1:title: Introduction 2:description: An introduction to docker and standard containers? 3:keywords: containers, lxc, concepts, explanation 4 5Introduction 6============ 7 8Docker -- The Linux container runtime 9------------------------------------- 10 11Docker complements LXC with a high-level API which operates at the process level. It runs unix processes with strong guarantees of isolation and repeatability across servers. 12 13Docker is a great building block for automating distributed systems: large-scale web deployments, database clusters, continuous deployment systems, private PaaS, service-oriented architectures, etc. 14 15 16- **Heterogeneous payloads** Any combination of binaries, libraries, configuration files, scripts, virtualenvs, jars, gems, tarballs, you name it. No more juggling between domain-specific tools. Docker can deploy and run them all. 17- **Any server** Docker can run on any x64 machine with a modern linux kernel - whether it's a laptop, a bare metal server or a VM. This makes it perfect for multi-cloud deployments. 18- **Isolation** docker isolates processes from each other and from the underlying host, using lightweight containers. 19- **Repeatability** Because containers are isolated in their own filesystem, they behave the same regardless of where, when, and alongside what they run. 20 21.. image:: images/lego_docker.jpg 22 23 24What is a Standard Container? 25----------------------------- 26 27Docker defines a unit of software delivery called a Standard Container. The goal of a Standard Container is to encapsulate a software component and all its dependencies in 28a format that is self-describing and portable, so that any compliant runtime can run it without extra dependency, regardless of the underlying machine and the contents of the container. 29 30The spec for Standard Containers is currently work in progress, but it is very straightforward. It mostly defines 1) an image format, 2) a set of standard operations, and 3) an execution environment. 31 32A great analogy for this is the shipping container. Just like Standard Containers are a fundamental unit of software delivery, shipping containers (http://bricks.argz.com/ins/7823-1/12) are a fundamental unit of physical delivery. 33 34Standard operations 35~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 36 37Just like shipping containers, Standard Containers define a set of STANDARD OPERATIONS. Shipping containers can be lifted, stacked, locked, loaded, unloaded and labelled. Similarly, standard containers can be started, stopped, copied, snapshotted, downloaded, uploaded and tagged. 38 39 40Content-agnostic 41~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 42 43Just like shipping containers, Standard Containers are CONTENT-AGNOSTIC: all standard operations have the same effect regardless of the contents. A shipping container will be stacked in exactly the same way whether it contains Vietnamese powder coffee or spare Maserati parts. Similarly, Standard Containers are started or uploaded in the same way whether they contain a postgres database, a php application with its dependencies and application server, or Java build artifacts. 44 45 46Infrastructure-agnostic 47~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 48 49Both types of containers are INFRASTRUCTURE-AGNOSTIC: they can be transported to thousands of facilities around the world, and manipulated by a wide variety of equipment. A shipping container can be packed in a factory in Ukraine, transported by truck to the nearest routing center, stacked onto a train, loaded into a German boat by an Australian-built crane, stored in a warehouse at a US facility, etc. Similarly, a standard container can be bundled on my laptop, uploaded to S3, downloaded, run and snapshotted by a build server at Equinix in Virginia, uploaded to 10 staging servers in a home-made Openstack cluster, then sent to 30 production instances across 3 EC2 regions. 50 51 52Designed for automation 53~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 54 55Because they offer the same standard operations regardless of content and infrastructure, Standard Containers, just like their physical counterpart, are extremely well-suited for automation. In fact, you could say automation is their secret weapon. 56 57Many things that once required time-consuming and error-prone human effort can now be programmed. Before shipping containers, a bag of powder coffee was hauled, dragged, dropped, rolled and stacked by 10 different people in 10 different locations by the time it reached its destination. 1 out of 50 disappeared. 1 out of 20 was damaged. The process was slow, inefficient and cost a fortune - and was entirely different depending on the facility and the type of goods. 58 59Similarly, before Standard Containers, by the time a software component ran in production, it had been individually built, configured, bundled, documented, patched, vendored, templated, tweaked and instrumented by 10 different people on 10 different computers. Builds failed, libraries conflicted, mirrors crashed, post-it notes were lost, logs were misplaced, cluster updates were half-broken. The process was slow, inefficient and cost a fortune - and was entirely different depending on the language and infrastructure provider. 60 61 62Industrial-grade delivery 63~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 64 65There are 17 million shipping containers in existence, packed with every physical good imaginable. Every single one of them can be loaded on the same boats, by the same cranes, in the same facilities, and sent anywhere in the World with incredible efficiency. It is embarrassing to think that a 30 ton shipment of coffee can safely travel half-way across the World in *less time* than it takes a software team to deliver its code from one datacenter to another sitting 10 miles away. 66 67With Standard Containers we can put an end to that embarrassment, by making INDUSTRIAL-GRADE DELIVERY of software a reality. 68 69 70Standard Container Specification 71~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 72 73(TODO) 74 75Image format 76~~~~~~~~~~~~ 77 78Standard operations 79~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 80 81- Copy 82- Run 83- Stop 84- Wait 85- Commit 86- Attach standard streams 87- List filesystem changes 88- ... 89 90Execution environment 91~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 92 93Root filesystem 94^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 95 96Environment variables 97^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 98 99Process arguments 100^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 101 102Networking 103^^^^^^^^^^ 104 105Process namespacing 106^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 107 108Resource limits 109^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 110 111Process monitoring 112^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 113 114Logging 115^^^^^^^ 116 117Signals 118^^^^^^^ 119 120Pseudo-terminal allocation 121^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 122 123Security 124^^^^^^^^ 125 126