src/sync/broadcast.rs

//! A multi-producer, multi-consumer broadcast queue. Each sent value is seen by
//! all consumers.
//!
//! A [`Sender`] is used to broadcast values to **all** connected [`Receiver`]
//! values. [`Sender`] handles are clone-able, allowing concurrent send and
//! receive actions. [`Sender`] and [`Receiver`] are both `Send` and `Sync` as
//! long as `T` is also `Send` or `Sync` respectively.
//!
//! When a value is sent, **all** [`Receiver`] handles are notified and will
//! receive the value. The value is stored once inside the channel and cloned on
//! demand for each receiver. Once all receivers have received a clone of the
//! value, the value is released from the channel.
//!
//! A channel is created by calling [`channel`], specifying the maximum number
//! of messages the channel can retain at any given time.
//!
//! New [`Receiver`] handles are created by calling [`Sender::subscribe`]. The
//! returned [`Receiver`] will receive values sent **after** the call to
//! `subscribe`.
//!
//! ## Lagging
//!
//! As sent messages must be retained until **all** [`Receiver`] handles receive
//! a clone, broadcast channels are susceptible to the "slow receiver" problem.
//! In this case, all but one receiver are able to receive values at the rate
//! they are sent. Because one receiver is stalled, the channel starts to fill
//! up.
//!
//! This broadcast channel implementation handles this case by setting a hard
//! upper bound on the number of values the channel may retain at any given
//! time. This upper bound is passed to the [`channel`] function as an argument.
//!
//! If a value is sent when the channel is at capacity, the oldest value
//! currently held by the channel is released. This frees up space for the new
//! value. Any receiver that has not yet seen the released value will return
//! [`RecvError::Lagged`] the next time [`recv`] is called.
//!
//! Once [`RecvError::Lagged`] is returned, the lagging receiver's position is
//! updated to the oldest value contained by the channel. The next call to
//! [`recv`] will return this value.
//!
//! This behavior enables a receiver to detect when it has lagged so far behind
//! that data has been dropped. The caller may decide how to respond to this:
//! either by aborting its task or by tolerating lost messages and resuming
//! consumption of the channel.
//!
//! ## Closing
//!
//! When **all** [`Sender`] handles have been dropped, no new values may be
//! sent. At this point, the channel is "closed". Once a receiver has received
//! all values retained by the channel, the next call to [`recv`] will return
//! with [`RecvError::Closed`].
//!
//! [`Sender`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Sender
//! [`Sender::subscribe`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Sender::subscribe
//! [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver
//! [`channel`]: crate::sync::broadcast::channel
//! [`RecvError::Lagged`]: crate::sync::broadcast::RecvError::Lagged
//! [`RecvError::Closed`]: crate::sync::broadcast::RecvError::Closed
//! [`recv`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver::recv
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! Basic usage
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::broadcast;
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() {
//!     let (tx, mut rx1) = broadcast::channel(16);
//!     let mut rx2 = tx.subscribe();
//!
//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
//!         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
//!     });
//!
//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
//!         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
//!     });
//!
//!     tx.send(10).unwrap();
//!     tx.send(20).unwrap();
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Handling lag
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::broadcast;
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() {
//!     let (tx, mut rx) = broadcast::channel(2);
//!
//!     tx.send(10).unwrap();
//!     tx.send(20).unwrap();
//!     tx.send(30).unwrap();
//!
//!     // The receiver lagged behind
//!     assert!(rx.recv().await.is_err());
//!
//!     // At this point, we can abort or continue with lost messages
//!
//!     assert_eq!(20, rx.recv().await.unwrap());
//!     assert_eq!(30, rx.recv().await.unwrap());
//! }

use crate::loom::cell::UnsafeCell;
use crate::loom::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
use crate::loom::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock, RwLockReadGuard};
use crate::util::linked_list::{self, LinkedList};

use std::fmt;
use std::future::Future;
use std::marker::PhantomPinned;
use std::pin::Pin;
use std::ptr::NonNull;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
use std::usize;

/// Sending-half of the [`broadcast`] channel.
///
/// May be used from many threads. Messages can be sent with
/// [`send`][Sender::send].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
///
/// #[tokio::main]
/// async fn main() {
///     let (tx, mut rx1) = broadcast::channel(16);
///     let mut rx2 = tx.subscribe();
///
///     tokio::spawn(async move {
///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
///     });
///
///     tokio::spawn(async move {
///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
///     });
///
///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
///     tx.send(20).unwrap();
/// }
/// ```
///
/// [`broadcast`]: crate::sync::broadcast
pub struct Sender<T> {
    shared: Arc<Shared<T>>,
}

/// Receiving-half of the [`broadcast`] channel.
///
/// Must not be used concurrently. Messages may be retrieved using
/// [`recv`][Receiver::recv].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
///
/// #[tokio::main]
/// async fn main() {
///     let (tx, mut rx1) = broadcast::channel(16);
///     let mut rx2 = tx.subscribe();
///
///     tokio::spawn(async move {
///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
///     });
///
///     tokio::spawn(async move {
///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
///     });
///
///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
///     tx.send(20).unwrap();
/// }
/// ```
///
/// [`broadcast`]: crate::sync::broadcast
pub struct Receiver<T> {
    /// State shared with all receivers and senders.
    shared: Arc<Shared<T>>,

    /// Next position to read from
    next: u64,

    /// Used to support the deprecated `poll_recv` fn
    waiter: Option<Pin<Box<UnsafeCell<Waiter>>>>,
}

/// Error returned by [`Sender::send`][Sender::send].
///
/// A **send** operation can only fail if there are no active receivers,
/// implying that the message could never be received. The error contains the
/// message being sent as a payload so it can be recovered.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SendError<T>(pub T);

/// An error returned from the [`recv`] function on a [`Receiver`].
///
/// [`recv`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver::recv
/// [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum RecvError {
    /// There are no more active senders implying no further messages will ever
    /// be sent.
    Closed,

    /// The receiver lagged too far behind. Attempting to receive again will
    /// return the oldest message still retained by the channel.
    ///
    /// Includes the number of skipped messages.
    Lagged(u64),
}

/// An error returned from the [`try_recv`] function on a [`Receiver`].
///
/// [`try_recv`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver::try_recv
/// [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum TryRecvError {
    /// The channel is currently empty. There are still active
    /// [`Sender`][Sender] handles, so data may yet become available.
    Empty,

    /// There are no more active senders implying no further messages will ever
    /// be sent.
    Closed,

    /// The receiver lagged too far behind and has been forcibly disconnected.
    /// Attempting to receive again will return the oldest message still
    /// retained by the channel.
    ///
    /// Includes the number of skipped messages.
    Lagged(u64),
}

/// Data shared between senders and receivers
struct Shared<T> {
    /// slots in the channel
    buffer: Box<[RwLock<Slot<T>>]>,

    /// Mask a position -> index
    mask: usize,

    /// Tail of the queue. Includes the rx wait list.
    tail: Mutex<Tail>,

    /// Number of outstanding Sender handles
    num_tx: AtomicUsize,
}

/// Next position to write a value
struct Tail {
    /// Next position to write to
    pos: u64,

    /// Number of active receivers
    rx_cnt: usize,

    /// True if the channel is closed
    closed: bool,

    /// Receivers waiting for a value
    waiters: LinkedList<Waiter>,
}

/// Slot in the buffer
struct Slot<T> {
    /// Remaining number of receivers that are expected to see this value.
    ///
    /// When this goes to zero, the value is released.
    ///
    /// An atomic is used as it is mutated concurrently with the slot read lock
    /// acquired.
    rem: AtomicUsize,

    /// Uniquely identifies the `send` stored in the slot
    pos: u64,

    /// True signals the channel is closed.
    closed: bool,

    /// The value being broadcast.
    ///
    /// The value is set by `send` when the write lock is held. When a reader
    /// drops, `rem` is decremented. When it hits zero, the value is dropped.
    val: UnsafeCell<Option<T>>,
}

/// An entry in the wait queue
struct Waiter {
    /// True if queued
    queued: bool,

    /// Task waiting on the broadcast channel.
    waker: Option<Waker>,

    /// Intrusive linked-list pointers.
    pointers: linked_list::Pointers<Waiter>,

    /// Should not be `Unpin`.
    _p: PhantomPinned,
}

struct RecvGuard<'a, T> {
    slot: RwLockReadGuard<'a, Slot<T>>,
}

/// Receive a value future
struct Recv<R, T>
where
    R: AsMut<Receiver<T>>,
{
    /// Receiver being waited on
    receiver: R,

    /// Entry in the waiter `LinkedList`
    waiter: UnsafeCell<Waiter>,

    _p: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
}

/// `AsMut<T>` is not implemented for `T` (coherence). Explicitly implementing
/// `AsMut` for `Receiver` would be included in the public API of the receiver
/// type. Instead, `Borrow` is used internally to bridge the gap.
struct Borrow<T>(T);

impl<T> AsMut<Receiver<T>> for Borrow<Receiver<T>> {
    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Receiver<T> {
        &mut self.0
    }
}

impl<'a, T> AsMut<Receiver<T>> for Borrow<&'a mut Receiver<T>> {
    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Receiver<T> {
        &mut *self.0
    }
}

unsafe impl<R: AsMut<Receiver<T>> + Send, T: Send> Send for Recv<R, T> {}
unsafe impl<R: AsMut<Receiver<T>> + Sync, T: Send> Sync for Recv<R, T> {}

/// Max number of receivers. Reserve space to lock.
const MAX_RECEIVERS: usize = usize::MAX >> 2;

/// Create a bounded, multi-producer, multi-consumer channel where each sent
/// value is broadcasted to all active receivers.
///
/// All data sent on [`Sender`] will become available on every active
/// [`Receiver`] in the same order as it was sent.
///
/// The `Sender` can be cloned to `send` to the same channel from multiple
/// points in the process or it can be used concurrently from an `Arc`. New
/// `Receiver` handles are created by calling [`Sender::subscribe`].
///
/// If all [`Receiver`] handles are dropped, the `send` method will return a
/// [`SendError`]. Similarly, if all [`Sender`] handles are dropped, the [`recv`]
/// method will return a [`RecvError`].
///
/// [`Sender`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Sender
/// [`Sender::subscribe`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Sender::subscribe
/// [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver
/// [`recv`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver::recv
/// [`SendError`]: crate::sync::broadcast::SendError
/// [`RecvError`]: crate::sync::broadcast::RecvError
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
///
/// #[tokio::main]
/// async fn main() {
///     let (tx, mut rx1) = broadcast::channel(16);
///     let mut rx2 = tx.subscribe();
///
///     tokio::spawn(async move {
///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
///     });
///
///     tokio::spawn(async move {
///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
///     });
///
///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
///     tx.send(20).unwrap();
/// }
/// ```
pub fn channel<T>(mut capacity: usize) -> (Sender<T>, Receiver<T>) {
    assert!(capacity > 0, "capacity is empty");
    assert!(capacity <= usize::MAX >> 1, "requested capacity too large");

    // Round to a power of two
    capacity = capacity.next_power_of_two();

    let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);

    for i in 0..capacity {
        buffer.push(RwLock::new(Slot {
            rem: AtomicUsize::new(0),
            pos: (i as u64).wrapping_sub(capacity as u64),
            closed: false,
            val: UnsafeCell::new(None),
        }));
    }

    let shared = Arc::new(Shared {
        buffer: buffer.into_boxed_slice(),
        mask: capacity - 1,
        tail: Mutex::new(Tail {
            pos: 0,
            rx_cnt: 1,
            closed: false,
            waiters: LinkedList::new(),
        }),
        num_tx: AtomicUsize::new(1),
    });

    let rx = Receiver {
        shared: shared.clone(),
        next: 0,
        waiter: None,
    };

    let tx = Sender { shared };

    (tx, rx)
}

unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for Sender<T> {}
unsafe impl<T: Send> Sync for Sender<T> {}

unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for Receiver<T> {}
unsafe impl<T: Send> Sync for Receiver<T> {}

impl<T> Sender<T> {
    /// Attempts to send a value to all active [`Receiver`] handles, returning
    /// it back if it could not be sent.
    ///
    /// A successful send occurs when there is at least one active [`Receiver`]
    /// handle. An unsuccessful send would be one where all associated
    /// [`Receiver`] handles have already been dropped.
    ///
    /// # Return
    ///
    /// On success, the number of subscribed [`Receiver`] handles is returned.
    /// This does not mean that this number of receivers will see the message as
    /// a receiver may drop before receiving the message.
    ///
    /// # Note
    ///
    /// A return value of `Ok` **does not** mean that the sent value will be
    /// observed by all or any of the active [`Receiver`] handles. [`Receiver`]
    /// handles may be dropped before receiving the sent message.
    ///
    /// A return value of `Err` **does not** mean that future calls to `send`
    /// will fail. New [`Receiver`] handles may be created by calling
    /// [`subscribe`].
    ///
    /// [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver
    /// [`subscribe`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Sender::subscribe
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
    ///
    /// #[tokio::main]
    /// async fn main() {
    ///     let (tx, mut rx1) = broadcast::channel(16);
    ///     let mut rx2 = tx.subscribe();
    ///
    ///     tokio::spawn(async move {
    ///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
    ///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
    ///     });
    ///
    ///     tokio::spawn(async move {
    ///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
    ///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
    ///     });
    ///
    ///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
    ///     tx.send(20).unwrap();
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn send(&self, value: T) -> Result<usize, SendError<T>> {
        self.send2(Some(value))
            .map_err(|SendError(maybe_v)| SendError(maybe_v.unwrap()))
    }

    /// Creates a new [`Receiver`] handle that will receive values sent **after**
    /// this call to `subscribe`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
    ///
    /// #[tokio::main]
    /// async fn main() {
    ///     let (tx, _rx) = broadcast::channel(16);
    ///
    ///     // Will not be seen
    ///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
    ///
    ///     let mut rx = tx.subscribe();
    ///
    ///     tx.send(20).unwrap();
    ///
    ///     let value = rx.recv().await.unwrap();
    ///     assert_eq!(20, value);
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn subscribe(&self) -> Receiver<T> {
        let shared = self.shared.clone();

        let mut tail = shared.tail.lock().unwrap();

        if tail.rx_cnt == MAX_RECEIVERS {
            panic!("max receivers");
        }

        tail.rx_cnt = tail.rx_cnt.checked_add(1).expect("overflow");
        let next = tail.pos;

        drop(tail);

        Receiver {
            shared,
            next,
            waiter: None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the number of active receivers
    ///
    /// An active receiver is a [`Receiver`] handle returned from [`channel`] or
    /// [`subscribe`]. These are the handles that will receive values sent on
    /// this [`Sender`].
    ///
    /// # Note
    ///
    /// It is not guaranteed that a sent message will reach this number of
    /// receivers. Active receivers may never call [`recv`] again before
    /// dropping.
    ///
    /// [`recv`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver::recv
    /// [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver
    /// [`Sender`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Sender
    /// [`subscribe`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Sender::subscribe
    /// [`channel`]: crate::sync::broadcast::channel
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
    ///
    /// #[tokio::main]
    /// async fn main() {
    ///     let (tx, _rx1) = broadcast::channel(16);
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(1, tx.receiver_count());
    ///
    ///     let mut _rx2 = tx.subscribe();
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(2, tx.receiver_count());
    ///
    ///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn receiver_count(&self) -> usize {
        let tail = self.shared.tail.lock().unwrap();
        tail.rx_cnt
    }

    fn send2(&self, value: Option<T>) -> Result<usize, SendError<Option<T>>> {
        let mut tail = self.shared.tail.lock().unwrap();

        if tail.rx_cnt == 0 {
            return Err(SendError(value));
        }

        // Position to write into
        let pos = tail.pos;
        let rem = tail.rx_cnt;
        let idx = (pos & self.shared.mask as u64) as usize;

        // Update the tail position
        tail.pos = tail.pos.wrapping_add(1);

        // Get the slot
        let mut slot = self.shared.buffer[idx].write().unwrap();

        // Track the position
        slot.pos = pos;

        // Set remaining receivers
        slot.rem.with_mut(|v| *v = rem);

        // Set the closed bit if the value is `None`; otherwise write the value
        if value.is_none() {
            tail.closed = true;
            slot.closed = true;
        } else {
            slot.val.with_mut(|ptr| unsafe { *ptr = value });
        }

        // Release the slot lock before notifying the receivers.
        drop(slot);

        tail.notify_rx();

        // Release the mutex. This must happen after the slot lock is released,
        // otherwise the writer lock bit could be cleared while another thread
        // is in the critical section.
        drop(tail);

        Ok(rem)
    }
}

impl Tail {
    fn notify_rx(&mut self) {
        while let Some(mut waiter) = self.waiters.pop_back() {
            // Safety: `waiters` lock is still held.
            let waiter = unsafe { waiter.as_mut() };

            assert!(waiter.queued);
            waiter.queued = false;

            let waker = waiter.waker.take().unwrap();
            waker.wake();
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Clone for Sender<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Sender<T> {
        let shared = self.shared.clone();
        shared.num_tx.fetch_add(1, SeqCst);

        Sender { shared }
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for Sender<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if 1 == self.shared.num_tx.fetch_sub(1, SeqCst) {
            let _ = self.send2(None);
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Receiver<T> {
    /// Locks the next value if there is one.
    fn recv_ref(
        &mut self,
        waiter: Option<(&UnsafeCell<Waiter>, &Waker)>,
    ) -> Result<RecvGuard<'_, T>, TryRecvError> {
        let idx = (self.next & self.shared.mask as u64) as usize;

        // The slot holding the next value to read
        let mut slot = self.shared.buffer[idx].read().unwrap();

        if slot.pos != self.next {
            let next_pos = slot.pos.wrapping_add(self.shared.buffer.len() as u64);

            // The receiver has read all current values in the channel and there
            // is no waiter to register
            if waiter.is_none() && next_pos == self.next {
                return Err(TryRecvError::Empty);
            }

            // Release the `slot` lock before attempting to acquire the `tail`
            // lock. This is required because `send2` acquires the tail lock
            // first followed by the slot lock. Acquiring the locks in reverse
            // order here would result in a potential deadlock: `recv_ref`
            // acquires the `slot` lock and attempts to acquire the `tail` lock
            // while `send2` acquired the `tail` lock and attempts to acquire
            // the slot lock.
            drop(slot);

            let mut tail = self.shared.tail.lock().unwrap();

            // Acquire slot lock again
            slot = self.shared.buffer[idx].read().unwrap();

            // Make sure the position did not change. This could happen in the
            // unlikely event that the buffer is wrapped between dropping the
            // read lock and acquiring the tail lock.
            if slot.pos != self.next {
                let next_pos = slot.pos.wrapping_add(self.shared.buffer.len() as u64);

                if next_pos == self.next {
                    // Store the waker
                    if let Some((waiter, waker)) = waiter {
                        // Safety: called while locked.
                        unsafe {
                            // Only queue if not already queued
                            waiter.with_mut(|ptr| {
                                // If there is no waker **or** if the currently
                                // stored waker references a **different** task,
                                // track the tasks' waker to be notified on
                                // receipt of a new value.
                                match (*ptr).waker {
                                    Some(ref w) if w.will_wake(waker) => {}
                                    _ => {
                                        (*ptr).waker = Some(waker.clone());
                                    }
                                }

                                if !(*ptr).queued {
                                    (*ptr).queued = true;
                                    tail.waiters.push_front(NonNull::new_unchecked(&mut *ptr));
                                }
                            });
                        }
                    }

                    return Err(TryRecvError::Empty);
                }

                // At this point, the receiver has lagged behind the sender by
                // more than the channel capacity. The receiver will attempt to
                // catch up by skipping dropped messages and setting the
                // internal cursor to the **oldest** message stored by the
                // channel.
                //
                // However, finding the oldest position is a bit more
                // complicated than `tail-position - buffer-size`. When
                // the channel is closed, the tail position is incremented to
                // signal a new `None` message, but `None` is not stored in the
                // channel itself (see issue #2425 for why).
                //
                // To account for this, if the channel is closed, the tail
                // position is decremented by `buffer-size + 1`.
                let mut adjust = 0;
                if tail.closed {
                    adjust = 1
                }
                let next = tail
                    .pos
                    .wrapping_sub(self.shared.buffer.len() as u64 + adjust);

                let missed = next.wrapping_sub(self.next);

                drop(tail);

                // The receiver is slow but no values have been missed
                if missed == 0 {
                    self.next = self.next.wrapping_add(1);

                    return Ok(RecvGuard { slot });
                }

                self.next = next;

                return Err(TryRecvError::Lagged(missed));
            }
        }

        self.next = self.next.wrapping_add(1);

        if slot.closed {
            return Err(TryRecvError::Closed);
        }

        Ok(RecvGuard { slot })
    }
}

impl<T> Receiver<T>
where
    T: Clone,
{
    /// Attempts to return a pending value on this receiver without awaiting.
    ///
    /// This is useful for a flavor of "optimistic check" before deciding to
    /// await on a receiver.
    ///
    /// Compared with [`recv`], this function has three failure cases instead of one
    /// (one for closed, one for an empty buffer, one for a lagging receiver).
    ///
    /// `Err(TryRecvError::Closed)` is returned when all `Sender` halves have
    /// dropped, indicating that no further values can be sent on the channel.
    ///
    /// If the [`Receiver`] handle falls behind, once the channel is full, newly
    /// sent values will overwrite old values. At this point, a call to [`recv`]
    /// will return with `Err(TryRecvError::Lagged)` and the [`Receiver`]'s
    /// internal cursor is updated to point to the oldest value still held by
    /// the channel. A subsequent call to [`try_recv`] will return this value
    /// **unless** it has been since overwritten. If there are no values to
    /// receive, `Err(TryRecvError::Empty)` is returned.
    ///
    /// [`recv`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver::recv
    /// [`try_recv`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver::try_recv
    /// [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
    ///
    /// #[tokio::main]
    /// async fn main() {
    ///     let (tx, mut rx) = broadcast::channel(16);
    ///
    ///     assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err());
    ///
    ///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
    ///
    ///     let value = rx.try_recv().unwrap();
    ///     assert_eq!(10, value);
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn try_recv(&mut self) -> Result<T, TryRecvError> {
        let guard = self.recv_ref(None)?;
        guard.clone_value().ok_or(TryRecvError::Closed)
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[deprecated(since = "0.2.21", note = "use async fn recv()")]
    pub fn poll_recv(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<T, RecvError>> {
        use Poll::{Pending, Ready};

        // The borrow checker prohibits calling `self.poll_ref` while passing in
        // a mutable ref to a field (as it should). To work around this,
        // `waiter` is first *removed* from `self` then `poll_recv` is called.
        //
        // However, for safety, we must ensure that `waiter` is **not** dropped.
        // It could be contained in the intrusive linked list. The `Receiver`
        // drop implementation handles cleanup.
        //
        // The guard pattern is used to ensure that, on return, even due to
        // panic, the waiter node is replaced on `self`.

        struct Guard<'a, T> {
            waiter: Option<Pin<Box<UnsafeCell<Waiter>>>>,
            receiver: &'a mut Receiver<T>,
        }

        impl<'a, T> Drop for Guard<'a, T> {
            fn drop(&mut self) {
                self.receiver.waiter = self.waiter.take();
            }
        }

        let waiter = self.waiter.take().or_else(|| {
            Some(Box::pin(UnsafeCell::new(Waiter {
                queued: false,
                waker: None,
                pointers: linked_list::Pointers::new(),
                _p: PhantomPinned,
            })))
        });

        let guard = Guard {
            waiter,
            receiver: self,
        };
        let res = guard
            .receiver
            .recv_ref(Some((&guard.waiter.as_ref().unwrap(), cx.waker())));

        match res {
            Ok(guard) => Ready(guard.clone_value().ok_or(RecvError::Closed)),
            Err(TryRecvError::Closed) => Ready(Err(RecvError::Closed)),
            Err(TryRecvError::Lagged(n)) => Ready(Err(RecvError::Lagged(n))),
            Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => Pending,
        }
    }

    /// Receives the next value for this receiver.
    ///
    /// Each [`Receiver`] handle will receive a clone of all values sent
    /// **after** it has subscribed.
    ///
    /// `Err(RecvError::Closed)` is returned when all `Sender` halves have
    /// dropped, indicating that no further values can be sent on the channel.
    ///
    /// If the [`Receiver`] handle falls behind, once the channel is full, newly
    /// sent values will overwrite old values. At this point, a call to [`recv`]
    /// will return with `Err(RecvError::Lagged)` and the [`Receiver`]'s
    /// internal cursor is updated to point to the oldest value still held by
    /// the channel. A subsequent call to [`recv`] will return this value
    /// **unless** it has been since overwritten.
    ///
    /// [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver
    /// [`recv`]: crate::sync::broadcast::Receiver::recv
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
    ///
    /// #[tokio::main]
    /// async fn main() {
    ///     let (tx, mut rx1) = broadcast::channel(16);
    ///     let mut rx2 = tx.subscribe();
    ///
    ///     tokio::spawn(async move {
    ///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
    ///         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
    ///     });
    ///
    ///     tokio::spawn(async move {
    ///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
    ///         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
    ///     });
    ///
    ///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
    ///     tx.send(20).unwrap();
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Handling lag
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
    ///
    /// #[tokio::main]
    /// async fn main() {
    ///     let (tx, mut rx) = broadcast::channel(2);
    ///
    ///     tx.send(10).unwrap();
    ///     tx.send(20).unwrap();
    ///     tx.send(30).unwrap();
    ///
    ///     // The receiver lagged behind
    ///     assert!(rx.recv().await.is_err());
    ///
    ///     // At this point, we can abort or continue with lost messages
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(20, rx.recv().await.unwrap());
    ///     assert_eq!(30, rx.recv().await.unwrap());
    /// }
    pub async fn recv(&mut self) -> Result<T, RecvError> {
        let fut = Recv::<_, T>::new(Borrow(self));
        fut.await
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "stream")]
#[doc(hidden)]
impl<T> crate::stream::Stream for Receiver<T>
where
    T: Clone,
{
    type Item = Result<T, RecvError>;

    fn poll_next(
        mut self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
    ) -> Poll<Option<Result<T, RecvError>>> {
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        self.poll_recv(cx).map(|v| match v {
            Ok(v) => Some(Ok(v)),
            lag @ Err(RecvError::Lagged(_)) => Some(lag),
            Err(RecvError::Closed) => None,
        })
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for Receiver<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let mut tail = self.shared.tail.lock().unwrap();

        if let Some(waiter) = &self.waiter {
            // safety: tail lock is held
            let queued = waiter.with(|ptr| unsafe { (*ptr).queued });

            if queued {
                // Remove the node
                //
                // safety: tail lock is held and the wait node is verified to be in
                // the list.
                unsafe {
                    waiter.with_mut(|ptr| {
                        tail.waiters.remove((&mut *ptr).into());
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        tail.rx_cnt -= 1;
        let until = tail.pos;

        drop(tail);

        while self.next != until {
            match self.recv_ref(None) {
                Ok(_) => {}
                // The channel is closed
                Err(TryRecvError::Closed) => break,
                // Ignore lagging, we will catch up
                Err(TryRecvError::Lagged(..)) => {}
                // Can't be empty
                Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => panic!("unexpected empty broadcast channel"),
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<R, T> Recv<R, T>
where
    R: AsMut<Receiver<T>>,
{
    fn new(receiver: R) -> Recv<R, T> {
        Recv {
            receiver,
            waiter: UnsafeCell::new(Waiter {
                queued: false,
                waker: None,
                pointers: linked_list::Pointers::new(),
                _p: PhantomPinned,
            }),
            _p: std::marker::PhantomData,
        }
    }

    /// A custom `project` implementation is used in place of `pin-project-lite`
    /// as a custom drop implementation is needed.
    fn project(self: Pin<&mut Self>) -> (&mut Receiver<T>, &UnsafeCell<Waiter>) {
        unsafe {
            // Safety: Receiver is Unpin
            is_unpin::<&mut Receiver<T>>();

            let me = self.get_unchecked_mut();
            (me.receiver.as_mut(), &me.waiter)
        }
    }
}

impl<R, T> Future for Recv<R, T>
where
    R: AsMut<Receiver<T>>,
    T: Clone,
{
    type Output = Result<T, RecvError>;

    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<T, RecvError>> {
        let (receiver, waiter) = self.project();

        let guard = match receiver.recv_ref(Some((waiter, cx.waker()))) {
            Ok(value) => value,
            Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => return Poll::Pending,
            Err(TryRecvError::Lagged(n)) => return Poll::Ready(Err(RecvError::Lagged(n))),
            Err(TryRecvError::Closed) => return Poll::Ready(Err(RecvError::Closed)),
        };

        Poll::Ready(guard.clone_value().ok_or(RecvError::Closed))
    }
}

cfg_stream! {
    use futures_core::Stream;

    impl<T: Clone> Receiver<T> {
        /// Convert the receiver into a `Stream`.
        ///
        /// The conversion allows using `Receiver` with APIs that require stream
        /// values.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use tokio::stream::StreamExt;
        /// use tokio::sync::broadcast;
        ///
        /// #[tokio::main]
        /// async fn main() {
        ///     let (tx, rx) = broadcast::channel(128);
        ///
        ///     tokio::spawn(async move {
        ///         for i in 0..10_i32 {
        ///             tx.send(i).unwrap();
        ///         }
        ///     });
        ///
        ///    // Streams must be pinned to iterate.
        ///     tokio::pin! {
        ///         let stream = rx
        ///             .into_stream()
        ///             .filter(Result::is_ok)
        ///             .map(Result::unwrap)
        ///             .filter(|v| v % 2 == 0)
        ///             .map(|v| v + 1);
        ///     }
        ///
        ///     while let Some(i) = stream.next().await {
        ///         println!("{}", i);
        ///     }
        /// }
        /// ```
        pub fn into_stream(self) -> impl Stream<Item = Result<T, RecvError>> {
            Recv::new(Borrow(self))
        }
    }

    impl<R, T: Clone> Stream for Recv<R, T>
    where
        R: AsMut<Receiver<T>>,
        T: Clone,
    {
        type Item = Result<T, RecvError>;

        fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
            let (receiver, waiter) = self.project();

            let guard = match receiver.recv_ref(Some((waiter, cx.waker()))) {
                Ok(value) => value,
                Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => return Poll::Pending,
                Err(TryRecvError::Lagged(n)) => return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(RecvError::Lagged(n)))),
                Err(TryRecvError::Closed) => return Poll::Ready(None),
            };

            Poll::Ready(guard.clone_value().map(Ok))
        }
    }
}

impl<R, T> Drop for Recv<R, T>
where
    R: AsMut<Receiver<T>>,
{
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Acquire the tail lock. This is required for safety before accessing
        // the waiter node.
        let mut tail = self.receiver.as_mut().shared.tail.lock().unwrap();

        // safety: tail lock is held
        let queued = self.waiter.with(|ptr| unsafe { (*ptr).queued });

        if queued {
            // Remove the node
            //
            // safety: tail lock is held and the wait node is verified to be in
            // the list.
            unsafe {
                self.waiter.with_mut(|ptr| {
                    tail.waiters.remove((&mut *ptr).into());
                });
            }
        }
    }
}

/// # Safety
///
/// `Waiter` is forced to be !Unpin.
unsafe impl linked_list::Link for Waiter {
    type Handle = NonNull<Waiter>;
    type Target = Waiter;

    fn as_raw(handle: &NonNull<Waiter>) -> NonNull<Waiter> {
        *handle
    }

    unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: NonNull<Waiter>) -> NonNull<Waiter> {
        ptr
    }

    unsafe fn pointers(mut target: NonNull<Waiter>) -> NonNull<linked_list::Pointers<Waiter>> {
        NonNull::from(&mut target.as_mut().pointers)
    }
}

impl<T> fmt::Debug for Sender<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(fmt, "broadcast::Sender")
    }
}

impl<T> fmt::Debug for Receiver<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(fmt, "broadcast::Receiver")
    }
}

impl<'a, T> RecvGuard<'a, T> {
    fn clone_value(&self) -> Option<T>
    where
        T: Clone,
    {
        self.slot.val.with(|ptr| unsafe { (*ptr).clone() })
    }
}

impl<'a, T> Drop for RecvGuard<'a, T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Decrement the remaining counter
        if 1 == self.slot.rem.fetch_sub(1, SeqCst) {
            // Safety: Last receiver, drop the value
            self.slot.val.with_mut(|ptr| unsafe { *ptr = None });
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for RecvError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            RecvError::Closed => write!(f, "channel closed"),
            RecvError::Lagged(amt) => write!(f, "channel lagged by {}", amt),
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for RecvError {}

impl fmt::Display for TryRecvError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            TryRecvError::Empty => write!(f, "channel empty"),
            TryRecvError::Closed => write!(f, "channel closed"),
            TryRecvError::Lagged(amt) => write!(f, "channel lagged by {}", amt),
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for TryRecvError {}

fn is_unpin<T: Unpin>() {}