1 static char * afni_broutext[] = { 2 " ----------------------\n" , 3 " | BRODMANN'S AREAS |\n" , 4 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 5 "Note Well: The same number in different species does not necessarily represent\n" , 6 " structurally homologous areas. The numbers below refer to the\n" , 7 " Brodmann areas defined for homo sapiens sapiens.\n" , 8 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 9 "BA 1\n" , 10 "Sensory cortical area in the crest of the postcentral gyrus; a component\n" , 11 "of the primary somatosensory cortex.\n" , 12 "Location: anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)\n" , 13 "Function: processes somatic sensory sensations\n" , 14 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 15 "BA 2\n" , 16 "Sensory cortical area in the crest and posterior bank of the postcentral\n" , 17 "gyrus; component of the primary somatosensory cortex.\n" , 18 "Location: anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)\n" , 19 "Function: processes somatic sensory sensations\n" , 20 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 21 "BA 3\n" , 22 "Sensory cortical area in the posterior bank of the central sulcus (postcentral\n" , 23 "gyrus); a principal component of the primary somatosensory cortex.\n" , 24 "Area 3 is further subdivided into\n" , 25 " - 3a, which receives proprioceptive signals that originate in deep receptors,\n" , 26 " - 3b, which receives discriminative mechano-sensory signals that arise from\n" , 27 " cutaneous receptors.\n" , 28 "Location: anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)\n" , 29 "Function: processes somatic sensory sensations\n" , 30 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 31 "BA 4\n" , 32 "Motor cortical area in the anterior bank of the central sulcus (precentral\n" , 33 "gyrus); corresponds to the primary motor cortex, which governs the execution\n" , 34 "of volitional movement.\n" , 35 "Location: posterior frontal lobe (precentral gyrus)\n" , 36 "Function: motor execution\n" , 37 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 38 "BA 5\n" , 39 "Associational cortical area in the superior parietal lobe, just posterior to\n" , 40 "the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus; involved in maintaining a\n" , 41 "spatial reference system for goal-oriented behavior.\n" , 42 "Location: superior parietal lobe\n" , 43 "Function: spatial orientation, among other parietal associational functions\n" , 44 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 45 "BA 6\n" , 46 "Motor cortical area in the posterior frontal lobe just anterior to the primary\n" , 47 "motor cortex; contains the lateral and medial divisions of the premotor cortex\n" , 48 "that participate in the planning and execution of volitional\n" , 49 "movement.\n" , 50 "Location: posterior frontal lobe\n" , 51 "Function: motor planning and execution\n" , 52 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 53 "BA 7\n" , 54 "Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the superior parietal\n" , 55 "lobe; involved in maintaining a spatial reference system for goal-oriented\n" , 56 "behavior.\n" , 57 "Location: superior parietal lobe\n" , 58 "Function: spatial orientation, among other parietal associational functions\n" , 59 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 60 "BA 8\n" , 61 "Motor cortical area in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal region of the frontal\n" , 62 "lobe; contains the frontal eye fields, which participate (together with the\n" , 63 "superior colliculus) in the control of saccadic eye movements.\n" , 64 "Location: frontal lobe\n" , 65 "Function: control of eye movements (contains 'frontal eye fields')\n" , 66 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 67 "BA 9\n" , 68 "Associational cortical area in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal region of the\n" , 69 "frontal lobe; participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern\n" , 70 "executive functions.\n" , 71 "Location: frontal lobe\n" , 72 "Function: prefrontal associational integration\n" , 73 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 74 "BA 10\n" , 75 "Associational cortical area in the anterior-polar prefrontal region of the\n" , 76 "frontal lobe; participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern\n" , 77 "executive functions.\n" , 78 "Location: frontal pole\n" , 79 "Function: prefrontal associational integration\n" , 80 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 81 "BA 11\n" , 82 "Associational cortical area in the orbital-medial prefrontal region of the\n" , 83 "frontal lobe; participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern\n" , 84 "personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.\n" , 85 "Location: ventral frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)\n" , 86 "Function: prefrontal associational integration\n" , 87 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 88 "BA 12\n" , 89 "Associational cortical area in the orbital-medial prefrontal region of the\n" , 90 "frontal lobe; participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern\n" , 91 "personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.\n" , 92 "Location: medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)\n" , 93 "Function: prefrontal associational integration\n" , 94 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 95 "BA 13\n" , 96 "Associational cortical area in the insula; not visible in medial and lateral\n" , 97 "views of the hemisphere.\n" , 98 "Location: insula\n" , 99 "Function: associational cortex\n" , 100 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 101 "BA 14\n" , 102 "Associational cortical area in the insula; not visible in medial and lateral\n" , 103 "views of the hemisphere.\n" , 104 "Location: insula\n" , 105 "Function: associational cortex\n" , 106 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 107 "BA 15\n" , 108 "Associational cortical area in the insula; not visible in medial and lateral\n" , 109 "views of the hemisphere.\n" , 110 "Location: insula\n" , 111 "Function: associational cortex\n" , 112 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 113 "BA 16\n" , 114 "Associational cortical area in the insula; not visible in medial and lateral\n" , 115 "views of the hemisphere.\n" , 116 "Location: insula\n" , 117 "Function: associational cortex\n" , 118 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 119 "BA 17\n" , 120 "Sensory cortical area in the banks of the calcarine sulcus (lingual and cuneus\n" , 121 "gyral formations of the medial occipital lobe); corresponds to the primary\n" , 122 "visual cortex (also known as 'striate cortex').\n" , 123 "Location: medial occipital lobe\n" , 124 "Function: processes visual information\n" , 125 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 126 "BA 18\n" , 127 "Sensory cortical area in the medial and lateral aspect of the occipital lobe;\n" , 128 "part of the extrastriate visual cortex surrounding the primary visual cortex.\n" , 129 "Location: occipital lobe\n" , 130 "Function: processes visual information\n" , 131 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 132 "BA 19\n" , 133 "Sensory cortical area in the medial and lateral aspect of the occipital lobe;\n" , 134 "part of the extrastriate visual cortex surrounding the primary visual cortex.\n" , 135 "Location: occipital lobe\n" , 136 "Function: processes visual information\n" , 137 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 138 "BA 20\n" , 139 "Associational cortical area in the inferior temporal gyrus; participates in\n" , 140 "the analysis of visual form and the representation of objects.\n" , 141 "Location: ventral temporal lobe (inferior temporal gyrus)\n" , 142 "Function: processes visual information\n" , 143 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 144 "BA 21\n" , 145 "Associational cortical area in the middle temporal gyrus; participates in the\n" , 146 "analysis of visual signals related to object form and motion.\n" , 147 "Location: lateral temporal lobe (middle temporal gyrus)\n" , 148 "Function: processes visual information, among other temporal associational\n" , 149 " functions\n" , 150 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 151 "BA 22\n" , 152 "Associational cortical area in the lateral aspect of the superior temporal\n" , 153 "gyrus; participates in the analysis of auditory signals and the reception of\n" , 154 "language (a major component of Wernicke's area).\n" , 155 "Location: lateral temporal lobe (superior temporal gyrus)\n" , 156 "Function: auditory processing and language reception\n" , 157 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 158 "BA 23\n" , 159 "Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus;\n" , 160 "a cortical component of the limbic system.\n" , 161 "Location: medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)\n" , 162 "Function: limbic associational integration\n" , 163 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 164 "BA 24\n" , 165 "Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus;\n" , 166 "is a cortical component of the limbic system that is involved in emotional\n" , 167 "processing, control of facial expressions and affective dimensions of pain.\n" , 168 "Location: medial frontal lobe (anterior cingulate gyrus)\n" , 169 "Function: emotional and cognitive processing\n" , 170 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 171 "BA 25\n" , 172 "Associational cortical area in the medial prefrontal region of the frontal\n" , 173 "lobe; participates in prefrontal cortical networks that governs personal and\n" , 174 "social behavior, emotion, and decision making.\n" , 175 "Location: medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)\n" , 176 "Function: prefrontal associational integration\n" , 177 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 178 "BA 26\n" , 179 "Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior\n" , 180 "cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; is a cortical component of the\n" , 181 "limbic system.\n" , 182 "Location: medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)\n" , 183 "Function: limbic associational integration\n" , 184 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 185 "BA 27\n" , 186 "Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe; corresponds to\n" , 187 "Ammon's horn division of the hippocampal formation, which is subdivided\n" , 188 "into (cornu ammonis) fields, CA1-CA4. Together with the other parts of the\n" , 189 "hippocampal formation in the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus proper\n" , 190 "is involved in short-term declarative memory processes. This area is not\n" , 191 "visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere.\n" , 192 "Location: medial temporal lobe: hippocampal formation\n" , 193 "Function: hippocampal formation: short-term declarative memory\n" , 194 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 195 "BA 28\n" , 196 "Associational and sensory cortical area in the anterior-medial temporal lobe;\n" , 197 "part of the olfactory cortex; also a component of the entorhinal division of\n" , 198 "the hippocampal formation.\n" , 199 "Location: medial temporal lobe\n" , 200 "Function: olfaction and hippocampal processing\n" , 201 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 202 "BA 29\n" , 203 "Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior\n" , 204 "cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; a cortical component of the\n" , 205 "limbic system.\n" , 206 "Location: medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus)\n" , 207 "Function: limbic associational integration\n" , 208 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 209 "BA 30\n" , 210 "Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior\n" , 211 "cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; is a cortical component of the\n" , 212 "limbic system.\n" , 213 "Location: medial temporal lobe\n" , 214 "Function: limbic associational integration\n" , 215 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 216 "BA 31\n" , 217 "Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus and\n" , 218 "the posterior banks of the cingulate sulcus; cingulate part of this area is a\n" , 219 "cortical component of the limbic system.\n" , 220 "Location: medial parietal lobe\n" , 221 "Function: limbic and parietal associational integration\n" , 222 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 223 "BA 32\n" , 224 "Associational cortical area in the medial prefrontal region of the frontal\n" , 225 "lobe; participates in prefrontal cortical networks that governs personal and\n" , 226 "social behavior, emotion, and decision making.\n" , 227 "Location: medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)\n" , 228 "Function: emotional and cognitive processing\n" , 229 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 230 "BA 33\n" , 231 "Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus just\n" , 232 "dorsal to the corpus callosum; a cortical component of the limbic system that\n" , 233 "is involved in emotional processing and affective dimensions of pain.\n" , 234 "Location: medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex)\n" , 235 "Function: emotional and cognitive processing\n" , 236 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 237 "BA 34\n" , 238 "Associational and sensory cortical area in the anterior-medial temporal lobe;\n" , 239 "a principal division of the olfactory cortex; also a component of the\n" , 240 "entorhinal division of the hippocampal formation.\n" , 241 "Location: medial temporal lobe\n" , 242 "Function: olfaction and hippocampal processing\n" , 243 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 244 "BA 35\n" , 245 "Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe near the position of\n" , 246 "the rhinal sulcus; also known as the perirhinal cortex; a component of the\n" , 247 "hippocampal formation.\n" , 248 "Location: medial temporal lobe\n" , 249 "Function: hippocampal associational functions\n" , 250 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 251 "BA 36\n" , 252 "Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe; lies at the interface\n" , 253 "of visual processing systems in the inferior temporal lobe and semantic memory\n" , 254 "systems in the medial temporal lobe.\n" , 255 "Location: medial temporal lobe\n" , 256 "Function: visual and hippocampal associational functions\n" , 257 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 258 "BA 37\n" , 259 "Associational cortical area in the temporal lobe that extends from the medial\n" , 260 "to lateral sides of this lobe; participates in the analysis of visual form,\n" , 261 "motion, and the representation of objects.\n" , 262 "Location: posterior temporal lobe\n" , 263 "Function: visual recognition\n" , 264 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 265 "BA 38\n" , 266 "Associational cortical area in the anterior pole of the temporal lobe;\n" , 267 "temporal area related to networks in the amygdala and orbital prefrontal\n" , 268 "cortex that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making.\n" , 269 "Location: temporal pole\n" , 270 "Function: limbic associational integration\n" , 271 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 272 "BA 39\n" , 273 "Associational cortical area in the angular gyrus at the interface between the\n" , 274 "posterior parietal and occipital lobes.\n" , 275 "Location: lateral junction of temporal, parietal and occipital lobes\n" , 276 "Function: processing language, spatial orientation and semantic representation\n" , 277 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 278 "BA 40\n" , 279 "Associational cortical area in the inferior parietal lobe, including the\n" , 280 "supramarginal gyrus.\n" , 281 "Location: inferior parietal lobe\n" , 282 "Function: spatial orientation and semantic representation\n" , 283 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 284 "BA 41\n" , 285 "Sensory cortical area in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe (located in\n" , 286 "a series of transverse gyri, called Heschl's gyri, that form the inferior bank\n" , 287 "of the lateral fissure); corresponds to the primary auditory cortex.\n" , 288 "Location: superior temporal lobe\n" , 289 "Function: processes auditory information\n" , 290 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 291 "BA 42\n" , 292 "Sensory cortical area in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe and the\n" , 293 "dorsal-lateral margin of the superior temporal gyrus; is part of a 'belt' of\n" , 294 "higher-order auditory areas that surround the primary auditory cortex (BA 41).\n" , 295 "Location: superior temporal lobe\n" , 296 "Function: processes auditory information\n" , 297 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 298 "BA 43\n" , 299 "Sensorimotor cortical area in the inferior margin of the postcentral and\n" , 300 "precentral gyri where the frontal-parietal operculum merges with the insula\n" , 301 "just below the inferior termination of the central sulcus; may participate in\n" , 302 "the sensorimotor representation of the mouth and taste\n" , 303 "reception.\n" , 304 "Location: junction of insula, frontal and parietal lobes\n" , 305 "Function: sensorimotor representation and taste processing\n" , 306 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 307 "BA 44\n" , 308 "Motor cortical area in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus;\n" , 309 "division of the lateral premotor cortex involved in the production of\n" , 310 "language, especially in the left hemisphere (also known as Broca's area).\n" , 311 "Location: inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)\n" , 312 "Function: language production\n" , 313 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 314 "BA 45\n" , 315 "Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus;\n" , 316 "the posterior part of this area may contribute (with BA 44) to the production\n" , 317 "of language (Broca's area), while other circuits in this area participate in\n" , 318 "prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions.\n" , 319 "Location: inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)\n" , 320 "Function: language production and prefrontal associational integration\n" , 321 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 322 "BA 46\n" , 323 "Associational cortical area in the middle frontal gyrus and anterior part of\n" , 324 "the inferior frontal gyrus; participates in prefrontal cortical networks that\n" , 325 "govern executive functions.\n" , 326 "Location: lateral frontal lobe (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)\n" , 327 "Function: prefrontal associational integration\n" , 328 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 329 "BA 47\n" , 330 "Associational cortical area in the anterior-ventral part of the inferior\n" , 331 "frontal gyrus; participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern\n" , 332 "executive functions.\n" , 333 "Location: inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus)\n" , 334 "Function: prefrontal associational integration\n" , 335 "===============================================================================\n" , 336 "\n" , 337 "Brief biography (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann)\n" , 338 "-----------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 339 "Korbinian Brodmann (November 17, 1868 -- August 22, 1918) was a German\n" , 340 "neurologist who became famous for his definition of the cerebral cortex into\n" , 341 "52 distinct regions from their cytoarchitectonic (histological) characteristics.\n" , 342 "These areas are now usually referred to as Brodmann areas. Some of these areas\n" , 343 "were later associated to nervous functions, such as areas 41 and 42 in the\n" , 344 "temporal lobe (related to hearing), areas 1, 2 and 3 in the postcentral gyrus\n" , 345 "of the parietal lobe (the somatosensory region), and the areas 17 and 18 in\n" , 346 "the occipital lobe (the primary visual areas).\n" , 347 "\n" , 348 "Brodmann studied medicine in Munich, Wurzburg, Berlin and Freiburg, where he\n" , 349 "received his medical diploma in 1895. Subsequently he studied at the Medical\n" , 350 "School in the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, and then worked in the\n" , 351 "University Clinic in Munich. He got a doctoral degree in the University of\n" , 352 "Leipzig in 1858, with a thesis on chronical ependymal sclerosis. He worked\n" , 353 "also in the Psychiatric Clinic in the University of Jena, with Ludwig\n" , 354 "Binswanger, and in the Municipal Mental Asylum in Frankfurt, from 1900 to 1901.\n" , 355 "There, he met Alois Alzheimer, who was influential in his decision to pursue\n" , 356 "neuroscientific basic research.\n" , 357 "\n" , 358 "Following this, Brodmann started to work in 1901 with Oskar Vogt in the private\n" , 359 "institute 'Neurobiologischen Zentralstation' in Berlin, and in 1902 in the\n" , 360 "Neurobiological Laboratory of the University of Berlin. In 1915 he joined the\n" , 361 "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fur Hirnforschung (Institute for Brain Research).\n" , 362 "\n" , 363 "In 1909 he published his original research on cortical cytoarchitectonics in\n" , 364 "'Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien\n" , 365 "dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues' (Comparative Localization Studies in\n" , 366 "the Brain Cortex, its Fundamentals Represented on the Basis of its Cellular\n" , 367 "Architecture).\n" , 368 "\n" , 369 "In the following years he worked at the University of Tubingen, where he was\n" , 370 "habilitated and made a full professor in 1913, and from 1910 to 1916 as\n" , 371 "physician and chairman of the Anatomical Laboratory at the University\n" , 372 "Psychiatric Clinic. In 1916 he moved to Halle in order to work in the\n" , 373 "Nietleben Municipal Hospital. Finally, in 1918, he accepted an invitation\n" , 374 "from the University of Munich to direct the group of histology at Psychiatric\n" , 375 "Research Center.\n" , 376 "\n" , 377 "He died in Munich rather suddenly of a generalized septic infection following\n" , 378 "a pneumonia, barely under 50 years of age on August 22, 1918.\n" , 379 "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n" , 380 NULL } ; 381 #define NUM_afni_broutext 378 382