voluptuous/voluptuous/validators.py

import os
import re
import datetime
import sys
from functools import wraps
from decimal import Decimal, InvalidOperation

from voluptuous.schema_builder import Schema, raises, message
from voluptuous.error import (MultipleInvalid, CoerceInvalid, TrueInvalid, FalseInvalid, BooleanInvalid, Invalid,
                              AnyInvalid, AllInvalid, MatchInvalid, UrlInvalid, EmailInvalid, FileInvalid, DirInvalid,
                              RangeInvalid, PathInvalid, ExactSequenceInvalid, LengthInvalid, DatetimeInvalid,
                              DateInvalid, InInvalid, TypeInvalid, NotInInvalid, ContainsInvalid, NotEnoughValid,
                              TooManyValid)

if sys.version_info >= (3,):
    import urllib.parse as urlparse

    basestring = str
else:
    import urlparse

# Taken from https://github.com/kvesteri/validators/blob/master/validators/email.py
USER_REGEX = re.compile(
    # dot-atom
    r"(^[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+"
    r"(\.[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+)*$"
    # quoted-string
    r'|^"([\001-\010\013\014\016-\037!#-\[\]-\177]|'
    r"""\\[\001-\011\013\014\016-\177])*"$)""",
    re.IGNORECASE
)
DOMAIN_REGEX = re.compile(
    # domain
    r'(?:[A-Z0-9](?:[A-Z0-9-]{0,61}[A-Z0-9])?\.)+'
    r'(?:[A-Z]{2,6}\.?|[A-Z0-9-]{2,}\.?$)'
    # literal form, ipv4 address (SMTP 4.1.3)
    r'|^\[(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)'
    r'(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}\]$',
    re.IGNORECASE)

__author__ = 'tusharmakkar08'


def truth(f):
    """Convenience decorator to convert truth functions into validators.

        >>> @truth
        ... def isdir(v):
        ...   return os.path.isdir(v)
        >>> validate = Schema(isdir)
        >>> validate('/')
        '/'
        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'not a valid value'):
        ...   validate('/notavaliddir')
    """

    @wraps(f)
    def check(v):
        t = f(v)
        if not t:
            raise ValueError
        return v

    return check


class Coerce(object):
    """Coerce a value to a type.

    If the type constructor throws a ValueError or TypeError, the value
    will be marked as Invalid.

    Default behavior:

        >>> validate = Schema(Coerce(int))
        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected int'):
        ...   validate(None)
        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected int'):
        ...   validate('foo')

    With custom message:

        >>> validate = Schema(Coerce(int, "moo"))
        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'moo'):
        ...   validate('foo')
    """

    def __init__(self, type, msg=None):
        self.type = type
        self.msg = msg
        self.type_name = type.__name__

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            return self.type(v)
        except (ValueError, TypeError, InvalidOperation):
            msg = self.msg or ('expected %s' % self.type_name)
            raise CoerceInvalid(msg)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Coerce(%s, msg=%r)' % (self.type_name, self.msg)


@message('value was not true', cls=TrueInvalid)
@truth
def IsTrue(v):
    """Assert that a value is true, in the Python sense.

    >>> validate = Schema(IsTrue())

    "In the Python sense" means that implicitly false values, such as empty
    lists, dictionaries, etc. are treated as "false":

    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "value was not true"):
    ...   validate([])
    >>> validate([1])
    [1]
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "value was not true"):
    ...   validate(False)

    ...and so on.

    >>> try:
    ...  validate([])
    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
    ...   assert isinstance(e.errors[0], TrueInvalid)
    """
    return v


@message('value was not false', cls=FalseInvalid)
def IsFalse(v):
    """Assert that a value is false, in the Python sense.

    (see :func:`IsTrue` for more detail)

    >>> validate = Schema(IsFalse())
    >>> validate([])
    []
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "value was not false"):
    ...   validate(True)

    >>> try:
    ...  validate(True)
    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
    ...   assert isinstance(e.errors[0], FalseInvalid)
    """
    if v:
        raise ValueError
    return v


@message('expected boolean', cls=BooleanInvalid)
def Boolean(v):
    """Convert human-readable boolean values to a bool.

    Accepted values are 1, true, yes, on, enable, and their negatives.
    Non-string values are cast to bool.

    >>> validate = Schema(Boolean())
    >>> validate(True)
    True
    >>> validate("1")
    True
    >>> validate("0")
    False
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "expected boolean"):
    ...   validate('moo')
    >>> try:
    ...  validate('moo')
    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
    ...   assert isinstance(e.errors[0], BooleanInvalid)
    """
    if isinstance(v, basestring):
        v = v.lower()
        if v in ('1', 'true', 'yes', 'on', 'enable'):
            return True
        if v in ('0', 'false', 'no', 'off', 'disable'):
            return False
        raise ValueError
    return bool(v)


class _WithSubValidators(object):
    """Base class for validators that use sub-validators.

    Special class to use as a parent class for validators using sub-validators.
    This class provides the `__voluptuous_compile__` method so the
    sub-validators are compiled by the parent `Schema`.
    """

    def __init__(self, *validators, **kwargs):
        self.validators = validators
        self.msg = kwargs.pop('msg', None)
        self.required = kwargs.pop('required', False)
        self.discriminant = kwargs.pop('discriminant', None)

    def __voluptuous_compile__(self, schema):
        self._compiled = []
        old_required = schema.required
        self.schema = schema
        for v in self.validators:
            schema.required = self.required
            self._compiled.append(schema._compile(v))
        schema.required = old_required
        return self._run

    def _run(self, path, value):
        if self.discriminant is not None:
            self._compiled = [
                self.schema._compile(v)
                for v in self.discriminant(value, self.validators)
            ]

        return self._exec(self._compiled, value, path)

    def __call__(self, v):
        return self._exec((Schema(val) for val in self.validators), v)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%s, msg=%r)' % (
            self.__class__.__name__,
            ", ".join(repr(v) for v in self.validators),
            self.msg
        )


class Any(_WithSubValidators):
    """Use the first validated value.

    :param msg: Message to deliver to user if validation fails.
    :param kwargs: All other keyword arguments are passed to the sub-schema constructors.
    :returns: Return value of the first validator that passes.

    >>> validate = Schema(Any('true', 'false',
    ...                       All(Any(int, bool), Coerce(bool))))
    >>> validate('true')
    'true'
    >>> validate(1)
    True
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "not a valid value"):
    ...   validate('moo')

    msg argument is used

    >>> validate = Schema(Any(1, 2, 3, msg="Expected 1 2 or 3"))
    >>> validate(1)
    1
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "Expected 1 2 or 3"):
    ...   validate(4)
    """

    def _exec(self, funcs, v, path=None):
        error = None
        for func in funcs:
            try:
                if path is None:
                    return func(v)
                else:
                    return func(path, v)
            except Invalid as e:
                if error is None or len(e.path) > len(error.path):
                    error = e
        else:
            if error:
                raise error if self.msg is None else AnyInvalid(
                    self.msg, path=path)
            raise AnyInvalid(self.msg or 'no valid value found',
                             path=path)


# Convenience alias
Or = Any


class Union(_WithSubValidators):
    """Use the first validated value among those selected by discriminant.

    :param msg: Message to deliver to user if validation fails.
    :param discriminant(value, validators): Returns the filtered list of validators based on the value.
    :param kwargs: All other keyword arguments are passed to the sub-schema constructors.
    :returns: Return value of the first validator that passes.

    >>> validate = Schema(Union({'type':'a', 'a_val':'1'},{'type':'b', 'b_val':'2'},
    ...                         discriminant=lambda val, alt: filter(
    ...                         lambda v : v['type'] == val['type'] , alt)))
    >>> validate({'type':'a', 'a_val':'1'}) == {'type':'a', 'a_val':'1'}
    True
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "not a valid value for dictionary value @ data['b_val']"):
    ...   validate({'type':'b', 'b_val':'5'})

    ```discriminant({'type':'b', 'a_val':'5'}, [{'type':'a', 'a_val':'1'},{'type':'b', 'b_val':'2'}])``` is invoked

    Without the discriminant, the exception would be "extra keys not allowed @ data['b_val']"
    """

    def _exec(self, funcs, v, path=None):
        error = None
        for func in funcs:
            try:
                if path is None:
                    return func(v)
                else:
                    return func(path, v)
            except Invalid as e:
                if error is None or len(e.path) > len(error.path):
                    error = e
        else:
            if error:
                raise error if self.msg is None else AnyInvalid(
                    self.msg, path=path)
            raise AnyInvalid(self.msg or 'no valid value found',
                             path=path)


# Convenience alias
Switch = Union


class All(_WithSubValidators):
    """Value must pass all validators.

    The output of each validator is passed as input to the next.

    :param msg: Message to deliver to user if validation fails.
    :param kwargs: All other keyword arguments are passed to the sub-schema constructors.

    >>> validate = Schema(All('10', Coerce(int)))
    >>> validate('10')
    10
    """

    def _exec(self, funcs, v, path=None):
        try:
            for func in funcs:
                if path is None:
                    v = func(v)
                else:
                    v = func(path, v)
        except Invalid as e:
            raise e if self.msg is None else AllInvalid(self.msg, path=path)
        return v


# Convenience alias
And = All


class Match(object):
    """Value must be a string that matches the regular expression.

    >>> validate = Schema(Match(r'^0x[A-F0-9]+$'))
    >>> validate('0x123EF4')
    '0x123EF4'
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "does not match regular expression"):
    ...   validate('123EF4')

    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected string or buffer'):
    ...   validate(123)

    Pattern may also be a compiled regular expression:

    >>> validate = Schema(Match(re.compile(r'0x[A-F0-9]+', re.I)))
    >>> validate('0x123ef4')
    '0x123ef4'
    """

    def __init__(self, pattern, msg=None):
        if isinstance(pattern, basestring):
            pattern = re.compile(pattern)
        self.pattern = pattern
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            match = self.pattern.match(v)
        except TypeError:
            raise MatchInvalid("expected string or buffer")
        if not match:
            raise MatchInvalid(self.msg or 'does not match regular expression')
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Match(%r, msg=%r)' % (self.pattern.pattern, self.msg)


class Replace(object):
    """Regex substitution.

    >>> validate = Schema(All(Replace('you', 'I'),
    ...                       Replace('hello', 'goodbye')))
    >>> validate('you say hello')
    'I say goodbye'
    """

    def __init__(self, pattern, substitution, msg=None):
        if isinstance(pattern, basestring):
            pattern = re.compile(pattern)
        self.pattern = pattern
        self.substitution = substitution
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        return self.pattern.sub(self.substitution, v)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Replace(%r, %r, msg=%r)' % (self.pattern.pattern,
                                            self.substitution,
                                            self.msg)


def _url_validation(v):
    parsed = urlparse.urlparse(v)
    if not parsed.scheme or not parsed.netloc:
        raise UrlInvalid("must have a URL scheme and host")
    return parsed


@message('expected an email address', cls=EmailInvalid)
def Email(v):
    """Verify that the value is an email address or not.

    >>> s = Schema(Email())
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected an email address'):
    ...   s("a.com")
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected an email address'):
    ...   s("a@.com")
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected an email address'):
    ...   s("a@.com")
    >>> s('t@x.com')
    't@x.com'
    """
    try:
        if not v or "@" not in v:
            raise EmailInvalid("Invalid email address")
        user_part, domain_part = v.rsplit('@', 1)

        if not (USER_REGEX.match(user_part) and DOMAIN_REGEX.match(domain_part)):
            raise EmailInvalid("Invalid email address")
        return v
    except:
        raise ValueError


@message('expected a fully qualified domain name URL', cls=UrlInvalid)
def FqdnUrl(v):
    """Verify that the value is a fully qualified domain name URL.

    >>> s = Schema(FqdnUrl())
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected a fully qualified domain name URL'):
    ...   s("http://localhost/")
    >>> s('http://w3.org')
    'http://w3.org'
    """
    try:
        parsed_url = _url_validation(v)
        if "." not in parsed_url.netloc:
            raise UrlInvalid("must have a domain name in URL")
        return v
    except:
        raise ValueError


@message('expected a URL', cls=UrlInvalid)
def Url(v):
    """Verify that the value is a URL.

    >>> s = Schema(Url())
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected a URL'):
    ...   s(1)
    >>> s('http://w3.org')
    'http://w3.org'
    """
    try:
        _url_validation(v)
        return v
    except:
        raise ValueError


@message('Not a file', cls=FileInvalid)
@truth
def IsFile(v):
    """Verify the file exists.

    >>> os.path.basename(IsFile()(__file__)).startswith('validators.py')
    True
    >>> with raises(FileInvalid, 'Not a file'):
    ...   IsFile()("random_filename_goes_here.py")
    >>> with raises(FileInvalid, 'Not a file'):
    ...   IsFile()(None)
    """
    try:
        if v:
            v = str(v)
            return os.path.isfile(v)
        else:
            raise FileInvalid('Not a file')
    except TypeError:
        raise FileInvalid('Not a file')


@message('Not a directory', cls=DirInvalid)
@truth
def IsDir(v):
    """Verify the directory exists.

    >>> IsDir()('/')
    '/'
    >>> with raises(DirInvalid, 'Not a directory'):
    ...   IsDir()(None)
    """
    try:
        if v:
            v = str(v)
            return os.path.isdir(v)
        else:
            raise DirInvalid("Not a directory")
    except TypeError:
        raise DirInvalid("Not a directory")


@message('path does not exist', cls=PathInvalid)
@truth
def PathExists(v):
    """Verify the path exists, regardless of its type.

    >>> os.path.basename(PathExists()(__file__)).startswith('validators.py')
    True
    >>> with raises(Invalid, 'path does not exist'):
    ...   PathExists()("random_filename_goes_here.py")
    >>> with raises(PathInvalid, 'Not a Path'):
    ...   PathExists()(None)
    """
    try:
        if v:
            v = str(v)
            return os.path.exists(v)
        else:
            raise PathInvalid("Not a Path")
    except TypeError:
        raise PathInvalid("Not a Path")


def Maybe(validator, msg=None):
    """Validate that the object matches given validator or is None.

    :raises Invalid: If the value does not match the given validator and is not
        None.

    >>> s = Schema(Maybe(int))
    >>> s(10)
    10
    >>> with raises(Invalid):
    ...  s("string")

    """
    return Any(validator, None, msg=msg)


class Range(object):
    """Limit a value to a range.

    Either min or max may be omitted.
    Either min or max can be excluded from the range of accepted values.

    :raises Invalid: If the value is outside the range.

    >>> s = Schema(Range(min=1, max=10, min_included=False))
    >>> s(5)
    5
    >>> s(10)
    10
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'value must be at most 10'):
    ...   s(20)
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'value must be higher than 1'):
    ...   s(1)
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'value must be lower than 10'):
    ...   Schema(Range(max=10, max_included=False))(20)
    """

    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, min_included=True,
                 max_included=True, msg=None):
        self.min = min
        self.max = max
        self.min_included = min_included
        self.max_included = max_included
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            if self.min_included:
                if self.min is not None and not v >= self.min:
                    raise RangeInvalid(
                        self.msg or 'value must be at least %s' % self.min)
            else:
                if self.min is not None and not v > self.min:
                    raise RangeInvalid(
                        self.msg or 'value must be higher than %s' % self.min)
            if self.max_included:
                if self.max is not None and not v <= self.max:
                    raise RangeInvalid(
                        self.msg or 'value must be at most %s' % self.max)
            else:
                if self.max is not None and not v < self.max:
                    raise RangeInvalid(
                        self.msg or 'value must be lower than %s' % self.max)

            return v

        # Objects that lack a partial ordering, e.g. None or strings will raise TypeError
        except TypeError:
            raise RangeInvalid(
                self.msg or 'invalid value or type (must have a partial ordering)')

    def __repr__(self):
        return ('Range(min=%r, max=%r, min_included=%r,'
                ' max_included=%r, msg=%r)' % (self.min, self.max,
                                               self.min_included,
                                               self.max_included,
                                               self.msg))


class Clamp(object):
    """Clamp a value to a range.

    Either min or max may be omitted.

    >>> s = Schema(Clamp(min=0, max=1))
    >>> s(0.5)
    0.5
    >>> s(5)
    1
    >>> s(-1)
    0
    """

    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, msg=None):
        self.min = min
        self.max = max
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            if self.min is not None and v < self.min:
                v = self.min
            if self.max is not None and v > self.max:
                v = self.max
            return v

        # Objects that lack a partial ordering, e.g. None or strings will raise TypeError
        except TypeError:
            raise RangeInvalid(
                self.msg or 'invalid value or type (must have a partial ordering)')

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Clamp(min=%s, max=%s)' % (self.min, self.max)


class Length(object):
    """The length of a value must be in a certain range."""

    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, msg=None):
        self.min = min
        self.max = max
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            if self.min is not None and len(v) < self.min:
                raise LengthInvalid(
                    self.msg or 'length of value must be at least %s' % self.min)
            if self.max is not None and len(v) > self.max:
                raise LengthInvalid(
                    self.msg or 'length of value must be at most %s' % self.max)
            return v

        # Objects that havbe no length e.g. None or strings will raise TypeError
        except TypeError:
            raise RangeInvalid(
                self.msg or 'invalid value or type')

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Length(min=%s, max=%s)' % (self.min, self.max)


class Datetime(object):
    """Validate that the value matches the datetime format."""

    DEFAULT_FORMAT = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'

    def __init__(self, format=None, msg=None):
        self.format = format or self.DEFAULT_FORMAT
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            datetime.datetime.strptime(v, self.format)
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            raise DatetimeInvalid(
                self.msg or 'value does not match'
                            ' expected format %s' % self.format)
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Datetime(format=%s)' % self.format


class Date(Datetime):
    """Validate that the value matches the date format."""

    DEFAULT_FORMAT = '%Y-%m-%d'

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            datetime.datetime.strptime(v, self.format)
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            raise DateInvalid(
                self.msg or 'value does not match'
                            ' expected format %s' % self.format)
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Date(format=%s)' % self.format


class In(object):
    """Validate that a value is in a collection."""

    def __init__(self, container, msg=None):
        self.container = container
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            check = v not in self.container
        except TypeError:
            check = True
        if check:
            raise InInvalid(self.msg or
                            'value must be one of {}'.format(sorted(self.container)))
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'In(%s)' % (self.container,)


class NotIn(object):
    """Validate that a value is not in a collection."""

    def __init__(self, container, msg=None):
        self.container = container
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            check = v in self.container
        except TypeError:
            check = True
        if check:
            raise NotInInvalid(self.msg or
                               'value must not be one of {}'.format(sorted(self.container)))
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'NotIn(%s)' % (self.container,)


class Contains(object):
    """Validate that the given schema element is in the sequence being validated.

    >>> s = Contains(1)
    >>> s([3, 2, 1])
    [3, 2, 1]
    >>> with raises(ContainsInvalid, 'value is not allowed'):
    ...   s([3, 2])
    """

    def __init__(self, item, msg=None):
        self.item = item
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            check = self.item not in v
        except TypeError:
            check = True
        if check:
            raise ContainsInvalid(self.msg or 'value is not allowed')
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Contains(%s)' % (self.item,)


class ExactSequence(object):
    """Matches each element in a sequence against the corresponding element in
    the validators.

    :param msg: Message to deliver to user if validation fails.
    :param kwargs: All other keyword arguments are passed to the sub-schema
        constructors.

    >>> from voluptuous import Schema, ExactSequence
    >>> validate = Schema(ExactSequence([str, int, list, list]))
    >>> validate(['hourly_report', 10, [], []])
    ['hourly_report', 10, [], []]
    >>> validate(('hourly_report', 10, [], []))
    ('hourly_report', 10, [], [])
    """

    def __init__(self, validators, **kwargs):
        self.validators = validators
        self.msg = kwargs.pop('msg', None)
        self._schemas = [Schema(val, **kwargs) for val in validators]

    def __call__(self, v):
        if not isinstance(v, (list, tuple)) or len(v) != len(self._schemas):
            raise ExactSequenceInvalid(self.msg)
        try:
            v = type(v)(schema(x) for x, schema in zip(v, self._schemas))
        except Invalid as e:
            raise e if self.msg is None else ExactSequenceInvalid(self.msg)
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'ExactSequence([%s])' % (", ".join(repr(v)
                                                  for v in self.validators))


class Unique(object):
    """Ensure an iterable does not contain duplicate items.

    Only iterables convertable to a set are supported (native types and
    objects with correct __eq__).

    JSON does not support set, so they need to be presented as arrays.
    Unique allows ensuring that such array does not contain dupes.

    >>> s = Schema(Unique())
    >>> s([])
    []
    >>> s([1, 2])
    [1, 2]
    >>> with raises(Invalid, 'contains duplicate items: [1]'):
    ...   s([1, 1, 2])
    >>> with raises(Invalid, "contains duplicate items: ['one']"):
    ...   s(['one', 'two', 'one'])
    >>> with raises(Invalid, regex="^contains unhashable elements: "):
    ...   s([set([1, 2]), set([3, 4])])
    >>> s('abc')
    'abc'
    >>> with raises(Invalid, regex="^contains duplicate items: "):
    ...   s('aabbc')
    """

    def __init__(self, msg=None):
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        try:
            set_v = set(v)
        except TypeError as e:
            raise TypeInvalid(
                self.msg or 'contains unhashable elements: {0}'.format(e))
        if len(set_v) != len(v):
            seen = set()
            dupes = list(set(x for x in v if x in seen or seen.add(x)))
            raise Invalid(
                self.msg or 'contains duplicate items: {0}'.format(dupes))
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Unique()'


class Equal(object):
    """Ensure that value matches target.

    >>> s = Schema(Equal(1))
    >>> s(1)
    1
    >>> with raises(Invalid):
    ...    s(2)

    Validators are not supported, match must be exact:

    >>> s = Schema(Equal(str))
    >>> with raises(Invalid):
    ...     s('foo')
    """

    def __init__(self, target, msg=None):
        self.target = target
        self.msg = msg

    def __call__(self, v):
        if v != self.target:
            raise Invalid(self.msg or 'Values are not equal: value:{} != target:{}'.format(v, self.target))
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Equal({})'.format(self.target)


class Unordered(object):
    """Ensures sequence contains values in unspecified order.

    >>> s = Schema(Unordered([2, 1]))
    >>> s([2, 1])
    [2, 1]
    >>> s([1, 2])
    [1, 2]
    >>> s = Schema(Unordered([str, int]))
    >>> s(['foo', 1])
    ['foo', 1]
    >>> s([1, 'foo'])
    [1, 'foo']
    """

    def __init__(self, validators, msg=None, **kwargs):
        self.validators = validators
        self.msg = msg
        self._schemas = [Schema(val, **kwargs) for val in validators]

    def __call__(self, v):
        if not isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
            raise Invalid(self.msg or 'Value {} is not sequence!'.format(v))

        if len(v) != len(self._schemas):
            raise Invalid(self.msg or 'List lengths differ, value:{} != target:{}'.format(len(v), len(self._schemas)))

        consumed = set()
        missing = []
        for index, value in enumerate(v):
            found = False
            for i, s in enumerate(self._schemas):
                if i in consumed:
                    continue
                try:
                    s(value)
                except Invalid:
                    pass
                else:
                    found = True
                    consumed.add(i)
                    break
            if not found:
                missing.append((index, value))

        if len(missing) == 1:
            el = missing[0]
            raise Invalid(self.msg or 'Element #{} ({}) is not valid against any validator'.format(el[0], el[1]))
        elif missing:
            raise MultipleInvalid([Invalid(self.msg or 'Element #{} ({}) is not valid against any validator'.format(
                el[0], el[1])) for el in missing])
        return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Unordered([{}])'.format(", ".join(repr(v) for v in self.validators))


class Number(object):
    """
    Verify the number of digits that are present in the number(Precision),
    and the decimal places(Scale).

    :raises Invalid: If the value does not match the provided Precision and Scale.

    >>> schema = Schema(Number(precision=6, scale=2))
    >>> schema('1234.01')
    '1234.01'
    >>> schema = Schema(Number(precision=6, scale=2, yield_decimal=True))
    >>> schema('1234.01')
    Decimal('1234.01')
    """

    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, msg=None, yield_decimal=False):
        self.precision = precision
        self.scale = scale
        self.msg = msg
        self.yield_decimal = yield_decimal

    def __call__(self, v):
        """
        :param v: is a number enclosed with string
        :return: Decimal number
        """
        precision, scale, decimal_num = self._get_precision_scale(v)

        if self.precision is not None and self.scale is not None and precision != self.precision\
                and scale != self.scale:
            raise Invalid(self.msg or "Precision must be equal to %s, and Scale must be equal to %s" % (self.precision,
                                                                                                        self.scale))
        else:
            if self.precision is not None and precision != self.precision:
                raise Invalid(self.msg or "Precision must be equal to %s" % self.precision)

            if self.scale is not None and scale != self.scale:
                raise Invalid(self.msg or "Scale must be equal to %s" % self.scale)

        if self.yield_decimal:
            return decimal_num
        else:
            return v

    def __repr__(self):
        return ('Number(precision=%s, scale=%s, msg=%s)' % (self.precision, self.scale, self.msg))

    def _get_precision_scale(self, number):
        """
        :param number:
        :return: tuple(precision, scale, decimal_number)
        """
        try:
            decimal_num = Decimal(number)
        except InvalidOperation:
            raise Invalid(self.msg or 'Value must be a number enclosed with string')

        return (len(decimal_num.as_tuple().digits), -(decimal_num.as_tuple().exponent), decimal_num)


class SomeOf(_WithSubValidators):
    """Value must pass at least some validations, determined by the given parameter.
    Optionally, number of passed validations can be capped.

    The output of each validator is passed as input to the next.

    :param min_valid: Minimum number of valid schemas.
    :param validators: List of schemas or validators to match input against.
    :param max_valid: Maximum number of valid schemas.
    :param msg: Message to deliver to user if validation fails.
    :param kwargs: All other keyword arguments are passed to the sub-schema constructors.

    :raises NotEnoughValid: If the minimum number of validations isn't met.
    :raises TooManyValid: If the maximum number of validations is exceeded.

    >>> validate = Schema(SomeOf(min_valid=2, validators=[Range(1, 5), Any(float, int), 6.6]))
    >>> validate(6.6)
    6.6
    >>> validate(3)
    3
    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'value must be at most 5, not a valid value'):
    ...     validate(6.2)
    """

    def __init__(self, validators, min_valid=None, max_valid=None, **kwargs):
        assert min_valid is not None or max_valid is not None, \
            'when using "%s" you should specify at least one of min_valid and max_valid' % (type(self).__name__,)
        self.min_valid = min_valid or 0
        self.max_valid = max_valid or len(validators)
        super(SomeOf, self).__init__(*validators, **kwargs)

    def _exec(self, funcs, v, path=None):
        errors = []
        funcs = list(funcs)
        for func in funcs:
            try:
                if path is None:
                    v = func(v)
                else:
                    v = func(path, v)
            except Invalid as e:
                errors.append(e)

        passed_count = len(funcs) - len(errors)
        if self.min_valid <= passed_count <= self.max_valid:
            return v

        msg = self.msg
        if not msg:
            msg = ', '.join(map(str, errors))

        if passed_count > self.max_valid:
            raise TooManyValid(msg)
        raise NotEnoughValid(msg)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'SomeOf(min_valid=%s, validators=[%s], max_valid=%s, msg=%r)' % (
            self.min_valid, ", ".join(repr(v) for v in self.validators), self.max_valid, self.msg)