1 /*
2     Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
3 
4     All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
5     BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
6 */
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 #pragma once
12 
13 #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
14 #  pragma warning push
15 #  pragma warning disable 68
16 #  pragma warning disable 186
17 #  pragma warning disable 878
18 #  pragma warning disable 1334
19 #  pragma warning disable 1682
20 #  pragma warning disable 1786
21 #  pragma warning disable 1875
22 #  pragma warning disable 2196
23 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
24 #  pragma warning(push)
25 #  pragma warning(disable: 4100)
26 #  pragma warning(disable: 4127)
27 #  pragma warning(disable: 4512)
28 #  pragma warning(disable: 4800)
29 #  pragma warning(disable: 4996)
30 #  pragma warning(disable: 4702)
31 #  pragma warning(disable: 4522)
32 #elif defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__)
33 #  pragma GCC diagnostic push
34 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-but-set-parameter"
35 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-but-set-variable"
36 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
37 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing"
38 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wattributes"
39 #  if __GNUC__ >= 7
40 #    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wnoexcept-type"
41 #  endif
42 #endif
43 
44 #include "attr.h"
45 #include "options.h"
46 #include "detail/class.h"
47 #include "detail/init.h"
48 
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)49 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
50 
51 
52 class cpp_function : public function {
53 public:
54     cpp_function() { }
55     cpp_function(std::nullptr_t) { }
56 
57 
58     template <typename Return, typename... Args, typename... Extra>
59     cpp_function(Return (*f)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) {
60         initialize(f, f, extra...);
61     }
62 
63 
64     template <typename Func, typename... Extra,
65               typename = detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_lambda<Func>::value>>
66     cpp_function(Func &&f, const Extra&... extra) {
67         initialize(std::forward<Func>(f),
68                    (detail::function_signature_t<Func> *) nullptr, extra...);
69     }
70 
71 
72     template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Arg, typename... Extra>
73     cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...), const Extra&... extra) {
74         initialize([f](Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(args...); },
75                    (Return (*) (Class *, Arg...)) nullptr, extra...);
76     }
77 
78 
79     template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Arg, typename... Extra>
80     cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...) const, const Extra&... extra) {
81         initialize([f](const Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(args...); },
82                    (Return (*)(const Class *, Arg ...)) nullptr, extra...);
83     }
84 
85 
86     object name() const { return attr("__name__"); }
87 
88 protected:
89 
90     PYBIND11_NOINLINE detail::function_record *make_function_record() {
91         return new detail::function_record();
92     }
93 
94 
95     template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args, typename... Extra>
96     void initialize(Func &&f, Return (*)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) {
97         using namespace detail;
98         struct capture { remove_reference_t<Func> f; };
99 
100 
101         auto rec = make_function_record();
102 
103 
104         if (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(rec->data)) {
105 
106 #if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 6
107 #  pragma GCC diagnostic push
108 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wplacement-new"
109 #endif
110             new ((capture *) &rec->data) capture { std::forward<Func>(f) };
111 #if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 6
112 #  pragma GCC diagnostic pop
113 #endif
114             if (!std::is_trivially_destructible<Func>::value)
115                 rec->free_data = [](function_record *r) { ((capture *) &r->data)->~capture(); };
116         } else {
117             rec->data[0] = new capture { std::forward<Func>(f) };
118             rec->free_data = [](function_record *r) { delete ((capture *) r->data[0]); };
119         }
120 
121 
122         using cast_in = argument_loader<Args...>;
123         using cast_out = make_caster<
124             conditional_t<std::is_void<Return>::value, void_type, Return>
125         >;
126 
127         static_assert(expected_num_args<Extra...>(sizeof...(Args), cast_in::has_args, cast_in::has_kwargs),
128                       "The number of argument annotations does not match the number of function arguments");
129 
130 
131         rec->impl = [](function_call &call) -> handle {
132             cast_in args_converter;
133 
134 
135             if (!args_converter.load_args(call))
136                 return PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
137 
138 
139             process_attributes<Extra...>::precall(call);
140 
141 
142             auto data = (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(call.func.data)
143                          ? &call.func.data : call.func.data[0]);
144             capture *cap = const_cast<capture *>(reinterpret_cast<const capture *>(data));
145 
146 
147             return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy_override<Return>::policy(call.func.policy);
148 
149 
150             using Guard = extract_guard_t<Extra...>;
151 
152 
153             handle result = cast_out::cast(
154                 std::move(args_converter).template call<Return, Guard>(cap->f), policy, call.parent);
155 
156 
157             process_attributes<Extra...>::postcall(call, result);
158 
159             return result;
160         };
161 
162 
163         process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec);
164 
165 
166         static constexpr auto signature = _("(") + cast_in::arg_names + _(") -> ") + cast_out::name;
167         PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR auto types = decltype(signature)::types();
168 
169 
170         initialize_generic(rec, signature.text, types.data(), sizeof...(Args));
171 
172         if (cast_in::has_args) rec->has_args = true;
173         if (cast_in::has_kwargs) rec->has_kwargs = true;
174 
175 
176         using FunctionType = Return (*)(Args...);
177         constexpr bool is_function_ptr =
178             std::is_convertible<Func, FunctionType>::value &&
179             sizeof(capture) == sizeof(void *);
180         if (is_function_ptr) {
181             rec->is_stateless = true;
182             rec->data[1] = const_cast<void *>(reinterpret_cast<const void *>(&typeid(FunctionType)));
183         }
184     }
185 
186 
187     void initialize_generic(detail::function_record *rec, const char *text,
188                             const std::type_info *const *types, size_t args) {
189 
190 
191         rec->name = strdup(rec->name ? rec->name : "");
192         if (rec->doc) rec->doc = strdup(rec->doc);
193         for (auto &a: rec->args) {
194             if (a.name)
195                 a.name = strdup(a.name);
196             if (a.descr)
197                 a.descr = strdup(a.descr);
198             else if (a.value)
199                 a.descr = strdup(a.value.attr("__repr__")().cast<std::string>().c_str());
200         }
201 
202         rec->is_constructor = !strcmp(rec->name, "__init__") || !strcmp(rec->name, "__setstate__");
203 
204 #if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(PYBIND11_DISABLE_NEW_STYLE_INIT_WARNING)
205         if (rec->is_constructor && !rec->is_new_style_constructor) {
206             const auto class_name = std::string(((PyTypeObject *) rec->scope.ptr())->tp_name);
207             const auto func_name = std::string(rec->name);
208             PyErr_WarnEx(
209                 PyExc_FutureWarning,
210                 ("pybind11-bound class '" + class_name + "' is using an old-style "
211                  "placement-new '" + func_name + "' which has been deprecated. See "
212                  "the upgrade guide in pybind11's docs. This message is only visible "
213                  "when compiled in debug mode.").c_str(), 0
214             );
215         }
216 #endif
217 
218 
219         std::string signature;
220         size_t type_index = 0, arg_index = 0;
221         for (auto *pc = text; *pc != '\0'; ++pc) {
222             const auto c = *pc;
223 
224             if (c == '{') {
225 
226                 if (*(pc + 1) == '*')
227                     continue;
228 
229                 if (arg_index < rec->args.size() && rec->args[arg_index].name) {
230                     signature += rec->args[arg_index].name;
231                 } else if (arg_index == 0 && rec->is_method) {
232                     signature += "self";
233                 } else {
234                     signature += "arg" + std::to_string(arg_index - (rec->is_method ? 1 : 0));
235                 }
236                 signature += ": ";
237             } else if (c == '}') {
238 
239                 if (arg_index < rec->args.size() && rec->args[arg_index].descr) {
240                     signature += " = ";
241                     signature += rec->args[arg_index].descr;
242                 }
243                 arg_index++;
244             } else if (c == '%') {
245                 const std::type_info *t = types[type_index++];
246                 if (!t)
247                     pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (1)");
248                 if (auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(*t)) {
249                     handle th((PyObject *) tinfo->type);
250                     signature +=
251                         th.attr("__module__").cast<std::string>() + "." +
252                         th.attr("__qualname__").cast<std::string>();
253                 } else if (rec->is_new_style_constructor && arg_index == 0) {
254 
255 
256                     signature +=
257                         rec->scope.attr("__module__").cast<std::string>() + "." +
258                         rec->scope.attr("__qualname__").cast<std::string>();
259                 } else {
260                     std::string tname(t->name());
261                     detail::clean_type_id(tname);
262                     signature += tname;
263                 }
264             } else {
265                 signature += c;
266             }
267         }
268         if (arg_index != args || types[type_index] != nullptr)
269             pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (2)");
270 
271 #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
272         if (strcmp(rec->name, "__next__") == 0) {
273             std::free(rec->name);
274             rec->name = strdup("next");
275         } else if (strcmp(rec->name, "__bool__") == 0) {
276             std::free(rec->name);
277             rec->name = strdup("__nonzero__");
278         }
279 #endif
280         rec->signature = strdup(signature.c_str());
281         rec->args.shrink_to_fit();
282         rec->nargs = (std::uint16_t) args;
283 
284         if (rec->sibling && PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK(rec->sibling.ptr()))
285             rec->sibling = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION(rec->sibling.ptr());
286 
287         detail::function_record *chain = nullptr, *chain_start = rec;
288         if (rec->sibling) {
289             if (PyCFunction_Check(rec->sibling.ptr())) {
290                 auto rec_capsule = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(rec->sibling.ptr()));
291                 chain = (detail::function_record *) rec_capsule;
292 
293                 if (!chain->scope.is(rec->scope))
294                     chain = nullptr;
295             }
296 
297             else if (!rec->sibling.is_none() && rec->name[0] != '_')
298                 pybind11_fail("Cannot overload existing non-function object \"" + std::string(rec->name) +
299                         "\" with a function of the same name");
300         }
301 
302         if (!chain) {
303 
304             rec->def = new PyMethodDef();
305             std::memset(rec->def, 0, sizeof(PyMethodDef));
306             rec->def->ml_name = rec->name;
307             rec->def->ml_meth = reinterpret_cast<PyCFunction>(reinterpret_cast<void (*) (void)>(*dispatcher));
308             rec->def->ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS;
309 
310             capsule rec_capsule(rec, [](void *ptr) {
311                 destruct((detail::function_record *) ptr);
312             });
313 
314             object scope_module;
315             if (rec->scope) {
316                 if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__module__")) {
317                     scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__module__");
318                 } else if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__name__")) {
319                     scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__name__");
320                 }
321             }
322 
323             m_ptr = PyCFunction_NewEx(rec->def, rec_capsule.ptr(), scope_module.ptr());
324             if (!m_ptr)
325                 pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate function object");
326         } else {
327 
328             m_ptr = rec->sibling.ptr();
329             inc_ref();
330             chain_start = chain;
331             if (chain->is_method != rec->is_method)
332                 pybind11_fail("overloading a method with both static and instance methods is not supported; "
333                     #if defined(NDEBUG)
334                         "compile in debug mode for more details"
335                     #else
336                         "error while attempting to bind " + std::string(rec->is_method ? "instance" : "static") + " method " +
337                         std::string(pybind11::str(rec->scope.attr("__name__"))) + "." + std::string(rec->name) + signature
338                     #endif
339                 );
340             while (chain->next)
341                 chain = chain->next;
342             chain->next = rec;
343         }
344 
345         std::string signatures;
346         int index = 0;
347 
348         if (chain && options::show_function_signatures()) {
349 
350             signatures += rec->name;
351             signatures += "(*args, **kwargs)\n";
352             signatures += "Overloaded function.\n\n";
353         }
354 
355         bool first_user_def = true;
356         for (auto it = chain_start; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
357             if (options::show_function_signatures()) {
358                 if (index > 0) signatures += "\n";
359                 if (chain)
360                     signatures += std::to_string(++index) + ". ";
361                 signatures += rec->name;
362                 signatures += it->signature;
363                 signatures += "\n";
364             }
365             if (it->doc && strlen(it->doc) > 0 && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) {
366 
367 
368                 if (!options::show_function_signatures()) {
369                     if (first_user_def) first_user_def = false;
370                     else signatures += "\n";
371                 }
372                 if (options::show_function_signatures()) signatures += "\n";
373                 signatures += it->doc;
374                 if (options::show_function_signatures()) signatures += "\n";
375             }
376         }
377 
378 
379         PyCFunctionObject *func = (PyCFunctionObject *) m_ptr;
380         if (func->m_ml->ml_doc)
381             std::free(const_cast<char *>(func->m_ml->ml_doc));
382         func->m_ml->ml_doc = strdup(signatures.c_str());
383 
384         if (rec->is_method) {
385             m_ptr = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(m_ptr, rec->scope.ptr());
386             if (!m_ptr)
387                 pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate instance method object");
388             Py_DECREF(func);
389         }
390     }
391 
392 
393     static void destruct(detail::function_record *rec) {
394         while (rec) {
395             detail::function_record *next = rec->next;
396             if (rec->free_data)
397                 rec->free_data(rec);
398             std::free((char *) rec->name);
399             std::free((char *) rec->doc);
400             std::free((char *) rec->signature);
401             for (auto &arg: rec->args) {
402                 std::free(const_cast<char *>(arg.name));
403                 std::free(const_cast<char *>(arg.descr));
404                 arg.value.dec_ref();
405             }
406             if (rec->def) {
407                 std::free(const_cast<char *>(rec->def->ml_doc));
408                 delete rec->def;
409             }
410             delete rec;
411             rec = next;
412         }
413     }
414 
415 
416     static PyObject *dispatcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *args_in, PyObject *kwargs_in) {
417         using namespace detail;
418 
419 
420         const function_record *overloads = (function_record *) PyCapsule_GetPointer(self, nullptr),
421                               *it = overloads;
422 
423 
424         const size_t n_args_in = (size_t) PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args_in);
425 
426         handle parent = n_args_in > 0 ? PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, 0) : nullptr,
427                result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
428 
429         auto self_value_and_holder = value_and_holder();
430         if (overloads->is_constructor) {
431             const auto tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) overloads->scope.ptr());
432             const auto pi = reinterpret_cast<instance *>(parent.ptr());
433             self_value_and_holder = pi->get_value_and_holder(tinfo, false);
434 
435             if (!self_value_and_holder.type || !self_value_and_holder.inst) {
436                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "__init__(self, ...) called with invalid `self` argument");
437                 return nullptr;
438             }
439 
440 
441 
442             if (self_value_and_holder.instance_registered())
443                 return none().release().ptr();
444         }
445 
446         try {
447 
448 
449 
450 
451             std::vector<function_call> second_pass;
452 
453 
454             const bool overloaded = it != nullptr && it->next != nullptr;
455 
456             for (; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
457 
458 
459 
460                 const function_record &func = *it;
461                 size_t pos_args = func.nargs;
462                 if (func.has_args) --pos_args;
463                 if (func.has_kwargs) --pos_args;
464 
465                 if (!func.has_args && n_args_in > pos_args)
466                     continue;
467 
468                 if (n_args_in < pos_args && func.args.size() < pos_args)
469                     continue;
470 
471                 function_call call(func, parent);
472 
473                 size_t args_to_copy = std::min(pos_args, n_args_in);
474                 size_t args_copied = 0;
475 
476 
477                 if (func.is_new_style_constructor) {
478 
479 
480                     if (self_value_and_holder)
481                         self_value_and_holder.type->dealloc(self_value_and_holder);
482 
483                     call.init_self = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, 0);
484                     call.args.push_back(reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(&self_value_and_holder));
485                     call.args_convert.push_back(false);
486                     ++args_copied;
487                 }
488 
489 
490                 bool bad_arg = false;
491                 for (; args_copied < args_to_copy; ++args_copied) {
492                     const argument_record *arg_rec = args_copied < func.args.size() ? &func.args[args_copied] : nullptr;
493                     if (kwargs_in && arg_rec && arg_rec->name && PyDict_GetItemString(kwargs_in, arg_rec->name)) {
494                         bad_arg = true;
495                         break;
496                     }
497 
498                     handle arg(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, args_copied));
499                     if (arg_rec && !arg_rec->none && arg.is_none()) {
500                         bad_arg = true;
501                         break;
502                     }
503                     call.args.push_back(arg);
504                     call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec ? arg_rec->convert : true);
505                 }
506                 if (bad_arg)
507                     continue;
508 
509 
510                 dict kwargs = reinterpret_borrow<dict>(kwargs_in);
511 
512 
513                 if (args_copied < pos_args) {
514                     bool copied_kwargs = false;
515 
516                     for (; args_copied < pos_args; ++args_copied) {
517                         const auto &arg = func.args[args_copied];
518 
519                         handle value;
520                         if (kwargs_in && arg.name)
521                             value = PyDict_GetItemString(kwargs.ptr(), arg.name);
522 
523                         if (value) {
524 
525                             if (!copied_kwargs) {
526                                 kwargs = reinterpret_steal<dict>(PyDict_Copy(kwargs.ptr()));
527                                 copied_kwargs = true;
528                             }
529                             PyDict_DelItemString(kwargs.ptr(), arg.name);
530                         } else if (arg.value) {
531                             value = arg.value;
532                         }
533 
534                         if (value) {
535                             call.args.push_back(value);
536                             call.args_convert.push_back(arg.convert);
537                         }
538                         else
539                             break;
540                     }
541 
542                     if (args_copied < pos_args)
543                         continue;
544                 }
545 
546 
547                 if (kwargs && kwargs.size() > 0 && !func.has_kwargs)
548                     continue;
549 
550 
551                 if (func.has_args) {
552                     tuple extra_args;
553                     if (args_to_copy == 0) {
554 
555 
556                         extra_args = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(args_in);
557                     } else if (args_copied >= n_args_in) {
558                         extra_args = tuple(0);
559                     } else {
560                         size_t args_size = n_args_in - args_copied;
561                         extra_args = tuple(args_size);
562                         for (size_t i = 0; i < args_size; ++i) {
563                             extra_args[i] = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, args_copied + i);
564                         }
565                     }
566                     call.args.push_back(extra_args);
567                     call.args_convert.push_back(false);
568                     call.args_ref = std::move(extra_args);
569                 }
570 
571 
572                 if (func.has_kwargs) {
573                     if (!kwargs.ptr())
574                         kwargs = dict();
575                     call.args.push_back(kwargs);
576                     call.args_convert.push_back(false);
577                     call.kwargs_ref = std::move(kwargs);
578                 }
579 
580 
581 
582                 #if !defined(NDEBUG)
583                 if (call.args.size() != func.nargs || call.args_convert.size() != func.nargs)
584                     pybind11_fail("Internal error: function call dispatcher inserted wrong number of arguments!");
585                 #endif
586 
587                 std::vector<bool> second_pass_convert;
588                 if (overloaded) {
589 
590 
591 
592                     second_pass_convert.resize(func.nargs, false);
593                     call.args_convert.swap(second_pass_convert);
594                 }
595 
596 
597                 try {
598                     loader_life_support guard{};
599                     result = func.impl(call);
600                 } catch (reference_cast_error &) {
601                     result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
602                 }
603 
604                 if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD)
605                     break;
606 
607                 if (overloaded) {
608 
609 
610 
611                     for (size_t i = func.is_method ? 1 : 0; i < pos_args; i++) {
612                         if (second_pass_convert[i]) {
613 
614 
615                             call.args_convert.swap(second_pass_convert);
616                             second_pass.push_back(std::move(call));
617                             break;
618                         }
619                     }
620                 }
621             }
622 
623             if (overloaded && !second_pass.empty() && result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) {
624 
625                 for (auto &call : second_pass) {
626                     try {
627                         loader_life_support guard{};
628                         result = call.func.impl(call);
629                     } catch (reference_cast_error &) {
630                         result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
631                     }
632 
633                     if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) {
634 
635 
636                         if (!result)
637                             it = &call.func;
638                         break;
639                     }
640                 }
641             }
642         } catch (error_already_set &e) {
643             e.restore();
644             return nullptr;
645         } catch (...) {
646 
647 
648             auto last_exception = std::current_exception();
649             auto &registered_exception_translators = get_internals().registered_exception_translators;
650             for (auto& translator : registered_exception_translators) {
651                 try {
652                     translator(last_exception);
653                 } catch (...) {
654                     last_exception = std::current_exception();
655                     continue;
656                 }
657                 return nullptr;
658             }
659             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Exception escaped from default exception translator!");
660             return nullptr;
661         }
662 
663         auto append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected = [](std::string &msg) {
664             if (msg.find("std::") != std::string::npos) {
665                 msg += "\n\n"
666                        "Did you forget to `#include <pybind11/stl.h>`? Or <pybind11/complex.h>,\n"
667                        "<pybind11/functional.h>, <pybind11/chrono.h>, etc. Some automatic\n"
668                        "conversions are optional and require extra headers to be included\n"
669                        "when compiling your pybind11 module.";
670             }
671         };
672 
673         if (result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) {
674             if (overloads->is_operator)
675                 return handle(Py_NotImplemented).inc_ref().ptr();
676 
677             std::string msg = std::string(overloads->name) + "(): incompatible " +
678                 std::string(overloads->is_constructor ? "constructor" : "function") +
679                 " arguments. The following argument types are supported:\n";
680 
681             int ctr = 0;
682             for (const function_record *it2 = overloads; it2 != nullptr; it2 = it2->next) {
683                 msg += "    "+ std::to_string(++ctr) + ". ";
684 
685                 bool wrote_sig = false;
686                 if (overloads->is_constructor) {
687 
688                     std::string sig = it2->signature;
689                     size_t start = sig.find('(') + 7;
690                     if (start < sig.size()) {
691 
692                         size_t end = sig.find(", "), next = end + 2;
693                         size_t ret = sig.rfind(" -> ");
694 
695                         if (end >= sig.size()) next = end = sig.find(')');
696                         if (start < end && next < sig.size()) {
697                             msg.append(sig, start, end - start);
698                             msg += '(';
699                             msg.append(sig, next, ret - next);
700                             wrote_sig = true;
701                         }
702                     }
703                 }
704                 if (!wrote_sig) msg += it2->signature;
705 
706                 msg += "\n";
707             }
708             msg += "\nInvoked with: ";
709             auto args_ = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(args_in);
710             bool some_args = false;
711             for (size_t ti = overloads->is_constructor ? 1 : 0; ti < args_.size(); ++ti) {
712                 if (!some_args) some_args = true;
713                 else msg += ", ";
714                 msg += pybind11::repr(args_[ti]);
715             }
716             if (kwargs_in) {
717                 auto kwargs = reinterpret_borrow<dict>(kwargs_in);
718                 if (kwargs.size() > 0) {
719                     if (some_args) msg += "; ";
720                     msg += "kwargs: ";
721                     bool first = true;
722                     for (auto kwarg : kwargs) {
723                         if (first) first = false;
724                         else msg += ", ";
725                         msg += pybind11::str("{}={!r}").format(kwarg.first, kwarg.second);
726                     }
727                 }
728             }
729 
730             append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg);
731             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
732             return nullptr;
733         } else if (!result) {
734             std::string msg = "Unable to convert function return value to a "
735                               "Python type! The signature was\n\t";
736             msg += it->signature;
737             append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg);
738             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
739             return nullptr;
740         } else {
741             if (overloads->is_constructor && !self_value_and_holder.holder_constructed()) {
742                 auto *pi = reinterpret_cast<instance *>(parent.ptr());
743                 self_value_and_holder.type->init_instance(pi, nullptr);
744             }
745             return result.ptr();
746         }
747     }
748 };
749 
750 
751 class module : public object {
752 public:
PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(module,object,PyModule_Check)753     PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(module, object, PyModule_Check)
754 
755 
756     explicit module(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) {
757         if (!options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) doc = nullptr;
758 #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
759         PyModuleDef *def = new PyModuleDef();
760         std::memset(def, 0, sizeof(PyModuleDef));
761         def->m_name = name;
762         def->m_doc = doc;
763         def->m_size = -1;
764         Py_INCREF(def);
765         m_ptr = PyModule_Create(def);
766 #else
767         m_ptr = Py_InitModule3(name, nullptr, doc);
768 #endif
769         if (m_ptr == nullptr)
770             pybind11_fail("Internal error in module::module()");
771         inc_ref();
772     }
773 
774 
775     template <typename Func, typename... Extra>
def(const char * name_,Func && f,const Extra &...extra)776     module &def(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra& ... extra) {
777         cpp_function func(std::forward<Func>(f), name(name_), scope(*this),
778                           sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...);
779 
780 
781         add_object(name_, func, true  );
782         return *this;
783     }
784 
785 
786     module def_submodule(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) {
787         std::string full_name = std::string(PyModule_GetName(m_ptr))
788             + std::string(".") + std::string(name);
789         auto result = reinterpret_borrow<module>(PyImport_AddModule(full_name.c_str()));
790         if (doc && options::show_user_defined_docstrings())
791             result.attr("__doc__") = pybind11::str(doc);
792         attr(name) = result;
793         return result;
794     }
795 
796 
import(const char * name)797     static module import(const char *name) {
798         PyObject *obj = PyImport_ImportModule(name);
799         if (!obj)
800             throw error_already_set();
801         return reinterpret_steal<module>(obj);
802     }
803 
804 
reload()805     void reload() {
806         PyObject *obj = PyImport_ReloadModule(ptr());
807         if (!obj)
808             throw error_already_set();
809         *this = reinterpret_steal<module>(obj);
810     }
811 
812 
813 
814 
815 
816 
817     PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_object(const char *name, handle obj, bool overwrite = false) {
818         if (!overwrite && hasattr(*this, name))
819             pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible definitions with name \"" +
820                     std::string(name) + "\"");
821 
822         PyModule_AddObject(ptr(), name, obj.inc_ref().ptr()  );
823     }
824 };
825 
826 
827 
828 
globals()829 inline dict globals() {
830     PyObject *p = PyEval_GetGlobals();
831     return reinterpret_borrow<dict>(p ? p : module::import("__main__").attr("__dict__").ptr());
832 }
833 
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)834 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
835 
836 class generic_type : public object {
837     template <typename...> friend class class_;
838 public:
839     PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(generic_type, object, PyType_Check)
840 protected:
841     void initialize(const type_record &rec) {
842         if (rec.scope && hasattr(rec.scope, rec.name))
843             pybind11_fail("generic_type: cannot initialize type \"" + std::string(rec.name) +
844                           "\": an object with that name is already defined");
845 
846         if (rec.module_local ? get_local_type_info(*rec.type) : get_global_type_info(*rec.type))
847             pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(rec.name) +
848                           "\" is already registered!");
849 
850         m_ptr = make_new_python_type(rec);
851 
852 
853         auto *tinfo = new detail::type_info();
854         tinfo->type = (PyTypeObject *) m_ptr;
855         tinfo->cpptype = rec.type;
856         tinfo->type_size = rec.type_size;
857         tinfo->type_align = rec.type_align;
858         tinfo->operator_new = rec.operator_new;
859         tinfo->holder_size_in_ptrs = size_in_ptrs(rec.holder_size);
860         tinfo->init_instance = rec.init_instance;
861         tinfo->dealloc = rec.dealloc;
862         tinfo->simple_type = true;
863         tinfo->simple_ancestors = true;
864         tinfo->default_holder = rec.default_holder;
865         tinfo->module_local = rec.module_local;
866 
867         auto &internals = get_internals();
868         auto tindex = std::type_index(*rec.type);
869         tinfo->direct_conversions = &internals.direct_conversions[tindex];
870         if (rec.module_local)
871             registered_local_types_cpp()[tindex] = tinfo;
872         else
873             internals.registered_types_cpp[tindex] = tinfo;
874         internals.registered_types_py[(PyTypeObject *) m_ptr] = { tinfo };
875 
876         if (rec.bases.size() > 1 || rec.multiple_inheritance) {
877             mark_parents_nonsimple(tinfo->type);
878             tinfo->simple_ancestors = false;
879         }
880         else if (rec.bases.size() == 1) {
881             auto parent_tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) rec.bases[0].ptr());
882             tinfo->simple_ancestors = parent_tinfo->simple_ancestors;
883         }
884 
885         if (rec.module_local) {
886 
887             tinfo->module_local_load = &type_caster_generic::local_load;
888             setattr(m_ptr, PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID, capsule(tinfo));
889         }
890     }
891 
892 
893     void mark_parents_nonsimple(PyTypeObject *value) {
894         auto t = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(value->tp_bases);
895         for (handle h : t) {
896             auto tinfo2 = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr());
897             if (tinfo2)
898                 tinfo2->simple_type = false;
899             mark_parents_nonsimple((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr());
900         }
901     }
902 
903     void install_buffer_funcs(
904             buffer_info *(*get_buffer)(PyObject *, void *),
905             void *get_buffer_data) {
906         PyHeapTypeObject *type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) m_ptr;
907         auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(&type->ht_type);
908 
909         if (!type->ht_type.tp_as_buffer)
910             pybind11_fail(
911                 "To be able to register buffer protocol support for the type '" +
912                 std::string(tinfo->type->tp_name) +
913                 "' the associated class<>(..) invocation must "
914                 "include the pybind11::buffer_protocol() annotation!");
915 
916         tinfo->get_buffer = get_buffer;
917         tinfo->get_buffer_data = get_buffer_data;
918     }
919 
920 
921     void def_property_static_impl(const char *name,
922                                   handle fget, handle fset,
923                                   detail::function_record *rec_func) {
924         const auto is_static = rec_func && !(rec_func->is_method && rec_func->scope);
925         const auto has_doc = rec_func && rec_func->doc && pybind11::options::show_user_defined_docstrings();
926         auto property = handle((PyObject *) (is_static ? get_internals().static_property_type
927                                                        : &PyProperty_Type));
928         attr(name) = property(fget.ptr() ? fget : none(),
929                               fset.ptr() ? fset : none(),
930                                none(),
931                               pybind11::str(has_doc ? rec_func->doc : ""));
932     }
933 };
934 
935 
936 template <typename T, typename = void_t<decltype(static_cast<void *(*)(size_t)>(T::operator new))>>
set_operator_new(type_record * r)937 void set_operator_new(type_record *r) { r->operator_new = &T::operator new; }
938 
set_operator_new(...)939 template <typename> void set_operator_new(...) { }
940 
941 template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void> struct has_operator_delete : std::false_type { };
942 template <typename T> struct has_operator_delete<T, void_t<decltype(static_cast<void (*)(void *)>(T::operator delete))>>
943     : std::true_type { };
944 template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void> struct has_operator_delete_size : std::false_type { };
945 template <typename T> struct has_operator_delete_size<T, void_t<decltype(static_cast<void (*)(void *, size_t)>(T::operator delete))>>
946     : std::true_type { };
947 
948 template <typename T, enable_if_t<has_operator_delete<T>::value, int> = 0>
949 void call_operator_delete(T *p, size_t, size_t) { T::operator delete(p); }
950 template <typename T, enable_if_t<!has_operator_delete<T>::value && has_operator_delete_size<T>::value, int> = 0>
951 void call_operator_delete(T *p, size_t s, size_t) { T::operator delete(p, s); }
952 
953 inline void call_operator_delete(void *p, size_t s, size_t a) {
954     (void)s; (void)a;
955 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
956     if (a > __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__)
957         ::operator delete(p, s, std::align_val_t(a));
958     else
959         ::operator delete(p, s);
960 #else
961     ::operator delete(p);
962 #endif
963 }
964 
965 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
966 
967 
968 
969 template <typename  , typename F>
970 auto method_adaptor(F &&f) -> decltype(std::forward<F>(f)) { return std::forward<F>(f); }
971 
972 template <typename Derived, typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
973 auto method_adaptor(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...)) -> Return (Derived::*)(Args...) {
974     static_assert(detail::is_accessible_base_of<Class, Derived>::value,
975         "Cannot bind an inaccessible base class method; use a lambda definition instead");
976     return pmf;
977 }
978 
979 template <typename Derived, typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
980 auto method_adaptor(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const) -> Return (Derived::*)(Args...) const {
981     static_assert(detail::is_accessible_base_of<Class, Derived>::value,
982         "Cannot bind an inaccessible base class method; use a lambda definition instead");
983     return pmf;
984 }
985 
986 template <typename type_, typename... options>
987 class class_ : public detail::generic_type {
988     template <typename T> using is_holder = detail::is_holder_type<type_, T>;
989     template <typename T> using is_subtype = detail::is_strict_base_of<type_, T>;
990     template <typename T> using is_base = detail::is_strict_base_of<T, type_>;
991 
992     template <typename T> struct is_valid_class_option :
993         detail::any_of<is_holder<T>, is_subtype<T>, is_base<T>> {};
994 
995 public:
996     using type = type_;
997     using type_alias = detail::exactly_one_t<is_subtype, void, options...>;
998     constexpr static bool has_alias = !std::is_void<type_alias>::value;
999     using holder_type = detail::exactly_one_t<is_holder, std::unique_ptr<type>, options...>;
1000 
1001     static_assert(detail::all_of<is_valid_class_option<options>...>::value,
1002             "Unknown/invalid class_ template parameters provided");
1003 
1004     static_assert(!has_alias || std::is_polymorphic<type>::value,
1005             "Cannot use an alias class with a non-polymorphic type");
1006 
1007     PYBIND11_OBJECT(class_, generic_type, PyType_Check)
1008 
1009     template <typename... Extra>
1010     class_(handle scope, const char *name, const Extra &... extra) {
1011         using namespace detail;
1012 
1013 
1014         static_assert(
1015             none_of<is_pyobject<Extra>...>::value ||
1016             (   constexpr_sum(is_pyobject<Extra>::value...) == 1 &&
1017                 constexpr_sum(is_base<options>::value...)   == 0 &&
1018                 none_of<std::is_same<multiple_inheritance, Extra>...>::value),
1019             "Error: multiple inheritance bases must be specified via class_ template options");
1020 
1021         type_record record;
1022         record.scope = scope;
1023         record.name = name;
1024         record.type = &typeid(type);
1025         record.type_size = sizeof(conditional_t<has_alias, type_alias, type>);
1026         record.type_align = alignof(conditional_t<has_alias, type_alias, type>&);
1027         record.holder_size = sizeof(holder_type);
1028         record.init_instance = init_instance;
1029         record.dealloc = dealloc;
1030         record.default_holder = detail::is_instantiation<std::unique_ptr, holder_type>::value;
1031 
1032         set_operator_new<type>(&record);
1033 
1034 
1035         PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(add_base<options>(record));
1036 
1037 
1038         process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., &record);
1039 
1040         generic_type::initialize(record);
1041 
1042         if (has_alias) {
1043             auto &instances = record.module_local ? registered_local_types_cpp() : get_internals().registered_types_cpp;
1044             instances[std::type_index(typeid(type_alias))] = instances[std::type_index(typeid(type))];
1045         }
1046     }
1047 
1048     template <typename Base, detail::enable_if_t<is_base<Base>::value, int> = 0>
1049     static void add_base(detail::type_record &rec) {
1050         rec.add_base(typeid(Base), [](void *src) -> void * {
1051             return static_cast<Base *>(reinterpret_cast<type *>(src));
1052         });
1053     }
1054 
1055     template <typename Base, detail::enable_if_t<!is_base<Base>::value, int> = 0>
1056     static void add_base(detail::type_record &) { }
1057 
1058     template <typename Func, typename... Extra>
1059     class_ &def(const char *name_, Func&& f, const Extra&... extra) {
1060         cpp_function cf(method_adaptor<type>(std::forward<Func>(f)), name(name_), is_method(*this),
1061                         sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...);
1062         attr(cf.name()) = cf;
1063         return *this;
1064     }
1065 
1066     template <typename Func, typename... Extra> class_ &
1067     def_static(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra&... extra) {
1068         static_assert(!std::is_member_function_pointer<Func>::value,
1069                 "def_static(...) called with a non-static member function pointer");
1070         cpp_function cf(std::forward<Func>(f), name(name_), scope(*this),
1071                         sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...);
1072         attr(cf.name()) = cf;
1073         return *this;
1074     }
1075 
1076     template <detail::op_id id, detail::op_type ot, typename L, typename R, typename... Extra>
1077     class_ &def(const detail::op_<id, ot, L, R> &op, const Extra&... extra) {
1078         op.execute(*this, extra...);
1079         return *this;
1080     }
1081 
1082     template <detail::op_id id, detail::op_type ot, typename L, typename R, typename... Extra>
1083     class_ & def_cast(const detail::op_<id, ot, L, R> &op, const Extra&... extra) {
1084         op.execute_cast(*this, extra...);
1085         return *this;
1086     }
1087 
1088     template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
1089     class_ &def(const detail::initimpl::constructor<Args...> &init, const Extra&... extra) {
1090         init.execute(*this, extra...);
1091         return *this;
1092     }
1093 
1094     template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
1095     class_ &def(const detail::initimpl::alias_constructor<Args...> &init, const Extra&... extra) {
1096         init.execute(*this, extra...);
1097         return *this;
1098     }
1099 
1100     template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
1101     class_ &def(detail::initimpl::factory<Args...> &&init, const Extra&... extra) {
1102         std::move(init).execute(*this, extra...);
1103         return *this;
1104     }
1105 
1106     template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
1107     class_ &def(detail::initimpl::pickle_factory<Args...> &&pf, const Extra &...extra) {
1108         std::move(pf).execute(*this, extra...);
1109         return *this;
1110     }
1111 
1112     template <typename Func> class_& def_buffer(Func &&func) {
1113         struct capture { Func func; };
1114         capture *ptr = new capture { std::forward<Func>(func) };
1115         install_buffer_funcs([](PyObject *obj, void *ptr) -> buffer_info* {
1116             detail::make_caster<type> caster;
1117             if (!caster.load(obj, false))
1118                 return nullptr;
1119             return new buffer_info(((capture *) ptr)->func(caster));
1120         }, ptr);
1121         return *this;
1122     }
1123 
1124     template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
1125     class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...)) {
1126         return def_buffer([func] (type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); });
1127     }
1128 
1129     template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
1130     class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...) const) {
1131         return def_buffer([func] (const type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); });
1132     }
1133 
1134     template <typename C, typename D, typename... Extra>
1135     class_ &def_readwrite(const char *name, D C::*pm, const Extra&... extra) {
1136         static_assert(std::is_base_of<C, type>::value, "def_readwrite() requires a class member (or base class member)");
1137         cpp_function fget([pm](const type &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this)),
1138                      fset([pm](type &c, const D &value) { c.*pm = value; }, is_method(*this));
1139         def_property(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
1140         return *this;
1141     }
1142 
1143     template <typename C, typename D, typename... Extra>
1144     class_ &def_readonly(const char *name, const D C::*pm, const Extra& ...extra) {
1145         static_assert(std::is_base_of<C, type>::value, "def_readonly() requires a class member (or base class member)");
1146         cpp_function fget([pm](const type &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this));
1147         def_property_readonly(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
1148         return *this;
1149     }
1150 
1151     template <typename D, typename... Extra>
1152     class_ &def_readwrite_static(const char *name, D *pm, const Extra& ...extra) {
1153         cpp_function fget([pm](object) -> const D &{ return *pm; }, scope(*this)),
1154                      fset([pm](object, const D &value) { *pm = value; }, scope(*this));
1155         def_property_static(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
1156         return *this;
1157     }
1158 
1159     template <typename D, typename... Extra>
1160     class_ &def_readonly_static(const char *name, const D *pm, const Extra& ...extra) {
1161         cpp_function fget([pm](object) -> const D &{ return *pm; }, scope(*this));
1162         def_property_readonly_static(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
1163         return *this;
1164     }
1165 
1166 
1167     template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
1168     class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra& ...extra) {
1169         return def_property_readonly(name, cpp_function(method_adaptor<type>(fget)),
1170                                      return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
1171     }
1172 
1173 
1174     template <typename... Extra>
1175     class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra& ...extra) {
1176         return def_property(name, fget, nullptr, extra...);
1177     }
1178 
1179 
1180     template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
1181     class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra& ...extra) {
1182         return def_property_readonly_static(name, cpp_function(fget), return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
1183     }
1184 
1185 
1186     template <typename... Extra>
1187     class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra& ...extra) {
1188         return def_property_static(name, fget, nullptr, extra...);
1189     }
1190 
1191 
1192     template <typename Getter, typename Setter, typename... Extra>
1193     class_ &def_property(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Setter &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
1194         return def_property(name, fget, cpp_function(method_adaptor<type>(fset)), extra...);
1195     }
1196     template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
1197     class_ &def_property(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
1198         return def_property(name, cpp_function(method_adaptor<type>(fget)), fset,
1199                             return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
1200     }
1201 
1202 
1203     template <typename... Extra>
1204     class_ &def_property(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
1205         return def_property_static(name, fget, fset, is_method(*this), extra...);
1206     }
1207 
1208 
1209     template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
1210     class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
1211         return def_property_static(name, cpp_function(fget), fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
1212     }
1213 
1214 
1215     template <typename... Extra>
1216     class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
1217         auto rec_fget = get_function_record(fget), rec_fset = get_function_record(fset);
1218         auto *rec_active = rec_fget;
1219         if (rec_fget) {
1220            char *doc_prev = rec_fget->doc;
1221            detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec_fget);
1222            if (rec_fget->doc && rec_fget->doc != doc_prev) {
1223               free(doc_prev);
1224               rec_fget->doc = strdup(rec_fget->doc);
1225            }
1226         }
1227         if (rec_fset) {
1228             char *doc_prev = rec_fset->doc;
1229             detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec_fset);
1230             if (rec_fset->doc && rec_fset->doc != doc_prev) {
1231                 free(doc_prev);
1232                 rec_fset->doc = strdup(rec_fset->doc);
1233             }
1234             if (! rec_active) rec_active = rec_fset;
1235         }
1236         def_property_static_impl(name, fget, fset, rec_active);
1237         return *this;
1238     }
1239 
1240 private:
1241 
1242     template <typename T>
1243     static void init_holder(detail::instance *inst, detail::value_and_holder &v_h,
1244             const holder_type *  , const std::enable_shared_from_this<T> *  ) {
1245         try {
1246             auto sh = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<typename holder_type::element_type>(
1247                     v_h.value_ptr<type>()->shared_from_this());
1248             if (sh) {
1249                 new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>())) holder_type(std::move(sh));
1250                 v_h.set_holder_constructed();
1251             }
1252         } catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {}
1253 
1254         if (!v_h.holder_constructed() && inst->owned) {
1255             new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>())) holder_type(v_h.value_ptr<type>());
1256             v_h.set_holder_constructed();
1257         }
1258     }
1259 
1260     static void init_holder_from_existing(const detail::value_and_holder &v_h,
1261             const holder_type *holder_ptr, std::true_type  ) {
1262         new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>())) holder_type(*reinterpret_cast<const holder_type *>(holder_ptr));
1263     }
1264 
1265     static void init_holder_from_existing(const detail::value_and_holder &v_h,
1266             const holder_type *holder_ptr, std::false_type  ) {
1267         new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>())) holder_type(std::move(*const_cast<holder_type *>(holder_ptr)));
1268     }
1269 
1270 
1271     static void init_holder(detail::instance *inst, detail::value_and_holder &v_h,
1272             const holder_type *holder_ptr, const void *  ) {
1273         if (holder_ptr) {
1274             init_holder_from_existing(v_h, holder_ptr, std::is_copy_constructible<holder_type>());
1275             v_h.set_holder_constructed();
1276         } else if (inst->owned || detail::always_construct_holder<holder_type>::value) {
1277             new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>())) holder_type(v_h.value_ptr<type>());
1278             v_h.set_holder_constructed();
1279         }
1280     }
1281 
1282 
1283 
1284 
1285 
1286     static void init_instance(detail::instance *inst, const void *holder_ptr) {
1287         auto v_h = inst->get_value_and_holder(detail::get_type_info(typeid(type)));
1288         if (!v_h.instance_registered()) {
1289             register_instance(inst, v_h.value_ptr(), v_h.type);
1290             v_h.set_instance_registered();
1291         }
1292         init_holder(inst, v_h, (const holder_type *) holder_ptr, v_h.value_ptr<type>());
1293     }
1294 
1295 
1296     static void dealloc(detail::value_and_holder &v_h) {
1297         if (v_h.holder_constructed()) {
1298             v_h.holder<holder_type>().~holder_type();
1299             v_h.set_holder_constructed(false);
1300         }
1301         else {
1302             detail::call_operator_delete(v_h.value_ptr<type>(),
1303                 v_h.type->type_size,
1304                 v_h.type->type_align
1305             );
1306         }
1307         v_h.value_ptr() = nullptr;
1308     }
1309 
1310     static detail::function_record *get_function_record(handle h) {
1311         h = detail::get_function(h);
1312         return h ? (detail::function_record *) reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(h.ptr()))
1313                  : nullptr;
1314     }
1315 };
1316 
1317 
1318 template <typename... Args> detail::initimpl::constructor<Args...> init() { return {}; }
1319 
1320 
1321 template <typename... Args> detail::initimpl::alias_constructor<Args...> init_alias() { return {}; }
1322 
1323 
1324 template <typename Func, typename Ret = detail::initimpl::factory<Func>>
1325 Ret init(Func &&f) { return {std::forward<Func>(f)}; }
1326 
1327 
1328 
1329 template <typename CFunc, typename AFunc, typename Ret = detail::initimpl::factory<CFunc, AFunc>>
1330 Ret init(CFunc &&c, AFunc &&a) {
1331     return {std::forward<CFunc>(c), std::forward<AFunc>(a)};
1332 }
1333 
1334 
1335 
1336 template <typename GetState, typename SetState>
1337 detail::initimpl::pickle_factory<GetState, SetState> pickle(GetState &&g, SetState &&s) {
1338     return {std::forward<GetState>(g), std::forward<SetState>(s)};
1339 }
1340 
1341 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
1342 struct enum_base {
1343     enum_base(handle base, handle parent) : m_base(base), m_parent(parent) { }
1344 
1345     PYBIND11_NOINLINE void init(bool is_arithmetic, bool is_convertible) {
1346         m_base.attr("__entries") = dict();
1347         auto property = handle((PyObject *) &PyProperty_Type);
1348         auto static_property = handle((PyObject *) get_internals().static_property_type);
1349 
1350         m_base.attr("__repr__") = cpp_function(
1351             [](handle arg) -> str {
1352                 handle type = arg.get_type();
1353                 object type_name = type.attr("__name__");
1354                 dict entries = type.attr("__entries");
1355                 for (const auto &kv : entries) {
1356                     object other = kv.second[int_(0)];
1357                     if (other.equal(arg))
1358                         return pybind11::str("{}.{}").format(type_name, kv.first);
1359                 }
1360                 return pybind11::str("{}.???").format(type_name);
1361             }, is_method(m_base)
1362         );
1363 
1364         m_base.attr("name") = property(cpp_function(
1365             [](handle arg) -> str {
1366                 dict entries = arg.get_type().attr("__entries");
1367                 for (const auto &kv : entries) {
1368                     if (handle(kv.second[int_(0)]).equal(arg))
1369                         return pybind11::str(kv.first);
1370                 }
1371                 return "???";
1372             }, is_method(m_base)
1373         ));
1374 
1375         m_base.attr("__doc__") = static_property(cpp_function(
1376             [](handle arg) -> std::string {
1377                 std::string docstring;
1378                 dict entries = arg.attr("__entries");
1379                 if (((PyTypeObject *) arg.ptr())->tp_doc)
1380                     docstring += std::string(((PyTypeObject *) arg.ptr())->tp_doc) + "\n\n";
1381                 docstring += "Members:";
1382                 for (const auto &kv : entries) {
1383                     auto key = std::string(pybind11::str(kv.first));
1384                     auto comment = kv.second[int_(1)];
1385                     docstring += "\n\n  " + key;
1386                     if (!comment.is_none())
1387                         docstring += " : " + (std::string) pybind11::str(comment);
1388                 }
1389                 return docstring;
1390             }
1391         ), none(), none(), "");
1392 
1393         m_base.attr("__members__") = static_property(cpp_function(
1394             [](handle arg) -> dict {
1395                 dict entries = arg.attr("__entries"), m;
1396                 for (const auto &kv : entries)
1397                     m[kv.first] = kv.second[int_(0)];
1398                 return m;
1399             }), none(), none(), ""
1400         );
1401 
1402         #define PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT(op, expr, strict_behavior)                     \
1403             m_base.attr(op) = cpp_function(                                            \
1404                 [](object a, object b) {                                               \
1405                     if (!a.get_type().is(b.get_type()))                                \
1406                         strict_behavior;                                               \
1407                     return expr;                                                       \
1408                 },                                                                     \
1409                 is_method(m_base))
1410 
1411         #define PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV(op, expr)                                        \
1412             m_base.attr(op) = cpp_function(                                            \
1413                 [](object a_, object b_) {                                             \
1414                     int_ a(a_), b(b_);                                                 \
1415                     return expr;                                                       \
1416                 },                                                                     \
1417                 is_method(m_base))
1418 
1419         if (is_convertible) {
1420             PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__eq__", !b.is_none() &&  a.equal(b));
1421             PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__ne__",  b.is_none() || !a.equal(b));
1422 
1423             if (is_arithmetic) {
1424                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__lt__",   a <  b);
1425                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__gt__",   a >  b);
1426                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__le__",   a <= b);
1427                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__ge__",   a >= b);
1428                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__and__",  a &  b);
1429                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__rand__", a &  b);
1430                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__or__",   a |  b);
1431                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__ror__",  a |  b);
1432                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__xor__",  a ^  b);
1433                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__rxor__", a ^  b);
1434             }
1435         } else {
1436             PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__eq__",  int_(a).equal(int_(b)), return false);
1437             PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__ne__", !int_(a).equal(int_(b)), return true);
1438 
1439             if (is_arithmetic) {
1440                 #define PYBIND11_THROW throw type_error("Expected an enumeration of matching type!");
1441                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__lt__", int_(a) <  int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW);
1442                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__gt__", int_(a) >  int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW);
1443                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__le__", int_(a) <= int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW);
1444                 PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__ge__", int_(a) >= int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW);
1445                 #undef PYBIND11_THROW
1446             }
1447         }
1448 
1449         #undef PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV
1450         #undef PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT
1451 
1452         object getstate = cpp_function(
1453             [](object arg) { return int_(arg); }, is_method(m_base));
1454 
1455         m_base.attr("__getstate__") = getstate;
1456         m_base.attr("__hash__") = getstate;
1457     }
1458 
1459     PYBIND11_NOINLINE void value(char const* name_, object value, const char *doc = nullptr) {
1460         dict entries = m_base.attr("__entries");
1461         str name(name_);
1462         if (entries.contains(name)) {
1463             std::string type_name = (std::string) str(m_base.attr("__name__"));
1464             throw value_error(type_name + ": element \"" + std::string(name_) + "\" already exists!");
1465         }
1466 
1467         entries[name] = std::make_pair(value, doc);
1468         m_base.attr(name) = value;
1469     }
1470 
1471     PYBIND11_NOINLINE void export_values() {
1472         dict entries = m_base.attr("__entries");
1473         for (const auto &kv : entries)
1474             m_parent.attr(kv.first) = kv.second[int_(0)];
1475     }
1476 
1477     handle m_base;
1478     handle m_parent;
1479 };
1480 
1481 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
1482 
1483 
1484 template <typename Type> class enum_ : public class_<Type> {
1485 public:
1486     using Base = class_<Type>;
1487     using Base::def;
1488     using Base::attr;
1489     using Base::def_property_readonly;
1490     using Base::def_property_readonly_static;
1491     using Scalar = typename std::underlying_type<Type>::type;
1492 
1493     template <typename... Extra>
1494     enum_(const handle &scope, const char *name, const Extra&... extra)
1495       : class_<Type>(scope, name, extra...), m_base(*this, scope) {
1496         constexpr bool is_arithmetic = detail::any_of<std::is_same<arithmetic, Extra>...>::value;
1497         constexpr bool is_convertible = std::is_convertible<Type, Scalar>::value;
1498         m_base.init(is_arithmetic, is_convertible);
1499 
1500         def(init([](Scalar i) { return static_cast<Type>(i); }));
1501         def("__int__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; });
1502         #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
1503             def("__long__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; });
1504         #endif
1505         cpp_function setstate(
1506             [](Type &value, Scalar arg) { value = static_cast<Type>(arg); },
1507             is_method(*this));
1508         attr("__setstate__") = setstate;
1509     }
1510 
1511 
1512     enum_& export_values() {
1513         m_base.export_values();
1514         return *this;
1515     }
1516 
1517 
1518     enum_& value(char const* name, Type value, const char *doc = nullptr) {
1519         m_base.value(name, pybind11::cast(value, return_value_policy::copy), doc);
1520         return *this;
1521     }
1522 
1523 private:
1524     detail::enum_base m_base;
1525 };
1526 
1527 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
1528 
1529 
1530 inline void keep_alive_impl(handle nurse, handle patient) {
1531     if (!nurse || !patient)
1532         pybind11_fail("Could not activate keep_alive!");
1533 
1534     if (patient.is_none() || nurse.is_none())
1535         return;
1536 
1537     auto tinfo = all_type_info(Py_TYPE(nurse.ptr()));
1538     if (!tinfo.empty()) {
1539 
1540         add_patient(nurse.ptr(), patient.ptr());
1541     }
1542     else {
1543 
1544         cpp_function disable_lifesupport(
1545             [patient](handle weakref) { patient.dec_ref(); weakref.dec_ref(); });
1546 
1547         weakref wr(nurse, disable_lifesupport);
1548 
1549         patient.inc_ref();
1550         (void) wr.release();
1551     }
1552 }
1553 
1554 PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline void keep_alive_impl(size_t Nurse, size_t Patient, function_call &call, handle ret) {
1555     auto get_arg = [&](size_t n) {
1556         if (n == 0)
1557             return ret;
1558         else if (n == 1 && call.init_self)
1559             return call.init_self;
1560         else if (n <= call.args.size())
1561             return call.args[n - 1];
1562         return handle();
1563     };
1564 
1565     keep_alive_impl(get_arg(Nurse), get_arg(Patient));
1566 }
1567 
1568 inline std::pair<decltype(internals::registered_types_py)::iterator, bool> all_type_info_get_cache(PyTypeObject *type) {
1569     auto res = get_internals().registered_types_py
1570 #ifdef __cpp_lib_unordered_map_try_emplace
1571         .try_emplace(type);
1572 #else
1573         .emplace(type, std::vector<detail::type_info *>());
1574 #endif
1575     if (res.second) {
1576 
1577 
1578         weakref((PyObject *) type, cpp_function([type](handle wr) {
1579             get_internals().registered_types_py.erase(type);
1580             wr.dec_ref();
1581         })).release();
1582     }
1583 
1584     return res;
1585 }
1586 
1587 template <typename Iterator, typename Sentinel, bool KeyIterator, return_value_policy Policy>
1588 struct iterator_state {
1589     Iterator it;
1590     Sentinel end;
1591     bool first_or_done;
1592 };
1593 
1594 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
1595 
1596 
1597 template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
1598           typename Iterator,
1599           typename Sentinel,
1600           typename ValueType = decltype(*std::declval<Iterator>()),
1601           typename... Extra>
1602 iterator make_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&... extra) {
1603     typedef detail::iterator_state<Iterator, Sentinel, false, Policy> state;
1604 
1605     if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(state), false)) {
1606         class_<state>(handle(), "iterator", pybind11::module_local())
1607             .def("__iter__", [](state &s) -> state& { return s; })
1608             .def("__next__", [](state &s) -> ValueType {
1609                 if (!s.first_or_done)
1610                     ++s.it;
1611                 else
1612                     s.first_or_done = false;
1613                 if (s.it == s.end) {
1614                     s.first_or_done = true;
1615                     throw stop_iteration();
1616                 }
1617                 return *s.it;
1618             }, std::forward<Extra>(extra)..., Policy);
1619     }
1620 
1621     return cast(state{first, last, true});
1622 }
1623 
1624 
1625 
1626 template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
1627           typename Iterator,
1628           typename Sentinel,
1629           typename KeyType = decltype((*std::declval<Iterator>()).first),
1630           typename... Extra>
1631 iterator make_key_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&... extra) {
1632     typedef detail::iterator_state<Iterator, Sentinel, true, Policy> state;
1633 
1634     if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(state), false)) {
1635         class_<state>(handle(), "iterator", pybind11::module_local())
1636             .def("__iter__", [](state &s) -> state& { return s; })
1637             .def("__next__", [](state &s) -> KeyType {
1638                 if (!s.first_or_done)
1639                     ++s.it;
1640                 else
1641                     s.first_or_done = false;
1642                 if (s.it == s.end) {
1643                     s.first_or_done = true;
1644                     throw stop_iteration();
1645                 }
1646                 return (*s.it).first;
1647             }, std::forward<Extra>(extra)..., Policy);
1648     }
1649 
1650     return cast(state{first, last, true});
1651 }
1652 
1653 
1654 
1655 template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
1656           typename Type, typename... Extra> iterator make_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) {
1657     return make_iterator<Policy>(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...);
1658 }
1659 
1660 
1661 
1662 template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
1663           typename Type, typename... Extra> iterator make_key_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) {
1664     return make_key_iterator<Policy>(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...);
1665 }
1666 
1667 template <typename InputType, typename OutputType> void implicitly_convertible() {
1668     struct set_flag {
1669         bool &flag;
1670         set_flag(bool &flag) : flag(flag) { flag = true; }
1671         ~set_flag() { flag = false; }
1672     };
1673     auto implicit_caster = [](PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) -> PyObject * {
1674         static bool currently_used = false;
1675         if (currently_used)
1676             return nullptr;
1677         set_flag flag_helper(currently_used);
1678         if (!detail::make_caster<InputType>().load(obj, false))
1679             return nullptr;
1680         tuple args(1);
1681         args[0] = obj;
1682         PyObject *result = PyObject_Call((PyObject *) type, args.ptr(), nullptr);
1683         if (result == nullptr)
1684             PyErr_Clear();
1685         return result;
1686     };
1687 
1688     if (auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(OutputType)))
1689         tinfo->implicit_conversions.push_back(implicit_caster);
1690     else
1691         pybind11_fail("implicitly_convertible: Unable to find type " + type_id<OutputType>());
1692 }
1693 
1694 template <typename ExceptionTranslator>
1695 void register_exception_translator(ExceptionTranslator&& translator) {
1696     detail::get_internals().registered_exception_translators.push_front(
1697         std::forward<ExceptionTranslator>(translator));
1698 }
1699 
1700 
1701 template <typename type>
1702 class exception : public object {
1703 public:
1704     exception() = default;
1705     exception(handle scope, const char *name, PyObject *base = PyExc_Exception) {
1706         std::string full_name = scope.attr("__name__").cast<std::string>() +
1707                                 std::string(".") + name;
1708         m_ptr = PyErr_NewException(const_cast<char *>(full_name.c_str()), base, NULL);
1709         if (hasattr(scope, name))
1710             pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible "
1711                           "definitions with name \"" + std::string(name) + "\"");
1712         scope.attr(name) = *this;
1713     }
1714 
1715 
1716     void operator()(const char *message) {
1717         PyErr_SetString(m_ptr, message);
1718     }
1719 };
1720 
1721 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
1722 
1723 
1724 
1725 template <typename CppException>
1726 exception<CppException> &get_exception_object() { static exception<CppException> ex; return ex; }
1727 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
1728 
1729 
1730 template <typename CppException>
1731 exception<CppException> &register_exception(handle scope,
1732                                             const char *name,
1733                                             PyObject *base = PyExc_Exception) {
1734     auto &ex = detail::get_exception_object<CppException>();
1735     if (!ex) ex = exception<CppException>(scope, name, base);
1736 
1737     register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
1738         if (!p) return;
1739         try {
1740             std::rethrow_exception(p);
1741         } catch (const CppException &e) {
1742             detail::get_exception_object<CppException>()(e.what());
1743         }
1744     });
1745     return ex;
1746 }
1747 
1748 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
1749 PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline void print(tuple args, dict kwargs) {
1750     auto strings = tuple(args.size());
1751     for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
1752         strings[i] = str(args[i]);
1753     }
1754     auto sep = kwargs.contains("sep") ? kwargs["sep"] : cast(" ");
1755     auto line = sep.attr("join")(strings);
1756 
1757     object file;
1758     if (kwargs.contains("file")) {
1759         file = kwargs["file"].cast<object>();
1760     } else {
1761         try {
1762             file = module::import("sys").attr("stdout");
1763         } catch (const error_already_set &) {
1764 
1765             return;
1766         }
1767     }
1768 
1769     auto write = file.attr("write");
1770     write(line);
1771     write(kwargs.contains("end") ? kwargs["end"] : cast("\n"));
1772 
1773     if (kwargs.contains("flush") && kwargs["flush"].cast<bool>())
1774         file.attr("flush")();
1775 }
1776 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
1777 
1778 template <return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference, typename... Args>
1779 void print(Args &&...args) {
1780     auto c = detail::collect_arguments<policy>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
1781     detail::print(c.args(), c.kwargs());
1782 }
1783 
1784 #if defined(WITH_THREAD) && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
1785 
1786 
1787 
1788 class gil_scoped_acquire {
1789 public:
1790     PYBIND11_NOINLINE gil_scoped_acquire() {
1791         auto const &internals = detail::get_internals();
1792         tstate = (PyThreadState *) PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(internals.tstate);
1793 
1794         if (!tstate) {
1795 
1796             tstate = PyGILState_GetThisThreadState();
1797         }
1798 
1799         if (!tstate) {
1800             tstate = PyThreadState_New(internals.istate);
1801             #if !defined(NDEBUG)
1802                 if (!tstate)
1803                     pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire: could not create thread state!");
1804             #endif
1805             tstate->gilstate_counter = 0;
1806             PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(internals.tstate, tstate);
1807         } else {
1808             release = detail::get_thread_state_unchecked() != tstate;
1809         }
1810 
1811         if (release) {
1812 
1813             #if defined(Py_DEBUG)
1814                 PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;
1815                 tstate->interp = nullptr;
1816             #endif
1817             PyEval_AcquireThread(tstate);
1818             #if defined(Py_DEBUG)
1819                 tstate->interp = interp;
1820             #endif
1821         }
1822 
1823         inc_ref();
1824     }
1825 
1826     void inc_ref() {
1827         ++tstate->gilstate_counter;
1828     }
1829 
1830     PYBIND11_NOINLINE void dec_ref() {
1831         --tstate->gilstate_counter;
1832         #if !defined(NDEBUG)
1833             if (detail::get_thread_state_unchecked() != tstate)
1834                 pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): thread state must be current!");
1835             if (tstate->gilstate_counter < 0)
1836                 pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): reference count underflow!");
1837         #endif
1838         if (tstate->gilstate_counter == 0) {
1839             #if !defined(NDEBUG)
1840                 if (!release)
1841                     pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): internal error!");
1842             #endif
1843             PyThreadState_Clear(tstate);
1844             PyThreadState_DeleteCurrent();
1845             PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(detail::get_internals().tstate);
1846             release = false;
1847         }
1848     }
1849 
1850     PYBIND11_NOINLINE ~gil_scoped_acquire() {
1851         dec_ref();
1852         if (release)
1853            PyEval_SaveThread();
1854     }
1855 private:
1856     PyThreadState *tstate = nullptr;
1857     bool release = true;
1858 };
1859 
1860 class gil_scoped_release {
1861 public:
1862     explicit gil_scoped_release(bool disassoc = false) : disassoc(disassoc) {
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866         const auto &internals = detail::get_internals();
1867         tstate = PyEval_SaveThread();
1868         if (disassoc) {
1869             auto key = internals.tstate;
1870             PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key);
1871         }
1872     }
1873     ~gil_scoped_release() {
1874         if (!tstate)
1875             return;
1876         PyEval_RestoreThread(tstate);
1877         if (disassoc) {
1878             auto key = detail::get_internals().tstate;
1879             PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, tstate);
1880         }
1881     }
1882 private:
1883     PyThreadState *tstate;
1884     bool disassoc;
1885 };
1886 #elif defined(PYPY_VERSION)
1887 class gil_scoped_acquire {
1888     PyGILState_STATE state;
1889 public:
1890     gil_scoped_acquire() { state = PyGILState_Ensure(); }
1891     ~gil_scoped_acquire() { PyGILState_Release(state); }
1892 };
1893 
1894 class gil_scoped_release {
1895     PyThreadState *state;
1896 public:
1897     gil_scoped_release() { state = PyEval_SaveThread(); }
1898     ~gil_scoped_release() { PyEval_RestoreThread(state); }
1899 };
1900 #else
1901 class gil_scoped_acquire { };
1902 class gil_scoped_release { };
1903 #endif
1904 
1905 error_already_set::~error_already_set() {
1906     if (type) {
1907         error_scope scope;
1908         gil_scoped_acquire gil;
1909         type.release().dec_ref();
1910         value.release().dec_ref();
1911         trace.release().dec_ref();
1912     }
1913 }
1914 
1915 inline function get_type_overload(const void *this_ptr, const detail::type_info *this_type, const char *name)  {
1916     handle self = detail::get_object_handle(this_ptr, this_type);
1917     if (!self)
1918         return function();
1919     handle type = self.get_type();
1920     auto key = std::make_pair(type.ptr(), name);
1921 
1922 
1923     auto &cache = detail::get_internals().inactive_overload_cache;
1924     if (cache.find(key) != cache.end())
1925         return function();
1926 
1927     function overload = getattr(self, name, function());
1928     if (overload.is_cpp_function()) {
1929         cache.insert(key);
1930         return function();
1931     }
1932 
1933 
1934 #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
1935     PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_Get()->frame;
1936     if (frame && (std::string) str(frame->f_code->co_name) == name &&
1937         frame->f_code->co_argcount > 0) {
1938         PyFrame_FastToLocals(frame);
1939         PyObject *self_caller = PyDict_GetItem(
1940             frame->f_locals, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(frame->f_code->co_varnames, 0));
1941         if (self_caller == self.ptr())
1942             return function();
1943     }
1944 #else
1945 
1946     dict d; d["self"] = self; d["name"] = pybind11::str(name);
1947     PyObject *result = PyRun_String(
1948         "import inspect\n"
1949         "frame = inspect.currentframe()\n"
1950         "if frame is not None:\n"
1951         "    frame = frame.f_back\n"
1952         "    if frame is not None and str(frame.f_code.co_name) == name and "
1953         "frame.f_code.co_argcount > 0:\n"
1954         "        self_caller = frame.f_locals[frame.f_code.co_varnames[0]]\n"
1955         "        if self_caller == self:\n"
1956         "            self = None\n",
1957         Py_file_input, d.ptr(), d.ptr());
1958     if (result == nullptr)
1959         throw error_already_set();
1960     if (d["self"].is_none())
1961         return function();
1962     Py_DECREF(result);
1963 #endif
1964 
1965     return overload;
1966 }
1967 
1968 template <class T> function get_overload(const T *this_ptr, const char *name) {
1969     auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(T));
1970     return tinfo ? get_type_overload(this_ptr, tinfo, name) : function();
1971 }
1972 
1973 #define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, ...) { \
1974         pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire gil; \
1975         pybind11::function overload = pybind11::get_overload(static_cast<const cname *>(this), name); \
1976         if (overload) { \
1977             auto o = overload(__VA_ARGS__); \
1978             if (pybind11::detail::cast_is_temporary_value_reference<ret_type>::value) { \
1979                 static pybind11::detail::overload_caster_t<ret_type> caster; \
1980                 return pybind11::detail::cast_ref<ret_type>(std::move(o), caster); \
1981             } \
1982             else return pybind11::detail::cast_safe<ret_type>(std::move(o)); \
1983         } \
1984     }
1985 
1986 #define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \
1987     PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, __VA_ARGS__) \
1988     return cname::fn(__VA_ARGS__)
1989 
1990 #define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \
1991     PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, __VA_ARGS__) \
1992     pybind11::pybind11_fail("Tried to call pure virtual function \"" PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(cname) "::" name "\"");
1993 
1994 #define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \
1995     PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__)
1996 
1997 #define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \
1998     PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__)
1999 
2000 NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
2001 
2002 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
2003 #  pragma warning(pop)
2004 #elif defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__)
2005 #  pragma GCC diagnostic pop
2006 #endif
2007