1<!DOCTYPE html> 2<html> 3<head> 4<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII"> 5<meta name="generator" content="hevea 2.18"> 6<title>The OCaml system, release 4.05 7</title> 8<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="manual.css"> 9</head> 10<body> 11<!--HEVEA command line is: hevea -fix -exec xxdate.exe -O -I .. -I ../refman -I ../library -I ../cmds -I ../tutorials -I ../../styles -I ../texstuff manual.hva -e macros.tex ../manual.tex --> 12<!--HACHA command line is: hacha -tocter manual.html --> 13<div class="center"> 14 <span style="font-size:xx-large"><span style="font-size:150%">The OCaml system <br> 15 release 4.05<br> 16<span style="font-size:x-large">Documentation and user’s manual <br> 17<span style="font-size:large">Xavier Leroy, <br> 18 Damien Doligez, Alain Frisch, Jacques Garrigue, Didier Rémy and Jérôme Vouillon <br> 19 July 13, 2017<br> 20   21<span style="font-size:medium">Copyright © 2013 Institut National de 22Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique 23</span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote class="quote"> 24<hr style="height:2"> 25This manual is also available in 26<a href="http://caml.inria.fr/distrib/ocaml-4.05/ocaml-4.05-refman.pdf">PDF</a>. 27<a href="http://caml.inria.fr/distrib/ocaml-4.05/ocaml-4.05-refman.ps.gz">Postscript</a>, 28<a href="http://caml.inria.fr/distrib/ocaml-4.05/ocaml-4.05-refman.dvi.gz">DVI</a>, 29<a href="http://caml.inria.fr/distrib/ocaml-4.05/ocaml-4.05-refman.txt">plain text</a>, 30as a 31<a href="http://caml.inria.fr/distrib/ocaml-4.05/ocaml-4.05-refman-html.tar.gz">bundle of HTML files</a>, 32and as a 33<a href="http://caml.inria.fr/distrib/ocaml-4.05/ocaml-4.05-refman.info.tar.gz">bundle of Emacs Info files</a>. 34<hr style="height:2"> 35</blockquote><ul> 36<li><a href="manual001.html">Contents</a> 37</li><li><a href="foreword.html">Foreword</a> 38</li></ul> 39<table class="center"><tr><td><h1 class="part" id="sec6">Part I<br> 40An introduction to OCaml</h1></td></tr> 41</table> 42<p> 43<a id="p:tutorials"></a> 44</p> 45<ul> 46<li><a href="coreexamples.html">Chapter 1  The core language</a> 47</li><li><a href="moduleexamples.html">Chapter 2  The module system</a> 48</li><li><a href="objectexamples.html">Chapter 3  Objects in OCaml</a> 49</li><li><a href="lablexamples.html">Chapter 4  Labels and variants</a> 50</li><li><a href="advexamples.html">Chapter 5  Advanced examples with classes and modules</a> 51</li></ul> 52<table class="center"><tr><td><h1 class="part" id="sec58">Part II<br> 53The OCaml language</h1></td></tr> 54</table> 55<p> 56<a id="p:refman"></a> 57</p> 58<ul> 59<li><a href="language.html">Chapter 6  The OCaml language</a> 60</li><li><a href="extn.html">Chapter 7  Language extensions</a> 61</li></ul> 62<table class="center"><tr><td><h1 class="part" id="sec263">Part III<br> 63The OCaml tools</h1></td></tr> 64</table> 65<p> 66<a id="p:commands"></a></p> 67<ul> 68<li><a href="comp.html">Chapter 8  Batch compilation (ocamlc)</a> 69</li><li><a href="toplevel.html">Chapter 9  The toplevel system (ocaml)</a> 70</li><li><a href="runtime.html">Chapter 10  The runtime system (ocamlrun)</a> 71</li><li><a href="native.html">Chapter 11  Native-code compilation (ocamlopt)</a> 72</li><li><a href="lexyacc.html">Chapter 12  Lexer and parser generators (ocamllex, ocamlyacc)</a> 73</li><li><a href="depend.html">Chapter 13  Dependency generator (ocamldep)</a> 74</li><li><a href="browser.html">Chapter 14  The browser/editor (ocamlbrowser)</a> 75</li><li><a href="ocamldoc.html">Chapter 15  The documentation generator (ocamldoc)</a> 76</li><li><a href="debugger.html">Chapter 16  The debugger (ocamldebug)</a> 77</li><li><a href="profil.html">Chapter 17  Profiling (ocamlprof)</a> 78</li><li><a href="manual032.html">Chapter 18  The ocamlbuild compilation manager</a> 79</li><li><a href="intfc.html">Chapter 19  Interfacing C with OCaml</a> 80</li><li><a href="flambda.html">Chapter 20  Optimisation with Flambda</a> 81</li><li><a href="spacetime.html">Chapter 21  Memory profiling with Spacetime</a> 82</li><li><a href="afl-fuzz.html">Chapter 22  Fuzzing with afl-fuzz</a> 83</li></ul> 84<table class="center"><tr><td><h1 class="part" id="sec522">Part IV<br> 85The OCaml library</h1></td></tr> 86</table> 87<p> 88<a id="p:library"></a> 89</p> 90<ul> 91<li><a href="core.html">Chapter 23  The core library</a> 92</li><li><a href="stdlib.html">Chapter 24  The standard library</a> 93</li><li><a href="parsing.html">Chapter 25  The compiler front-end</a> 94</li><li><a href="libunix.html">Chapter 26  The unix library: Unix system calls</a> 95</li><li><a href="libnum.html">Chapter 27  The num library: arbitrary-precision rational arithmetic</a> 96</li><li><a href="libstr.html">Chapter 28  The str library: regular expressions and string processing</a> 97</li><li><a href="libthreads.html">Chapter 29  The threads library</a> 98</li><li><a href="libgraph.html">Chapter 30  The graphics library</a> 99</li><li><a href="libdynlink.html">Chapter 31  The dynlink library: dynamic loading and linking of object files</a> 100</li><li><a href="libbigarray.html">Chapter 32  The bigarray library</a> 101</li></ul> 102<table class="center"><tr><td><h1 class="part" id="sec544">Part V<br> 103Appendix</h1></td></tr> 104</table> 105<p> 106<a id="p:appendix"></a></p><ul class="ftoc2"><li class="li-links"> 107<a href="libref/index_modules.html">Index of modules</a> 108</li><li class="li-links"><a href="libref/index_module_types.html">Index of module types</a> 109</li><li class="li-links"><a href="libref/index_types.html">Index of types</a> 110</li><li class="li-links"><a href="libref/index_exceptions.html">Index of exceptions</a> 111</li><li class="li-links"><a href="libref/index_values.html">Index of values</a> 112</li></ul><ul> 113<li><a href="manual047.html">Index of keywords</a> 114</li></ul> 115<!--FOOTER--> 116<hr style="height:2"><blockquote class="quote"><em>This document was translated from 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