1#
2# t/test.pl - most of Test::More functionality without the fuss
3
4
5# NOTE:
6#
7# Do not rely on features found only in more modern Perls here, as some CPAN
8# distributions copy this file and must operate on older Perls. Similarly, keep
9# things, simple as this may be run under fairly broken circumstances. For
10# example, increment ($x++) has a certain amount of cleverness for things like
11#
12#   $x = 'zz';
13#   $x++; # $x eq 'aaa';
14#
15# This stands more chance of breaking than just a simple
16#
17#   $x = $x + 1
18#
19# In this file, we use the latter "Baby Perl" approach, and increment
20# will be worked over by t/op/inc.t
21
22$Level = 1;
23my $test = 1;
24my $planned;
25my $noplan;
26my $Perl;       # Safer version of $^X set by which_perl()
27
28# This defines ASCII/UTF-8 vs EBCDIC/UTF-EBCDIC
29$::IS_ASCII  = ord 'A' ==  65;
30$::IS_EBCDIC = ord 'A' == 193;
31
32$TODO = 0;
33$NO_ENDING = 0;
34$Tests_Are_Passing = 1;
35
36# Use this instead of print to avoid interference while testing globals.
37sub _print {
38    local($\, $", $,) = (undef, ' ', '');
39    print STDOUT @_;
40}
41
42sub _print_stderr {
43    local($\, $", $,) = (undef, ' ', '');
44    print STDERR @_;
45}
46
47sub plan {
48    my $n;
49    if (@_ == 1) {
50	$n = shift;
51	if ($n eq 'no_plan') {
52	  undef $n;
53	  $noplan = 1;
54	}
55    } else {
56	my %plan = @_;
57	$plan{skip_all} and skip_all($plan{skip_all});
58	$n = $plan{tests};
59    }
60    _print "1..$n\n" unless $noplan;
61    $planned = $n;
62}
63
64
65# Set the plan at the end.  See Test::More::done_testing.
66sub done_testing {
67    my $n = $test - 1;
68    $n = shift if @_;
69
70    _print "1..$n\n";
71    $planned = $n;
72}
73
74
75END {
76    my $ran = $test - 1;
77    if (!$NO_ENDING) {
78	if (defined $planned && $planned != $ran) {
79	    _print_stderr
80		"# Looks like you planned $planned tests but ran $ran.\n";
81	} elsif ($noplan) {
82	    _print "1..$ran\n";
83	}
84    }
85}
86
87sub _diag {
88    return unless @_;
89    my @mess = _comment(@_);
90    $TODO ? _print(@mess) : _print_stderr(@mess);
91}
92
93# Use this instead of "print STDERR" when outputting failure diagnostic
94# messages
95sub diag {
96    _diag(@_);
97}
98
99# Use this instead of "print" when outputting informational messages
100sub note {
101    return unless @_;
102    _print( _comment(@_) );
103}
104
105sub is_miniperl {
106    return !defined &DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader;
107}
108
109sub set_up_inc {
110    # Don’t clobber @INC under miniperl
111    @INC = () unless is_miniperl;
112    unshift @INC, @_;
113}
114
115sub _comment {
116    return map { /^#/ ? "$_\n" : "# $_\n" }
117           map { split /\n/ } @_;
118}
119
120sub _have_dynamic_extension {
121    my $extension = shift;
122    unless (eval {require Config; 1}) {
123	warn "test.pl had problems loading Config: $@";
124	return 1;
125    }
126    $extension =~ s!::!/!g;
127    return 1 if ($Config::Config{extensions} =~ /\b$extension\b/);
128}
129
130sub skip_all {
131    if (@_) {
132        _print "1..0 # Skip @_\n";
133    } else {
134	_print "1..0\n";
135    }
136    exit(0);
137}
138
139sub skip_all_if_miniperl {
140    skip_all(@_) if is_miniperl();
141}
142
143sub skip_all_without_dynamic_extension {
144    my ($extension) = @_;
145    skip_all("no dynamic loading on miniperl, no $extension") if is_miniperl();
146    return if &_have_dynamic_extension;
147    skip_all("$extension was not built");
148}
149
150sub skip_all_without_perlio {
151    skip_all('no PerlIO') unless PerlIO::Layer->find('perlio');
152}
153
154sub skip_all_without_config {
155    unless (eval {require Config; 1}) {
156	warn "test.pl had problems loading Config: $@";
157	return;
158    }
159    foreach (@_) {
160	next if $Config::Config{$_};
161	my $key = $_; # Need to copy, before trying to modify.
162	$key =~ s/^use//;
163	$key =~ s/^d_//;
164	skip_all("no $key");
165    }
166}
167
168sub skip_all_without_unicode_tables { # (but only under miniperl)
169    if (is_miniperl()) {
170        skip_all_if_miniperl("Unicode tables not built yet")
171            unless eval 'require "unicore/Heavy.pl"';
172    }
173}
174
175sub find_git_or_skip {
176    my ($source_dir, $reason);
177    if (-d '.git') {
178	$source_dir = '.';
179    } elsif (-l 'MANIFEST' && -l 'AUTHORS') {
180	my $where = readlink 'MANIFEST';
181	die "Can't readling MANIFEST: $!" unless defined $where;
182	die "Confusing symlink target for MANIFEST, '$where'"
183	    unless $where =~ s!/MANIFEST\z!!;
184	if (-d "$where/.git") {
185	    # Looks like we are in a symlink tree
186	    if (exists $ENV{GIT_DIR}) {
187		diag("Found source tree at $where, but \$ENV{GIT_DIR} is $ENV{GIT_DIR}. Not changing it");
188	    } else {
189		note("Found source tree at $where, setting \$ENV{GIT_DIR}");
190		$ENV{GIT_DIR} = "$where/.git";
191	    }
192	    $source_dir = $where;
193	}
194    } elsif (exists $ENV{GIT_DIR}) {
195	my $commit = '8d063cd8450e59ea1c611a2f4f5a21059a2804f1';
196	my $out = `git rev-parse --verify --quiet '$commit^{commit}'`;
197	chomp $out;
198	if($out eq $commit) {
199	    $source_dir = '.'
200	}
201    }
202    if ($source_dir) {
203	my $version_string = `git --version`;
204	if (defined $version_string
205	      && $version_string =~ /\Agit version (\d+\.\d+\.\d+)(.*)/) {
206	    return $source_dir if eval "v$1 ge v1.5.0";
207	    # If you have earlier than 1.5.0 and it works, change this test
208	    $reason = "in git checkout, but git version '$1$2' too old";
209	} else {
210	    $reason = "in git checkout, but cannot run git";
211	}
212    } else {
213	$reason = 'not being run from a git checkout';
214    }
215    if ($ENV{'PERL_BUILD_PACKAGING'}) {
216	$reason = 'PERL_BUILD_PACKAGING is set';
217    }
218    skip_all($reason) if $_[0] && $_[0] eq 'all';
219    skip($reason, @_);
220}
221
222sub BAIL_OUT {
223    my ($reason) = @_;
224    _print("Bail out!  $reason\n");
225    exit 255;
226}
227
228sub _ok {
229    my ($pass, $where, $name, @mess) = @_;
230    # Do not try to microoptimize by factoring out the "not ".
231    # VMS will avenge.
232    my $out;
233    if ($name) {
234        # escape out '#' or it will interfere with '# skip' and such
235        $name =~ s/#/\\#/g;
236	$out = $pass ? "ok $test - $name" : "not ok $test - $name";
237    } else {
238	$out = $pass ? "ok $test" : "not ok $test";
239    }
240
241    if ($TODO) {
242	$out = $out . " # TODO $TODO";
243    } else {
244	$Tests_Are_Passing = 0 unless $pass;
245    }
246
247    _print "$out\n";
248
249    if ($pass) {
250	note @mess; # Ensure that the message is properly escaped.
251    }
252    else {
253	my $msg = "# Failed test $test - ";
254	$msg.= "$name " if $name;
255	$msg .= "$where\n";
256	_diag $msg;
257	_diag @mess;
258    }
259
260    $test = $test + 1; # don't use ++
261
262    return $pass;
263}
264
265sub _where {
266    my @caller = caller($Level);
267    return "at $caller[1] line $caller[2]";
268}
269
270# DON'T use this for matches. Use like() instead.
271sub ok ($@) {
272    my ($pass, $name, @mess) = @_;
273    _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
274}
275
276sub _q {
277    my $x = shift;
278    return 'undef' unless defined $x;
279    my $q = $x;
280    $q =~ s/\\/\\\\/g;
281    $q =~ s/'/\\'/g;
282    return "'$q'";
283}
284
285sub _qq {
286    my $x = shift;
287    return defined $x ? '"' . display ($x) . '"' : 'undef';
288};
289
290# Support pre-5.10 Perls, for the benefit of CPAN dists that copy this file.
291# Note that chr(90) exists in both ASCII ("Z") and EBCDIC ("!").
292my $chars_template = defined(eval { pack "W*", 90 }) ? "W*" : "U*";
293eval 'sub re::is_regexp { ref($_[0]) eq "Regexp" }'
294    if !defined &re::is_regexp;
295
296# keys are the codes \n etc map to, values are 2 char strings such as \n
297my %backslash_escape;
298foreach my $x (split //, 'nrtfa\\\'"') {
299    $backslash_escape{ord eval "\"\\$x\""} = "\\$x";
300}
301# A way to display scalars containing control characters and Unicode.
302# Trying to avoid setting $_, or relying on local $_ to work.
303sub display {
304    my @result;
305    foreach my $x (@_) {
306        if (defined $x and not ref $x) {
307            my $y = '';
308            foreach my $c (unpack($chars_template, $x)) {
309                if ($c > 255) {
310                    $y = $y . sprintf "\\x{%x}", $c;
311                } elsif ($backslash_escape{$c}) {
312                    $y = $y . $backslash_escape{$c};
313                } else {
314                    my $z = chr $c; # Maybe we can get away with a literal...
315
316                    if ($z !~ /[^[:^print:][:^ascii:]]/) {
317                        # The pattern above is equivalent (by de Morgan's
318                        # laws) to:
319                        #     $z !~ /(?[ [:print:] & [:ascii:] ])/
320                        # or, $z is not an ascii printable character
321
322                        # Use octal for characters with small ordinals that
323                        # are traditionally expressed as octal: the controls
324                        # below space, which on EBCDIC are almost all the
325                        # controls, but on ASCII don't include DEL nor the C1
326                        # controls.
327                        if ($c < ord " ") {
328                            $z = sprintf "\\%03o", $c;
329                        } else {
330                            $z = sprintf "\\x{%x}", $c;
331                        }
332                    }
333                    $y = $y . $z;
334                }
335            }
336            $x = $y;
337        }
338        return $x unless wantarray;
339        push @result, $x;
340    }
341    return @result;
342}
343
344sub is ($$@) {
345    my ($got, $expected, $name, @mess) = @_;
346
347    my $pass;
348    if( !defined $got || !defined $expected ) {
349        # undef only matches undef
350        $pass = !defined $got && !defined $expected;
351    }
352    else {
353        $pass = $got eq $expected;
354    }
355
356    unless ($pass) {
357	unshift(@mess, "#      got "._qq($got)."\n",
358		       "# expected "._qq($expected)."\n");
359    }
360    _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
361}
362
363sub isnt ($$@) {
364    my ($got, $isnt, $name, @mess) = @_;
365
366    my $pass;
367    if( !defined $got || !defined $isnt ) {
368        # undef only matches undef
369        $pass = defined $got || defined $isnt;
370    }
371    else {
372        $pass = $got ne $isnt;
373    }
374
375    unless( $pass ) {
376        unshift(@mess, "# it should not be "._qq($got)."\n",
377                       "# but it is.\n");
378    }
379    _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
380}
381
382sub cmp_ok ($$$@) {
383    my($got, $type, $expected, $name, @mess) = @_;
384
385    my $pass;
386    {
387        local $^W = 0;
388        local($@,$!);   # don't interfere with $@
389                        # eval() sometimes resets $!
390        $pass = eval "\$got $type \$expected";
391    }
392    unless ($pass) {
393        # It seems Irix long doubles can have 2147483648 and 2147483648
394        # that stringify to the same thing but are actually numerically
395        # different. Display the numbers if $type isn't a string operator,
396        # and the numbers are stringwise the same.
397        # (all string operators have alphabetic names, so tr/a-z// is true)
398        # This will also show numbers for some unneeded cases, but will
399        # definitely be helpful for things such as == and <= that fail
400        if ($got eq $expected and $type !~ tr/a-z//) {
401            unshift @mess, "# $got - $expected = " . ($got - $expected) . "\n";
402        }
403        unshift(@mess, "#      got "._qq($got)."\n",
404                       "# expected $type "._qq($expected)."\n");
405    }
406    _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
407}
408
409# Check that $got is within $range of $expected
410# if $range is 0, then check it's exact
411# else if $expected is 0, then $range is an absolute value
412# otherwise $range is a fractional error.
413# Here $range must be numeric, >= 0
414# Non numeric ranges might be a useful future extension. (eg %)
415sub within ($$$@) {
416    my ($got, $expected, $range, $name, @mess) = @_;
417    my $pass;
418    if (!defined $got or !defined $expected or !defined $range) {
419        # This is a fail, but doesn't need extra diagnostics
420    } elsif ($got !~ tr/0-9// or $expected !~ tr/0-9// or $range !~ tr/0-9//) {
421        # This is a fail
422        unshift @mess, "# got, expected and range must be numeric\n";
423    } elsif ($range < 0) {
424        # This is also a fail
425        unshift @mess, "# range must not be negative\n";
426    } elsif ($range == 0) {
427        # Within 0 is ==
428        $pass = $got == $expected;
429    } elsif ($expected == 0) {
430        # If expected is 0, treat range as absolute
431        $pass = ($got <= $range) && ($got >= - $range);
432    } else {
433        my $diff = $got - $expected;
434        $pass = abs ($diff / $expected) < $range;
435    }
436    unless ($pass) {
437        if ($got eq $expected) {
438            unshift @mess, "# $got - $expected = " . ($got - $expected) . "\n";
439        }
440	unshift@mess, "#      got "._qq($got)."\n",
441		      "# expected "._qq($expected)." (within "._qq($range).")\n";
442    }
443    _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
444}
445
446# Note: this isn't quite as fancy as Test::More::like().
447
448sub like   ($$@) { like_yn (0,@_) }; # 0 for -
449sub unlike ($$@) { like_yn (1,@_) }; # 1 for un-
450
451sub like_yn ($$$@) {
452    my ($flip, undef, $expected, $name, @mess) = @_;
453
454    # We just accept like(..., qr/.../), not like(..., '...'), and
455    # definitely not like(..., '/.../') like
456    # Test::Builder::maybe_regex() does.
457    unless (re::is_regexp($expected)) {
458	die "PANIC: The value '$expected' isn't a regexp. The like() function needs a qr// pattern, not a string";
459    }
460
461    my $pass;
462    $pass = $_[1] =~ /$expected/ if !$flip;
463    $pass = $_[1] !~ /$expected/ if $flip;
464    my $display_got = $_[1];
465    $display_got = display($display_got);
466    my $display_expected = $expected;
467    $display_expected = display($display_expected);
468    unless ($pass) {
469	unshift(@mess, "#      got '$display_got'\n",
470		$flip
471		? "# expected !~ /$display_expected/\n"
472                : "# expected /$display_expected/\n");
473    }
474    local $Level = $Level + 1;
475    _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
476}
477
478sub pass {
479    _ok(1, '', @_);
480}
481
482sub fail {
483    _ok(0, _where(), @_);
484}
485
486sub curr_test {
487    $test = shift if @_;
488    return $test;
489}
490
491sub next_test {
492  my $retval = $test;
493  $test = $test + 1; # don't use ++
494  $retval;
495}
496
497# Note: can't pass multipart messages since we try to
498# be compatible with Test::More::skip().
499sub skip {
500    my $why = shift;
501    my $n   = @_ ? shift : 1;
502    my $bad_swap;
503    my $both_zero;
504    {
505      local $^W = 0;
506      $bad_swap = $why > 0 && $n == 0;
507      $both_zero = $why == 0 && $n == 0;
508    }
509    if ($bad_swap || $both_zero || @_) {
510      my $arg = "'$why', '$n'";
511      if (@_) {
512        $arg .= join(", ", '', map { qq['$_'] } @_);
513      }
514      die qq[$0: expected skip(why, count), got skip($arg)\n];
515    }
516    for (1..$n) {
517        _print "ok $test # skip $why\n";
518        $test = $test + 1;
519    }
520    local $^W = 0;
521    last SKIP;
522}
523
524sub skip_if_miniperl {
525    skip(@_) if is_miniperl();
526}
527
528sub skip_without_dynamic_extension {
529    my $extension = shift;
530    skip("no dynamic loading on miniperl, no extension $extension", @_)
531	if is_miniperl();
532    return if &_have_dynamic_extension($extension);
533    skip("extension $extension was not built", @_);
534}
535
536sub todo_skip {
537    my $why = shift;
538    my $n   = @_ ? shift : 1;
539
540    for (1..$n) {
541        _print "not ok $test # TODO & SKIP $why\n";
542        $test = $test + 1;
543    }
544    local $^W = 0;
545    last TODO;
546}
547
548sub eq_array {
549    my ($ra, $rb) = @_;
550    return 0 unless $#$ra == $#$rb;
551    for my $i (0..$#$ra) {
552	next     if !defined $ra->[$i] && !defined $rb->[$i];
553	return 0 if !defined $ra->[$i];
554	return 0 if !defined $rb->[$i];
555	return 0 unless $ra->[$i] eq $rb->[$i];
556    }
557    return 1;
558}
559
560sub eq_hash {
561  my ($orig, $suspect) = @_;
562  my $fail;
563  while (my ($key, $value) = each %$suspect) {
564    # Force a hash recompute if this perl's internals can cache the hash key.
565    $key = "" . $key;
566    if (exists $orig->{$key}) {
567      if (
568        defined $orig->{$key} != defined $value
569        || (defined $value && $orig->{$key} ne $value)
570      ) {
571        _print "# key ", _qq($key), " was ", _qq($orig->{$key}),
572                     " now ", _qq($value), "\n";
573        $fail = 1;
574      }
575    } else {
576      _print "# key ", _qq($key), " is ", _qq($value),
577                   ", not in original.\n";
578      $fail = 1;
579    }
580  }
581  foreach (keys %$orig) {
582    # Force a hash recompute if this perl's internals can cache the hash key.
583    $_ = "" . $_;
584    next if (exists $suspect->{$_});
585    _print "# key ", _qq($_), " was ", _qq($orig->{$_}), " now missing.\n";
586    $fail = 1;
587  }
588  !$fail;
589}
590
591# We only provide a subset of the Test::More functionality.
592sub require_ok ($) {
593    my ($require) = @_;
594    if ($require =~ tr/[A-Za-z0-9:.]//c) {
595	fail("Invalid character in \"$require\", passed to require_ok");
596    } else {
597	eval <<REQUIRE_OK;
598require $require;
599REQUIRE_OK
600	is($@, '', _where(), "require $require");
601    }
602}
603
604sub use_ok ($) {
605    my ($use) = @_;
606    if ($use =~ tr/[A-Za-z0-9:.]//c) {
607	fail("Invalid character in \"$use\", passed to use");
608    } else {
609	eval <<USE_OK;
610use $use;
611USE_OK
612	is($@, '', _where(), "use $use");
613    }
614}
615
616# runperl - Runs a separate perl interpreter and returns its output.
617# Arguments :
618#   switches => [ command-line switches ]
619#   nolib    => 1 # don't use -I../lib (included by default)
620#   non_portable => Don't warn if a one liner contains quotes
621#   prog     => one-liner (avoid quotes)
622#   progs    => [ multi-liner (avoid quotes) ]
623#   progfile => perl script
624#   stdin    => string to feed the stdin (or undef to redirect from /dev/null)
625#   stderr   => If 'devnull' suppresses stderr, if other TRUE value redirect
626#               stderr to stdout
627#   args     => [ command-line arguments to the perl program ]
628#   verbose  => print the command line
629
630my $is_mswin    = $^O eq 'MSWin32';
631my $is_netware  = $^O eq 'NetWare';
632my $is_vms      = $^O eq 'VMS';
633my $is_cygwin   = $^O eq 'cygwin';
634
635sub _quote_args {
636    my ($runperl, $args) = @_;
637
638    foreach (@$args) {
639	# In VMS protect with doublequotes because otherwise
640	# DCL will lowercase -- unless already doublequoted.
641       $_ = q(").$_.q(") if $is_vms && !/^\"/ && length($_) > 0;
642       $runperl = $runperl . ' ' . $_;
643    }
644    return $runperl;
645}
646
647sub _create_runperl { # Create the string to qx in runperl().
648    my %args = @_;
649    my $runperl = which_perl();
650    if ($runperl =~ m/\s/) {
651        $runperl = qq{"$runperl"};
652    }
653    #- this allows, for example, to set PERL_RUNPERL_DEBUG=/usr/bin/valgrind
654    if ($ENV{PERL_RUNPERL_DEBUG}) {
655	$runperl = "$ENV{PERL_RUNPERL_DEBUG} $runperl";
656    }
657    unless ($args{nolib}) {
658	$runperl = $runperl . ' "-I../lib" "-I." '; # doublequotes because of VMS
659    }
660    if ($args{switches}) {
661	local $Level = 2;
662	die "test.pl:runperl(): 'switches' must be an ARRAYREF " . _where()
663	    unless ref $args{switches} eq "ARRAY";
664	$runperl = _quote_args($runperl, $args{switches});
665    }
666    if (defined $args{prog}) {
667	die "test.pl:runperl(): both 'prog' and 'progs' cannot be used " . _where()
668	    if defined $args{progs};
669        $args{progs} = [split /\n/, $args{prog}, -1]
670    }
671    if (defined $args{progs}) {
672	die "test.pl:runperl(): 'progs' must be an ARRAYREF " . _where()
673	    unless ref $args{progs} eq "ARRAY";
674        foreach my $prog (@{$args{progs}}) {
675	    if (!$args{non_portable}) {
676		if ($prog =~ tr/'"//) {
677		    warn "quotes in prog >>$prog<< are not portable";
678		}
679		if ($prog =~ /^([<>|]|2>)/) {
680		    warn "Initial $1 in prog >>$prog<< is not portable";
681		}
682		if ($prog =~ /&\z/) {
683		    warn "Trailing & in prog >>$prog<< is not portable";
684		}
685	    }
686            if ($is_mswin || $is_netware || $is_vms) {
687                $runperl = $runperl . qq ( -e "$prog" );
688            }
689            else {
690                $runperl = $runperl . qq ( -e '$prog' );
691            }
692        }
693    } elsif (defined $args{progfile}) {
694	$runperl = $runperl . qq( "$args{progfile}");
695    } else {
696	# You probably didn't want to be sucking in from the upstream stdin
697	die "test.pl:runperl(): none of prog, progs, progfile, args, "
698	    . " switches or stdin specified"
699	    unless defined $args{args} or defined $args{switches}
700		or defined $args{stdin};
701    }
702    if (defined $args{stdin}) {
703	# so we don't try to put literal newlines and crs onto the
704	# command line.
705	$args{stdin} =~ s/\n/\\n/g;
706	$args{stdin} =~ s/\r/\\r/g;
707
708	if ($is_mswin || $is_netware || $is_vms) {
709	    $runperl = qq{$Perl -e "print qq(} .
710		$args{stdin} . q{)" | } . $runperl;
711	}
712	else {
713	    $runperl = qq{$Perl -e 'print qq(} .
714		$args{stdin} . q{)' | } . $runperl;
715	}
716    } elsif (exists $args{stdin}) {
717        # Using the pipe construction above can cause fun on systems which use
718        # ksh as /bin/sh, as ksh does pipes differently (with one less process)
719        # With sh, for the command line 'perl -e 'print qq()' | perl -e ...'
720        # the sh process forks two children, which use exec to start the two
721        # perl processes. The parent shell process persists for the duration of
722        # the pipeline, and the second perl process starts with no children.
723        # With ksh (and zsh), the shell saves a process by forking a child for
724        # just the first perl process, and execing itself to start the second.
725        # This means that the second perl process starts with one child which
726        # it didn't create. This causes "fun" when if the tests assume that
727        # wait (or waitpid) will only return information about processes
728        # started within the test.
729        # They also cause fun on VMS, where the pipe implementation returns
730        # the exit code of the process at the front of the pipeline, not the
731        # end. This messes up any test using OPTION FATAL.
732        # Hence it's useful to have a way to make STDIN be at eof without
733        # needing a pipeline, so that the fork tests have a sane environment
734        # without these surprises.
735
736        # /dev/null appears to be surprisingly portable.
737        $runperl = $runperl . ($is_mswin ? ' <nul' : ' </dev/null');
738    }
739    if (defined $args{args}) {
740	$runperl = _quote_args($runperl, $args{args});
741    }
742    if (exists $args{stderr} && $args{stderr} eq 'devnull') {
743        $runperl = $runperl . ($is_mswin ? ' 2>nul' : ' 2>/dev/null');
744    }
745    elsif ($args{stderr}) {
746        $runperl = $runperl . ' 2>&1';
747    }
748    if ($args{verbose}) {
749	my $runperldisplay = $runperl;
750	$runperldisplay =~ s/\n/\n\#/g;
751	_print_stderr "# $runperldisplay\n";
752    }
753    return $runperl;
754}
755
756# sub run_perl {} is alias to below
757sub runperl {
758    die "test.pl:runperl() does not take a hashref"
759	if ref $_[0] and ref $_[0] eq 'HASH';
760    my $runperl = &_create_runperl;
761    my $result;
762
763    my $tainted = ${^TAINT};
764    my %args = @_;
765    exists $args{switches} && grep m/^-T$/, @{$args{switches}} and $tainted = $tainted + 1;
766
767    if ($tainted) {
768	# We will assume that if you're running under -T, you really mean to
769	# run a fresh perl, so we'll brute force launder everything for you
770	my $sep;
771
772	if (! eval {require Config; 1}) {
773	    warn "test.pl had problems loading Config: $@";
774	    $sep = ':';
775	} else {
776	    $sep = $Config::Config{path_sep};
777	}
778
779	my @keys = grep {exists $ENV{$_}} qw(CDPATH IFS ENV BASH_ENV);
780	local @ENV{@keys} = ();
781	# Untaint, plus take out . and empty string:
782	local $ENV{'DCL$PATH'} = $1 if $is_vms && exists($ENV{'DCL$PATH'}) && ($ENV{'DCL$PATH'} =~ /(.*)/s);
783	$ENV{PATH} =~ /(.*)/s;
784	local $ENV{PATH} =
785	    join $sep, grep { $_ ne "" and $_ ne "." and -d $_ and
786		($is_mswin or $is_vms or !(stat && (stat _)[2]&0022)) }
787		    split quotemeta ($sep), $1;
788	if ($is_cygwin) {   # Must have /bin under Cygwin
789	    if (length $ENV{PATH}) {
790		$ENV{PATH} = $ENV{PATH} . $sep;
791	    }
792	    $ENV{PATH} = $ENV{PATH} . '/bin';
793	}
794	$runperl =~ /(.*)/s;
795	$runperl = $1;
796
797	$result = `$runperl`;
798    } else {
799	$result = `$runperl`;
800    }
801    $result =~ s/\n\n/\n/g if $is_vms; # XXX pipes sometimes double these
802    return $result;
803}
804
805# Nice alias
806*run_perl = *run_perl = \&runperl; # shut up "used only once" warning
807
808sub DIE {
809    _print_stderr "# @_\n";
810    exit 1;
811}
812
813# A somewhat safer version of the sometimes wrong $^X.
814sub which_perl {
815    unless (defined $Perl) {
816	$Perl = $^X;
817
818	# VMS should have 'perl' aliased properly
819	return $Perl if $is_vms;
820
821	my $exe;
822	if (! eval {require Config; 1}) {
823	    warn "test.pl had problems loading Config: $@";
824	    $exe = '';
825	} else {
826	    $exe = $Config::Config{_exe};
827	}
828       $exe = '' unless defined $exe;
829
830	# This doesn't absolutize the path: beware of future chdirs().
831	# We could do File::Spec->abs2rel() but that does getcwd()s,
832	# which is a bit heavyweight to do here.
833
834	if ($Perl =~ /^perl\Q$exe\E$/i) {
835	    my $perl = "perl$exe";
836	    if (! eval {require File::Spec; 1}) {
837		warn "test.pl had problems loading File::Spec: $@";
838		$Perl = "./$perl";
839	    } else {
840		$Perl = File::Spec->catfile(File::Spec->curdir(), $perl);
841	    }
842	}
843
844	# Build up the name of the executable file from the name of
845	# the command.
846
847	if ($Perl !~ /\Q$exe\E$/i) {
848	    $Perl = $Perl . $exe;
849	}
850
851	warn "which_perl: cannot find $Perl from $^X" unless -f $Perl;
852
853	# For subcommands to use.
854	$ENV{PERLEXE} = $Perl;
855    }
856    return $Perl;
857}
858
859sub unlink_all {
860    my $count = 0;
861    foreach my $file (@_) {
862        1 while unlink $file;
863	if( -f $file ){
864	    _print_stderr "# Couldn't unlink '$file': $!\n";
865	}else{
866	    $count = $count + 1; # don't use ++
867	}
868    }
869    $count;
870}
871
872# _num_to_alpha - Returns a string of letters representing a positive integer.
873# Arguments :
874#   number to convert
875#   maximum number of letters
876
877# returns undef if the number is negative
878# returns undef if the number of letters is greater than the maximum wanted
879
880# _num_to_alpha( 0) eq 'A';
881# _num_to_alpha( 1) eq 'B';
882# _num_to_alpha(25) eq 'Z';
883# _num_to_alpha(26) eq 'AA';
884# _num_to_alpha(27) eq 'AB';
885
886my @letters = qw(A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z);
887
888# Avoid ++ -- ranges split negative numbers
889sub _num_to_alpha{
890    my($num,$max_char) = @_;
891    return unless $num >= 0;
892    my $alpha = '';
893    my $char_count = 0;
894    $max_char = 0 if $max_char < 0;
895
896    while( 1 ){
897        $alpha = $letters[ $num % 26 ] . $alpha;
898        $num = int( $num / 26 );
899        last if $num == 0;
900        $num = $num - 1;
901
902        # char limit
903        next unless $max_char;
904        $char_count = $char_count + 1;
905        return if $char_count == $max_char;
906    }
907    return $alpha;
908}
909
910my %tmpfiles;
911END { unlink_all keys %tmpfiles }
912
913# A regexp that matches the tempfile names
914$::tempfile_regexp = 'tmp\d+[A-Z][A-Z]?';
915
916# Avoid ++, avoid ranges, avoid split //
917my $tempfile_count = 0;
918sub tempfile {
919    while(1){
920	my $try = (-d "t" ? "t/" : "")."tmp$$";
921        my $alpha = _num_to_alpha($tempfile_count,2);
922        last unless defined $alpha;
923        $try = $try . $alpha;
924        $tempfile_count = $tempfile_count + 1;
925
926	# Need to note all the file names we allocated, as a second request may
927	# come before the first is created.
928	if (!$tmpfiles{$try} && !-e $try) {
929	    # We have a winner
930	    $tmpfiles{$try} = 1;
931	    return $try;
932	}
933    }
934    die "Can't find temporary file name starting \"tmp$$\"";
935}
936
937# register_tempfile - Adds a list of files to be removed at the end of the current test file
938# Arguments :
939#   a list of files to be removed later
940
941# returns a count of how many file names were actually added
942
943# Reuses %tmpfiles so that tempfile() will also skip any files added here
944# even if the file doesn't exist yet.
945
946sub register_tempfile {
947    my $count = 0;
948    for( @_ ){
949	if( $tmpfiles{$_} ){
950	    _print_stderr "# Temporary file '$_' already added\n";
951	}else{
952	    $tmpfiles{$_} = 1;
953	    $count = $count + 1;
954	}
955    }
956    return $count;
957}
958
959# This is the temporary file for fresh_perl
960my $tmpfile = tempfile();
961
962sub fresh_perl {
963    my($prog, $runperl_args) = @_;
964
965    # Run 'runperl' with the complete perl program contained in '$prog', and
966    # arguments in the hash referred to by '$runperl_args'.  The results are
967    # returned, with $? set to the exit code.  Unless overridden, stderr is
968    # redirected to stdout.
969
970    die sprintf "Third argument to fresh_perl_.* must be hashref of args to fresh_perl (or {})"
971        unless !(defined $runperl_args) || ref($runperl_args) eq 'HASH';
972
973    # Given the choice of the mis-parsable {}
974    # (we want an anon hash, but a borked lexer might think that it's a block)
975    # or relying on taking a reference to a lexical
976    # (\ might be mis-parsed, and the reference counting on the pad may go
977    #  awry)
978    # it feels like the least-worse thing is to assume that auto-vivification
979    # works. At least, this is only going to be a run-time failure, so won't
980    # affect tests using this file but not this function.
981    $runperl_args->{progfile} ||= $tmpfile;
982    $runperl_args->{stderr}     = 1 unless exists $runperl_args->{stderr};
983
984    open TEST, '>', $tmpfile or die "Cannot open $tmpfile: $!";
985    binmode TEST, ':utf8' if $runperl_args->{wide_chars};
986    print TEST $prog;
987    close TEST or die "Cannot close $tmpfile: $!";
988
989    my $results = runperl(%$runperl_args);
990    my $status = $?;    # Not necessary to save this, but it makes it clear to
991                        # future maintainers.
992
993    # Clean up the results into something a bit more predictable.
994    $results  =~ s/\n+$//;
995    $results =~ s/at\s+$::tempfile_regexp\s+line/at - line/g;
996    $results =~ s/of\s+$::tempfile_regexp\s+aborted/of - aborted/g;
997
998    # bison says 'parse error' instead of 'syntax error',
999    # various yaccs may or may not capitalize 'syntax'.
1000    $results =~ s/^(syntax|parse) error/syntax error/mig;
1001
1002    if ($is_vms) {
1003        # some tests will trigger VMS messages that won't be expected
1004        $results =~ s/\n?%[A-Z]+-[SIWEF]-[A-Z]+,.*//;
1005
1006        # pipes double these sometimes
1007        $results =~ s/\n\n/\n/g;
1008    }
1009
1010    $? = $status;
1011    return $results;
1012}
1013
1014
1015sub _fresh_perl {
1016    my($prog, $action, $expect, $runperl_args, $name) = @_;
1017
1018    my $results = fresh_perl($prog, $runperl_args);
1019    my $status = $?;
1020
1021    # Use the first line of the program as a name if none was given
1022    unless( $name ) {
1023        ($first_line, $name) = $prog =~ /^((.{1,50}).*)/;
1024        $name = $name . '...' if length $first_line > length $name;
1025    }
1026
1027    # Historically this was implemented using a closure, but then that means
1028    # that the tests for closures avoid using this code. Given that there
1029    # are exactly two callers, doing exactly two things, the simpler approach
1030    # feels like a better trade off.
1031    my $pass;
1032    if ($action eq 'eq') {
1033	$pass = is($results, $expect, $name);
1034    } elsif ($action eq '=~') {
1035	$pass = like($results, $expect, $name);
1036    } else {
1037	die "_fresh_perl can't process action '$action'";
1038    }
1039
1040    unless ($pass) {
1041        _diag "# PROG: \n$prog\n";
1042        _diag "# STATUS: $status\n";
1043    }
1044
1045    return $pass;
1046}
1047
1048#
1049# fresh_perl_is
1050#
1051# Combination of run_perl() and is().
1052#
1053
1054sub fresh_perl_is {
1055    my($prog, $expected, $runperl_args, $name) = @_;
1056
1057    # _fresh_perl() is going to clip the trailing newlines off the result.
1058    # This will make it so the test author doesn't have to know that.
1059    $expected =~ s/\n+$//;
1060
1061    local $Level = 2;
1062    _fresh_perl($prog, 'eq', $expected, $runperl_args, $name);
1063}
1064
1065#
1066# fresh_perl_like
1067#
1068# Combination of run_perl() and like().
1069#
1070
1071sub fresh_perl_like {
1072    my($prog, $expected, $runperl_args, $name) = @_;
1073    local $Level = 2;
1074    _fresh_perl($prog, '=~', $expected, $runperl_args, $name);
1075}
1076
1077# Many tests use the same format in __DATA__ or external files to specify a
1078# sequence of (fresh) tests to run, extra files they may temporarily need, and
1079# what the expected output is.  Putting it here allows common code to serve
1080# these multiple tests.
1081#
1082# Each program is source code to run followed by an "EXPECT" line, followed
1083# by the expected output.
1084#
1085# The first line of the code to run may be a command line switch such as -wE
1086# or -0777 (alphanumerics only; only one cluster, beginning with a minus is
1087# allowed).  Later lines may contain (note the '# ' on each):
1088#   # TODO reason for todo
1089#   # SKIP reason for skip
1090#   # SKIP ?code to test if this should be skipped
1091#   # NAME name of the test (as with ok($ok, $name))
1092#
1093# The expected output may contain:
1094#   OPTION list of options
1095#   OPTIONS list of options
1096#
1097# The possible options for OPTION may be:
1098#   regex - the expected output is a regular expression
1099#   random - all lines match but in any order
1100#   fatal - the code will fail fatally (croak, die)
1101#
1102# If the actual output contains a line "SKIPPED" the test will be
1103# skipped.
1104#
1105# If the actual output contains a line "PREFIX", any output starting with that
1106# line will be ignored when comparing with the expected output
1107#
1108# If the global variable $FATAL is true then OPTION fatal is the
1109# default.
1110
1111sub _setup_one_file {
1112    my $fh = shift;
1113    # Store the filename as a program that started at line 0.
1114    # Real files count lines starting at line 1.
1115    my @these = (0, shift);
1116    my ($lineno, $current);
1117    while (<$fh>) {
1118        if ($_ eq "########\n") {
1119            if (defined $current) {
1120                push @these, $lineno, $current;
1121            }
1122            undef $current;
1123        } else {
1124            if (!defined $current) {
1125                $lineno = $.;
1126            }
1127            $current .= $_;
1128        }
1129    }
1130    if (defined $current) {
1131        push @these, $lineno, $current;
1132    }
1133    ((scalar @these) / 2 - 1, @these);
1134}
1135
1136sub setup_multiple_progs {
1137    my ($tests, @prgs);
1138    foreach my $file (@_) {
1139        next if $file =~ /(?:~|\.orig|,v)$/;
1140        next if $file =~ /perlio$/ && !PerlIO::Layer->find('perlio');
1141        next if -d $file;
1142
1143        open my $fh, '<', $file or die "Cannot open $file: $!\n" ;
1144        my $found;
1145        while (<$fh>) {
1146            if (/^__END__/) {
1147                $found = $found + 1; # don't use ++
1148                last;
1149            }
1150        }
1151        # This is an internal error, and should never happen. All bar one of
1152        # the files had an __END__ marker to signal the end of their preamble,
1153        # although for some it wasn't technically necessary as they have no
1154        # tests. It might be possible to process files without an __END__ by
1155        # seeking back to the start and treating the whole file as tests, but
1156        # it's simpler and more reliable just to make the rule that all files
1157        # must have __END__ in. This should never fail - a file without an
1158        # __END__ should not have been checked in, because the regression tests
1159        # would not have passed.
1160        die "Could not find '__END__' in $file"
1161            unless $found;
1162
1163        my ($t, @p) = _setup_one_file($fh, $file);
1164        $tests += $t;
1165        push @prgs, @p;
1166
1167        close $fh
1168            or die "Cannot close $file: $!\n";
1169    }
1170    return ($tests, @prgs);
1171}
1172
1173sub run_multiple_progs {
1174    my $up = shift;
1175    my @prgs;
1176    if ($up) {
1177	# The tests in lib run in a temporary subdirectory of t, and always
1178	# pass in a list of "programs" to run
1179	@prgs = @_;
1180    } else {
1181        # The tests below t run in t and pass in a file handle. In theory we
1182        # can pass (caller)[1] as the second argument to report errors with
1183        # the filename of our caller, as the handle is always DATA. However,
1184        # line numbers in DATA count from the __END__ token, so will be wrong.
1185        # Which is more confusing than not providing line numbers. So, for now,
1186        # don't provide line numbers. No obvious clean solution - one hack
1187        # would be to seek DATA back to the start and read to the __END__ token,
1188        # but that feels almost like we should just open $0 instead.
1189
1190        # Not going to rely on undef in list assignment.
1191        my $dummy;
1192        ($dummy, @prgs) = _setup_one_file(shift);
1193    }
1194
1195    my $tmpfile = tempfile();
1196
1197    my ($file, $line);
1198  PROGRAM:
1199    while (defined ($line = shift @prgs)) {
1200        $_ = shift @prgs;
1201        unless ($line) {
1202            $file = $_;
1203            if (defined $file) {
1204                print "# From $file\n";
1205            }
1206	    next;
1207	}
1208	my $switch = "";
1209	my @temps ;
1210	my @temp_path;
1211	if (s/^(\s*-\w+)//) {
1212	    $switch = $1;
1213	}
1214	my ($prog, $expected) = split(/\nEXPECT(?:\n|$)/, $_, 2);
1215
1216	my %reason;
1217	foreach my $what (qw(skip todo)) {
1218	    $prog =~ s/^#\s*\U$what\E\s*(.*)\n//m and $reason{$what} = $1;
1219	    # If the SKIP reason starts ? then it's taken as a code snippet to
1220	    # evaluate. This provides the flexibility to have conditional SKIPs
1221	    if ($reason{$what} && $reason{$what} =~ s/^\?//) {
1222		my $temp = eval $reason{$what};
1223		if ($@) {
1224		    die "# In \U$what\E code reason:\n# $reason{$what}\n$@";
1225		}
1226		$reason{$what} = $temp;
1227	    }
1228	}
1229
1230	my $name = '';
1231	if ($prog =~ s/^#\s*NAME\s+(.+)\n//m) {
1232	    $name = $1;
1233	}
1234
1235	if ($reason{skip}) {
1236	SKIP:
1237	  {
1238	    skip($name ? "$name - $reason{skip}" : $reason{skip}, 1);
1239	  }
1240	  next PROGRAM;
1241	}
1242
1243	if ($prog =~ /--FILE--/) {
1244	    my @files = split(/\n?--FILE--\s*([^\s\n]*)\s*\n/, $prog) ;
1245	    shift @files ;
1246	    die "Internal error: test $_ didn't split into pairs, got " .
1247		scalar(@files) . "[" . join("%%%%", @files) ."]\n"
1248		    if @files % 2;
1249	    while (@files > 2) {
1250		my $filename = shift @files;
1251		my $code = shift @files;
1252		push @temps, $filename;
1253		if ($filename =~ m#(.*)/# && $filename !~ m#^\.\./#) {
1254		    require File::Path;
1255		    File::Path::mkpath($1);
1256		    push(@temp_path, $1);
1257		}
1258		open my $fh, '>', $filename or die "Cannot open $filename: $!\n";
1259		print $fh $code;
1260		close $fh or die "Cannot close $filename: $!\n";
1261	    }
1262	    shift @files;
1263	    $prog = shift @files;
1264	}
1265
1266	open my $fh, '>', $tmpfile or die "Cannot open >$tmpfile: $!";
1267	print $fh q{
1268        BEGIN {
1269            push @INC, '.';
1270            open STDERR, '>&', STDOUT
1271              or die "Can't dup STDOUT->STDERR: $!;";
1272        }
1273	};
1274	print $fh "\n#line 1\n";  # So the line numbers don't get messed up.
1275	print $fh $prog,"\n";
1276	close $fh or die "Cannot close $tmpfile: $!";
1277	my $results = runperl( stderr => 1, progfile => $tmpfile,
1278			       stdin => undef, $up
1279			       ? (switches => ["-I$up/lib", $switch], nolib => 1)
1280			       : (switches => [$switch])
1281			        );
1282	my $status = $?;
1283	$results =~ s/\n+$//;
1284	# allow expected output to be written as if $prog is on STDIN
1285	$results =~ s/$::tempfile_regexp/-/g;
1286	if ($^O eq 'VMS') {
1287	    # some tests will trigger VMS messages that won't be expected
1288	    $results =~ s/\n?%[A-Z]+-[SIWEF]-[A-Z]+,.*//;
1289
1290	    # pipes double these sometimes
1291	    $results =~ s/\n\n/\n/g;
1292	}
1293	# bison says 'parse error' instead of 'syntax error',
1294	# various yaccs may or may not capitalize 'syntax'.
1295	$results =~ s/^(syntax|parse) error/syntax error/mig;
1296	# allow all tests to run when there are leaks
1297	$results =~ s/Scalars leaked: \d+\n//g;
1298
1299	$expected =~ s/\n+$//;
1300	my $prefix = ($results =~ s#^PREFIX(\n|$)##) ;
1301	# any special options? (OPTIONS foo bar zap)
1302	my $option_regex = 0;
1303	my $option_random = 0;
1304	my $fatal = $FATAL;
1305	if ($expected =~ s/^OPTIONS? (.+)\n//) {
1306	    foreach my $option (split(' ', $1)) {
1307		if ($option eq 'regex') { # allow regular expressions
1308		    $option_regex = 1;
1309		}
1310		elsif ($option eq 'random') { # all lines match, but in any order
1311		    $option_random = 1;
1312		}
1313		elsif ($option eq 'fatal') { # perl should fail
1314		    $fatal = 1;
1315		}
1316		else {
1317		    die "$0: Unknown OPTION '$option'\n";
1318		}
1319	    }
1320	}
1321	die "$0: can't have OPTION regex and random\n"
1322	    if $option_regex + $option_random > 1;
1323	my $ok = 0;
1324	if ($results =~ s/^SKIPPED\n//) {
1325	    print "$results\n" ;
1326	    $ok = 1;
1327	}
1328	else {
1329	    if ($option_random) {
1330	        my @got = sort split "\n", $results;
1331	        my @expected = sort split "\n", $expected;
1332
1333	        $ok = "@got" eq "@expected";
1334	    }
1335	    elsif ($option_regex) {
1336	        $ok = $results =~ /^$expected/;
1337	    }
1338	    elsif ($prefix) {
1339	        $ok = $results =~ /^\Q$expected/;
1340	    }
1341	    else {
1342	        $ok = $results eq $expected;
1343	    }
1344
1345	    if ($ok && $fatal && !($status >> 8)) {
1346		$ok = 0;
1347	    }
1348	}
1349
1350	local $::TODO = $reason{todo};
1351
1352	unless ($ok) {
1353	    my $err_line = "PROG: $switch\n$prog\n" .
1354			   "EXPECTED:\n$expected\n";
1355	    $err_line   .= "EXIT STATUS: != 0\n" if $fatal;
1356	    $err_line   .= "GOT:\n$results\n";
1357	    $err_line   .= "EXIT STATUS: " . ($status >> 8) . "\n" if $fatal;
1358	    if ($::TODO) {
1359		$err_line =~ s/^/# /mg;
1360		print $err_line;  # Harness can't filter it out from STDERR.
1361	    }
1362	    else {
1363		print STDERR $err_line;
1364	    }
1365	}
1366
1367        if (defined $file) {
1368            _ok($ok, "at $file line $line", $name);
1369        } else {
1370            # We don't have file and line number data for the test, so report
1371            # errors as coming from our caller.
1372            local $Level = $Level + 1;
1373            ok($ok, $name);
1374        }
1375
1376	foreach (@temps) {
1377	    unlink $_ if $_;
1378	}
1379	foreach (@temp_path) {
1380	    File::Path::rmtree $_ if -d $_;
1381	}
1382    }
1383}
1384
1385sub can_ok ($@) {
1386    my($proto, @methods) = @_;
1387    my $class = ref $proto || $proto;
1388
1389    unless( @methods ) {
1390        return _ok( 0, _where(), "$class->can(...)" );
1391    }
1392
1393    my @nok = ();
1394    foreach my $method (@methods) {
1395        local($!, $@);  # don't interfere with caller's $@
1396                        # eval sometimes resets $!
1397        eval { $proto->can($method) } || push @nok, $method;
1398    }
1399
1400    my $name;
1401    $name = @methods == 1 ? "$class->can('$methods[0]')"
1402                          : "$class->can(...)";
1403
1404    _ok( !@nok, _where(), $name );
1405}
1406
1407
1408# Call $class->new( @$args ); and run the result through object_ok.
1409# See Test::More::new_ok
1410sub new_ok {
1411    my($class, $args, $obj_name) = @_;
1412    $args ||= [];
1413    $object_name = "The object" unless defined $obj_name;
1414
1415    local $Level = $Level + 1;
1416
1417    my $obj;
1418    my $ok = eval { $obj = $class->new(@$args); 1 };
1419    my $error = $@;
1420
1421    if($ok) {
1422        object_ok($obj, $class, $object_name);
1423    }
1424    else {
1425        ok( 0, "new() died" );
1426        diag("Error was:  $@");
1427    }
1428
1429    return $obj;
1430
1431}
1432
1433
1434sub isa_ok ($$;$) {
1435    my($object, $class, $obj_name) = @_;
1436
1437    my $diag;
1438    $obj_name = 'The object' unless defined $obj_name;
1439    my $name = "$obj_name isa $class";
1440    if( !defined $object ) {
1441        $diag = "$obj_name isn't defined";
1442    }
1443    else {
1444        my $whatami = ref $object ? 'object' : 'class';
1445
1446        # We can't use UNIVERSAL::isa because we want to honor isa() overrides
1447        local($@, $!);  # eval sometimes resets $!
1448        my $rslt = eval { $object->isa($class) };
1449        my $error = $@;  # in case something else blows away $@
1450
1451        if( $error ) {
1452            if( $error =~ /^Can't call method "isa" on unblessed reference/ ) {
1453                # It's an unblessed reference
1454                $obj_name = 'The reference' unless defined $obj_name;
1455                if( !UNIVERSAL::isa($object, $class) ) {
1456                    my $ref = ref $object;
1457                    $diag = "$obj_name isn't a '$class' it's a '$ref'";
1458                }
1459            }
1460            elsif( $error =~ /Can't call method "isa" without a package/ ) {
1461                # It's something that can't even be a class
1462                $obj_name = 'The thing' unless defined $obj_name;
1463                $diag = "$obj_name isn't a class or reference";
1464            }
1465            else {
1466                die <<WHOA;
1467WHOA! I tried to call ->isa on your object and got some weird error.
1468This should never happen.  Please contact the author immediately.
1469Here's the error.
1470$@
1471WHOA
1472            }
1473        }
1474        elsif( !$rslt ) {
1475            $obj_name = "The $whatami" unless defined $obj_name;
1476            my $ref = ref $object;
1477            $diag = "$obj_name isn't a '$class' it's a '$ref'";
1478        }
1479    }
1480
1481    _ok( !$diag, _where(), $name );
1482}
1483
1484
1485sub class_ok {
1486    my($class, $isa, $class_name) = @_;
1487
1488    # Written so as to count as one test
1489    local $Level = $Level + 1;
1490    if( ref $class ) {
1491        ok( 0, "$class is a reference, not a class name" );
1492    }
1493    else {
1494        isa_ok($class, $isa, $class_name);
1495    }
1496}
1497
1498
1499sub object_ok {
1500    my($obj, $isa, $obj_name) = @_;
1501
1502    local $Level = $Level + 1;
1503    if( !ref $obj ) {
1504        ok( 0, "$obj is not a reference" );
1505    }
1506    else {
1507        isa_ok($obj, $isa, $obj_name);
1508    }
1509}
1510
1511
1512# Purposefully avoiding a closure.
1513sub __capture {
1514    push @::__capture, join "", @_;
1515}
1516
1517sub capture_warnings {
1518    my $code = shift;
1519
1520    local @::__capture;
1521    local $SIG {__WARN__} = \&__capture;
1522    local $Level = 1;
1523    &$code;
1524    return @::__capture;
1525}
1526
1527# This will generate a variable number of tests.
1528# Use done_testing() instead of a fixed plan.
1529sub warnings_like {
1530    my ($code, $expect, $name) = @_;
1531    local $Level = $Level + 1;
1532
1533    my @w = capture_warnings($code);
1534
1535    cmp_ok(scalar @w, '==', scalar @$expect, $name);
1536    foreach my $e (@$expect) {
1537	if (ref $e) {
1538	    like(shift @w, $e, $name);
1539	} else {
1540	    is(shift @w, $e, $name);
1541	}
1542    }
1543    if (@w) {
1544	diag("Saw these additional warnings:");
1545	diag($_) foreach @w;
1546    }
1547}
1548
1549sub _fail_excess_warnings {
1550    my($expect, $got, $name) = @_;
1551    local $Level = $Level + 1;
1552    # This will fail, and produce diagnostics
1553    is($expect, scalar @$got, $name);
1554    diag("Saw these warnings:");
1555    diag($_) foreach @$got;
1556}
1557
1558sub warning_is {
1559    my ($code, $expect, $name) = @_;
1560    die sprintf "Expect must be a string or undef, not a %s reference", ref $expect
1561	if ref $expect;
1562    local $Level = $Level + 1;
1563    my @w = capture_warnings($code);
1564    if (@w > 1) {
1565	_fail_excess_warnings(0 + defined $expect, \@w, $name);
1566    } else {
1567	is($w[0], $expect, $name);
1568    }
1569}
1570
1571sub warning_like {
1572    my ($code, $expect, $name) = @_;
1573    die sprintf "Expect must be a regexp object"
1574	unless ref $expect eq 'Regexp';
1575    local $Level = $Level + 1;
1576    my @w = capture_warnings($code);
1577    if (@w > 1) {
1578	_fail_excess_warnings(0 + defined $expect, \@w, $name);
1579    } else {
1580	like($w[0], $expect, $name);
1581    }
1582}
1583
1584# Set a watchdog to timeout the entire test file
1585# NOTE:  If the test file uses 'threads', then call the watchdog() function
1586#        _AFTER_ the 'threads' module is loaded.
1587sub watchdog ($;$)
1588{
1589    my $timeout = shift;
1590    my $method  = shift || "";
1591    my $timeout_msg = 'Test process timed out - terminating';
1592
1593    # Valgrind slows perl way down so give it more time before dying.
1594    $timeout *= 10 if $ENV{PERL_VALGRIND};
1595
1596    my $pid_to_kill = $$;   # PID for this process
1597
1598    if ($method eq "alarm") {
1599        goto WATCHDOG_VIA_ALARM;
1600    }
1601
1602    # shut up use only once warning
1603    my $threads_on = $threads::threads && $threads::threads;
1604
1605    # Don't use a watchdog process if 'threads' is loaded -
1606    #   use a watchdog thread instead
1607    if (!$threads_on || $method eq "process") {
1608
1609        # On Windows and VMS, try launching a watchdog process
1610        #   using system(1, ...) (see perlport.pod)
1611        if ($is_mswin || $is_vms) {
1612            # On Windows, try to get the 'real' PID
1613            if ($is_mswin) {
1614                eval { require Win32; };
1615                if (defined(&Win32::GetCurrentProcessId)) {
1616                    $pid_to_kill = Win32::GetCurrentProcessId();
1617                }
1618            }
1619
1620            # If we still have a fake PID, we can't use this method at all
1621            return if ($pid_to_kill <= 0);
1622
1623            # Launch watchdog process
1624            my $watchdog;
1625            eval {
1626                local $SIG{'__WARN__'} = sub {
1627                    _diag("Watchdog warning: $_[0]");
1628                };
1629                my $sig = $is_vms ? 'TERM' : 'KILL';
1630                my $prog = "sleep($timeout);" .
1631                           "warn qq/# $timeout_msg" . '\n/;' .
1632                           "kill(q/$sig/, $pid_to_kill);";
1633
1634                # On Windows use the indirect object plus LIST form to guarantee
1635                # that perl is launched directly rather than via the shell (see
1636                # perlfunc.pod), and ensure that the LIST has multiple elements
1637                # since the indirect object plus COMMANDSTRING form seems to
1638                # hang (see perl #121283). Don't do this on VMS, which doesn't
1639                # support the LIST form at all.
1640                if ($is_mswin) {
1641                    my $runperl = which_perl();
1642                    if ($runperl =~ m/\s/) {
1643                        $runperl = qq{"$runperl"};
1644                    }
1645                    $watchdog = system({ $runperl } 1, $runperl, '-e', $prog);
1646                }
1647                else {
1648                    my $cmd = _create_runperl(prog => $prog);
1649                    $watchdog = system(1, $cmd);
1650                }
1651            };
1652            if ($@ || ($watchdog <= 0)) {
1653                _diag('Failed to start watchdog');
1654                _diag($@) if $@;
1655                undef($watchdog);
1656                return;
1657            }
1658
1659            # Add END block to parent to terminate and
1660            #   clean up watchdog process
1661            eval("END { local \$! = 0; local \$? = 0;
1662                        wait() if kill('KILL', $watchdog); };");
1663            return;
1664        }
1665
1666        # Try using fork() to generate a watchdog process
1667        my $watchdog;
1668        eval { $watchdog = fork() };
1669        if (defined($watchdog)) {
1670            if ($watchdog) {   # Parent process
1671                # Add END block to parent to terminate and
1672                #   clean up watchdog process
1673                eval "END { local \$! = 0; local \$? = 0;
1674                            wait() if kill('KILL', $watchdog); };";
1675                return;
1676            }
1677
1678            ### Watchdog process code
1679
1680            # Load POSIX if available
1681            eval { require POSIX; };
1682
1683            # Execute the timeout
1684            sleep($timeout - 2) if ($timeout > 2);   # Workaround for perlbug #49073
1685            sleep(2);
1686
1687            # Kill test process if still running
1688            if (kill(0, $pid_to_kill)) {
1689                _diag($timeout_msg);
1690                kill('KILL', $pid_to_kill);
1691		if ($is_cygwin) {
1692		    # sometimes the above isn't enough on cygwin
1693		    sleep 1; # wait a little, it might have worked after all
1694		    system("/bin/kill -f $pid_to_kill");
1695		}
1696            }
1697
1698            # Don't execute END block (added at beginning of this file)
1699            $NO_ENDING = 1;
1700
1701            # Terminate ourself (i.e., the watchdog)
1702            POSIX::_exit(1) if (defined(&POSIX::_exit));
1703            exit(1);
1704        }
1705
1706        # fork() failed - fall through and try using a thread
1707    }
1708
1709    # Use a watchdog thread because either 'threads' is loaded,
1710    #   or fork() failed
1711    if (eval {require threads; 1}) {
1712        'threads'->create(sub {
1713                # Load POSIX if available
1714                eval { require POSIX; };
1715
1716                # Execute the timeout
1717                my $time_left = $timeout;
1718                do {
1719                    $time_left = $time_left - sleep($time_left);
1720                } while ($time_left > 0);
1721
1722                # Kill the parent (and ourself)
1723                select(STDERR); $| = 1;
1724                _diag($timeout_msg);
1725                POSIX::_exit(1) if (defined(&POSIX::_exit));
1726                my $sig = $is_vms ? 'TERM' : 'KILL';
1727                kill($sig, $pid_to_kill);
1728            })->detach();
1729        return;
1730    }
1731
1732    # If everything above fails, then just use an alarm timeout
1733WATCHDOG_VIA_ALARM:
1734    if (eval { alarm($timeout); 1; }) {
1735        # Load POSIX if available
1736        eval { require POSIX; };
1737
1738        # Alarm handler will do the actual 'killing'
1739        $SIG{'ALRM'} = sub {
1740            select(STDERR); $| = 1;
1741            _diag($timeout_msg);
1742            POSIX::_exit(1) if (defined(&POSIX::_exit));
1743            my $sig = $is_vms ? 'TERM' : 'KILL';
1744            kill($sig, $pid_to_kill);
1745        };
1746    }
1747}
1748
17491;
1750