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11617#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83
11618msgid ""
11619"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, "
11620"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (&beta; Cas, Caph) of "
11621"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>.  The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> "
11622"(&alpha; Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
11623msgstr ""
11624
11625#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11626#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88
11627msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>"
11628msgstr ""
11629
11630#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11631#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89
11632msgid ""
11633"<a "
11634"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian"
11635" Voyaging Society</a>"
11636msgstr ""
11637
11638#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11639#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90
11640msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>"
11641msgstr "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>"
11642
11643#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11644#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91
11645msgid ""
11646"<a "
11647"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian"
11648" Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>"
11649msgstr ""
11650"<a "
11651"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiianische"
11652" Sternenlinien und Sternennamen</a>"
11653
11654#. type: Content of: <p><p>
11655#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94
11656msgid ""
11657"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this "
11658"skyculture is available at the <a "
11659"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> "
11660"collection."
11661msgstr ""
11662
11663#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2>
11664#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96
11665msgid "Background and Acknowledgements"
11666msgstr "Hintergrund und Danksagungen"
11667
11668#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11669#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98
11670msgid ""
11671"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of "
11672"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa "
11673"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from "
11674"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage"
11675" of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe.  Stellarium has been used as a "
11676"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for"
11677" practicing Polynesian navigation."
11678msgstr ""
11679
11680#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11681#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102
11682msgid ""
11683"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was "
11684"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, "
11685"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial "
11686"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i.  Artwork"
11687" by Kealoha Kaneakua."
11688msgstr ""
11689
11690#. type: Content of: <h2>
11691#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1
11692msgid "Indian Vedic"
11693msgstr "Indisch-Vedisch"
11694
11695#. type: Content of: <p>
11696#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2
11697msgid ""
11698"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to "
11699"Nakṣatra-s."
11700msgstr ""
11701
11702#. type: Content of: <p>
11703#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6
11704msgid ""
11705"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical "
11706"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is "
11707"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)."
11708msgstr ""
11709
11710#. type: Content of: <p>
11711#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7
11712msgid ""
11713"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding "
11714"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their "
11715"original locations to account for precession."
11716msgstr ""
11717
11718#. type: Content of: <p>
11719#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8
11720msgid ""
11721"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar "
11722"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months "
11723"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' "
11724"names."
11725msgstr ""
11726
11727#. type: Content of: <p>
11728#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11
11729msgid ""
11730"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately "
11731"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full "
11732"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the "
11733"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is "
11734"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the "
11735"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they "
11736"are also technically constellations."
11737msgstr ""
11738
11739#. type: Content of: <p>
11740#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12
11741msgid ""
11742"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the "
11743"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a "
11744"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11745"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this page</a>)"
11746msgstr ""
11747
11748#. type: Content of: <p>
11749#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13
11750msgid ""
11751"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and "
11752"the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual "
11753"which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some "
11754"scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, "
11755"the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic "
11756"period."
11757msgstr ""
11758
11759#. type: Content of: <p>
11760#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14
11761msgid ""
11762"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same "
11763"constellations and stars (Example: <a "
11764"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on "
11765"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others "
11766"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological "
11767"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, "
11768"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See "
11769"references below.)"
11770msgstr ""
11771
11772#. type: Content of: <p>
11773#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15
11774msgid ""
11775"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which "
11776"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a "
11777"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra "
11778"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in "
11779"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people "
11780"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most "
11781"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months "
11782"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year."
11783msgstr ""
11784
11785#. type: Content of: <p>
11786#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16
11787msgid ""
11788"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by "
11789"their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation "
11790"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual "
11791"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose "
11792"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)."
11793msgstr ""
11794
11795#. type: Content of: <h3>
11796#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18
11797msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\""
11798msgstr "Navagraha – Neun „Planeten“"
11799
11800#. type: Content of: <p>
11801#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19
11802msgid ""
11803"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to "
11804"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun "
11805"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as "
11806"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name "
11807"of vedic days originated from these planet's names."
11808msgstr ""
11809
11810#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11811#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11812msgid "Graha"
11813msgstr "Graha"
11814
11815#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11816#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11817#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
11818msgid "Designation"
11819msgstr ""
11820
11821#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11822#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11823msgid "Name of Solar days"
11824msgstr "Name der Sonnentage"
11825
11826#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11827#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11828msgid "(Sun)"
11829msgstr "(Sonne)"
11830
11831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11832#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11833msgid "Sun God"
11834msgstr "Sonnengott"
11835
11836#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11837#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11838msgid "(Sunday)"
11839msgstr "(Sonntag)"
11840
11841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11842#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11843msgid "(Moon)"
11844msgstr "(Mond)"
11845
11846#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11847#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11848msgid "Moon god"
11849msgstr "Mondgott"
11850
11851#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11852#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11853msgid "(Monday)"
11854msgstr "(Montag)"
11855
11856#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11857#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11858msgid "(Mars)"
11859msgstr "(Mars)"
11860
11861#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11862#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11863msgid "God of war"
11864msgstr "Kriegsgott"
11865
11866#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11867#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11868msgid "(Tuesday)"
11869msgstr "(Dienstag)"
11870
11871#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11872#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11873msgid "(Mercury)"
11874msgstr "(Merkur)"
11875
11876#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11877#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11878msgid "Son of Moon"
11879msgstr "Mondsohn"
11880
11881#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11882#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11883msgid "(Wednesday)"
11884msgstr "(Mittwoch)"
11885
11886#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11887#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11888msgid "(Jupiter)"
11889msgstr "(Jupiter)"
11890
11891#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11892#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11893msgid "Teacher of Gods"
11894msgstr "Lehrer der Götter"
11895
11896#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11897#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11898msgid "(Thursday)"
11899msgstr "(Donnerstag)"
11900
11901#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11902#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11903msgid "(Venus)"
11904msgstr "(Venus)"
11905
11906#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11907#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11908msgid "Mentor of Demons"
11909msgstr "Dämonenmentor"
11910
11911#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11912#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11913msgid "(Friday)"
11914msgstr "(Freitag)"
11915
11916#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11917#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11918msgid "(Saturn)"
11919msgstr "(Saturn)"
11920
11921#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11922#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11923msgid "God of Misfortune"
11924msgstr "Gott des Unglücks"
11925
11926#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11927#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11928msgid "(Saturday)"
11929msgstr "(Samstag)"
11930
11931#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11932#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30
11933#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
11934msgid "lunar node"
11935msgstr ""
11936
11937#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11938#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30
11939#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
11940msgid "-"
11941msgstr "-"
11942
11943#. type: Content of: <h4>
11944#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36
11945msgid "General"
11946msgstr "Allgemein"
11947
11948#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11949#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38
11950msgid ""
11951"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" class='external text' "
11952"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia"
11953msgstr ""
11954
11955#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11956#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39
11957msgid ""
11958"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' "
11959"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia"
11960msgstr ""
11961
11962#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11963#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40
11964msgid ""
11965"<a "
11966"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11967"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' "
11968"rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>"
11969msgstr ""
11970"<a "
11971"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11972"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' "
11973"rel=\"nofollow\">Geschichte des Kalender-Panchanga Komitee Reports</a>"
11974
11975#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11976#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41
11977msgid ""
11978"<a "
11979"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\""
11980" class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and "
11981"Abhijit\"</a>"
11982msgstr ""
11983
11984#. type: Content of: <h4>
11985#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44
11986msgid "Mythology"
11987msgstr "Mythologie"
11988
11989#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
11990#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45
11991msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org."
11992msgstr ""
11993"Vieles von dem unten stehendem ist kostenfrei online auf archive.org "
11994"verfügbar."
11995
11996#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11997#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48
11998msgid ""
11999"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata"
12000" Index, Vedic Indix"
12001msgstr ""
12002
12003#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12004#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49
12005#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54
12006msgid "Vedas, Agamas"
12007msgstr "Vedas, Agamas"
12008
12009#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12010#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50
12011msgid ""
12012"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" "
12013"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala "
12014"Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
12015msgstr ""
12016
12017#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12018#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51
12019msgid ""
12020"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external "
12021"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
12022msgstr ""
12023
12024#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12025#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52
12026msgid ""
12027"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" "
12028"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar "
12029"Tilak</a>"
12030msgstr ""
12031
12032#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12033#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53
12034msgid ""
12035"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external "
12036"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de "
12037"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>"
12038msgstr ""
12039"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external "
12040"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de "
12041"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>"
12042
12043#. type: Content of: <h3>
12044#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58
12045msgid "Contributors"
12046msgstr "Mitwirkende"
12047
12048#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12049#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60
12050msgid "Tanmoy Saha"
12051msgstr "Tanmoy Saha"
12052
12053#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12054#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61
12055msgid ""
12056"Contributors from the <a href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-"
12057"coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a "
12058"href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>."
12059msgstr ""
12060
12061#. type: Content of: <h2>
12062#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1
12063msgid "Inuit"
12064msgstr "Inuit"
12065
12066#. type: Content of: <p>
12067#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2
12068msgid ""
12069"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
12070"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, "
12071"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit "
12072"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in "
12073"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic "
12074"universe."
12075msgstr ""
12076
12077#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12078#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27
12079msgid ""
12080"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-"
12081"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and "
12082"Legend</a> book at amazon.com"
12083msgstr ""
12084"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-"
12085"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and "
12086"Legend</a> Buch auf amazon.com"
12087
12088#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12089#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28
12090msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>"
12091msgstr "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>"
12092
12093#. type: Content of: <p>
12094#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32
12095msgid ""
12096"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
12097"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: "
12098"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald."
12099msgstr ""
12100
12101#. type: Content of: <p>
12102#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34
12103msgid ""
12104"Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License."
12105msgstr ""
12106
12107#. type: Content of: <h2>
12108#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1
12109msgid "Japanese Moon Stations"
12110msgstr "Japanische Mondstationen"
12111
12112#. type: Content of: <p>
12113#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2
12114msgid ""
12115"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was "
12116"closely tied to astrological purposes.  For ancient Chinese and later Korean"
12117" and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is "
12118"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), "
12119"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and "
12120"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each "
12121"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei "
12122"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\".  The moon "
12123"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun"
12124" and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been "
12125"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are"
12126" obscure and even controversial."
12127msgstr ""
12128
12129#. type: Content of: <p>
12130#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10
12131msgid ""
12132"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" "
12133"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent"
12134" some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent "
12135"anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move"
12136" in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall.  Some"
12137" scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being "
12138"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but "
12139"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun "
12140"through seasons."
12141msgstr ""
12142
12143#. type: Content of: <p>
12144#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15
12145msgid ""
12146"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated "
12147"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the "
12148"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, "
12149"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the "
12150"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not "
12151"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now."
12152msgstr ""
12153
12154#. type: Content of: <p>
12155#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19
12156msgid ""
12157"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield "
12158"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this "
12159"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed "
12160"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather"
12161" complex."
12162msgstr ""
12163
12164#. type: Content of: <p>
12165#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22
12166msgid ""
12167"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of "
12168"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended "
12169"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike "
12170"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the "
12171"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature."
12172msgstr ""
12173
12174#. type: Content of: <p>
12175#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25
12176msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan."
12177msgstr ""
12178
12179#. type: Content of: <p>
12180#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26
12181msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>"
12182msgstr ""
12183
12184#. type: Content of: <h3>
12185#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28
12186msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)"
12187msgstr "Der Azurdrache des Ostens (Frühling)"
12188
12189#. type: Content of: <p>
12190#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29
12191msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"."
12192msgstr "Die 7 Mondstationen des „Ostens“ oder des „Blauen Drachens“."
12193
12194#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12195#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33
12196#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95
12197#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156
12198#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217
12199msgid "Chinese Character"
12200msgstr "Chinesisches Zeichen"
12201
12202#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12203#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34
12204#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96
12205#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157
12206#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218
12207msgid "Meaning"
12208msgstr "Bedeutung"
12209
12210#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12211#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35
12212#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97
12213#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158
12214#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219
12215msgid "Key Star"
12216msgstr "Schlüsselstern"
12217
12218#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12219#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36
12220#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98
12221#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159
12222#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220
12223msgid "Japanese Name"
12224msgstr "Japanischer Name"
12225
12226#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12227#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41
12228msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner"
12229msgstr ""
12230
12231#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12232#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48
12233msgid "Neck, Throat"
12234msgstr "Hals, Kehle"
12235
12236#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12237#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55
12238msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base"
12239msgstr ""
12240
12241#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12242#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56
12243#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63
12244#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84
12245#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186
12246#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207
12247#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233
12248msgid "sometimes"
12249msgstr "manchmal"
12250
12251#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12252#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62
12253msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts"
12254msgstr ""
12255
12256#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12257#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83
12258msgid "Basket"
12259msgstr "Korb"
12260
12261#. type: Content of: <h3>
12262#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90
12263msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)"
12264msgstr ""
12265
12266#. type: Content of: <p>
12267#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91
12268msgid ""
12269"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\""
12270" (also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)."
12271msgstr ""
12272
12273#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12274#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103
12275msgid "Dipper; Measure"
12276msgstr ""
12277
12278#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12279#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110
12280msgid "Cow"
12281msgstr "Kuh"
12282
12283#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12284#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117
12285msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid"
12286msgstr ""
12287
12288#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12289#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131
12290msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep"
12291msgstr ""
12292
12293#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12294#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138
12295msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment"
12296msgstr ""
12297
12298#. type: Content of: <h3>
12299#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151
12300msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)"
12301msgstr "Der Weiße Tiger des Westens (Herbst)"
12302
12303#. type: Content of: <p>
12304#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152
12305msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"."
12306msgstr "Die 7 Mondstationen des „Westens“ oder des „Weißen Tigers“"
12307
12308#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12309#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164
12310msgid "Stride, Foot"
12311msgstr ""
12312
12313#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12314#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171
12315msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows"
12316msgstr ""
12317
12318#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12319#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185
12320msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\""
12321msgstr ""
12322
12323#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12324#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192
12325msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain"
12326msgstr ""
12327
12328#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12329#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199
12330msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head"
12331msgstr ""
12332
12333#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12334#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206
12335msgid "Investigator, Three"
12336msgstr "Ermittler, Drei"
12337
12338#. type: Content of: <h3>
12339#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212
12340msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)"
12341msgstr "Der Rote Vogel des Südens (Sommer)"
12342
12343#. type: Content of: <p>
12344#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213
12345msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"."
12346msgstr "Die 7 Mondstationen des „Südens“ oder des „Roten Vogels“"
12347
12348#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12349#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232
12350msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost"
12351msgstr "Ogre, Teufel, eventuell Geist"
12352
12353#. type: Content of: <h3>
12354#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246
12355#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25
12356msgid "Stars"
12357msgstr "Sterne"
12358
12359#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12360#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253
12361msgid "Stretched Net"
12362msgstr "Stretched Net"
12363
12364#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12365#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267
12366msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto"
12367msgstr ""
12368
12369#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a>
12370#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275
12371msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan"
12372msgstr ""
12373
12374#. type: Content of: <h2>
12375#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1
12376msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi"
12377msgstr "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi"
12378
12379#. type: Content of: <p>
12380#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2
12381msgid ""
12382"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian "
12383"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. "
12384"They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country.  "
12385"Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an "
12386"extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s."
12387msgstr ""
12388
12389#. type: Content of: <h3>
12390#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4
12391msgid "Background"
12392msgstr "Hintergrund"
12393
12394#. type: Content of: <p>
12395#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5
12396msgid ""
12397"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project"
12398" by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. "
12399"Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the "
12400"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of"
12401" a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study "
12402"Guide.  Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate"
12403" certain sky objects."
12404msgstr ""
12405
12406#. type: Content of: <h2>
12407#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7
12408msgid "Cultural objects"
12409msgstr "Kulturelle Objekte"
12410
12411#. type: Content of: <h3>
12412#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9
12413msgid "Gawaargay"
12414msgstr "Gawaargay"
12415
12416#. type: Content of: <p>
12417#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10
12418msgid ""
12419"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal "
12420"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the "
12421"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius.  The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it "
12422"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males.  From "
12423"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males "
12424"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs.  In the evening"
12425" in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two "
12426"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected.  Later in the year, it "
12427"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, "
12428"meaning the waterholes are full.  When it is below the horizon, then it is "
12429"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen."
12430msgstr ""
12431
12432#. type: Content of: <h3>
12433#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12
12434msgid "Birringoloo"
12435msgstr "Birringoloo"
12436
12437#. type: Content of: <p>
12438#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13
12439msgid ""
12440"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits"
12441" by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women "
12442"with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah "
12443"(Heaven behind Warrambul).  They wait at this camp until all their girl "
12444"children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to "
12445"Bulimah."
12446msgstr ""
12447
12448#. type: Content of: <h3>
12449#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15
12450msgid "Yarran"
12451msgstr "Yarran"
12452
12453#. type: Content of: <p>
12454#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16
12455msgid ""
12456"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, "
12457"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to"
12458" die (and the Cockatoos).  It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the "
12459"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots "
12460"spreading around.  When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through "
12461"the hollow of the Yarran."
12462msgstr ""
12463
12464#. type: Content of: <h3>
12465#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18
12466msgid "Old Wiringin"
12467msgstr ""
12468
12469#. type: Content of: <p>
12470#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19
12471msgid ""
12472"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor.  This Wiringin located "
12473"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to "
12474"Bulimah.  If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, "
12475"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in "
12476"the Large Magellanic Cloud.  This birth spirit will send the unitiated back "
12477"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated.  This Wiringin is "
12478"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)."
12479msgstr ""
12480
12481#. type: Content of: <h3>
12482#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21
12483msgid "Birray Birray"
12484msgstr "Birray Birray"
12485
12486#. type: Content of: <p>
12487#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22
12488msgid ""
12489"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the "
12490"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star "
12491"cluster.  They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this"
12492" they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of "
12493"Orion.  Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker.  "
12494"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is "
12495"Aldebaran."
12496msgstr ""
12497
12498#. type: Content of: <h3>
12499#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24
12500msgid "Miyay Miyay"
12501msgstr "Miyay Miyay"
12502
12503#. type: Content of: <p>
12504#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25
12505msgid ""
12506"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the"
12507" sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins "
12508"or other bad persons.  They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one "
12509"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars.  They are protected from the "
12510"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran."
12511msgstr ""
12512
12513#. type: Content of: <h3>
12514#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27
12515msgid "Old Dthillar"
12516msgstr ""
12517
12518#. type: Content of: <p>
12519#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28
12520msgid ""
12521"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, "
12522"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) "
12523"in the Pleiades.  Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha "
12524"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray "
12525"Birray.  The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri"
12526" is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)."
12527msgstr ""
12528
12529#. type: Content of: <h3>
12530#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30
12531msgid "Wamba Wamba"
12532msgstr "Wamba Wamba"
12533
12534#. type: Content of: <p>
12535#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31
12536msgid ""
12537"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\".  In this case, the star Canopus is "
12538"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is "
12539"told.  The planet Venus is also called Wamba.  One speculation is that both "
12540"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to "
12541"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results"
12542" in rapid changes in colour.  This might be interpreted as madness."
12543msgstr ""
12544
12545#. type: Content of: <h3>
12546#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33
12547msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan"
12548msgstr "Wadhaagudjaaylwan"
12549
12550#. type: Content of: <p>
12551#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34
12552msgid ""
12553"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic "
12554"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies.  She \"sings\" the "
12555"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old "
12556"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to "
12557"Earth as babies."
12558msgstr ""
12559
12560#. type: Content of: <h3>
12561#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36
12562msgid "Bandaarr"
12563msgstr "Bandaarr"
12564
12565#. type: Content of: <p>
12566#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37
12567msgid ""
12568"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located "
12569"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu.  "
12570"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has"
12571" significance in ceremony."
12572msgstr ""
12573
12574#. type: Content of: <h3>
12575#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39
12576msgid "Muraay Muyaay"
12577msgstr "Muraay Muyaay"
12578
12579#. type: Content of: <p>
12580#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40
12581msgid ""
12582"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo,"
12583" who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri).  They "
12584"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged "
12585"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran."
12586msgstr ""
12587
12588#. type: Content of: <h3>
12589#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42
12590msgid "Warrawilbaarru"
12591msgstr "Warrawilbaarru"
12592
12593#. type: Content of: <p>
12594#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43
12595msgid ""
12596"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation "
12597"Scorpius.  Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September "
12598"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during "
12599"September, and doesn't go back until around March.  During this time he is "
12600"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to "
12601"children and uninitiated men."
12602msgstr ""
12603
12604#. type: Content of: <p>
12605#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46
12606msgid ""
12607"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi "
12608"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" "
12609"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>."
12610msgstr ""
12611
12612#. type: Content of: <h2>
12613#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1
12614msgid "Korean"
12615msgstr "Koreanisch"
12616
12617#. type: Content of: <h3>
12618#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2
12619msgid "Origin"
12620msgstr "Ursprung"
12621
12622#. type: Content of: <p>
12623#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3
12624msgid ""
12625"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and "
12626"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun "
12627"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map"
12628" and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their "
12629"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations "
12630"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty "
12631"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C."
12632msgstr ""
12633
12634#. type: Content of: <p>
12635#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5
12636msgid ""
12637"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on"
12638" the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which "
12639"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map "
12640"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about"
12641" 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese "
12642"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only"
12643" about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of "
12644"the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the "
12645"southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with "
12646"respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations "
12647"were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that "
12648"there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. "
12649"The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at"
12650" a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation "
12651"are like."
12652msgstr ""
12653
12654#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
12655#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9
12656msgid ""
12657"<a "
12658"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang "
12659"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>"
12660msgstr ""
12661"<a "
12662"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang "
12663"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>"
12664
12665#. type: Content of: <p><p>
12666#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13
12667msgid ""
12668"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a "
12669"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>"
12670msgstr ""
12671"Diese Himmelkultur hat der Stellarium-Nutzer <i><a "
12672"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i> "
12673"beigetragen."
12674
12675#. type: Content of: <h2>
12676#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1
12677msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)"
12678msgstr "Lokono (oder Arawak)"
12679
12680#. type: Content of: <p>
12681#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3
12682msgid ""
12683"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people"
12684" of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic "
12685"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French "
12686"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak"
12687" a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the "
12688"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic"
12689" relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of "
12690"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and"
12691" gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups "
12692"that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono "
12693"have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 "
12694"years.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has "
12695"intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono"
12696" language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in "
12697"subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of "
12698"<em>medicine-men</em>&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge,"
12699" most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the "
12700"modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what"
12701" the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned "
12702"in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the"
12703" combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining "
12704"their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented "
12705"here includes only identified constellations but the following description "
12706"provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge "
12707"including information extracted from historical sources about all the "
12708"celestial objects named in the table below."
12709msgstr ""
12710
12711#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption>
12712#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7
12713msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects"
12714msgstr ""
12715
12716#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12717#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9
12718msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>"
12719msgstr ""
12720
12721#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12722#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10
12723msgid "Literal translation in English"
12724msgstr "Wörtliche Übersetzung auf Deutsch"
12725
12726#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12727#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11
12728msgid "Approximate location"
12729msgstr "Ungefährer Ort"
12730
12731#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12732#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30
12733msgid "Path of the carriers of clay"
12734msgstr ""
12735
12736#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12737#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40
12738msgid "Scores of stars"
12739msgstr ""
12740
12741#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12742#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45
12743msgid "Shining star"
12744msgstr ""
12745
12746#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12747#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50
12748msgid "Grill"
12749msgstr ""
12750
12751#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12752#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51
12753msgid "Pegasus"
12754msgstr "Pegasus"
12755
12756#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12757#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55
12758msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda"
12759msgstr ""
12760
12761#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12762#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56
12763msgid "unclear"
12764msgstr "unklar"
12765
12766#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12767#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60
12768msgid "Spirit of the capibara"
12769msgstr ""
12770
12771#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12772#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61
12773#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96
12774#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111
12775#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131
12776#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136
12777#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141
12778#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146
12779#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151
12780#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156
12781#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161
12782#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166
12783#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171
12784#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176
12785#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181
12786#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186
12787#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191
12788#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196
12789#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201
12790#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206
12791#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211
12792#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216
12793msgid "unknown"
12794msgstr "unbekannt"
12795
12796#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12797#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65
12798msgid "Man without a thigh"
12799msgstr "Mann ohne Oberschenkel"
12800
12801#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12802#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70
12803msgid "Jaw of the tapir"
12804msgstr "Tapirkiefer"
12805
12806#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12807#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71
12808#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
12809msgid "Hyades"
12810msgstr "Hyaden"
12811
12812#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12813#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75
12814msgid "Spirit of the black curassow"
12815msgstr ""
12816
12817#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12818#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76
12819msgid "Crux"
12820msgstr ""
12821
12822#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12823#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80
12824msgid "Hunter"
12825msgstr "Jäger"
12826
12827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12828#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81
12829msgid "α Centauri"
12830msgstr "α Centauri"
12831
12832#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12833#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85
12834msgid "Torch"
12835msgstr "Fackel"
12836
12837#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12838#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86
12839msgid "β Centauri"
12840msgstr "β Centauri"
12841
12842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12843#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90
12844msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron"
12845msgstr ""
12846
12847#. type: Content of: <h3>
12848#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91
12849#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18
12850msgid "Ursa Major"
12851msgstr "Großer Bär"
12852
12853#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12854#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95
12855msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron"
12856msgstr ""
12857
12858#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12859#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100
12860msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish"
12861msgstr ""
12862
12863#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12864#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101
12865msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco"
12866msgstr "λ und υ Sco"
12867
12868#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12869#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105
12870msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle"
12871msgstr ""
12872
12873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12874#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106
12875msgid "Hercules"
12876msgstr "Herkules"
12877
12878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12879#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110
12880msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise"
12881msgstr ""
12882
12883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12884#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115
12885msgid "Spirit of the blue crab"
12886msgstr "Geist der Blauen Krabbe"
12887
12888#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12889#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120
12890msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck"
12891msgstr ""
12892
12893#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12894#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125
12895msgid "Spirit of the awara palm"
12896msgstr ""
12897
12898#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12899#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130
12900msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi"
12901msgstr ""
12902
12903#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12904#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135
12905msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti"
12906msgstr ""
12907
12908#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12909#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140
12910msgid "Spirit of the jaguar"
12911msgstr "Geist des Jaguars"
12912
12913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12914#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145
12915msgid "Spirit of the ocelot"
12916msgstr ""
12917
12918#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12919#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150
12920msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth"
12921msgstr ""
12922
12923#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12924#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155
12925msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth"
12926msgstr ""
12927
12928#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12929#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160
12930msgid "Spirit of the green iguana"
12931msgstr ""
12932
12933#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12934#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165
12935msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot"
12936msgstr ""
12937
12938#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12939#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170
12940msgid "Spirit of the marail guan"
12941msgstr ""
12942
12943#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12944#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175
12945msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo"
12946msgstr ""
12947
12948#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12949#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180
12950msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin"
12951msgstr ""
12952
12953#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12954#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185
12955msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki"
12956msgstr ""
12957
12958#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12959#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190
12960msgid "Spirit of the scorpion"
12961msgstr "Geist des Skorpions"
12962
12963#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12964#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195
12965msgid "Spirit of the parrot"
12966msgstr "Geist des Papageis"
12967
12968#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12969#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200
12970msgid "Spirit of a tortoise"
12971msgstr "Geist der Landschildkröte"
12972
12973#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12974#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205
12975msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow"
12976msgstr "Geist des Bogens und Pfeils"
12977
12978#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12979#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210
12980msgid "Spirit of the gun"
12981msgstr "Geist der Kanone"
12982
12983#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12984#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215
12985msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle"
12986msgstr "Rassel des Medizinmannes"
12987
12988#. type: Content of: <h3>
12989#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221
12990msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction"
12991msgstr "Astronomisches Wissen der Lokono: eine Einführung"
12992
12993#. type: Content of: <p>
12994#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222
12995msgid ""
12996"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical "
12997"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. "
12998"However, it was the medicine-men in particular&mdash;the spiritual leaders "
12999"of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>&mdash;who were required to master the "
13000"various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for "
13001"passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to "
13002"another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first "
13003"accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:"
13004msgstr ""
13005
13006#. type: Content of: <p>
13007#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223
13008msgid ""
13009"<em>&ldquo;old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses "
13010"designed for their meetings and [&hellip;] recount the traditions and "
13011"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those "
13012"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember"
13013" the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner "
13014"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, "
13015"and stars.&rdquo;</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>"
13016msgstr ""
13017
13018#. type: Content of: <p>
13019#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224
13020msgid ""
13021"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as "
13022"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be "
13023"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been "
13024"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today."
13025" Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by "
13026"early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples"
13027" of which is illustrated below."
13028msgstr ""
13029
13030#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption>
13031#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229
13032msgid ""
13033"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a "
13034"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>"
13035msgstr ""
13036
13037#. type: Content of: <p>
13038#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233
13039msgid ""
13040"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar"
13041" knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial "
13042"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a "
13043"mention, namely:"
13044msgstr ""
13045
13046#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
13047#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235
13048msgid ""
13049"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous "
13050"groups."
13051msgstr ""
13052
13053#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
13054#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236
13055msgid ""
13056"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial "
13057"bodies."
13058msgstr ""
13059
13060#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
13061#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237
13062msgid ""
13063"the use of the term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo; in the names of "
13064"numerous constellations."
13065msgstr ""
13066
13067#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
13068#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238
13069msgid ""
13070"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star, year&rsquo; and the "
13071"lack of other astronomical terms."
13072msgstr ""
13073
13074#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
13075#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239
13076msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono."
13077msgstr "die Himmelsbeobachtungspraktiken der Lokono"
13078
13079#. type: Content of: <h3>
13080#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243
13081msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge"
13082msgstr ""
13083
13084#. type: Content of: <p>
13085#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244
13086msgid ""
13087"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous"
13088" peoples, the Kari&rsquo;na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, "
13089"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not "
13090"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and "
13091"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also "
13092"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, "
13093"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This"
13094" speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of "
13095"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual "
13096"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these "
13097"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further "
13098"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these "
13099"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono "
13100"ethnoastronomy."
13101msgstr ""
13102
13103#. type: Content of: <h3>
13104#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246
13105msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions"
13106msgstr "2. Mündliche Sternüberlieferungen"
13107
13108#. type: Content of: <p>
13109#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247
13110msgid ""
13111"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell"
13112" of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, "
13113"and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation "
13114"<em>Hithikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo;, for instance,"
13115" is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> "
13116"&lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; and <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo;, all three"
13117" of which have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral "
13118"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main "
13119"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation "
13120"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in "
13121"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the "
13122"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are "
13123"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial "
13124"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and"
13125" the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono "
13126"astronomical knowledge is justified."
13127msgstr ""
13128
13129#. type: Content of: <h3>
13130#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249
13131msgid "3. Calendar of spirits"
13132msgstr ""
13133
13134#. type: Content of: <p>
13135#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250
13136msgid ""
13137"The term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo;, found in numerous constellation"
13138" names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key"
13139" feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, "
13140"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding "
13141"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when"
13142" the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to "
13143"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the "
13144"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best "
13145"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and "
13146"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where "
13147"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called "
13148"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of "
13149"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red "
13150"acouchi&rsquo; would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place "
13151"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation "
13152"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the "
13153"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the "
13154"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed."
13155msgstr ""
13156
13157#. type: Content of: <h3>
13158#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252
13159msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year"
13160msgstr "4. <em>Wiwa</em>, der Stern und das Jahr"
13161
13162#. type: Content of: <p>
13163#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253
13164msgid ""
13165"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, "
13166"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. "
13167"</em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as "
13168"something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it "
13169"is used, for instance, when talking about one&rsquo;s age. While it can "
13170"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of "
13171"celestial bodies. <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, literally &lsquo;Scores of "
13172"stars&rsquo; (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations,"
13173" whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. "
13174"Following <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> are the numerous "
13175"<em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the "
13176"Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally "
13177"&lsquo;Shining star&rsquo; (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely"
13178" due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there "
13179"are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies "
13180"and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of "
13181"the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations."
13182msgstr ""
13183
13184#. type: Content of: <h3>
13185#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255
13186msgid "5. Sky watching practices"
13187msgstr "5. Himmelsbeobachtungspraktiken"
13188
13189#. type: Content of: <p>
13190#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256
13191msgid ""
13192"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono "
13193"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the "
13194"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe "
13195"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of "
13196"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location"
13197" to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location "
13198"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, "
13199"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was "
13200"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation "
13201"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In "
13202"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in"
13203" mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows "
13204"for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there "
13205"are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed "
13206"that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a "
13207"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers "
13208"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become "
13209"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told "
13210"not to look at <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not"
13211" grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also"
13212" to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other "
13213"ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or "
13214"salt into one&rsquo;s eyes."
13215msgstr ""
13216
13217#. type: Content of: <h3>
13218#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258
13219msgid "Lokono celestial bodies"
13220msgstr ""
13221
13222#. type: Content of: <p>
13223#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259
13224msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'"
13225msgstr "<em>Hadali</em> »Sonne«"
13226
13227#. type: Content of: <p>
13228#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260
13229msgid ""
13230"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as "
13231"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names"
13232" of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as "
13233"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, "
13234"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> "
13235"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a "
13236"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, "
13237"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, "
13238"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the "
13239"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; "
13240"(Orion&rsquo;s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a "
13241"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
13242"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to"
13243" come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his "
13244"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the "
13245"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try"
13246" to escape, the wife&rsquo;s sister chases them and manages to cut off his "
13247"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the "
13248"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending"
13249" the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, "
13250"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which"
13251" does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun "
13252"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as "
13253"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the "
13254"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and "
13255"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds"
13256" of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a "
13257"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>"
13258msgstr ""
13259
13260#. type: Content of: <p>
13261#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262
13262msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'"
13263msgstr "<em>Kathi</em> »Mond«"
13264
13265#. type: Content of: <p>
13266#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263
13267msgid ""
13268"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de "
13269"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar "
13270"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, "
13271"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, "
13272"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after "
13273"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover"
13274" was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. "
13275"Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother&rsquo;s face was "
13276"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody "
13277"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so "
13278"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the "
13279"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of "
13280"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the "
13281"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, "
13282"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides"
13283" to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at "
13284"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also"
13285" depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the "
13286"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi &ocirc;don</em> &lsquo;moon "
13287"dying&rsquo;) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a "
13288"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the "
13289"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun&rsquo;s path.<sup><a "
13290"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, "
13291"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers "
13292"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick."
13293msgstr ""
13294
13295#. type: Content of: <p>
13296#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265
13297msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'"
13298msgstr "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'"
13299
13300#. type: Content of: <p>
13301#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266
13302msgid ""
13303"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star "
13304"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called "
13305"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], "
13306"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a "
13307"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, "
13308"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the "
13309"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star&rsquo; which can "
13310"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a "
13311"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as "
13312"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> &lsquo;women&rsquo;s star&rsquo;. In relation to this, "
13313"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro "
13314"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first "
13315"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the "
13316"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about "
13317"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is "
13318"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was "
13319"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth "
13320"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a "
13321"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name "
13322"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in "
13323"Kari&rsquo;na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a "
13324"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a "
13325"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>"
13326msgstr ""
13327
13328#. type: Content of: <p>
13329#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268
13330msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'"
13331msgstr "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> »Milchstraße«"
13332
13333#. type: Content of: <p>
13334#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269
13335msgid ""
13336"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, "
13337"</em>literally &lsquo;Path of the carriers of clay&rsquo;. The Milky Way "
13338"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making "
13339"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The "
13340"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a "
13341"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky "
13342"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific "
13343"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles "
13344"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints "
13345"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different "
13346"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir "
13347"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13348"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two "
13349"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it "
13350"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari&rsquo;na influence, who "
13351"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir "
13352"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13353msgstr ""
13354
13355#. type: Content of: <p>
13356#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271
13357msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'"
13358msgstr "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'"
13359
13360#. type: Content of: <p>
13361#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272
13362msgid ""
13363"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is"
13364" unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> "
13365"and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a "
13366"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13367"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in "
13368"August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or "
13369"one&rsquo;s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll&rsquo;s "
13370"<em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to "
13371"December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from "
13372"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, "
13373"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and "
13374"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must"
13375" be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the "
13376"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13377"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about "
13378"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the "
13379"Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> &lsquo;Previous face&rsquo;. "
13380"The Kari&rsquo;na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its "
13381"name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in "
13382"the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the "
13383"Kari&rsquo;na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis "
13384"Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a "
13385"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a "
13386"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13387msgstr ""
13388
13389#. type: Content of: <p>
13390#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274
13391msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'"
13392msgstr ""
13393
13394#. type: Content of: <p>
13395#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275
13396msgid ""
13397"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa y&ocirc;koro</em>, "
13398"literally &lsquo;Score of stars&rsquo;, refers to the Pleiades and is easily"
13399" recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because "
13400"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono "
13401"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a "
13402"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the"
13403" east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring"
13404" to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. "
13405"At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran</em> "
13406"&lsquo;the birth of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>&rsquo;. It is said that if "
13407"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time,"
13408" many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a "
13409"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young "
13410"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a "
13411"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a"
13412" Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of "
13413"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, "
13414"<em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>"
13415" Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the"
13416" Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the "
13417"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am "
13418"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is "
13419"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>&lsquo;Spirit of the green "
13420"anaconda&rsquo;, in the belly of which <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em> is said to"
13421" be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the "
13422"Lokono explain that the <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers"
13423" lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a "
13424"Kari'na story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13425msgstr ""
13426
13427#. type: Content of: <p>
13428#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277
13429msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'"
13430msgstr ""
13431
13432#. type: Content of: <p>
13433#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278
13434msgid ""
13435"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, or <em>Wiwa "
13436"yorhadale</em> &lsquo;Star&rsquo;s grill&rsquo;, represents a wooden grill, "
13437"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a"
13438" href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13439"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth "
13440"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed"
13441" her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless "
13442"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother "
13443"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The"
13444" man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother"
13445" instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western "
13446"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the "
13447"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a "
13448"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> and "
13449"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife "
13450"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> "
13451"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes "
13452"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. "
13453"Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western "
13454"constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small "
13455"dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring "
13456"Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a"
13457" href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>"
13458msgstr ""
13459
13460#. type: Content of: <p>
13461#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280
13462msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'"
13463msgstr ""
13464
13465#. type: Content of: <p>
13466#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281
13467msgid ""
13468"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda "
13469"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly "
13470"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest "
13471"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain "
13472"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
13473"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13474"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. "
13475"According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her "
13476"liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a "
13477"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> "
13478"to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother "
13479"instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Y&ocirc;koro "
13480"wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> "
13481"&lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz"
13482" list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green"
13483" anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation "
13484"<em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van "
13485"Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star "
13486"brings death.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his "
13487"wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and "
13488"ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates"
13489" a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> "
13490"flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and"
13491" people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky."
13492msgstr ""
13493
13494#. type: Content of: <p>
13495#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283
13496msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'"
13497msgstr ""
13498
13499#. type: Content of: <p>
13500#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284
13501msgid ""
13502"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13503"capybara&rsquo; (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the "
13504"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source"
13505" also informs us that it is followed by the constellation "
13506"<em>Kamodokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;. The "
13507"constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No "
13508"related myths have been documented."
13509msgstr ""
13510
13511#. type: Content of: <p>
13512#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286
13513msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'"
13514msgstr ""
13515
13516#. type: Content of: <p>
13517#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287
13518msgid ""
13519"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; is "
13520"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles"
13521" Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a "
13522"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and "
13523"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the "
13524"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave"
13525" it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a "
13526"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow "
13527"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at"
13528" the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated "
13529"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> constellation "
13530"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a "
13531"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The "
13532"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> "
13533"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside "
13534"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, "
13535"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and "
13536"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a "
13537"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at "
13538"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent "
13539"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one"
13540" of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the"
13541" man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day "
13542"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he "
13543"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of "
13544"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the "
13545"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the "
13546"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of"
13547" cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is "
13548"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's "
13549"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself."
13550msgstr ""
13551
13552#. type: Content of: <p>
13553#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289
13554msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'"
13555msgstr ""
13556
13557#. type: Content of: <p>
13558#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290
13559msgid ""
13560"The constellation <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> &lsquo;Jaw of the tapir&rsquo; is"
13561" one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono,"
13562" just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a "
13563"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
13564"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story "
13565"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his "
13566"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus "
13567"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks "
13568"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but "
13569"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with"
13570" which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> "
13571"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari&rsquo;na story, on the "
13572"other hand, <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> was the remains of a tapir that the "
13573"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed "
13574"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh."
13575msgstr ""
13576
13577#. type: Content of: <p>
13578#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292
13579msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'"
13580msgstr ""
13581
13582#. type: Content of: <p>
13583#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293
13584msgid ""
13585"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the &lsquo;Spirit of the black "
13586"curassow&rsquo; (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept "
13587"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, "
13588"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a "
13589"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to "
13590"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see "
13591"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see "
13592"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western"
13593" constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the "
13594"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following "
13595"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the "
13596"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds"
13597" are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the "
13598"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono"
13599" even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves "
13600"resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate"
13601" the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a "
13602"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
13603"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13604msgstr ""
13605
13606#. type: Content of: <p>
13607#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295
13608msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'"
13609msgstr "<em>Yokhârhin</em> »Jäger«"
13610
13611#. type: Content of: <p>
13612#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296
13613msgid ""
13614"The constellation <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; corresponds "
13615"to &alpha; Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the "
13616"&lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a "
13617"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13618"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding"
13619" a torch known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> is represented by &beta; Centauri. "
13620"The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of "
13621"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a "
13622"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13623"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him "
13624"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as"
13625" a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter "
13626"(<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch "
13627"(<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
13628"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
13629"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
13630"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the"
13631" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
13632msgstr ""
13633
13634#. type: Content of: <p>
13635#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298
13636msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'"
13637msgstr "<em>Alêti</em> »Fackel«"
13638
13639#. type: Content of: <p>
13640#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299
13641msgid ""
13642"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo; corresponds "
13643"to&nbsp;&beta; Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter "
13644"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth "
13645"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>.<sup><a "
13646"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13647"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp; "
13648"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> follows <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> so as not to scare the"
13649" black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the "
13650"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of "
13651"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see "
13652"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According "
13653"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept "
13654"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the "
13655"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the "
13656"approaching hunter (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch"
13657" (<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
13658"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
13659"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
13660"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the"
13661" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
13662msgstr ""
13663
13664#. type: Content of: <p>
13665#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301
13666msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'"
13667msgstr ""
13668
13669#. type: Content of: <p>
13670#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302
13671msgid ""
13672"The constellation <em>Anorh&acirc;koya </em>represents the spirit of the "
13673"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono "
13674"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a "
13675"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13676"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it "
13677"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust"
13678" into peoples&rsquo; eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their "
13679"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> "
13680"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> is a "
13681"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people"
13682" would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a "
13683"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds "
13684"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples&rsquo; eyes, since the "
13685"light of <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind "
13686"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry "
13687"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of "
13688"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with "
13689"its beak down."
13690msgstr ""
13691
13692#. type: Content of: <p>
13693#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304
13694msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'"
13695msgstr ""
13696
13697#. type: Content of: <p>
13698#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305
13699msgid ""
13700"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is "
13701"<em>Honolikoya</em> &lsquo;<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger "
13702"heron</em>&rsquo; (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in "
13703"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation "
13704"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (&lsquo;Father of the cocoi heron&rsquo;). This is "
13705"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of"
13706" a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same "
13707"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different "
13708"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation."
13709" In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a "
13710"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em>, "
13711"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in "
13712"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that "
13713"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which"
13714" lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to "
13715"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a "
13716"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13717msgstr ""
13718
13719#. type: Content of: <p>
13720#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307
13721msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'"
13722msgstr ""
13723
13724#. type: Content of: <p>
13725#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308
13726msgid ""
13727"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the four-eyed "
13728"fish&rsquo; (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary "
13729"Lokono as &lambda; Scorpii and &upsilon; Scorpii. In earlier sources it is "
13730"identified as the upper part of Scorpio&rsquo;s tail, which is in keeping "
13731"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The "
13732"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known "
13733"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is "
13734"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is "
13735"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what "
13736"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention"
13737" that the Kari&rsquo;na have a constellation representing the same fish, "
13738"which corresponds to the same two stars. Maga&ntilde;a and Jara explain that"
13739" the appearance of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation announces the fishing "
13740"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is "
13741"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function."
13742msgstr ""
13743
13744#. type: Content of: <p>
13745#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310
13746msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'"
13747msgstr ""
13748
13749#. type: Content of: <p>
13750#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311
13751msgid ""
13752"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green sea "
13753"turtle&rsquo; is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents "
13754"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the "
13755"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears "
13756"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on "
13757"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources"
13758" as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a "
13759"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
13760"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the "
13761"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a "
13762"mistake as <em>Orion&rsquo;s belt</em> is consistently recognized as "
13763"<em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo;. The constellation "
13764"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down "
13765"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-"
13766"March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the "
13767"Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the "
13768"shore (Milky Way)."
13769msgstr ""
13770
13771#. type: Content of: <p>
13772#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313
13773msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'"
13774msgstr ""
13775
13776#. type: Content of: <p>
13777#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314
13778msgid ""
13779"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the yellow-footed "
13780"tortoise&rsquo; was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in "
13781"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. "
13782"around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a "
13783"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13784"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when "
13785"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono "
13786"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher "
13787"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths "
13788"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out"
13789" that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, "
13790"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of "
13791"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are "
13792"&lsquo;fridges&rsquo; since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long "
13793"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten"
13794" immediately."
13795msgstr ""
13796
13797#. type: Content of: <p>
13798#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316
13799msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'"
13800msgstr ""
13801
13802#. type: Content of: <p>
13803#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317
13804msgid ""
13805"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the blue crab&rsquo; is "
13806"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice "
13807"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that "
13808"represented by the Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> "
13809"&lsquo;Father of the blue crab&rsquo; (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The "
13810"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of"
13811" August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the "
13812"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous "
13813"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the "
13814"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers "
13815"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during "
13816"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> "
13817"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this "
13818"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the "
13819"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June"
13820" from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13821msgstr ""
13822
13823#. type: Content of: <p>
13824#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319
13825msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'"
13826msgstr ""
13827
13828#. type: Content of: <p>
13829#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321
13830msgid ""
13831"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the Muscovy duck&rsquo; "
13832"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and "
13833"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a "
13834"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13835"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon"
13836" River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona "
13837"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono "
13838"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if "
13839"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants."
13840" The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is "
13841"said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a "
13842"delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na "
13843"and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at "
13844"least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a "
13845"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13846msgstr ""
13847
13848#. type: Content of: <p>
13849#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322
13850msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'"
13851msgstr ""
13852
13853#. type: Content of: <p>
13854#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324
13855msgid ""
13856"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the awara palm&rsquo;"
13857" has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its "
13858"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. "
13859"In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, "
13860"meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This "
13861"occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as "
13862"<em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a "
13863"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13864"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya"
13865" </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the "
13866"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; and "
13867"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo;. Their "
13868"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the "
13869"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the "
13870"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near "
13871"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only "
13872"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the "
13873"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the "
13874"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a "
13875"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
13876"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13877msgstr ""
13878
13879#. type: Content of: <p>
13880#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325
13881msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'"
13882msgstr ""
13883
13884#. type: Content of: <p>
13885#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327
13886msgid ""
13887"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red"
13888" acouchi&rsquo; (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard "
13889"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the "
13890"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February."
13891" Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red "
13892"acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono "
13893"myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the "
13894"unidentified Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to "
13895"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two "
13896"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother,"
13897" fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. "
13898"The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, "
13899"so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the "
13900"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to"
13901" cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, "
13902"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a "
13903"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
13904msgstr ""
13905
13906#. type: Content of: <p>
13907#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328
13908msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'"
13909msgstr ""
13910
13911#. type: Content of: <p>
13912#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330
13913msgid ""
13914"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13915"red-rumped agouti&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain "
13916"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a "
13917"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts"
13918" the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they "
13919"can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by "
13920"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the tiger&rsquo;, which, like humans,"
13921" knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is"
13922" no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about"
13923" the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According"
13924" to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The "
13925"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his "
13926"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his "
13927"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and "
13928"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse "
13929"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became "
13930"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
13931msgstr ""
13932
13933#. type: Content of: <p>
13934#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332
13935msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'"
13936msgstr ""
13937
13938#. type: Content of: <p>
13939#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333
13940msgid ""
13941"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13942"jaguar&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono "
13943"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13944"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13945"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
13946"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
13947"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a "
13948"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw "
13949"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his "
13950"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the "
13951"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the "
13952"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man "
13953"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the "
13954"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According "
13955"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the "
13956"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is "
13957"unidentified. The Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the jaguar is said to "
13958"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they "
13959"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
13960"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13961msgstr ""
13962
13963#. type: Content of: <p>
13964#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335
13965msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'"
13966msgstr ""
13967
13968#. type: Content of: <p>
13969#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336
13970msgid ""
13971"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the ocelot&rsquo; "
13972"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth "
13973"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a "
13974"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13975"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
13976"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
13977"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his "
13978"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his"
13979" wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous "
13980"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started "
13981"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he "
13982"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man "
13983"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming "
13984"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to "
13985"earth to kill people."
13986msgstr ""
13987
13988#. type: Content of: <p>
13989#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338
13990msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'"
13991msgstr ""
13992
13993#. type: Content of: <p>
13994#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339
13995msgid ""
13996"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the pale-throated "
13997"sloth&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13998"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth "
13999"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather "
14000"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and "
14001"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the "
14002"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a "
14003"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified."
14004msgstr ""
14005
14006#. type: Content of: <p>
14007#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341
14008msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'"
14009msgstr ""
14010
14011#. type: Content of: <p>
14012#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342
14013msgid ""
14014"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the two-toed "
14015"sloth&rsquo;, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the "
14016"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the "
14017"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It "
14018"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The "
14019"constellation remains unidentified."
14020msgstr ""
14021
14022#. type: Content of: <p>
14023#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344
14024msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'"
14025msgstr ""
14026
14027#. type: Content of: <p>
14028#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345
14029msgid ""
14030"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;wanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green "
14031"iguana&rsquo; is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a "
14032"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana "
14033"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the "
14034"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation "
14035"remains unidentified."
14036msgstr ""
14037
14038#. type: Content of: <p>
14039#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347
14040msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'"
14041msgstr ""
14042
14043#. type: Content of: <p>
14044#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348
14045msgid ""
14046"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the lilac-"
14047"tailed parrot&rsquo; (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de"
14048" Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not"
14049" known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used "
14050"to signify."
14051msgstr ""
14052
14053#. type: Content of: <p>
14054#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350
14055msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'"
14056msgstr ""
14057
14058#. type: Content of: <p>
14059#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351
14060msgid ""
14061"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the marail "
14062"guan&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the"
14063" shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a "
14064"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to "
14065"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify."
14066msgstr ""
14067
14068#. type: Content of: <p>
14069#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353
14070msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'"
14071msgstr ""
14072
14073#. type: Content of: <p>
14074#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354
14075msgid ""
14076"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the little "
14077"cuckoo&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
14078"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo "
14079"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither "
14080"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers"
14081" mention the Kari&rsquo;na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as "
14082"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], "
14083"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na "
14084"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono "
14085"link hunter&rsquo;s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the "
14086"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch "
14087"out, as something bad might happen to you."
14088msgstr ""
14089
14090#. type: Content of: <p>
14091#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356
14092msgid "<em> S&ucirc;tukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'"
14093msgstr ""
14094
14095#. type: Content of: <p>
14096#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357
14097msgid ""
14098"The constellation <em>S&ucirc;tukoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-handed "
14099"tamarin&rsquo; (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll"
14100" and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a "
14101"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], "
14102"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius"
14103" de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma "
14104"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear "
14105"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation"
14106" <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by "
14107"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation."
14108msgstr ""
14109
14110#. type: Content of: <p>
14111#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359
14112msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'"
14113msgstr ""
14114
14115#. type: Content of: <p>
14116#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360
14117msgid ""
14118"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki&rsquo; "
14119"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
14120"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced"
14121" saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its "
14122"significance remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>"
14123msgstr ""
14124
14125#. type: Content of: <p>
14126#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362
14127msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'"
14128msgstr ""
14129
14130#. type: Content of: <p>
14131#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363
14132msgid ""
14133"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the scorpion&rsquo; "
14134"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
14135"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of"
14136" an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known "
14137"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of "
14138"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested "
14139"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion."
14140msgstr ""
14141
14142#. type: Content of: <p>
14143#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365
14144msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'"
14145msgstr ""
14146
14147#. type: Content of: <p>
14148#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366
14149msgid ""
14150"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was "
14151"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono "
14152"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with"
14153" feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each"
14154" of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of "
14155"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation"
14156" remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are"
14157" no myths related to it."
14158msgstr ""
14159
14160#. type: Content of: <p>
14161#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368
14162msgid ""
14163"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> "
14164"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'"
14165msgstr ""
14166
14167#. type: Content of: <p>
14168#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369
14169msgid ""
14170"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and "
14171"<em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de "
14172"Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations "
14173"remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and "
14174"there are no myths related to them."
14175msgstr ""
14176
14177#. type: Content of: <p>
14178#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371
14179msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'"
14180msgstr ""
14181
14182#. type: Content of: <p>
14183#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372
14184msgid ""
14185"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Korherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
14186"parrot&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
14187"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of"
14188" an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent"
14189" of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-"
14190"winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona "
14191"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It "
14192"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of"
14193" their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified."
14194msgstr ""
14195
14196#. type: Content of: <p>
14197#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374
14198msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'"
14199msgstr ""
14200
14201#. type: Content of: <p>
14202#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375
14203msgid ""
14204"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the sea "
14205"turtle&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
14206"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an "
14207"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as "
14208"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) "
14209"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari&rsquo;na, it is thus possible that "
14210"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, "
14211"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> "
14212"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits"
14213" be identified with different constellations."
14214msgstr ""
14215
14216#. type: Content of: <p>
14217#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378
14218msgid ""
14219"This sky culture was contributed by <a "
14220"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' "
14221"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad "
14222"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname "
14223"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of "
14224"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands "
14225"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: "
14226"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono "
14227"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0"
14228msgstr ""
14229
14230#. type: Content of: <p>
14231#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383
14232msgid ""
14233"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a "
14234"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-"
14235"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language "
14236"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13."
14237msgstr ""
14238"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a "
14239"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-"
14240"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language "
14241"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13."
14242
14243#. type: Content of: <p>
14244#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385
14245msgid ""
14246"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a "
14247"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml"
14248" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and "
14249"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De "
14250"Gruyter, pp 257-281."
14251msgstr ""
14252"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a "
14253"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml"
14254" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and "
14255"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De "
14256"Gruyter, pp 257-281."
14257
14258#. type: Content of: <p>
14259#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388
14260msgid ""
14261"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones"
14262" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas "
14263"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia "
14264"Nacional de la Historia."
14265msgstr ""
14266"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones"
14267" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas "
14268"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia "
14269"Nacional de la Historia."
14270
14271#. type: Content of: <p>
14272#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390
14273msgid ""
14274"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, "
14275"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing "
14276"Office."
14277msgstr ""
14278"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, "
14279"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing "
14280"Office."
14281
14282#. type: Content of: <p>
14283#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392
14284msgid ""
14285"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of "
14286"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales "
14287"d’ethnographie. 44."
14288msgstr ""
14289"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of "
14290"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales "
14291"d’ethnographie. 44."
14292
14293#. type: Content of: <p>
14294#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394
14295msgid ""
14296"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een "
14297"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor."
14298msgstr ""
14299"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een "
14300"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor."
14301
14302#. type: Content of: <p>
14303#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396
14304msgid ""
14305"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - "
14306"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
14307"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast "
14308"Asia 55 (1): 453–529."
14309msgstr ""
14310"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - "
14311"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
14312"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast "
14313"Asia 55 (1): 453–529."
14314
14315#. type: Content of: <p>
14316#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398
14317msgid ""
14318"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. "
14319"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te "
14320"Amsterdam."
14321msgstr ""
14322"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. "
14323"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te "
14324"Amsterdam."
14325
14326#. type: Content of: <p>
14327#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400
14328msgid ""
14329"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians "
14330"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner."
14331msgstr ""
14332"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians "
14333"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner."
14334
14335#. type: Content of: <p>
14336#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402
14337msgid ""
14338"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of"
14339" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of "
14340"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office."
14341msgstr ""
14342"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of"
14343" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of "
14344"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office."
14345
14346#. type: Content of: <p>
14347#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404
14348msgid ""
14349"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de"
14350" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
14351"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76."
14352msgstr ""
14353"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de"
14354" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
14355"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76."
14356
14357#. type: Content of: <p>
14358#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406
14359msgid ""
14360"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being "
14361"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: "
14362"K. Paul, Trench & Company."
14363msgstr ""
14364"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being "
14365"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: "
14366"K. Paul, Trench & Company."
14367
14368#. type: Content of: <p>
14369#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408
14370msgid ""
14371"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae "
14372"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios."
14373msgstr ""
14374"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae "
14375"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios."
14376
14377#. type: Content of: <p>
14378#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410
14379msgid ""
14380"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their "
14381"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy."
14382msgstr ""
14383"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their "
14384"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy."
14385
14386#. type: Content of: <p>
14387#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412
14388msgid ""
14389"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo"
14390" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse "
14391"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging "
14392"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van "
14393"Amsterdam."
14394msgstr ""
14395"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo"
14396" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse "
14397"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging "
14398"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van "
14399"Amsterdam."
14400
14401#. type: Content of: <p>
14402#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414
14403msgid ""
14404"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, "
14405"Guyana."
14406msgstr ""
14407"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, "
14408"Guyana."
14409
14410#. type: Content of: <p>
14411#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416
14412msgid ""
14413"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende "
14414"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde."
14415msgstr ""
14416"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende "
14417"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde."
14418
14419#. type: Content of: <p>
14420#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418
14421msgid ""
14422"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la"
14423" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32."
14424msgstr ""
14425"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la"
14426" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32."
14427
14428#. type: Content of: <p>
14429#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420
14430msgid ""
14431"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A "
14432"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology."
14433msgstr ""
14434"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A "
14435"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology."
14436
14437#. type: Content of: <p>
14438#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422
14439msgid ""
14440"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: "
14441"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen."
14442msgstr ""
14443"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: "
14444"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen."
14445
14446#. type: Content of: <p>
14447#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424
14448msgid ""
14449"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In "
14450"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres "
14451"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., "
14452"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165."
14453" Paris: Maisonneuve."
14454msgstr ""
14455"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In "
14456"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres "
14457"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., "
14458"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165."
14459" Paris: Maisonneuve."
14460
14461#. type: Content of: <p>
14462#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426
14463msgid ""
14464"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: "
14465"Magoria Books."
14466msgstr ""
14467"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: "
14468"Magoria Books."
14469
14470#. type: Content of: <p>
14471#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428
14472msgid ""
14473"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript "
14474"number:<a "
14475"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">"
14476" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds "
14477"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, "
14478"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American "
14479"Philosophical Society."
14480msgstr ""
14481"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript "
14482"number:<a "
14483"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">"
14484" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds "
14485"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, "
14486"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American "
14487"Philosophical Society."
14488
14489#. type: Content of: <h2>
14490#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1
14491msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People"
14492msgstr "Himmelskarte der Mazedonier"
14493
14494#. type: Content of: <p>
14495#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2
14496msgid ""
14497"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized "
14498"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 "
14499"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 "
14500"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed.  All collected information "
14501"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” "
14502"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian "
14503"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of "
14504"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev "
14505"G., 2000)."
14506msgstr ""
14507
14508#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14509#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8
14510msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>"
14511msgstr ""
14512
14513#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14514#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9
14515msgid ""
14516"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people "
14517"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the "
14518"star cluster Pleiades"
14519msgstr ""
14520
14521#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14522#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11
14523msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>"
14524msgstr ""
14525
14526#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14527#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12
14528msgid ""
14529"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation "
14530"Taurus."
14531msgstr ""
14532"Das ist der Name des Sterns Alnath (oder Elnath) aus dem Sternbild Stier."
14533
14534#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14535#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
14536msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>"
14537msgstr ""
14538
14539#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14540#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
14541msgid ""
14542"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, "
14543"is right above them in an attacking position.  Bright star Capella (Kapela) "
14544"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk."
14545msgstr ""
14546
14547#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14548#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16
14549msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>"
14550msgstr ""
14551
14552#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14553#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17
14554msgid ""
14555"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the "
14556"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky.  The red color"
14557" of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the "
14558"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and "
14559"the Rooster."
14560msgstr ""
14561
14562#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14563#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19
14564msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>"
14565msgstr ""
14566
14567#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14568#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20
14569msgid ""
14570"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. "
14571"Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the "
14572"image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs."
14573msgstr ""
14574
14575#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14576#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22
14577msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>"
14578msgstr ""
14579
14580#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14581#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23
14582msgid ""
14583"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation "
14584"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is "
14585"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of "
14586"people and purpose given to this part of the sky."
14587msgstr ""
14588
14589#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14590#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25
14591msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>"
14592msgstr ""
14593
14594#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14595#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26
14596msgid ""
14597"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name"
14598" people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. "
14599"Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some "
14600"weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into "
14601"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with "
14602"a goad as he returns home."
14603msgstr ""
14604
14605#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14606#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28
14607msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>"
14608msgstr ""
14609
14610#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14611#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29
14612msgid ""
14613"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive "
14614"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from "
14615"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying "
14616"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of"
14617" a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen."
14618msgstr ""
14619
14620#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14621#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31
14622msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>"
14623msgstr ""
14624
14625#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14626#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32
14627msgid ""
14628"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two "
14629"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis "
14630"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor."
14631msgstr ""
14632
14633#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14634#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34
14635msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>"
14636msgstr ""
14637
14638#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14639#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35
14640msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky"
14641msgstr ""
14642
14643#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14644#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37
14645msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>"
14646msgstr ""
14647
14648#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14649#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38
14650msgid ""
14651"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to"
14652" see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from "
14653"his Godson."
14654msgstr ""
14655
14656#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14657#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40
14658msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>"
14659msgstr ""
14660
14661#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14662#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41
14663msgid ""
14664"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might "
14665"he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the "
14666"Priest’s Straw there is the Cross."
14667msgstr ""
14668
14669#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14670#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43
14671msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>"
14672msgstr "Ohren (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>"
14673
14674#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14675#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44
14676msgid ""
14677"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of "
14678"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing."
14679msgstr ""
14680
14681#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14682#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46
14683msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>"
14684msgstr ""
14685
14686#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14687#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47
14688msgid ""
14689"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the "
14690"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food."
14691msgstr ""
14692
14693#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14694#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49
14695msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>"
14696msgstr ""
14697
14698#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14699#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50
14700msgid ""
14701"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s "
14702"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet."
14703msgstr ""
14704
14705#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14706#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52
14707msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>"
14708msgstr ""
14709
14710#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14711#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53
14712msgid ""
14713"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked "
14714"the image of a wooden round table called sofra."
14715msgstr ""
14716
14717#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14718#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55
14719msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>"
14720msgstr ""
14721
14722#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14723#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56
14724msgid ""
14725"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and"
14726" is found inside the Priest’s Straw"
14727msgstr ""
14728
14729#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14730#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58
14731msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>"
14732msgstr ""
14733
14734#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14735#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59
14736msgid ""
14737"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group"
14738" of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves "
14739"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that"
14740" circle around houses“"
14741msgstr ""
14742
14743#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14744#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64
14745msgid ""
14746"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research "
14747"Society</a>"
14748msgstr ""
14749"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Mazedonische "
14750"Forschungsgesellschaft</a>"
14751
14752#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14753#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65
14754msgid ""
14755"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14756"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's "
14757"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer "
14758"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>"
14759msgstr ""
14760"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14761"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's "
14762"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer "
14763"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>"
14764
14765#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14766#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66
14767msgid ""
14768"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, "
14769"Mladinski kulturen centar."
14770msgstr ""
14771"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, "
14772"Mladinski kulturen centar."
14773
14774#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14775#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67
14776msgid ""
14777"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> "
14778"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar."
14779msgstr ""
14780"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> "
14781"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar."
14782
14783#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14784#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68
14785msgid ""
14786"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14787"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the "
14788"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, "
14789"Serbia.</a>"
14790msgstr ""
14791"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14792"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the "
14793"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, "
14794"Serbia.</a>"
14795
14796#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14797#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69
14798msgid ""
14799"<a "
14800"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev,"
14801" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos"
14802" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, "
14803"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>"
14804msgstr ""
14805"<a "
14806"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev,"
14807" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos"
14808" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, "
14809"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>"
14810
14811#. type: Content of: <p>
14812#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74
14813msgid ""
14814"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore "
14815"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book "
14816"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004."
14817msgstr ""
14818
14819#. type: Content of: <h2>
14820#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1
14821msgid "Maori (New Zealand)"
14822msgstr "Maori (Neuseeland)"
14823
14824#. type: Content of: <p>
14825#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2
14826msgid ""
14827"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. "
14828"But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are "
14829"central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical "
14830"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of "
14831"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons."
14832msgstr ""
14833
14834#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14835#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6
14836msgid ""
14837"<a "
14838"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori"
14839" sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text."
14840msgstr ""
14841
14842#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14843#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7
14844msgid ""
14845"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical "
14846"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New "
14847"Zealand)."
14848msgstr ""
14849
14850#. type: Content of: <p>
14851#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11
14852#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86
14853msgid ""
14854"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
14855"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
14856msgstr ""
14857
14858#. type: Content of: <h2>
14859#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1
14860msgid "Maya"
14861msgstr "Maya"
14862
14863#. type: Content of: <p>
14864#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2
14865msgid ""
14866"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-"
14867"columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them"
14868" store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform"
14869" rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and "
14870"sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). "
14871"These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many "
14872"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. "
14873"Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like "
14874"the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through "
14875"each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses),"
14876" the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their "
14877"constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture "
14878"data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an "
14879"abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as "
14880"original by some scholars)."
14881msgstr ""
14882
14883#. type: Content of: <p><h5>
14884#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3
14885msgid ""
14886"<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>"
14887msgstr ""
14888"<em>Seite 49 vom Codex Dresden der einen Abschnitt der Venus Tabelle "
14889"zeigt.</em>"
14890
14891#. type: Content of: <p><p>
14892#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5
14893msgid ""
14894"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first "
14895"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris "
14896"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found "
14897"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has "
14898"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite"
14899" of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the"
14900" mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations "
14901"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not "
14902"(Špoták, 2015)."
14903msgstr ""
14904
14905#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5>
14906#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7
14907msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>"
14908msgstr ""
14909"<em>Seite 23 vom Codex Paris Codex der mehrere Konstellationen zeigt.</em>"
14910
14911#. type: Content of: <p><p>
14912#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8
14913msgid ""
14914"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume"
14915" that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "
14916"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line "
14917"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different "
14918"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations "
14919"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most "
14920"probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the "
14921"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to "
14922"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture."
14923msgstr ""
14924
14925#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14926#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10
14927msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:"
14928msgstr ""
14929
14930#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14931#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11
14932msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>"
14933msgstr ""
14934
14935#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14936#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12
14937msgid ""
14938"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since"
14939" it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions "
14940"(Špoták, 2015)."
14941msgstr ""
14942
14943#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14944#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13
14945#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16
14946#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19
14947#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20
14948#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23
14949#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24
14950#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27
14951#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28
14952#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31
14953#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34
14954#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37
14955#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40
14956#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43
14957#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56
14958#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61
14959msgid "&nbsp;"
14960msgstr "&nbsp;"
14961
14962#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14963#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14
14964msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>"
14965msgstr ""
14966
14967#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14968#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15
14969msgid ""
14970"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the "
14971"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some "
14972"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark."
14973msgstr ""
14974
14975#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14976#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17
14977msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>"
14978msgstr "<em>Eule <i>[Kulte']</i></em>"
14979
14980#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14981#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18
14982msgid ""
14983"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and"
14984" feathers on the head that it exhibits."
14985msgstr ""
14986
14987#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14988#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21
14989msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>"
14990msgstr "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>"
14991
14992#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14993#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22
14994msgid ""
14995"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related "
14996"to the skin of this animal."
14997msgstr ""
14998
14999#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
15000#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25
15001msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>"
15002msgstr "<em>Tod<i>[Kimi]</i></em>"
15003
15004#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15005#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26
15006msgid ""
15007"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear "
15008"whether it's an animal or not."
15009msgstr ""
15010
15011#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
15012#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29
15013msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>"
15014msgstr ""
15015
15016#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15017#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30
15018msgid ""
15019"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western "
15020"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is "
15021"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is "
15022"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the "
15023"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex."
15024msgstr ""
15025
15026#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
15027#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32
15028msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>"
15029msgstr ""
15030
15031#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15032#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33
15033msgid ""
15034"This animal is present through many species in the central america "
15035"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the"
15036" Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical "
15037"rattling ending of this reptile."
15038msgstr ""
15039
15040#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
15041#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35
15042msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>"
15043msgstr ""
15044
15045#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15046#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36
15047msgid ""
15048"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that "
15049"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography."
15050msgstr ""
15051
15052#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
15053#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38
15054msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>"
15055msgstr ""
15056
15057#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15058#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39
15059msgid ""
15060"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of "
15061"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal "
15062"in the Western culture constellation of Virgo."
15063msgstr ""
15064
15065#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
15066#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41
15067msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>"
15068msgstr ""
15069
15070#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15071#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42
15072msgid ""
15073"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the "
15074"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not "
15075"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the "
15076"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three "
15077"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this "
15078"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, "
15079"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex."
15080msgstr ""
15081
15082#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15083#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45
15084msgid ""
15085"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and "
15086"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol "
15087"Vuh</i>) are described below:"
15088msgstr ""
15089
15090#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4>
15091#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46
15092msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>"
15093msgstr ""
15094
15095#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15096#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47
15097msgid ""
15098"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-"
15099"crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the "
15100"present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the "
15101"primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky "
15102"were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the "
15103"decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current "
15104"order of things."
15105msgstr ""
15106
15107#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4>
15108#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50
15109msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>"
15110msgstr ""
15111
15112#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
15113#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51
15114msgid ""
15115"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods "
15116"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the "
15117"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, "
15118"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire "
15119"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos "
15120"to take place."
15121msgstr ""
15122
15123#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
15124#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54
15125msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>"
15126msgstr ""
15127
15128#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
15129#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55
15130msgid ""
15131"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke "
15132"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars "
15133"representing the three hearthstones."
15134msgstr ""
15135
15136#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
15137#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58
15138msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>"
15139msgstr ""
15140
15141#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
15142#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59
15143msgid ""
15144"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor "
15145"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak "
15146"mural."
15147msgstr ""
15148
15149#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
15150#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62
15151msgid "Stars and Planets Names"
15152msgstr "Sterne und Planetennamen"
15153
15154#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
15155#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63
15156msgid ""
15157"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of "
15158"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:"
15159msgstr ""
15160
15161#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15162#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65
15163msgid ""
15164"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and "
15165"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at "
15166"night."
15167msgstr ""
15168
15169#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15170#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66
15171msgid ""
15172"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February "
15173"to track the time at night."
15174msgstr ""
15175
15176#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15177#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67
15178msgid ""
15179"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called "
15180"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end "
15181"of the dry season, in April."
15182msgstr ""
15183
15184#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15185#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68
15186msgid ""
15187"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God"
15188" of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used"
15189" to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic "
15190"period."
15191msgstr ""
15192
15193#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
15194#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71
15195msgid "Authors and References"
15196msgstr "Autoren und Quellenangaben"
15197
15198#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
15199#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72
15200msgid ""
15201"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier"
15202" Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at "
15203"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based "
15204"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:"
15205msgstr ""
15206
15207#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15208#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74
15209msgid ""
15210"<a "
15211"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The"
15212" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript "
15213"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták"
15214msgstr ""
15215"<a "
15216"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The"
15217" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript "
15218"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták"
15219
15220#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15221#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75
15222msgid ""
15223"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand "
15224"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc."
15225msgstr ""
15226"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand "
15227"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc."
15228
15229#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15230#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76
15231msgid ""
15232"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico "
15233"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica."
15234msgstr ""
15235"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico "
15236"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica."
15237
15238#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15239#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77
15240msgid ""
15241"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> "
15242"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: "
15243"39-58."
15244msgstr ""
15245"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> "
15246"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: "
15247"39-58."
15248
15249#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15250#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78
15251msgid ""
15252"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a "
15253"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El"
15254" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes "
15255"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas "
15256"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48."
15257msgstr ""
15258"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a "
15259"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El"
15260" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes "
15261"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas "
15262"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48."
15263
15264#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
15265#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82
15266msgid "Links of Interest"
15267msgstr "Interessante Links"
15268
15269#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15270#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84
15271msgid ""
15272"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris "
15273"Codex</a>"
15274msgstr ""
15275"<a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Peresianus\">Wikipedia: Der "
15276"Pariser Kodex</a>"
15277
15278#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15279#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85
15280msgid ""
15281"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo "
15282"el tiempo maya</a>"
15283msgstr ""
15284"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo "
15285"el tiempo maya</a>"
15286
15287#. type: Content of: <h2>
15288#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1
15289msgid "Mongolian"
15290msgstr "Mongolisch"
15291
15292#. type: Content of: <p>
15293#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3
15294msgid ""
15295"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental "
15296"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely"
15297" influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in "
15298"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild "
15299"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their "
15300"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they "
15301"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get "
15302"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching "
15303"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their"
15304" imaginary facing the sky."
15305msgstr ""
15306
15307#. type: Content of: <p>
15308#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17
15309msgid ""
15310"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is "
15311"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian"
15312" asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names "
15313"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow)  for the constellation Swan, "
15314"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer"
15315" triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags "
15316"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the "
15317"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)."
15318msgstr ""
15319
15320#. type: Content of: <h3>
15321#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27
15322msgid "Planets and Stars"
15323msgstr "Planeten und Sterne"
15324
15325#. type: Content of: <p>
15326#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29
15327msgid ""
15328"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of "
15329"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are "
15330"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after"
15331" the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the"
15332" five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun "
15333"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names "
15334"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in "
15335"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus,"
15336" <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars,"
15337" <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> "
15338"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with "
15339"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and "
15340"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, "
15341"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have "
15342"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the "
15343"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian.  Earth and Pluto are "
15344"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible"
15345" to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and "
15346"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth."
15347" Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely sky\", "
15348"and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely ocean\". Nevertheless, "
15349"this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are "
15350"presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names "
15351"of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken "
15352"in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an"
15353" unofficial way."
15354msgstr ""
15355
15356#. type: Content of: <p>
15357#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59
15358msgid ""
15359"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating "
15360"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> "
15361"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky "
15362"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky,"
15363" and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore "
15364"concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises "
15365"the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> "
15366"(god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th"
15367" century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with"
15368" the naked eye."
15369msgstr ""
15370
15371#. type: Content of: <p>
15372#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71
15373msgid ""
15374"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back"
15375" to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), "
15376"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as "
15377"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined "
15378"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to "
15379"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) "
15380"with a sextant of 40 meters radius."
15381msgstr ""
15382
15383#. type: Content of: <h3>
15384#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80
15385msgid "Myths and Legends"
15386msgstr "Mythen und Legenden"
15387
15388#. type: Content of: <h4>
15389#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82
15390msgid "The Great Bear"
15391msgstr "Der Große Bär"
15392
15393#. type: Content of: <p>
15394#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83
15395msgid ""
15396"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation "
15397"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and "
15398"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia."
15399msgstr ""
15400
15401#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
15402#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88
15403msgid ""
15404"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding "
15405"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it"
15406" peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked"
15407" the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to "
15408"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went "
15409"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days "
15410"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and "
15411"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle."
15412msgstr ""
15413
15414#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
15415#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96
15416msgid ""
15417"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in"
15418" the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded"
15419" the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The "
15420"seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their "
15421"younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven "
15422"Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden "
15423"Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star."
15424msgstr ""
15425
15426#. type: Content of: <p>
15427#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106
15428msgid ""
15429"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian "
15430"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to"
15431" each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. "
15432"Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian "
15433"calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself "
15434"associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, "
15435"corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and "
15436"so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the "
15437"year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we "
15438"repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese "
15439"calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the "
15440"tail are assigned one time only."
15441msgstr ""
15442
15443#. type: Content of: <p>
15444#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120
15445msgid ""
15446"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described"
15447" by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in "
15448"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, "
15449"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]"
15450msgstr ""
15451
15452#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
15453#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127
15454msgid "Shooting stars"
15455msgstr "Sternschnuppen"
15456
15457#. type: Content of: <img><p>
15458#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129
15459msgid ""
15460"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through "
15461"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a "
15462"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. "
15463"Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is not "
15464"me!\""
15465msgstr ""
15466
15467#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
15468#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135
15469msgid "Neglected Legends"
15470msgstr "Unbeachtete Legenden"
15471
15472#. type: Content of: <img><p>
15473#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137
15474msgid ""
15475"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun "
15476"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost "
15477"forgotten by most Mongolians:"
15478msgstr ""
15479
15480#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
15481#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143
15482msgid ""
15483"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry"
15484" meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very "
15485"good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns "
15486"without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself "
15487"all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot "
15488"(groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, "
15489"pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth "
15490"which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards "
15491"the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The "
15492"bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a "
15493"hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved "
15494"our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface."
15495msgstr ""
15496
15497#. type: Content of: <img><p>
15498#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158
15499msgid ""
15500"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the "
15501"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist "
15502"religion."
15503msgstr ""
15504
15505#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
15506#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162
15507msgid "Eclipses"
15508msgstr "Finsternisse"
15509
15510#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
15511#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165
15512msgid ""
15513"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the "
15514"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god "
15515"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became "
15516"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and "
15517"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. "
15518"Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the "
15519"monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because "
15520"<em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order "
15521"to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as "
15522"<em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and"
15523" disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked "
15524"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In "
15525"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which "
15526"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses."
15527msgstr ""
15528
15529#. type: Content of: <img><p>
15530#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182
15531msgid ""
15532"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> "
15533"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster"
15534" liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck "
15535"wrote:"
15536msgstr ""
15537
15538#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
15539#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187
15540msgid ""
15541"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to "
15542"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about "
15543"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the "
15544"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum"
15545" and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished,"
15546" they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\""
15547msgstr ""
15548
15549#. type: Content of: <img><p>
15550#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196
15551msgid ""
15552"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux"
15553" (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. "
15554"pp; 153-192.)"
15555msgstr ""
15556
15557#. type: Content of: <img><p>
15558#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200
15559msgid ""
15560"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their "
15561"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for "
15562"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian "
15563"<em>Rahu</em>."
15564msgstr ""
15565
15566#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
15567#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205
15568msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)"
15569msgstr "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)"
15570
15571#. type: Content of: <img><p>
15572#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207
15573msgid ""
15574"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity"
15575" for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the "
15576"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin."
15577msgstr ""
15578
15579#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p>
15580#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212
15581msgid ""
15582"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. "
15583"Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to "
15584"untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united "
15585"with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. "
15586"Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain "
15587"united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the "
15588"time of wars."
15589msgstr ""
15590
15591#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4>
15592#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222
15593msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky"
15594msgstr "Andere Glaubensvorstellungen mit Bezug zum Himmel"
15595
15596#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p>
15597#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224
15598msgid ""
15599"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one "
15600"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband."
15601msgstr ""
15602"Gemäß einer mongolischen Legende wird eine Frau, die sich dem Zählen von "
15603"einhundert Sternen am Himmel hingibt, von ihrem zukünftigen Ehemann träumen."
15604
15605#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
15606#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227
15607msgid ""
15608"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>)  by "
15609"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in "
15610"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several "
15611"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk "
15612"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark"
15613" color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, "
15614"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits."
15615msgstr ""
15616
15617#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
15618#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239
15619msgid ""
15620"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian "
15621"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs "
15622"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission "
15623"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects."
15624" It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high "
15625"fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony,"
15626" every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!"
15627msgstr ""
15628
15629#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
15630#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248
15631msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading"
15632msgstr "Danksagungen und weiterführende Literatur"
15633
15634#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15635#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251
15636msgid ""
15637"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in "
15638"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony"
15639msgstr ""
15640"Bayrlalaa (danke) an die Mongolen für ihre Freundlichkeit und Hilfe beim "
15641"Sammeln dieser Informationen über ihre Kultur und Kosmogonie."
15642
15643#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15644#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252
15645msgid ""
15646"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' "
15647"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de "
15648"France</a>"
15649msgstr ""
15650"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' "
15651"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de "
15652"France</a>"
15653
15654#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15655#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253
15656msgid ""
15657"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' "
15658"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française "
15659"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>"
15660msgstr ""
15661"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' "
15662"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française "
15663"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>"
15664
15665#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15666#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255
15667msgid ""
15668"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' "
15669"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>"
15670msgstr ""
15671"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' "
15672"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>"
15673
15674#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15675#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256
15676msgid ""
15677"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-"
15678"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: "
15679"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International "
15680"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123."
15681msgstr ""
15682"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-"
15683"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: "
15684"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International "
15685"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123."
15686
15687#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
15688#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261
15689msgid ""
15690"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, "
15691"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and "
15692"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com)  mainly "
15693"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in "
15694"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a "
15695"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' "
15696"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" "
15697"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)."
15698msgstr ""
15699
15700#. type: Content of: <h2>
15701#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1
15702msgid "Navajo"
15703msgstr "Navajo"
15704
15705#. type: Content of: <p>
15706#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3
15707msgid ""
15708"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the "
15709"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and "
15710"northwestern New Mexico."
15711msgstr ""
15712"Der Stamm der Navajo ist der größte Stamm amerikanischer Ureinwohner in den "
15713"Vereinigten Staaten. Die Navajo Nation erstreckt sich über das nordöstliche "
15714"Arizona, südöstliche Utah und nordwestliche New Mexico."
15715
15716#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15717#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9
15718msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website"
15719msgstr ""
15720"<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> offizielle Website"
15721
15722#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15723#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10
15724msgid ""
15725"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15726"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15727"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>"
15728msgstr ""
15729"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15730"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15731"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>"
15732
15733#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15734#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11
15735msgid ""
15736"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15737"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15738"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>"
15739msgstr ""
15740"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15741"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15742"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>"
15743
15744#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15745#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12
15746msgid ""
15747"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15748"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15749"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>"
15750msgstr ""
15751"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15752"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15753"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>"
15754
15755#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15756#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13
15757msgid ""
15758"<a "
15759"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>"
15760msgstr ""
15761"<a "
15762"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>"
15763
15764#. type: Content of: <p>
15765#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18
15766msgid ""
15767"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
15768"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-"
15769"Navajo</b> by Don Childrey."
15770msgstr ""
15771"Diese Himmelskultur wurde von <i>Karrie Berglund</i> von Digitalis Education"
15772" Solutions, Inc. hauptsächlich basierend auf dem Buch <b>Star Trails – "
15773"Navajo</b> von Don Childrey beigesteuert."
15774
15775#. type: Content of: <h2>
15776#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1
15777msgid "Norse"
15778msgstr "Nordisch"
15779
15780#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15781#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5
15782msgid ""
15783"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse "
15784"Constellations</a>"
15785msgstr ""
15786"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Nordische "
15787"Sternbilder</a>"
15788
15789#. type: Content of: <p>
15790#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10
15791msgid ""
15792"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, "
15793"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se"
15794msgstr ""
15795"Diese Himmelskultur wurde vom Stellarium-Nutzer <i>Jonas Persson</i>, "
15796"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se, beigesteuert."
15797
15798#. type: Content of: <h2>
15799#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1
15800msgid "Northern Andes"
15801msgstr "Nordanden"
15802
15803#. type: Content of: <p>
15804#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2
15805msgid ""
15806"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the "
15807"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting "
15808"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to "
15809"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to "
15810"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and "
15811"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the "
15812"changes that affect living beings."
15813msgstr ""
15814
15815#. type: Content of: <p>
15816#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4
15817msgid ""
15818"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean "
15819"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we "
15820"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will "
15821"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can "
15822"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars."
15823msgstr ""
15824
15825#. type: Content of: <p>
15826#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6
15827msgid ""
15828"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and "
15829"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as"
15830" well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the "
15831"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current "
15832"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic "
15833"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in "
15834"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially"
15835" decoded."
15836msgstr ""
15837
15838#. type: Content of: <p>
15839#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8
15840msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:"
15841msgstr ""
15842
15843#. type: Content of: <h3>
15844#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11
15845msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)"
15846msgstr "Die Sonne (Punchao o Wilca)"
15847
15848#. type: Content of: <p>
15849#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12
15850msgid ""
15851"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement "
15852"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and "
15853"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on "
15854"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north)"
15855" and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled "
15856"(more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main "
15857"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar "
15858"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons."
15859msgstr ""
15860
15861#. type: Content of: <p>
15862#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14
15863msgid ""
15864"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the"
15865" leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic "
15866"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we"
15867" suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March "
15868"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime "
15869"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in "
15870"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will "
15871"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation "
15872"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to "
15873"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, "
15874"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start "
15875"the cycle again."
15876msgstr ""
15877
15878#. type: Content of: <h2>
15879#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19
15880msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes."
15881msgstr ""
15882
15883#. type: Content of: <p>
15884#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21
15885msgid ""
15886"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register "
15887"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the "
15888"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, "
15889"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so "
15890"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony "
15891"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms."
15892msgstr ""
15893
15894#. type: Content of: <p>
15895#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23
15896msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>"
15897msgstr "<b>März-Äquinoktium</b>"
15898
15899#. type: Content of: <li>
15900#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24
15901msgid ""
15902"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: "
15903"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio "
15904"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle."
15905msgstr ""
15906
15907#. type: Content of: <p>
15908#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26
15909msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>"
15910msgstr "<b>September-Äquinoktium</b>"
15911
15912#. type: Content of: <li>
15913#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27
15914msgid ""
15915"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - "
15916"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\""
15917msgstr ""
15918
15919#. type: Content of: <p>
15920#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29
15921msgid ""
15922"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the"
15923" registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation "
15924"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of "
15925"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of "
15926"the female equinox."
15927msgstr ""
15928
15929#. type: Content of: <p>
15930#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31
15931msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>"
15932msgstr "<b>Juni-Sonnenwende</b>"
15933
15934#. type: Content of: <p>
15935#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32
15936msgid ""
15937"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer "
15938"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis,"
15939" λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"."
15940msgstr ""
15941
15942#. type: Content of: <p>
15943#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34
15944msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>"
15945msgstr "<b>Dezember-Sonnenwende</b>"
15946
15947#. type: Content of: <p>
15948#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35
15949msgid ""
15950"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening"
15951" of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi"
15952" - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the "
15953"resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December "
15954"solstice It is in an East - West direction."
15955msgstr ""
15956
15957#. type: Content of: <p>
15958#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37
15959msgid ""
15960"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of "
15961"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms "
15962"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle,"
15963" apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in "
15964"the dark constellations."
15965msgstr ""
15966
15967#. type: Content of: <h2>
15968#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41
15969msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations."
15970msgstr "Die Heiligen Wesen im Kosmos. Die Dunklen Sternbilder"
15971
15972#. type: Content of: <h3>
15973#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42
15974msgid "The Milky Way"
15975msgstr "Die Milchstraße"
15976
15977#. type: Content of: <li>
15978#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43
15979msgid ""
15980"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a "
15981"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth "
15982"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate "
15983"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated"
15984" to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many "
15985"peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent."
15986msgstr ""
15987
15988#. type: Content of: <p>
15989#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45
15990msgid ""
15991"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or"
15992" stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the "
15993"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual "
15994"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding "
15995"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar "
15996"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked "
15997"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or "
15998"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and "
15999"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious "
16000"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent."
16001msgstr ""
16002
16003#. type: Content of: <p>
16004#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47
16005msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:"
16006msgstr "Hier beschreiben wir die Sternbilder aufgeschlüsselt nach dem Datum:"
16007
16008#. type: Content of: <h3>
16009#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49
16010msgid "Dark Constellations"
16011msgstr "Dunkle Sternbilder"
16012
16013#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
16014#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51
16015msgid ""
16016"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, "
16017"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of"
16018" tender grains."
16019msgstr ""
16020
16021#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
16022#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52
16023msgid ""
16024"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female "
16025"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural "
16026"processes."
16027msgstr ""
16028
16029#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
16030#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53
16031msgid ""
16032"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has "
16033"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June"
16034" solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead."
16035msgstr ""
16036
16037#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
16038#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54
16039msgid ""
16040"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the "
16041"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice."
16042msgstr ""
16043
16044#. type: Content of: <p>
16045#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
16046msgid ""
16047"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy "
16048"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, "
16049"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - "
16050"Ecuador</b>"
16051msgstr ""
16052
16053#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
16054#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
16055msgid "."
16056msgstr "."
16057
16058#. type: Content of: <p>
16059#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60
16060msgid ""
16061"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala "
16062"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught "
16063"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration."
16064msgstr ""
16065
16066#. type: Content of: <p>
16067#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62
16068msgid ""
16069"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the "
16070"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral "
16071"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage"
16072" of Ecuador)."
16073msgstr ""
16074
16075#. type: Content of: <h2>
16076#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1
16077msgid "Ojibwe"
16078msgstr "Ojibwe"
16079
16080#. type: Content of: <p>
16081#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2
16082msgid ""
16083"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America "
16084"(United States and Canada).  Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for "
16085"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup.  Also known as"
16086" Anishinaabe and Chippewa.  The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’.  The"
16087" Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
16088"the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, "
16089"created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012.  More details can be found in"
16090" the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: "
16091"An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe "
16092"star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
16093msgstr ""
16094
16095#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16096#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7
16097msgid ""
16098"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of "
16099"Hydra"
16100msgstr ""
16101
16102#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16103#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8
16104msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona"
16105msgstr ""
16106
16107#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16108#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9
16109msgid ""
16110"<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran"
16111msgstr ""
16112
16113#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16114#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10
16115msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)"
16116msgstr ""
16117
16118#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16119#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11
16120msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)"
16121msgstr "<i>Ojiig</i>, Fischer, Großer Bär (Großer Wagen)"
16122
16123#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16124#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12
16125msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris"
16126msgstr "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>, Nordstern, Polarstern"
16127
16128#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16129#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13
16130msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta"
16131msgstr ""
16132
16133#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16134#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14
16135msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades"
16136msgstr ""
16137
16138#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16139#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15
16140msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
16141msgstr ""
16142
16143#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16144#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16
16145msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus"
16146msgstr ""
16147
16148#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16149#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17
16150msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules"
16151msgstr ""
16152
16153#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16154#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18
16155msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio"
16156msgstr ""
16157
16158#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16159#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19
16160msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star,"
16161msgstr ""
16162
16163#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16164#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20
16165msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World"
16166msgstr ""
16167
16168#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16169#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21
16170msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon"
16171msgstr ""
16172
16173#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16174#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22
16175msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun"
16176msgstr "<i>Giizis1</i>, Sonne"
16177
16178#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16179#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23
16180msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky"
16181msgstr "<i>Giizhig1</i>, Himmel "
16182
16183#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16184#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24
16185msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus"
16186msgstr ""
16187
16188#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16189#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25
16190msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star"
16191msgstr ""
16192
16193#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16194#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26
16195msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star"
16196msgstr ""
16197
16198#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16199#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27
16200msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic"
16201msgstr ""
16202
16203#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16204#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28
16205msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way"
16206msgstr ""
16207
16208#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16209#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29
16210msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way"
16211msgstr ""
16212
16213#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16214#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30
16215msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star"
16216msgstr ""
16217
16218#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16219#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31
16220msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe"
16221msgstr ""
16222
16223#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16224#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32
16225msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)"
16226msgstr ""
16227
16228#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16229#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33
16230msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map"
16231msgstr ""
16232
16233#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16234#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34
16235msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East"
16236msgstr "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>, Osten"
16237
16238#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16239#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35
16240msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West"
16241msgstr "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>, Westen"
16242
16243#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16244#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36
16245msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North"
16246msgstr "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>, Norden"
16247
16248#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16249#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37
16250msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South"
16251msgstr "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>, Süden"
16252
16253#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16254#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43
16255msgid ""
16256"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map"
16257" webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other "
16258"resources.</a>"
16259msgstr ""
16260"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map"
16261" Webseite, enthält Audio-Aufnahmen der Ojibwe Aussprache und weitere "
16262"Resourcen.</a>"
16263
16264#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16265#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44
16266msgid ""
16267"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-"
16268"Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe"
16269" Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
16270msgstr ""
16271
16272#. type: Content of: <p>
16273#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49
16274msgid ""
16275"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of "
16276"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
16277"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based "
16278"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star "
16279"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book "
16280"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe "
16281"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts."
16282msgstr ""
16283
16284#. type: Content of: <p>
16285#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50
16286msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson."
16287msgstr "Sternbilderillustrationen von A. Lee & W. Wilson."
16288
16289#. type: Content of: <h2>
16290#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1
16291msgid "Romanian"
16292msgstr "Rumänisch"
16293
16294#. type: Content of: <p>
16295#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2
16296msgid ""
16297"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three "
16298"essential components."
16299msgstr ""
16300"Gesamt gesehen besteht die gängige rumänische Sternmythologie aus drei "
16301"wesentliche Komponenten."
16302
16303#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16304#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3
16305msgid ""
16306"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in "
16307"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as "
16308"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants."
16309msgstr ""
16310
16311#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
16312#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5
16313msgid ""
16314"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization "
16315"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian "
16316"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with "
16317"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a "
16318"church."
16319msgstr ""
16320
16321#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
16322#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8
16323msgid ""
16324"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on "
16325"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by "
16326"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of "
16327"Dacians mixing with the Romans."
16328msgstr ""
16329
16330#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
16331#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11
16332msgid ""
16333"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four "
16334"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping."
16335msgstr ""
16336
16337#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
16338#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12
16339msgid "External links:"
16340msgstr "Externe Links:"
16341
16342#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
16343#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14
16344msgid ""
16345"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian "
16346"Constellation</a>"
16347msgstr ""
16348"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Webseite für traditionelle rumänische "
16349"Sternbilder</a>"
16350
16351#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
16352#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15
16353msgid ""
16354"<a href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-"
16355"romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional "
16356"Romanian Constellations</a>"
16357msgstr ""
16358
16359#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
16360#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16
16361msgid ""
16362"<a "
16363"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30"
16364" seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>"
16365msgstr ""
16366
16367#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
16368#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17
16369msgid ""
16370"<a h "
16371"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian"
16372" peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion "
16373"Ottescu</a>"
16374msgstr ""
16375
16376#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
16377#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18
16378msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>"
16379msgstr "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>"
16380
16381#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
16382#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20
16383msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members"
16384msgstr ""
16385"Wir danken Andrei Dorian Gheorghe und Alastair McBeth – SARM-Mitglieder"
16386
16387#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
16388#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22
16389msgid "Authors:"
16390msgstr "Autoren:"
16391
16392#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
16393#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23
16394msgid ""
16395"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a "
16396"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare "
16397"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian "
16398"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants "
16399"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu."
16400msgstr ""
16401
16402#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p>
16403#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26
16404msgid ""
16405"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies "
16406"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a "
16407"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation "
16408"art done by Zamfir Somcutean."
16409msgstr ""
16410
16411#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
16412#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28
16413msgid ""
16414"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released "
16415"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported."
16416msgstr ""
16417
16418#. type: Content of: <h2>
16419#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1
16420msgid "Sami"
16421msgstr "Sami"
16422
16423#. type: Content of: <p>
16424#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3
16425msgid ""
16426"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern "
16427"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula).  More "
16428"information can be found at <a "
16429"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a "
16430"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in "
16431"Wikipedia</a>."
16432msgstr ""
16433
16434#. type: Content of: <h3>
16435#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8
16436#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28
16437#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43
16438msgid "Sources"
16439msgstr "Quellen"
16440
16441#. type: Content of: <p>
16442#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10
16443msgid ""
16444"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi "
16445"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och "
16446"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral "
16447"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his "
16448"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi."
16449msgstr ""
16450
16451#. type: Content of: <p>
16452#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15
16453msgid ""
16454"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different "
16455"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami.  "
16456"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may"
16457" be small differences with some references."
16458msgstr ""
16459
16460#. type: Content of: <p>
16461#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19
16462msgid ""
16463"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old "
16464"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role "
16465"for Sami peoples in years gone by."
16466msgstr ""
16467
16468#. type: Content of: <p>
16469#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22
16470msgid ""
16471"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic "
16472"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture "
16473"was lost before it was recorded properly."
16474msgstr ""
16475
16476#. type: Content of: <h3>
16477#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26
16478msgid "Constellations and Stars"
16479msgstr "Sternbilder und Sterne"
16480
16481#. type: Content of: <p>
16482#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28
16483msgid ""
16484"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing "
16485"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. "
16486"The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant"
16487" constellation, <i>Sarva</i> &mdash; the elk.  Sarva is the Sami name for "
16488"elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> &mdash; Bull elk.  The origin of "
16489"this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before "
16490"reindeer were domesticated."
16491msgstr ""
16492
16493#. type: Content of: <p>
16494#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34
16495msgid ""
16496"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and "
16497"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent "
16498"hunters of the elk.  <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is "
16499"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his "
16500"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> &mdash; the Big Dipper).  Favdna must aim"
16501" well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris),"
16502" legend has it that the world will come to an end."
16503msgstr ""
16504
16505#. type: Content of: <p>
16506#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41
16507msgid ""
16508"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a "
16509"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>)  and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's "
16510"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and "
16511"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack)  or "
16512"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)."
16513msgstr ""
16514
16515#. type: Content of: <p>
16516#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46
16517msgid ""
16518"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-"
16519"mærka</i> (lit. year mark).  The name used depends on the season. In the sky"
16520" chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning "
16521"star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can "
16522"also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching "
16523"(similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)."
16524msgstr ""
16525
16526#. type: Content of: <p>
16527#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52
16528msgid ""
16529"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is"
16530" thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami "
16531"people's range.  Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays"
16532" below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is "
16533"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars."
16534msgstr ""
16535
16536#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16537#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59
16538msgid ""
16539"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is "
16540"uncertain.  it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as "
16541"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the "
16542"latitude where the Sami live."
16543msgstr ""
16544
16545#. type: Content of: <p>
16546#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65
16547msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)"
16548msgstr "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)"
16549
16550#. type: Content of: <h2>
16551#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1
16552msgid "Sardinian"
16553msgstr "Sardisch"
16554
16555#. type: Content of: <p>
16556#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2
16557msgid ""
16558"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their "
16559"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world "
16560"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian "
16561"culture."
16562msgstr ""
16563
16564#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16565#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6
16566msgid ""
16567"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and "
16568"constellations in sardinian language</a>"
16569msgstr ""
16570
16571#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16572#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7
16573msgid ""
16574"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium "
16575"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>"
16576msgstr ""
16577"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium-"
16578"Skript: Sardinische Sternbilder-Tour</a>"
16579
16580#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16581#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8
16582msgid ""
16583"<a "
16584"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium"
16585" Wiki</a>"
16586msgstr ""
16587"<a "
16588"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium"
16589" Wiki</a>"
16590
16591#. type: Content of: <p>
16592#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12
16593msgid ""
16594"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe "
16595"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com"
16596msgstr ""
16597
16598#. type: Content of: <h3>
16599#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13
16600msgid "Credits"
16601msgstr ""
16602
16603#. type: Content of: <p>
16604#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14
16605msgid ""
16606"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done "
16607"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu"
16608msgstr ""
16609
16610#. type: Content of: <h2>
16611#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1
16612msgid "Russian (Siberian)"
16613msgstr "Russisch (Sibirien)"
16614
16615#. type: Content of: <p>
16616#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2
16617msgid ""
16618"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly "
16619"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about "
16620"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In"
16621" this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which "
16622"typical for the whole of Siberia."
16623msgstr ""
16624
16625#. type: Content of: <p>
16626#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8
16627msgid ""
16628"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished"
16629" into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose "
16630"Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names "
16631"of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the "
16632"Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia."
16633msgstr ""
16634
16635#. type: Content of: <p>
16636#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14
16637msgid ""
16638"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but "
16639"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a "
16640"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common."
16641msgstr ""
16642
16643#. type: Content of: <p>
16644#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19
16645msgid ""
16646"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although "
16647"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)."
16648msgstr ""
16649
16650#. type: Content of: <p>
16651#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23
16652msgid ""
16653"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of"
16654" his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for "
16655"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In "
16656"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major "
16657"constellation."
16658msgstr ""
16659
16660#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16661#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30
16662msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s."
16663msgstr "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s."
16664
16665#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16666#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31
16667msgid ""
16668"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj "
16669"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: "
16670"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s."
16671msgstr ""
16672"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj "
16673"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: "
16674"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s."
16675
16676#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16677#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32
16678msgid ""
16679"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS "
16680"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s."
16681msgstr ""
16682"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS "
16683"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s."
16684
16685#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16686#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33
16687msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s."
16688msgstr "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s."
16689
16690#. type: Content of: <h2>
16691#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1
16692msgid "Tongan (Tonga)"
16693msgstr "Tongaisch (Tonga)"
16694
16695#. type: Content of: <p>
16696#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2
16697msgid ""
16698"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the "
16699"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances "
16700"separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot "
16701"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of "
16702"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on"
16703" which Tongan island group it originates from.  The nomenclature of stars is"
16704" approximated based on the limited resources available."
16705msgstr ""
16706
16707#. type: Content of: <p>
16708#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11
16709msgid ""
16710"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, "
16711"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable "
16712"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: "
16713"&alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan "
16714"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the"
16715" event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational "
16716"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of "
16717"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This "
16718"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and "
16719"Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being "
16720"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night"
16721" sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two "
16722"anomalies.]"
16723msgstr ""
16724
16725#. type: Content of: <p>
16726#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25
16727msgid ""
16728"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in "
16729"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in "
16730"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian."
16731msgstr ""
16732
16733#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16734#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32
16735msgid ""
16736"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi "
16737"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department."
16738msgstr ""
16739
16740#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16741#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34
16742msgid ""
16743"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, "
16744"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing."
16745msgstr ""
16746
16747#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16748#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37
16749msgid ""
16750"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional "
16751"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and "
16752"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p."
16753" 157-173."
16754msgstr ""
16755
16756#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16757#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
16758msgid "Tongan term"
16759msgstr "Tongaischer Begriff"
16760
16761#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16762#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
16763msgid "Humu"
16764msgstr "Humu"
16765
16766#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16767#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
16768msgid "Coal sack"
16769msgstr "Kohlensack"
16770
16771#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16772#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
16773msgid "Kaniva"
16774msgstr "Kaniva"
16775
16776#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16777#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
16778msgid "Ma'afulele"
16779msgstr "Ma'afulele"
16780
16781#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16782#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
16783msgid "Large Magellan cloud"
16784msgstr "Große Magellansche Wolke"
16785
16786#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16787#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
16788msgid "Ma'afutoka"
16789msgstr "Ma'afutoka"
16790
16791#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16792#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
16793msgid "Small Magellan cloud"
16794msgstr "Kleine Magellansche Wolke"
16795
16796#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16797#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
16798msgid "'otu Ma'afu"
16799msgstr "'otu Ma'afu"
16800
16801#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16802#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
16803msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)"
16804msgstr "Magellansche Wolken (beide)"
16805
16806#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16807#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
16808msgid "Ha'amonga"
16809msgstr "Ha'amonga"
16810
16811#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16812#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
16813msgid "Ecliptic"
16814msgstr "Ekliptik"
16815
16816#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16817#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
16818msgid "Mahina"
16819msgstr "Mahina"
16820
16821#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16822#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
16823msgid "La'a"
16824msgstr "La'a"
16825
16826#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16827#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
16828msgid "Fetu'u"
16829msgstr "Fetu'u"
16830
16831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16832#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
16833msgid "Star (in general)"
16834msgstr "Stern (im Allgemeinen)"
16835
16836#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16837#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
16838msgid "Fetu'ufuka"
16839msgstr "Fetu'ufuka"
16840
16841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16842#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
16843msgid "Comet"
16844msgstr "Komet"
16845
16846#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16847#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
16848msgid "'Umata"
16849msgstr "'Umata"
16850
16851#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16852#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
16853msgid "Rainbow"
16854msgstr "Regenbogen"
16855
16856#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16857#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
16858msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi"
16859msgstr "Fetu'u'Esiafi"
16860
16861#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16862#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
16863msgid "Falling star"
16864msgstr "Fallender Stern"
16865
16866#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16867#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
16868msgid "tapukitea"
16869msgstr "tapukitea"
16870
16871#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16872#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
16873msgid "Matamemea"
16874msgstr "Matamemea"
16875
16876#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16877#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
16878msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)"
16879msgstr ""
16880
16881#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16882#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
16883msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)"
16884msgstr ""
16885
16886#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16887#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
16888msgid "Velitoa hififo"
16889msgstr "Velitoa hififo"
16890
16891#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16892#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
16893msgid "Rigel"
16894msgstr "Rigel"
16895
16896#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16897#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
16898msgid "Velitoa hahake"
16899msgstr "Velitoa hahake"
16900
16901#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16902#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
16903msgid "Betelguese"
16904msgstr "Betelguese"
16905
16906#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16907#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
16908msgid "Hikule'o"
16909msgstr "Hikule'o"
16910
16911#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16912#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
16913msgid "Monuafe"
16914msgstr "Monuafe"
16915
16916#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16917#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
16918msgid "Meissa"
16919msgstr "Meissa"
16920
16921#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16922#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
16923msgid "Motuliki"
16924msgstr "Motuliki"
16925
16926#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16927#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
16928msgid "Tu'ulalupe"
16929msgstr "Tu'ulalupe"
16930
16931#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16932#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
16933msgid "Toloatonga"
16934msgstr "Toloatonga"
16935
16936#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16937#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
16938msgid "Toloalahi"
16939msgstr "Toloalahi"
16940
16941#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16942#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
16943msgid "False Cross"
16944msgstr "Falsches Kreuz"
16945
16946#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
16947#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72
16948msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>"
16949msgstr "<strong>Tongaische Sternbilder</strong>"
16950
16951#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16952#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
16953msgid "Tongan name"
16954msgstr "Tongaischer Name"
16955
16956#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16957#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
16958msgid "Designation or notes"
16959msgstr "Bezeichnung oder Anmerkungen"
16960
16961#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16962#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
16963msgid "Tuinga ika"
16964msgstr "Tuinga ika"
16965
16966#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16967#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
16968msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword"
16969msgstr "Teil des Orion, Gürtel und Schwert"
16970
16971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16972#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
16973msgid "Ae e'Uvea"
16974msgstr "Ae e'Uvea"
16975
16976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16977#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
16978msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16979msgstr "Nördliche Krone (<em>spekulativ</em>)"
16980
16981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16982#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
16983msgid "Fatanalua"
16984msgstr "Fatanalua"
16985
16986#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16987#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
16988msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16989msgstr "Haar der Berenike (<em>spekulativ</em>)"
16990
16991#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16992#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
16993msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi"
16994msgstr "Kapakau'o'tafahi"
16995
16996#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16997#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
16998msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16999msgstr "Kassiopeia (<em>spekulativ</em>)"
17000
17001#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
17002#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
17003msgid "Toloa"
17004msgstr "Toloa"
17005
17006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
17007#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
17008msgid "Belt of Orion"
17009msgstr "Gürtel des Orion"
17010
17011#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
17012#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
17013msgid "Lua tangata"
17014msgstr "Lua tangata"
17015
17016#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
17017#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
17018msgid "Castor and/or Pollux"
17019msgstr "Castor und/oder Pollux"
17020
17021#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
17022#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
17023msgid "Fungasia"
17024msgstr "Fungasia"
17025
17026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
17027#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
17028msgid "Toliman and/or Agena"
17029msgstr "Toliman und/oder Agena"
17030
17031#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
17032#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
17033msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)"
17034msgstr "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)"
17035
17036#. type: Content of: <h1>
17037#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1
17038msgid "Tukano Constellations"
17039msgstr "Tukano Sternbilder"
17040
17041#. type: Content of: <p>
17042#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2
17043msgid ""
17044"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around "
17045"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group "
17046"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro "
17047"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil."
17048msgstr ""
17049
17050#. type: Content of: <h5>
17051#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5
17052msgid ""
17053"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer "
17054"to:</em>"
17055msgstr ""
17056
17057#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17058#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7
17059msgid ""
17060"<a "
17061"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\""
17062" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>."
17063msgstr ""
17064"<a "
17065"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\""
17066" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>."
17067
17068#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17069#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8
17070msgid ""
17071"<a "
17072"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\""
17073" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>"
17074msgstr ""
17075"<a "
17076"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\""
17077" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Dissertation</a>"
17078
17079#. type: Content of: <h3>
17080#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11
17081msgid "CONSTELLATIONS"
17082msgstr "STERNBILDER"
17083
17084#. type: Content of: <p>
17085#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12
17086msgid ""
17087"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural "
17088"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who "
17089"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations."
17090" There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here "
17091"essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations.  "
17092"Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions"
17093" or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing "
17094"limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- "
17095"Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way.  Their"
17096" conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. "
17097"They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like "
17098"us."
17099msgstr ""
17100
17101#. type: Content of: <p>
17102#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13
17103msgid ""
17104"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people "
17105"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school "
17106"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as"
17107" you’ll see below."
17108msgstr ""
17109
17110#. type: Content of: <p>
17111#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14
17112msgid ""
17113"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are "
17114"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during "
17115"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena "
17116"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head"
17117" setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of "
17118"the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with"
17119" an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these "
17120"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group "
17121"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat "
17122"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and"
17123" microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either.  So, a "
17124"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside "
17125"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. "
17126"Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex "
17127"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore."
17128msgstr ""
17129
17130#. type: Content of: <p>
17131#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15
17132msgid ""
17133"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, "
17134"Portuguese and English.  Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo."
17135msgstr ""
17136
17137#. type: Content of: <h3>
17138#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
17139msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance"
17140msgstr ""
17141
17142#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17143#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
17144msgid ""
17145"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external "
17146"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>"
17147msgstr ""
17148
17149#. type: Content of: <p>
17150#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19
17151msgid ""
17152"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona "
17153"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the "
17154"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos."
17155msgstr ""
17156
17157#. type: Content of: <h3>
17158#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
17159msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo"
17160msgstr "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo"
17161
17162#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17163#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
17164msgid ""
17165"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' "
17166"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>"
17167msgstr ""
17168"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' "
17169"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>"
17170
17171#. type: Content of: <p>
17172#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21
17173msgid ""
17174"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila "
17175"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar "
17176"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)."
17177msgstr ""
17178
17179#. type: Content of: <h3>
17180#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
17181msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp"
17182msgstr ""
17183
17184#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17185#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
17186msgid ""
17187"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' "
17188"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>"
17189msgstr ""
17190"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' "
17191"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>"
17192
17193#. type: Content of: <h3>
17194#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
17195msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish"
17196msgstr ""
17197
17198#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17199#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
17200msgid ""
17201"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' "
17202"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>"
17203msgstr ""
17204
17205#. type: Content of: <p>
17206#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24
17207msgid ""
17208"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius "
17209"and Pisces area.  But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during "
17210"the night."
17211msgstr ""
17212
17213#. type: Content of: <h3>
17214#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
17215msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar"
17216msgstr ""
17217
17218#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17219#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
17220msgid ""
17221"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' "
17222"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>"
17223msgstr ""
17224"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' "
17225"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>"
17226
17227#. type: Content of: <p>
17228#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26
17229msgid ""
17230"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions "
17231"of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described "
17232"inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations."
17233msgstr ""
17234
17235#. type: Content of: <h3>
17236#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
17237msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret"
17238msgstr ""
17239
17240#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17241#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
17242msgid ""
17243"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' "
17244"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>"
17245msgstr ""
17246
17247#. type: Content of: <p>
17248#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28
17249msgid ""
17250"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those "
17251"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the "
17252"first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São "
17253"José II tribe."
17254msgstr ""
17255
17256#. type: Content of: <h3>
17257#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
17258msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle"
17259msgstr ""
17260
17261#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17262#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
17263msgid ""
17264"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' "
17265"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>"
17266msgstr ""
17267
17268#. type: Content of: <p>
17269#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30
17270msgid ""
17271"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross "
17272"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also "
17273"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people."
17274msgstr ""
17275
17276#. type: Content of: <h3>
17277#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
17278msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades"
17279msgstr ""
17280
17281#. type: Content of: <h3>
17282#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
17283msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars"
17284msgstr "Nhorkoatero – Grupo de Estrelas – Sternengruppe"
17285
17286#. type: Content of: <p>
17287#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32
17288msgid ""
17289"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. "
17290"Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within "
17291"a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period "
17292"pointer."
17293msgstr ""
17294
17295#. type: Content of: <h3>
17296#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
17297msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish"
17298msgstr ""
17299
17300#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17301#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
17302msgid ""
17303"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" "
17304"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of "
17305"grill to cook fish)</a>"
17306msgstr ""
17307
17308#. type: Content of: <p>
17309#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34
17310msgid ""
17311"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the "
17312"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades.  This is an easy asterism to be "
17313"seen all over the sky."
17314msgstr ""
17315
17316#. type: Content of: <h3>
17317#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
17318msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood"
17319msgstr ""
17320
17321#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
17322#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
17323msgid ""
17324"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' "
17325"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>"
17326msgstr ""
17327
17328#. type: Content of: <p>
17329#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36
17330msgid ""
17331"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this "
17332"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents"
17333" to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood."
17334msgstr ""
17335
17336#. type: Content of: <h3>
17337#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
17338msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake"
17339msgstr ""
17340
17341#. type: Content of: <h3><br>
17342#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
17343msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus"
17344msgstr ""
17345
17346#. type: Content of: <p>
17347#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38
17348msgid ""
17349"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when "
17350"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in"
17351" the main river are swallowed by it."
17352msgstr ""
17353"Diese Schlange entspricht unserem hellsten Stern im Großen Wagen. Der "
17354"Legende nach werden fast alle Fische im Hauptfluss geschluckt, sobald dieses"
17355" Sternbild nach Sonnenuntergang den Horizont berührt."
17356
17357#. type: Content of: <h3>
17358#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39
17359msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter"
17360msgstr "Otter"
17361
17362#. type: Content of: <p>
17363#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40
17364msgid ""
17365"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river,"
17366" this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major "
17367"in that region."
17368msgstr ""
17369
17370#. type: Content of: <h3>
17371#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41
17372msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances"
17373msgstr ""
17374
17375#. type: Content of: <p>
17376#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42
17377msgid ""
17378"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in"
17379" some special Tukano ceremonies."
17380msgstr ""
17381
17382#. type: Content of: <h4>
17383#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44
17384msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:"
17385msgstr ""
17386
17387#. type: Content of: <p>
17388#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45
17389msgid ""
17390"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, "
17391"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis "
17392"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in "
17393"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about "
17394"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky "
17395"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in "
17396"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we "
17397"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from"
17398" differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting "
17399"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major "
17400"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians"
17401msgstr ""
17402
17403#. type: Content of: <h4>
17404#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
17405msgid ""
17406"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of"
17407" his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)"
17408msgstr ""
17409"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso sammelte diese Informationen im Rahmen einer Umfrage "
17410"als Teil seiner Doktorarbeit. Dissertation im Bereich Ethnomathematik "
17411"(walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)"
17412
17413#. type: Content of: <h4><br>
17414#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
17415msgid ""
17416"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and "
17417"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)."
17418msgstr ""
17419
17420#. type: Content of: <h2>
17421#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1
17422msgid "Tupi-Guarani"
17423msgstr "Tupi-Guarani"
17424
17425#. type: Content of: <p>
17426#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2
17427msgid ""
17428"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the "
17429"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries."
17430msgstr ""
17431
17432#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17433#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5
17434msgid ""
17435"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep "
17436"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily "
17437"life.  In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de "
17438"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated"
17439" that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book "
17440"only details seven."
17441msgstr ""
17442
17443#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
17444#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8
17445msgid "Ema"
17446msgstr "Ema"
17447
17448#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17449#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9
17450msgid ""
17451"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i>"
17452" in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The "
17453"constellation depicts a large bird."
17454msgstr ""
17455
17456#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17457#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11
17458msgid ""
17459"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the "
17460"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South "
17461"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North."
17462msgstr ""
17463"In den ersten zwei Juniwochen ist dieses Sternbild abends komplett am "
17464"östlichen Himmel sichtbar. Es zeigt den Winteranfang in Südbrasilien und den"
17465" Beginn der Trrockenzeit im Norden an."
17466
17467#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
17468#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13
17469msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)"
17470msgstr "Homem Velho (der Alte Mann)"
17471
17472#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17473#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14
17474msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick."
17475msgstr "Dieses Sternbild stellt einen alten Mann, der einen Stock hält, dar"
17476
17477#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17478#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15
17479msgid ""
17480"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the "
17481"evening Eastern sky.  This marks the beginning of summer in the southern "
17482"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North."
17483msgstr ""
17484
17485#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17486#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19
17487msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>"
17488msgstr ""
17489
17490#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17491#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20
17492msgid ""
17493"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The "
17494"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)"
17495msgstr ""
17496
17497#. type: Content of: <p>
17498#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24
17499msgid ""
17500"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo "
17501"Pontes</i>."
17502msgstr ""
17503"Diese Himmelskultur wurde vom Stellarium-Nutzer <i>Paulo Marcelo Pontes</i> "
17504"beigesteuert."
17505
17506#. type: Content of: <h2>
17507#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1
17508msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)"
17509msgstr "Vanuatu (Netwar)"
17510
17511#. type: Content of: <p>
17512#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2
17513msgid ""
17514"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran "
17515"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a "
17516"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar "
17517"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" "
17518"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in "
17519"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of "
17520"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent."
17521msgstr ""
17522
17523#. type: Content of: <h3>
17524#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4
17525msgid "Solar system"
17526msgstr "Sonnensystem"
17527
17528#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17529#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6
17530msgid "Sun: Met"
17531msgstr "Sonne: Met"
17532
17533#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17534#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7
17535msgid "Moon: Mawuk"
17536msgstr "Mond: Mawuk"
17537
17538#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
17539#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9
17540msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'"
17541msgstr "Zunehmende Sichel: Mawuk wi – „neuer Mond“"
17542
17543#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
17544#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10
17545msgid ""
17546"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky "
17547"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening"
17548msgstr ""
17549
17550#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
17551#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11
17552msgid ""
17553"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' "
17554"(Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, "
17555"the Moon just appears above the mountains"
17556msgstr ""
17557
17558#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
17559#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12
17560msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel"
17561msgstr "Letztes Viertel: Numanmel"
17562
17563#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
17564#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13
17565msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel"
17566msgstr "Abnehmende Sichel: Numanmel"
17567
17568#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
17569#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14
17570msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'"
17571msgstr "Mondfinsternis: Mawuk ramemes – „toter Mond“"
17572
17573#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17574#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16
17575msgid "Venus:"
17576msgstr "Venus:"
17577
17578#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
17579#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18
17580msgid "Morning star: Fétukai"
17581msgstr "Morgenstern: Fétukai"
17582
17583#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
17584#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19
17585msgid "Evening star: Kéwita"
17586msgstr "Abendstern: Kéwita"
17587
17588#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17589#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21
17590msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi"
17591msgstr "Jupiter: Karatéi"
17592
17593#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17594#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22
17595msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death"
17596msgstr ""
17597
17598#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17599#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27
17600msgid "In general: Mahau"
17601msgstr "Im Allgemeinen: Mahau"
17602
17603#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17604#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28
17605msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta"
17606msgstr "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta"
17607
17608#. type: Content of: <h3>
17609#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31
17610msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects"
17611msgstr "Sternbilder und Deep-Sky-Objekte"
17612
17613#. type: Content of: <p>
17614#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32
17615msgid ""
17616"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the "
17617"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. "
17618"The actual translations of the local names follow them."
17619msgstr ""
17620
17621#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17622#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34
17623msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'"
17624msgstr ""
17625
17626#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17627#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35
17628msgid ""
17629"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown "
17630"meaning"
17631msgstr ""
17632
17633#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17634#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36
17635msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'"
17636msgstr ""
17637
17638#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17639#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37
17640msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'"
17641msgstr ""
17642
17643#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17644#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38
17645msgid ""
17646"Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'"
17647msgstr ""
17648
17649#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17650#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39
17651msgid ""
17652"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it "
17653"is time to prepare gardens"
17654msgstr ""
17655
17656#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17657#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40
17658msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves"
17659msgstr ""
17660
17661#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17662#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41
17663msgid ""
17664"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages"
17665" with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time "
17666"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest"
17667msgstr ""
17668
17669#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17670#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42
17671msgid ""
17672"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen "
17673"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'"
17674msgstr ""
17675
17676#. type: Content of: <h3>
17677#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45
17678msgid "Names of objects with unknown position"
17679msgstr "Namen von Objekten mit unbekannter Position"
17680
17681#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17682#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47
17683msgid ""
17684"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or "
17685"to rise close to it"
17686msgstr ""
17687
17688#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17689#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48
17690msgid ""
17691"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the "
17692"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)"
17693msgstr ""
17694
17695#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17696#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49
17697msgid ""
17698"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in "
17699"September in the morning near zenith"
17700msgstr ""
17701"Koraiapom – Name eines nicht identifizierten Sterns (möglicherweise Rigel), "
17702"der morgens im September nahe des Zenits gefunden werden kann."
17703
17704#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17705#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50
17706msgid ""
17707"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in "
17708"February in the morning"
17709msgstr ""
17710"Kwankaio – Name eines nicht identifizierten Sterns (möglicherweise Prokyon),"
17711" der morgens im Februar aufgeht."
17712
17713#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17714#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55
17715msgid ""
17716"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> "
17717"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu"
17718msgstr ""
17719
17720#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17721#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56
17722msgid ""
17723"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language "
17724"on Wikipedia</a>"
17725msgstr ""
17726
17727#. type: Content of: <p>
17728#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60
17729msgid ""
17730"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a "
17731"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a "
17732"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>."
17733msgstr ""
17734"Diese Himmelskultur wurde von <i>Dominik M. Ramik</i> beigesteuert. Web: <a "
17735"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, E-Mail: <a "
17736"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>."
17737
17738#. type: Content of: <p>
17739#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61
17740msgid ""
17741"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral"
17742" knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from "
17743"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé"
17744" from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe "
17745"Natuman from Lowkweria."
17746msgstr ""
17747
17748#. type: Content of: <h2>
17749#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1
17750msgid "Western"
17751msgstr "Westlich"
17752
17753#. type: Content of: <p>
17754#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2
17755msgid ""
17756"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
17757"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
17758"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
17759"astronomy."
17760msgstr ""
17761"Die westliche Himmelskultur wird international von heutigen Astronomen "
17762"verwendet und ist das offizielle Schema der Internationalen Astronomischen "
17763"Union. Sie hat historische Wurzeln in der antiken griechischen Astronomie "
17764"mit Einflüssen der islamischen Astronomie."
17765
17766#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17767#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5
17768#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5
17769msgid ""
17770"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various "
17771"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by "
17772"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the "
17773"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky "
17774"cultures exhaustively in daily usage."
17775msgstr ""
17776"Die westliche Kultur teilt die Himmelssphäre in 88 Flächen unterschiedlicher"
17777" Größe, die <i>Sternbilder</i> genannt werden, auf. Jedes besitzt genaue, "
17778"von der Internationalen Astronomischen Union festgelegte Grenzen.  Diese "
17779"Sternbilder sind zum Standard für die Beschreibung des Himmels geworden. Sie"
17780" ersetzen dabei ähnliche Einteilungen in anderen Himmelskulturen vollständig"
17781" im täglichen Gebrauch."
17782
17783#. type: Content of: <p>
17784#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8
17785msgid ""
17786"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, "
17787"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used "
17788"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names "
17789"are more famous than the designations."
17790msgstr ""
17791
17792#. type: Content of: <h3>
17793#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10
17794msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium"
17795msgstr "Alternative Asterismen-Dateien für Stellarium"
17796
17797#. type: Content of: <p>
17798#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11
17799msgid ""
17800"<a "
17801"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" "
17802"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his "
17803"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' "
17804"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike "
17805"Richards</a>."
17806msgstr ""
17807"<a "
17808"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" "
17809"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a> aus seinem "
17810"Buch „The Stars: A New Way To See Them“ von <a class='external text' "
17811"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike "
17812"Richards</a>."
17813
17814#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17815#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15
17816#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14
17817msgid ""
17818"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'"
17819" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" "
17820"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia"
17821msgstr ""
17822"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'"
17823" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" "
17824"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a>-Artikel in Wikipedia"
17825
17826#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17827#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16
17828#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15
17829msgid ""
17830"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external "
17831"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" "
17832"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia"
17833msgstr ""
17834"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external "
17835"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" "
17836"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a>-Artikel in Wikipedia"
17837
17838#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17839#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17
17840msgid ""
17841"<a "
17842"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\""
17843" class='external text' "
17844"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\""
17845" rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval "
17846"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius "
17847"Engravings."
17848msgstr ""
17849
17850#. type: Content of: <h2>
17851#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1
17852msgid "Sky & Telescope"
17853msgstr "Sky & Telescope"
17854
17855#. type: Content of: <p>
17856#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2
17857msgid ""
17858"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
17859"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
17860"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
17861"astronomy.  The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & "
17862"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & "
17863"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & "
17864"Telescope magazine."
17865msgstr ""
17866"Die westliche Himmelskultur wird international von heutigen Astronomen "
17867"verwendet und ist das offizielle Schema der Internationalen Astronomischen "
17868"Union. Sie hat historische Wurzeln in der antiken griechischen Astronomie "
17869"mit Einflüssen der islamischen Astronomie.  Die Sternbilderfiguren und "
17870"Sternennamen stammen aus Sky & Telescopes Definitionen und sollten Nutzern "
17871"des Sky & Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas bekannt sein, Sky Atlas 2000.0 und "
17872"den Figuren aus den Sky & Telescope Magazinen."
17873
17874#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17875#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7
17876msgid ""
17877"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines "
17878"for Microscopium or Mensa."
17879msgstr ""
17880"Anmerkung: Die Sky & Telescope-Sternbildkultur beinhaltet keine "
17881"Sternbildlinien für das Mikroskop und den Tafelsberg."
17882
17883#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17884#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10
17885msgid ""
17886"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in "
17887"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file."
17888msgstr ""
17889"Die von Sky & Telescope verwendete Methode, Sternnamen zu bestimmen, wird "
17890"ausführlich in der mitgelieferten Datei <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> "
17891"beschrieben."
17892
17893#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17894#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13
17895msgid ""
17896"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' "
17897"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage"
17898msgstr ""
17899"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' "
17900"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> Homepage"
17901
17902#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17903#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16
17904msgid ""
17905"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' "
17906"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official"
17907" IAU constellation information</a>"
17908msgstr ""
17909"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' "
17910"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" "
17911"rel=\"nofollow\">Offizielle IAU Sternbilderinformationen</a>"
17912
17913#. type: Content of: <h2>
17914#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1
17915msgid "Western (O.Hlad)"
17916msgstr "Westlich (O. Hlad)"
17917
17918#. type: Content of: <p>
17919#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3
17920msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:"
17921msgstr "Sternbilder gemäß einer klassischen tschechischen Publikation:"
17922
17923#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17924#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6
17925msgid ""
17926"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. "
17927"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik."
17928msgstr ""
17929"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. "
17930"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik."
17931
17932#. type: Content of: <p>
17933#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9
17934msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:"
17935msgstr ""
17936"Andere (ziemlich ähnliche) tschechische und slowakische Literaturquellen "
17937"sind:"
17938
17939#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17940#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12
17941msgid ""
17942"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. "
17943"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing."
17944msgstr ""
17945"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. "
17946"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing."
17947
17948#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17949#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13
17950msgid ""
17951"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor."
17952msgstr ""
17953"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor."
17954
17955#. type: Content of: <p>
17956#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19
17957msgid ""
17958"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-"
17959"letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright "
17960"stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case "
17961"of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir).  We usually do <em>not</em> use"
17962" 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected "
17963"by light pollution.  The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and "
17964"easier-to-remember for children.  We use these constellations at the "
17965"Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a "
17966"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)."
17967msgstr ""
17968
17969#. type: Content of: <p>
17970#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28
17971msgid ""
17972"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies "
17973"are just behind Bear's head.  Gem is a similar case.  Cam seems upside-down "
17974"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed"
17975" brighter."
17976msgstr ""
17977"Anmerkungen: UMa ist Pittich und Kalmančok (1981) entnommen; die Galaxien "
17978"M81 und M82 sind direkt hinter dem Kopf des Bären. Gem ist ein ähnlicher "
17979"Fall. Cam scheint auf den Kopf gestellt zu sein bezogen auf eine "
17980"mythologische Figur. Aber die Sterne HIP 29997 und HIP 33694 sind "
17981"tatsächlich heller."
17982
17983#. type: Content of: <h3>
17984#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33
17985msgid "Updates"
17986msgstr "Aktualisierungen"
17987
17988#. type: Content of: <p>
17989#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35
17990msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1"
17991msgstr "Version 1.0 für Stellarium 0.13.1"
17992
17993#. type: Content of: <p>
17994#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37
17995msgid ""
17996"Future updates should be available at <a "
17997"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>"
17998msgstr ""
17999"Zukünftige Aktualisierungen sollten unter<a "
18000"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>"
18001" verfügbar sein."
18002
18003#. type: Content of: <h2>
18004#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1
18005msgid "Western: H.A. Rey"
18006msgstr "Westlich: H. A. Rey"
18007
18008#. type: Content of: <p>
18009#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5
18010msgid ""
18011"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated "
18012"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. "
18013"The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown "
18014"connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however appear "
18015"sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which "
18016"constellation.  Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the "
18017"figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning "
18018"stargazers in the middle of the 20th century."
18019msgstr ""
18020
18021#. type: Content of: <p>
18022#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16
18023msgid ""
18024"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of "
18025"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his "
18026"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To "
18027"See Them</em>."
18028msgstr ""
18029"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898–1977), ein Künstler und Autor von "
18030"Kinderbüchern deutschen Ursprungs. Wanderte aber in die USA aus. Er "
18031"veröffentlichte seine Antwort zu dieser Frage 1952 in dem Buch <em>The Stars"
18032" – A New Way To See Them</em>."
18033
18034#. type: Content of: <h4>
18035#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22
18036msgid "The Constellations"
18037msgstr "Die Sternbilder"
18038
18039#. type: Content of: <p>
18040#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24
18041msgid ""
18042"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey "
18043"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the "
18044"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done"
18045" it before. The basic idea is so simple.\""
18046msgstr ""
18047"In diesem Buch, welches besonders in den USA sehr bekannt geworden ist, "
18048"verband Rey die Sterne jedes Sternbildes „auf eine Art und Weise, dass die "
18049"resultierende Form Sinn ergibt“. Was ihn überraschte, war, „dass niemand es "
18050"zuvor gemacht hatte. Die Grundidee ist so einfach.“"
18051
18052#. type: Content of: <p>
18053#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29
18054msgid ""
18055"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted"
18056" constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, "
18057"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick"
18058" figures.  The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey."
18059" If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the "
18060"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those "
18061"included in the book."
18062msgstr ""
18063
18064#. type: Content of: <h4>
18065#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37
18066msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations"
18067msgstr "Reys Figuren und die klassischen Sternbilder"
18068
18069#. type: Content of: <p>
18070#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39
18071msgid ""
18072"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and "
18073"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of "
18074"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus).  "
18075"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures "
18076"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of"
18077" the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For "
18078"example,"
18079msgstr ""
18080
18081#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
18082#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47
18083msgid ""
18084"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>)  to look "
18085"like a polar bear scenting prey.  This on one hand does not have the usual "
18086"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown "
18087"to walk around the pole in this orientation."
18088msgstr ""
18089"Rey drehte die Sternenfigur des Großen Bären (<em>Ursa Major</em>) auf den "
18090"Kopf, um sie mehr wie ein Beute witternder Eisbär aussehen zu lassen. "
18091"Einerseits hat diese Darstellung nicht das Problem des langen Schwanzes. "
18092"Andererseits wandert der Bär in dieser Ausrichtung nicht mehr um den "
18093"Himmelspol."
18094
18095#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
18096#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53
18097msgid ""
18098"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long "
18099"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including "
18100"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye "
18101"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck."
18102msgstr ""
18103"Der Stier (<em>Taurus</em>), der üblicherweise nur von vorne mit langen, "
18104"aufrechten Hörnern dargestellt wird, wird hier mit seinem gesamten Körper "
18105"inklusive seines Schwanzes und mit ausladenden Hörnern wie bei einem Büffel "
18106"gezeigt. Sein helles Auge <em>Aldeberan</em> befindet sich nun im Nacken. "
18107
18108#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
18109#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58
18110msgid ""
18111"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of "
18112"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "
18113"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the "
18114"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet."
18115msgstr ""
18116"Der Kopf des <em>Herkules</em> ist in der Regel direkt neben dem Kopf des "
18117"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, dem Schlangenträger, und die als Grundpfeiler bekannten "
18118"vier Sterne bilden seinen Körper. Rey hingegen bildet den Kopf aus dem "
18119"Grundpfeiler und der Stern, der normalerweise den Kopf des Heldens "
18120"verkörpert, ist nun einer seiner Füße.  "
18121
18122#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
18123#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63
18124msgid ""
18125"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now "
18126"forming a tail fin."
18127msgstr ""
18128"Der Wal (<em>Cetus</em>) wurde umgedreht. Sein ursprünglicher Mund ist nun "
18129"eine Schwanzflosse."
18130
18131#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
18132#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66
18133msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head."
18134msgstr "<em>Pegasus</em> Füße und Kopf getauscht."
18135
18136#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
18137#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68
18138msgid ""
18139"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace"
18140" of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)"
18141msgstr ""
18142"<em>Bootes</em>, der Bärenhüter, wird sitzend und Pfeife rauchend gezeigt "
18143"(keine Spur von politischer Korrektheit in einem Kinderbuch aus den "
18144"1950ern... :-))"
18145
18146#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
18147#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75
18148msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>"
18149msgstr ""
18150"<a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H. A. Rey "
18151"(Wikipedia)</a>"
18152
18153#. type: Content of: <p>
18154#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80
18155msgid ""
18156"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon "
18157"example contributed by Mike Richards.  It has been reworked following the "
18158"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti."
18159msgstr ""
18160"Diese Himmelskultur war für lange Zeit eine einfache, durch den Nutzer "
18161"installierbare Beispielerweiterung, erstellt von Mike Richards. Sie wurde "
18162"von Georg Zotti anhand des 41. Nachdrucks sorgfältig überarbeitet und mit "
18163"dieser Beschreibung vervollständigt worden."
18164